[HN Gopher] General Theory of Neural Networks
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       General Theory of Neural Networks
        
       Author : rdlecler1
       Score  : 70 points
       Date   : 2024-07-11 14:34 UTC (3 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (robleclerc.substack.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (robleclerc.substack.com)
        
       | rdlecler1 wrote:
       | Despite vast implementation constraints spanning diverse
       | biological systems, a clear pattern emerges the repeated and
       | recursive evolution of Universal Activation Networks (UANs).
       | These networks consist of nodes (Universal Activators) that
       | integrate weighted inputs from other units or environmental
       | interactions and activate at a threshold, resulting in an action
       | or an intentional broadcast. Minimally, Universal Activator
       | Networks include gene regulatory networks, cell networks, neural
       | networks, cooperative social networks, and sufficiently advanced
       | artificial neural networks.
       | 
       | Evolvability and generative open-endedness define Universal
       | Activation Networks, setting them apart from other dynamic
       | networks, complex systems or replicators. Evolvability implies
       | robustness and plasticity in both structure and function,
       | differentiable performance, inheritable replication, and
       | selective mechanisms. They evolve, they learn, they adapt, they
       | get better and their open-enedness lies in their capacity to form
       | higher-order networks subject to a new level of selection.
        
         | RaftPeople wrote:
         | Thoughts:
         | 
         | > _2-UANs operate according to either computational principles
         | or magic._
         | 
         | Given that quantum effects do exist, does this mean that the
         | result of quantum activity is still just another physical input
         | into the UAN and does not change the analysis of what the UAN
         | computes? It seems difficult to think that what a UAN computes
         | is not impacted by those lower level details (meaning
         | specifically quantum effects, I'm not thinking of just
         | alternate implementations).
         | 
         | > _4-A UANs critical topology, and its implied gating logic,
         | dictate its function, not the implementation details._
         | 
         | Dynamic/short term networks in brain:
         | 
         | Neurons in the brain are dynamically inhibited+excited due to
         | various factors including brain waves, which seems like they
         | are dynamically shifting between different networks on the fly.
         | I assume when you say topology, you're not really thinking in
         | terms of static physical topology, but more of the current
         | logical topology that may be layered on top of the physical?
         | 
         | Accounting for Analog:
         | 
         | A neurons function is heavily influenced by current analog
         | state, how is that accounted for in the formula for the UAN?
         | 
         | For example, activation at the same synapse can either trigger
         | an excitatory post synaptic action potential or an inhibitory
         | post synaptic action potential depending on the concentration
         | of permeant ions inside and outside the cell at that moment.
         | 
         | I'm assuming a couple possible responses might be:
         | 
         | 1-Even though our brain has analog activity that influence the
         | operation of cells, there is still an equivalent UAN that does
         | not make use of analog.
         | 
         | or
         | 
         | 2-Analog activity is just a lower level UAN (e.g. atom/molecule
         | level)
         | 
         | I don't think either of those are strong responses. The first
         | triggers the question: "How do you know and how do you find
         | that UAN?". The second one seems to push the problem down to
         | just needing to simulate physics within +/- some error.
        
       | AndrewKemendo wrote:
       | This is another example of Markov Chains in the wild - so that's
       | what he's seeing
       | 
       | The general nn is a discrete implementation of that
       | 
       | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain
        
       | AIorNot wrote:
       | What's wild to me is that Donald Hoffman is also proposing a
       | similar foundation for his metaphysical theory of consciousness,
       | ie that it is a fundamental property and that it exists outside
       | of spacetime and leads via a markov chain of conscious agents (in
       | a Network as described above)
       | 
       | Ie everything that exists may be the result of some kind of Uber
       | Network existing outside of space and time
       | 
       | It's a wild theory but the fact that these networks keep popping
       | up and recurring at level upon level when agency and intelligence
       | is needed is crazy
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/yqOVu263OSk?si=SH_LvAZSMwhWqp5Q
        
