[HN Gopher] Building a Galaksija
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       Building a Galaksija
        
       I came across this as an interesting curiosity several years ago.
       Recently it showed up in a personal reference and I thought it
       might be of interest to the HN community. Really amazing story
       behind this and the community that was created around it is
       fascinating.  Part I (linked):
       https://blog.vladovince.com/building-a-galaksija-the-1980s-y...
       Part II: https://blog.vladovince.com/building-a-galaksija-part-ii-
       the...  Part III: https://blog.vladovince.com/building-a-galaksija-
       part-iii-au...  Wikipedia:
       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)  Internet
       Archive Magazine Collection:
       https://archive.org/search?query=galaksija  Emulator:
       https://github.com/mejs/galaksija  Another:
       https://github.com/nikp123/Galaksija-Emulator  Libretro core:
       https://github.com/libretro/galaxy-libretro
        
       Author : bane
       Score  : 102 points
       Date   : 2024-07-16 18:16 UTC (5 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (blog.vladovince.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (blog.vladovince.com)
        
       | ubavic wrote:
       | This year marks 40 years of Galaksija, and the magazine PC Press
       | with the author of the Galaksija Voja Antonic released a reprint
       | of the original special issue which introduced Galaksija.
       | Building kit is also available. More information is available on:
       | https://racunari.com/
        
       | Gys wrote:
       | > ... a 1980s Yugoslav 8-bit computer called the Galaksija
        
         | input_sh wrote:
         | More precisely, the magazine that published it was titled
         | "Galaksija"
         | (https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-11/galaksija-
         | mag...). The computer (and the OS) were simply named after the
         | magazine.
        
           | grujicd wrote:
           | Even more precisely, it was published in the first edition of
           | "Racunari u vasoj kuci" magazine. That magazine was created
           | as a special edition of Galaksija magazine (so name came from
           | there, that part was right), but from that point on we had
           | both Galaksija, for general science, and Racunari for
           | computers.
        
       | shrx wrote:
       | My family lived in Yugoslavia near the Italian border within a
       | zone where people were issued special passports allowing them to
       | go across the border to the west. This was not generally
       | possible, so people took advantage of it and bought (or smuggled
       | to avoid trouble with the customs) many goods which were not
       | available inside the country, like jeans, washing machines, vinyl
       | records, ... My uncle brought both the ZX spectrum and the
       | Commodore back with him on one of such trips. And then during
       | that time our student radio station used to play whole computer
       | programs and games live on air, and everybody could record them
       | to a cassette and load them on their computer, for free!
        
         | bapo wrote:
         | Thanks for your comment.
         | 
         | Could you elaborate a bit on the "recording and loading
         | cassette" part?
         | 
         | I'm really wondering!
        
           | wjnc wrote:
           | Cassette tapes doubled as music storage and data storage for
           | machines like ZX Spectrum and C64. You could just copy
           | software like you would copy a music cassette. Code via radio
           | would be as easy as playing a song. Another time long gone
           | computer magazines would print code that you could enter
           | yourself! Before that Sussman is reported to meditate on
           | code, and acolytes where supposed to create machines that
           | could run that code.
        
             | shrx wrote:
             | Here are some details about the ZX Spectrum tape interface:
             | 
             | http://www.zxdesign.info/cassette.shtml
             | 
             | https://sinclair.wiki.zxnet.co.uk/wiki/Spectrum_tape_interf
             | a...
        
             | dhosek wrote:
             | Pretty much all the early 8-bit computers had cassette
             | storage. On the Apple ][ series, the interface to write to
             | the cassette was identical to the speaker interface so you
             | could load audio into memory from a cassette and play it
             | back (at 1-bit resolution) on the internal speaker of the
             | Apple ][. It sounded like crap (although a lot of cassette
             | decks did too) but seemed like magic.
        
         | boomskats wrote:
         | That's interesting - do you have any more info on this special
         | passport zone, or travel to the west being generally not
         | possible?
         | 
         | Yugoslav passports from 40 years ago are widely regarded as
         | being one of the most powerful passports ever, with visa-free
         | travel to almost all Western states [0].
         | 
         | [0]: https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/s/o7mJrRuWOu
        
           | vldxts wrote:
           | I lived in the same area as the GP, and the thing about not
           | being able to go to the west with regular passports is false.
           | In fact people from all over Yugoslavia went shopping to
           | Trieste in Italy.
           | 
           | The special passports did exist however, and were issued to
           | residents of what used to be the Free Territory of
           | Trieste[0], both in Italy and Yugoslavia. They were
           | established by the Udine Agreement of 1955 (although the
           | border was still disputed and finally settled only in 1975 by
           | the Treaty of Osimo[1]).
           | 
           | I can't find many sources about the special passports online.
           | There is a mention here[2].
           | 
           | Their main advantage was the possibility of using secondary
           | border crossings between Italy and Yugoslavia that had less
           | traffic and shorter queues.
           | 
           | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste
           | 
           | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo
           | 
           | [2] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-
           | history/articl...
        
             | shrx wrote:
             | Hi, thanks for clarification, I was not aware that other
             | Yugoslavian residents were able to cross the border as
             | freely as those with the special passport ("Propustnica").
        
               | grujicd wrote:
               | There were similar "passport lite" cross border documents
               | in other parts of Yugoslavia, allowing people living in
               | border regions to easily pass the border but limited to
               | maybe 10-20km in another country. These passes were used
               | by farmers who had pieces of land across the border, or
               | even if land was in the same country the closest road
               | might be through border. I think something like that
               | still exists.
        
               | dhosek wrote:
               | There was a school bus route in Washington that passed
               | through Canada on its way to the school that got really
               | screwed by the post-9/11 stricter border controls.
        
       | thecupisblue wrote:
       | That is insanely cool! I've heard countless war stories from
       | older ex-yu people about Galaksija and the early beginnings of
       | the tech scenes on the territories, even about setting up the
       | first proper internet connections and servers with war blasting
       | around them. It's insane when you remember that was all happening
       | not even 30 years ago.
       | 
       | To those who can, I'd suggest donating to the mentioned museum -
       | I've had the blessing to visit it once and it is such a cultural
       | treasure - they don't just collect old machines, they also
       | inspire generations by teaching them coding, electronics and
       | everything in-between.
        
       | strgtwhtmle wrote:
       | Cool in general, but... what an ugly botched job.
       | 
       | Should have tested on that spare board and THEN built the final
       | rev.
        
       | dhosek wrote:
       | And hear I was thinking I was the only one in these parts using
       | old lit mags as monitor raisers.
        
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