[HN Gopher] Scientists re-emerge after a year in Mars simulation...
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       Scientists re-emerge after a year in Mars simulation project
        
       Author : _____k
       Score  : 96 points
       Date   : 2024-07-07 08:44 UTC (14 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.dw.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.dw.com)
        
       | lintalist wrote:
       | CHAPEA Mission 1 Egress Event
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNezVXznaHQ
        
       | polairscience wrote:
       | I've been following these efforts closely. For these projects,
       | crewed endurance space efforts, I strongly believe the most
       | difficult component is the human. It's really difficult to be
       | isolated in a high stress environment. And we don't adequately
       | simulate or study what that might truly be like. I know that this
       | was about nutrition but I just don't think nutrition is going to
       | be the hard part of these missions.
       | 
       | I say this with experience. Living and working doing science in
       | the Arctic and on ships is grueling. It's grueling, and not
       | anywhere near as difficult or unpredictable as being in space.
       | The things that happen in that pressure cooker are really hard to
       | explain to people who haven't lived it.
       | 
       | It's not ethical or easy to do the kinds of simulations that
       | would actually be useful. How do you simulate "your colleague is
       | gravely wounded and on life support. now you have to work for 90
       | hours straight to fix whatever mamed them". Oh, also, you have 9
       | months of mission left with one less crew.
       | 
       | It was mediocre at best but "for all man kind" highlights just
       | how weird things might get in these places. The only analogous
       | efforts I can imagine are the adventures of sea-fairing people of
       | centuries past. Maybe we should invent time travel and do some
       | sociological studies.
        
         | yayr wrote:
         | there is this review of "for all man kind"
         | 
         | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7772588/
         | 
         | why should it be any different on mars than on earth?
         | 
         | > This show has a cool premise, that being what if the space
         | race never ended. It's a sort-of alternate reality and it does
         | a good job of weaving in actual historical events with where
         | the timeline diverged. The main problem is that I feel like the
         | show is being pulled in two directions. In one direction, there
         | is the tension of the space race, engineers scrambling to be
         | the first on the moon/mars and dealing with all manner of
         | technical issues in a realistic-ish way. That part of the show
         | I enjoy. Then, for some reason, the show also throws in a bunch
         | of trite interpersonal drama and stupidity. Like inter-marital
         | affairs, people leaking NASA secrets to the soviets, and a
         | CLEARLY unstable drug-addicted astronaut being given solo
         | control of a super important mission. It's like the showrunners
         | thought the show couldn't stand on it's own without dumb drama,
         | as if there couldn't organically be issues and drama in the
         | context of Frigging SPACE. The first season does this better,
         | but by the 2nd/3rd seasons most of the issues come not from
         | unforeseen difficulties of life on the moon/mars but idiots. It
         | really makes me wonder if they just aren't sure who their
         | audience are. The people who like the technical stuff are not
         | going to like the artificial drama, and vise-versa. Pick a
         | lane, show, and stick with it.
        
           | basementcat wrote:
           | I would argue that sometimes "dumb drama" is a good mirror of
           | humanity. Inter-marital affairs really do happen (including
           | in the highest levels of public policy as well as the
           | astronaut corps), people do disclose "secrets" and pilots
           | (including astronauts) are known to deceive medical
           | professionals to avoid being "grounded".
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Nowak
           | 
           | https://www.space.com/spacex-employee-lawsuit-sex-
           | discrimina...
           | 
           | https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2019/04/30/after-video-of-
           | sp...
           | 
           | https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/08/27/faa-
           | pilot...
        
             | exe34 wrote:
             | Where there are humans, there will be dumb drama. It's
             | practically a law of human nature.
        
             | nxobject wrote:
             | My other favorite example of dumb drama at the highest
             | levels: ex-director of the CIA, David Petraeus, was forced
             | to resign after being caught by the FIB in an extramarital
             | affair with his biographer. [1] You'd certainly think that
             | the ex-military head of a spycraft organization would know
             | to be a little more disciplined... and less vulnerable to
             | blackmail.
             | 
             | [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petraeus_scandal
        
               | jowdones wrote:
               | My expectation is the exact opposite, CIA chief would be
               | a libidinous drug addict, but my view has been shaped by
               | this character:
               | https://americandad.fandom.com/wiki/Avery_Bullock
        
           | Filligree wrote:
           | The drama isn't even done that well. Like you say, it's
           | stupid; the people are on average just worse than the sort of
           | people who would actually be there.
           | 
           | I wanted the technical sci-fi to be worth it, but it wasn't.
           | There really isn't much catering to an engineer audience.
        
