[HN Gopher] When British Railways deliberately crashed a train
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       When British Railways deliberately crashed a train
        
       Author : timthorn
       Score  : 127 points
       Date   : 2024-07-22 16:27 UTC (4 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.therailwayhub.co.uk)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.therailwayhub.co.uk)
        
       | Symbiote wrote:
       | News report of the test train crashing into the nuclear flask:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY446h4pZdc
        
       | pjc50 wrote:
       | This was the idea of the CEGB press officer, a certain Terry
       | Pratchett. (see his autobiography for source)
        
         | piltdownman wrote:
         | GNU Terry Pratchett.
         | 
         | Still surprising me with his insight and intellect years after
         | he joined the Clacks overhead.
        
         | 8A51C wrote:
         | I feel like I was shown the event in a public service broadcast
         | type documentary at school. Sticks in the memory. Along with
         | the nuke Sheffield film, which didn't seem too much off a loss
         | to us southerners at the time!
        
       | chha wrote:
       | Reminded me of Crash at Crush [1]; another deliberate train
       | crash.
       | 
       | [1]: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_at_Crush
        
         | lars_francke wrote:
         | Well there's your problem did a "podcast" episode on this:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mn4W9LT1cI4
        
         | ForOldHack wrote:
         | The crash at Crush? No this was the de-sledder at Cheddar.
        
         | ForOldHack wrote:
         | The crash at Crush..."resulting in a shower of flying debris
         | that killed two people." They are not the same.
        
       | ralferoo wrote:
       | As soon as I read the headline, I knew exactly what this was
       | about!
       | 
       | I'm not sure if it's still there (I left the area in 1988), but
       | you used to be able to see the flask as it was placed next to the
       | train track running to Heysham 2 power station. Just off the road
       | to the ferry terminal and power station, there was a small bridge
       | over the railway line on a road leading to a caravan site, and
       | you could get a great view of it from the bridge. The most
       | amazing thing was apart from a few scratches on the side, it
       | looked like nothing had even happened to it!
       | 
       | EDIT: looking at google maps, it seems that you can't see it any
       | more. The road was Moneyclose Lane, Heysham where it joins
       | Princess Alexandra Way.
       | 
       | EDIT 2: apparently it's been moved to the visitor's centre:
       | https://www.railscot.co.uk/locations/H/Heysham_Power_Station...
        
         | jgrahamc wrote:
         | Yes, me too. I remember this very well. It was especially
         | important in the context of the time.
        
         | fifilura wrote:
         | Why do they use trains to move the rods around?
         | 
         | Are there actually places in Britain where it is not possible
         | to move them by shipping.
         | 
         | It seems like a high cost to introduce a new way of
         | transportation when one (safe-ish) method is already available.
        
           | ralferoo wrote:
           | I guess it'd be harder to retrieve it from the seabed if
           | there was an accident than from a train line, as you can
           | always drive / build cranes to places on land. I doubt it'd
           | rust through any time soon in the sea, but I'd imagine it
           | would have been even more likely to draw environmental
           | protest.
        
             | teqsun wrote:
             | I would also think the "locating" aspect plays a role.
             | Things can easily be lost at the bottom of the sea, isn't
             | there a history of nuclear bombs that were accidentally
             | lost at sea and never found?
        
               | dwighttk wrote:
               | The US lost an atom bomb in the swamps of North Carolina
               | and never recovered it.
        
           | arethuza wrote:
           | A lot of UK nuclear plants (all?) are on the coast but they
           | certainly don't all have docks handy with the kind of
           | equipment necessary to move such items. Rail actually seems a
           | pretty good choice to me.
        
             | fifilura wrote:
             | Yeah, my question was mostly out of curiosity.
             | 
             | At some point someone must have approved this project and
             | the costs coming with it. One answer could be the military
             | with endlessly deep pockets.
             | 
             | My point is that it should have been easy to just continue
             | with shipping, as it seems to me that it has to be the
             | default. But maybe I am wrong?
             | 
             | Either way there has to be pros and cons of course. But
             | risking a train accident at 100 mph relative speed and fuel
             | laying open without means for cooling seems like a very
             | high risk.
        