         | mistermann wrote:
         | I don't think one even needs "supernatural" explanations.
         | 
         | 1. Consider the base hardware of each agent:
         | 
         | http://neuropathologyblog.blogspot.com/2017/06/shannon-curra...
         | 
         | 2. Consider that (according to science anyways) there is no
         | central broadcaster of reality (it is at least plausible)
         | 
         | 3. Consider each agent (often/usually) "knows" all of reality,
         | or at least any point you query them about (for sure: all
         | agents claim to know the unknowable, regularly; I have yet to
         | encounter one who can stop a "powerful" invocation of #3 (or
         | even try: the option seems literally unavailable), _though
         | minor ones can be overridden fairly trivially_ (I can think of
         | two contrasting paths of interesting consideration based on
         | this detail, one of them being extremely optimistic, _and
         | trivially plausible_ ))
         | 
         | Simplified: what is known to be, _is_ (locally).
         | 
         | 4. Consider the possibility (or assume as a premise of a
         | thought experiment) that reality and the universe are not
         | _exactly_ the very same thing ( "it exists outside of
         | spacetime"), though it may appear that they are (see #3)
         | 
         | Is it not fairly straightforward what is going on?
         | 
         | A big part of the problem is that #3 is ~inevitably[1] invoked
         | if such things are analyzed, screwing up the analysis, thus
         | rendering the theory _necessarily_ "false" (it "is"
         | false...though, it will typically not be asserted as such
         | explicitly, and direct questions will be ignored/dodged).
         | 
         | [1] which is... _weird_ (the inevitable part...like, it is as
         | if consciousness is ~hardwired to disallow _certain_ inspection
         | (highly predictable evasive actions are invoked in response),
         | something which can _easily be tested /demonstrated_).
        
           | cscurmudgeon wrote:
           | Why is #3 obvious? How can agents know all of reality? May be
           | a subset?
        
             | mistermann wrote:
             | knowledge = knowledge (true belief)
             | 
             | "knowledge" = belief (possibly true but not necessarily,
             | but _sincerely_ perceived as  "true")
             | 
             | (I'm considering this from an abstract / autistic / "That's
             | _pedantic!_ [so stop doing it] " perspective, so I include
             | quotation marks to note the technical distinction...in
             | phenomenological analysis, perhaps they'd be left out, to
             | better illustrate the local experience of reality, the true
             | "is-ness" _as it is_. In normative discussions ( "anything
             | that good hackers would find interesting"), these things
             | are generally rather taboo.)
             | 
             | There's lots of nuance I'm leaving out, but that's the
             | general idea.
             | 
             | A popular though terminating description for the phenomenon
             | is "that's just people expressing their opinion, _everyone_
             | does it, that 's what _everything_ boils down to " (which
             | can make it not only not obvious, but damn near _invisible_
             | )...but consider the semantic differences of that with and
             | without the inclusion of the word "just". (Also: watch out
             | for #3, it's recursively self-referential, and has
             | substantial cloaking / shape-shifting abilities. It is
             | _almost_ always and everywhere.)
             | 
             | An alternate perspective: consider what an uneducated
             | person "sees" in "reality" (aka: what "is", and "is not")
             | as they go about their day, compared to highly educated (as
             | opposed to _knowledgeable_ ) people _from very distinct
             | disciplines_.
        