               | arethuza wrote:
               | I don't think the UK military has ever operated on the
               | basis of "endlessly deep pockets" e.g. At one point the
               | PM relied on using AA phone boxes and reverse charges
               | calls to launch the V bombers:
               | 
               | https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/08/britains-
               | bizarre...
               | 
               | Edit: Mind you, the hand written "letters of last resort"
               | and regarding not being able to receive Radio 4 as
               | indicating the end of civilisation as we know it do have
               | a certain charm.
        
               | fifilura wrote:
               | I can not read the article, but maybe this was by design.
               | They expected the telephone boxes to be more resilient
               | than building a custom system.
               | 
               | Either way - what did the V bomber program cost?
        
               | timthorn wrote:
               | It wasn't the AA phone boxes but their radio network.
               | From the article:
               | 
               | > Whitehall arranged for the prime minister's car to have
               | a radio link - with which the AA used to communicate with
               | its mechanics - that would tell the driver that he needed
               | to reach a public phone box, from which Macmillan would
               | call Whitehall. It was suggested that government drivers
               | carried four pennies, as that was the minimum sum needed
               | in a GPO phone box.
               | 
               | I once heard a Radio 4 programme about the letters of
               | last resort, where a senior military figure described the
               | responsibility on a PM's shoulders whilst writing them as
               | "Awesome, with a capital F"
        
               | qingcharles wrote:
               | How very British to use a system like this. I think it's
               | just in our bones from a lifetime of scrappy existence. I
               | always think of this:
               | https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/make-do-and-mend-0
        
               | rsynnott wrote:
               | > My point is that it should have been easy to just
               | continue with shipping, as it seems to me that it has to
               | be the default. But maybe I am wrong?
               | 
               | ... Yeah, I'm pretty sure you're wrong. What made you
               | think that they used ships? Most or all British nuclear
               | plants are coastal, but they mostly don't have port
               | facilities, I don't think. And nuclear plants in _other_
               | countries often aren't coastal, so it's not like ships
               | could be a global standard practice or anything.
               | 
               | This project was an attempt to increase safety and
               | improve public confidence (the train crash bit was the
               | latter), but I'm fairly sure they were already using
               | trains.
        
               | fifilura wrote:
               | > What made you think that they used ships?
               | 
               | Probably because Sweden use ships and most - if not all?
               | - nuclear plants have access to waterways.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Sigyn
               | 
               | And I had some idea that they are used for
               | intercontinental transportation of fuel. But maybe that
               | is not so common?
               | 
               | But I am here for the discussion. I don't need to be
               | right.
        
               | Reason077 wrote:
               | > _" My point is that it should have been easy to just
               | continue with shipping, as it seems to me that it has to
               | be the default. But maybe I am wrong?"_
               | 
               | I don't think it was ever the default for domestic
               | nuclear fuel shipments.
               | 
               | Despite being on the coast, many of the UK nuclear sites
               | do not have easy access to harbours, and the processing
               | facility at Sellafield itself does not have a harbour
               | either: ships carrying foreign nuclear fuel would dock
               | further up the coast at Workington [1].
               | 
               | Since the fuel would be transferred to rail for the final
               | leg to Sellafield anyway, presumably it just made more
               | sense to transport domestic fuel flasks directly via the
               | rail network rather than have a longer, slower, and more
               | complex journey with multiple mode transfers.
               | 
               | It was also likely considered the lower-risk option:
               | train collisions in the UK are very rare (much more rare
               | than shipwrecks!) and the flasks were proven to be able
               | to withstand even the worst-case collision scenario.
               | 
               | In some cases, like at Dungeness for example, old rail
               | infrastructure already existed nearby that could be re-
               | used for a nuclear rail terminal pretty cheaply [2].
               | 
               | [1] https://cumbriashipphotos.weebly.com/nuclear-
               | carriers.html
               | 
               | [2]
               | https://kentrail.org.uk/dungeness_nuclear_terminal.htm
        
             | HPsquared wrote:
             | Also it depends what's are the other end: do they have
             | railways or docks?
        
               | mannykannot wrote:
               | I imagine that, at the time of this test, it would have
               | been the place formerly known as Windscale, and renamed
               | as Sellafield at some point after the eponymous Windscale
               | fire/disaster/WTFWTT/cover-up. It is on the coast, but
               | does not appear to have any sort of harbor. I see it
               | stopped reprocessing fuel in 2022, so if Britain's spent
               | fuel is going anywhere these days, it probably spends
               | some time on a ship.
        