           | AIorNot wrote:
           | Can you explain #3 and 4# more clearly?
           | 
           | in #2 you are claiming there is no objective reality or no
           | 'broadcaster' of reality
           | 
           | We must assume some things as being objective such as a
           | rational universe in order to make any claims at all.
           | 
           | -if you are saying in #3 that humans as conscious agents make
           | subjective claims about reality but that those claims are in
           | fact 'the reality' for that agent or person, that is a
           | subjective claim. (I'm not saying that that subjective
           | reality isn't true for that person)
           | 
           | Also, Hoffman doesn't make a 'supernatural' claim per se, his
           | claim is simply that reality as 'we all see it' is NOT the
           | whole story, and that it is in fact only the projection of a
           | vast, infinitely complex network of conscious agents that
           | creates what we perceive as the material universe and time.
           | He starts with the idea that consciousness as a property is
           | fundamental, existing outside of space and time and that if
           | you apply reasoning and mathematics that networks of agents
           | acting as UANs in a sense project that material universe into
           | being, with that assumption, ie that it extrapolates to our
           | entire universe.
           | 
           | I'm not sure I'm (or anyone for that matter) is really
           | qualified to answer that claim..it's so big that it does
           | verge on mysticism. that's why I said its such a wild idea,
           | but I found the article above another interesting piece of
           | evidence for Hoffman, because it talks about a general theory
           | underlying such networks:
           | 
           | whose "repeated and recursive evolution of Universal
           | Activation Networks (UANs). These networks consist of nodes
           | (Universal Activators) that integrate weighted inputs from
           | other units or environmental interactions and activate at a
           | threshold, resulting in an action or an intentional
           | broadcast"
           | 
           | ie this is very similar to Hoffmans system of Conscious
           | Agents -which is an extreme theory of such networks that I
           | described above
           | 
           | https://evolutionnews.org/2023/10/eccentric-theories-of-
           | cons...
        
         | optimalsolver wrote:
         | >it exists outside of spacetime
         | 
         | So I guess this theory won't be subject to empirical testing
         | any time soon?
        
           | jungturk wrote:
           | Perhaps "outside" means "resident on the boundary of", a la
           | holograms and Maldecena's AdS/CFT work, and so still within
           | reach of experiment?
        
       | 29athrowaway wrote:
       | In the biology there are families of neurons, each one with
       | different morphologies.
        
       | smokel wrote:
       | People seem to be obsessed with finding fundamental properties in
       | neural networks, but why not simply marvel at the more basic
       | incredible operations of addition and multiplication, and stop
       | there?
        
         | falcor84 wrote:
         | Evolutionary pressure is such that, generally speaking,
         | individuals who "stop there" are less successful than ones who
         | always crave more. We are all descendants of those who were
         | "obsessed" with: mating, hoarding, conquering and yes, finding
         | patterns and fundamental properties.
        
           | smokel wrote:
           | My point exactly, but I obviously failed to communicate that
           | :)
           | 
           | Multiplication and addition are more fundamental than neural
           | networks.
        
       | sixo wrote:
       | God this grandiose prose style is insufferable. Calm down.
       | 
       | Anyway, this doesn't even try to make the case that that equation
       | is universal, only that "learning" is a general phenomena of
       | living systems, which can be modeled probably in many different
       | ways.
        
         | ai4ever wrote:
         | architecture astronauts let loose on unified field theories..
         | talking warm and fuzzy - big bold ideas.
         | 
         | let them, i say, until, the tide shifts to something else
         | tomorrow, and a new generation of big-picture thought leaders
         | take over dumping their insufferable text on the populace.
        
         | proof_by_vibes wrote:
         | The excitement of new horizons is necessary for innovation, and
         | a substack article is a safe way to express that excitement.
         | It's clearly understood by the choice of medium that this is
         | meant to be speculation, so there aren't any significant risks
         | in engaging with the text on its own terms.
        
         | cfgauss2718 wrote:
         | Agreed, I can't help but feel there is some overcompensation
         | driving the style of writing. It was difficult to finish.
        
       | cfgauss2718 wrote:
       | There are some interesting parallels to ideas in this article and
       | IIT. The focus on parsimony in networks, and pruning connections
       | that are redundant to reveal the minimum topology (and the
       | underlying computation)is reminiscent of parts of IIT: I'm
       | thinking of the computation of the maximally irreducible concept
       | structure via searching for a network partition which minimizes
       | the integrated cause-effect information in the system. Such
       | redundant connections are necessarily severed by the partition.
        
         | zaven wrote:
         | What's IIT?
        
           | diego898 wrote:
           | I'm guessing Integrated Information Theory
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_information_theory
        
       | t_serpico wrote:
       | "Topology is all that matters" --> bold statement, especially
       | when you read the paper. The original authors were much more
       | reserved in terms of their conclusions.
        
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