               | throwaway211 wrote:
               | The harbour was destroyed.
        
           | lonelyasacloud wrote:
           | It's other way round.
           | 
           | Although nuclear sites tend to have access to water many of
           | them in the UK do not have ready access to suitable large
           | harbours (these places by definition tend to be out of the
           | way). In the UK building and maintaining these harbours would
           | be way more expensive than sticking it on the road for a
           | relatively short hop (even in the remote areas) to the
           | nearest local railhead.
        
             | timthorn wrote:
             | Many also have/had their own railhead, so the road part
             | wasn't always needed.
        
               | youngtaff wrote:
               | There are a few without their own rail head e.g. Oldbury
               | on Severn and think the fuel for there was sent somewhere
               | near Berkley and then by road
               | 
               | I lived in Berkley about 25 years ago and my next door
               | neighbour was part of the team that managed fuel
               | shipments around the UK
        
               | arethuza wrote:
               | As far as I can tell, the Torness AGR plant doesn't have
               | a rail link even though it is pretty close (less than
               | 1km) from the east coast main line.
        
               | FLHerne wrote:
               | There's a dedicated transfer facility with a siding and
               | crane on the ECML about 1.5km west of the power station.
        
               | chickenbig wrote:
               | See https://www.railforums.co.uk/threads/torness-power-
               | station-r... ; it is perhaps a mile and a bit west of the
               | power station, crane and all.
        
             | acchow wrote:
             | I'd rather nuclear material be kept away from water...
        
               | chickenbig wrote:
               | Spent nuclear fuel has to cool down in water for a few
               | years. Being spent it is not very prone to partaking in
               | chain reactions; no many neutron poisons, too few
               | fissionable atoms.
        
               | 0cf8612b2e1e wrote:
               | I suppose salt water can leech ions from anything, but
               | how soluble are the rods?
        
           | pjc50 wrote:
           | This seems to start from the weird premise that moving things
           | by ship is the default? Not really the case in the UK since
           | the invention of the railways started to obsolete the canal
           | network.
        
             | fifilura wrote:
             | Nuclear power needs massive amounts of cooling so they are
             | most often built close to the sea, or at least a major
             | river.
        
             | 0cf8612b2e1e wrote:
             | Shipping is incredibly efficient, so it is not an
             | outrageous assumption.
        
         | mihaaly wrote:
         | Ok, but how one make a 2.2m x 2.2m x 2.5m "single-piece steel
         | forging" so the inside cavity can be machined out of the solid.
         | That sounds a great metallurgical achievement in this size,
         | allowing the huge piece of metal not only cooling without
         | breaking itself apart from temperature differences of inside
         | and outside but preserving a great deal of streangth too.
        
           | mttch wrote:
           | https://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/capabilities/forge
        
       | sam_goody wrote:
       | OT: In the States we had a guy [named "Crush"] going around doing
       | full head-on collisions between trains for ~50 years, just for
       | the show.
       | 
       | For his first and most famous performance, Crash at Crush[1], he
       | pretty much built a whole town, drilled two wells, and wound up
       | having to pay huge amounts.
       | 
       | But after that it was all fun and games till the great depression
       | "crushed" him.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_at_CrushHis first and most
       | famous
        
         | philshem wrote:
         | fixed link --> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_at_Crush
        
       | 082349872349872 wrote:
       | I went to an engineering school, and one of the stories the old
       | boys told was that at some point the city had built a new bridge,
       | and tendered the destruction of the old bridge, and we'd put in
       | the winning bid.
       | 
       | The scheduled day came, but only an hour or two after the
       | scheduled time an urgent messenger came from the city: the
       | neighbours were complaining, could they please just destroy the
       | bridge all at once with the next explosion?
       | 
       | It turns out the civil engineers had been enjoying themselves in
       | the interval, checking their modelling by seeing how many parts
       | of the bridge they could blow off of it, while leaving the
       | majority of the structure still standing...
        
         | HPsquared wrote:
         | Important civil defence work, no doubt.
        
           | bell-cot wrote:
           | No. Just look at the postmortem engineering reports on
           | bridges which have collapsed (due to crappy inspections and
           | maintenance, or being hit by a vehicle, or fire, or ...).
           | Understanding _which_ parts of rusted  & crumbling old
           | bridges are critical (to keeping them standing) is extremely
           | important. Because the real world has many, many such
           | bridges. And even fresh "Rescue workers are still pulling
           | bodies from the collapsed bridge!" headlines seldom motivate
           | the politicians to provide enough resources for inspections &
           | maintenance & protection.
        
             | 0_____0 wrote:
             | Yes*
             | 
             | Do you so love the self-satisfied HN
             | 
             | > "No. [...]"
             | 
             | that you got the polarity wrong?
        
               | fourteenfour wrote:
               | Ha, I have a good engineer friend who often plays devil's
               | advocate and he sometimes seems to reflexively respond
               | with a disagreeing statement even if he is agreeing with
               | the majority of what is being discussed.
        
               | kevindamm wrote:
               | Perhaps the root cause here is due to conventional
               | current being opposite the actual, literal flow. GP
               | likely wanted to deny the implied sarcasm of parent
               | comment, and I could see how it might be read either way.
               | Tone in text is hard.
        
               | bell-cot wrote:
               | "polarity wrong?"
               | 
               | Depends on the meaning of "civil defense" in the top-
               | level comment. If that means "protecting civilians &
               | civilian infrastructure from military or paramilitary
               | attack", then "No" is correct.
               | 
               | If "civil defense" is so broadly defined that it includes
               | "protecting from normal aging, weathering, and neglected
               | maintenance", then "Yes".
               | 
               | (Admission: My sense of such usages may be kinda old. Dad
               | was a Civil Defense Officer in WWII, specializing in
               | poison gas attacks.)
        
         | Stevvo wrote:
         | You make bridge building sound just like it is in video games.
        
       | blibble wrote:
       | there was this one too:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue61c6MZNQw
        
       | ColinHayhurst wrote:
       | Computer simulations of this crash were pioneering and done by
       | peers in the engineering consulting world [0]. I don't remember
       | the details but I suspect the cost of those back then were on a
       | par with the cost of the actual full-scale physical test. How
       | things have changed.
       | 
       | A few years later and beyond, I got deeply involved in developing
       | similar and new simulation algorithms and techniques for impact,
       | explosions and safety which we and customers applied in the
       | defence, space and other industries [1].
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/patram_proceedings/1...
       | 
       | [1]
       | https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XYplI1kAAAAJ&hl=en...
        
       | akhenakh wrote:
       | What's up with the black and white pictures, we had colors in
       | 1984!
       | 
       | Gimmick to make me feel old?
        
         | Liquid_Fire wrote:
         | I'm guessing they are scans from the magazine, which probably
         | didn't have all pages in colour.
        
         | DrBazza wrote:
         | "Today" newspaper launched in 1986 - it was the first newspaper
         | that was printed in colour in the UK.
         | 
         | Many press photographers used B&W film since there was little
         | point using (and paying more) for colour. Also, they likely
         | bought their cameras and worked as media photographers for
         | several decades beforehand when B&W was even more prevalent.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(UK_newspaper)
        
           | radiowave wrote:
           | Right. And also, the photographer likely wants high ISO film,
           | to be able to take a very short, crisp exposure of the moment
           | of impact, without needing to gamble on the amount of cloud
           | cover, and hence available light.
           | 
           | ISO 1600 colour film will have been available at the time,
           | but was probably pretty poor compared to B&W.
        
       | this_steve_j wrote:
       | Who else saw the headline and thought about this Top Gear BBC
       | episode with a PSA for level train crossings?
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/ue61c6MZNQw?si=OhYXjbW_9MaPHj5k
       | 
       | Clarkson: "...and they weren't even wearing any high visibility
       | safety clothing."
        
       | Someone wrote:
       | BBC news footage:
       | https://youtu.be/ZY446h4pZdc?si=Y0DHmeYI8cbFd8wk
        
       | walthamstow wrote:
       | All this talk of flasks, Cheddar and Melton Mowbray is making me
       | peckish
        
       | nickdothutton wrote:
       | If I wasn't on a mobile I'd post a link to a YouTube video of the
       | intro to the original edge of darkness.
        
       | golergka wrote:
       | Reminds me of a similar story where 5 military men were on ground
       | zero underneath an aerial nuclear detonation to prove its safety.
       | 
       | https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/07/16/156851175/f...
        
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