             | polairscience wrote:
             | As somebody who has spent a lot of time with high-quality
             | academically pedigreed humans in far out places, I assure
             | you that they're very capable of dumb drama. And, again tho
             | I hated the show, everyone will be watching just as they
             | were in for all man kind.
        
               | yayr wrote:
               | maybe it should be mandatory to watch all episodes of
               | "Big Bang Theory" on a trip to mars for educational
               | purposes ;-)
        
             | mensetmanusman wrote:
             | People have many facets of intelligence, and no one hits
             | them all across the board. Where there are blind spots,
             | there will be drama.
        
           | wyldfire wrote:
           | > The people who like the technical stuff are not going to
           | like the artificial drama, and vise-versa. Pick a lane, show,
           | and stick with it.
           | 
           | I like the show as-is. Maybe I'm not in love with every
           | single subplot but in general the show is pretty great. IRL
           | people have motivations that drive them to do greedy,
           | irresponsible things -- even astronauts.
        
         | BurningFrog wrote:
         | > _It 's really difficult to be isolated in a high stress
         | environment._
         | 
         | Mars seems more like a high boredom environment. It's a dead
         | planet where nothing more than the occasional feeble dust storm
         | happen.
        
           | TheCraiggers wrote:
           | > Mars seems more like a high boredom environment.
           | 
           | Something tells me that the first few thousand people sent to
           | Mars won't be bored. There will be _tons_ of things to do in
           | the pursuit of making a habitable space.
           | 
           | Besides that, you have the constant death factor. I know we
           | all live with risk 24/7. But, unless we're doing something
           | outside our comfort zone, our brains largely ignore it.
           | Living on Mars will not be like that for a settler. There are
           | real risks that some piece of equipment will fail and kill
           | you all. You'll likely be well aware of that because you'll
           | be working on it. (Or worse, that idiot over there holding
           | the spanner the wrong way is working on it.)
        
             | russfink wrote:
             | Should we pursue such a simulation in an undersea
             | environment instead? Real stress, real risk, real isolation
             | - but could pull someone up if super urgent. Would also
             | simulate the long voyage to get there.
        
               | OnlyMortal wrote:
               | That might be a good idea _if_ space suits are available.
               | It would be risky, tbf.
        
               | whyever wrote:
               | Analog astronauts are already doing this.
        
               | TheCraiggers wrote:
               | >but could pull someone up if super urgent
               | 
               | This is the key, IMHO. We've simulated such things as
               | human isolation and closed-loop ecologies before,
               | numerous times. And we did learn some things. But I don't
               | think there is much you can do, and surely not anything
               | ethical, that would correctly simulate being _months away
               | from Earth_.
               | 
               | Just as you said, when you're on-planet, anything that
               | goes wrong can be dealt with. Have a leak you can't fix?
               | Someone just had a medial issue and is unresponsive? You
               | just can't take it any more? Whatever the case, help is
               | just a press of the red button away. I'm not sure if
               | you've played many video games on Hardcore mode, but it's
               | a totally different experience to know your saved game
               | file(s) are in jeopardy if what you're about to do goes
               | south. I would imagine the feeling is somewhat like this,
               | but worse.
               | 
               | A lunar base might simulate it. An undersea base (as you
               | suggested) might work too if you put it deep enough. But
               | again, you're entering unethical territory here by making
               | something exceedingly dangerous just for the sake of
               | increasing the risk/stress.
        
           | ETH_start wrote:
           | Mars' environment is extremely hostile to life, with no
           | breathable air, temperatures more extreme than what's found
           | in Antarctica, and no water or food resources that can be
           | foraged. As if all this were not enough, radiation levels on
           | its surface are also 20 times higher than what's found on
           | Earth.
           | 
           | Adding to the difficulties imposed by the harshness of the
           | environment and the paucity of its resources, a habitat there
           | will be more remote than any human habitat that has existed
           | in centuries, perhaps in history, in terms of difficulty of
           | resupplying it.
           | 
           | Simply surviving without the vast support network of
           | civilization at hand is a constant struggle on Earth, and all
           | of this will be exponentially more challenging on Mars.
        
             | SoftTalker wrote:
             | Yeah I think humans living on Mars is a complete fantasy,
             | at least in this century. Will humans visit Mars? We'll
             | probably attempt it. But living there permanently? Not
             | going to happen.
        
               | ETH_start wrote:
               | It would certainly be difficult, but if we do manage to
               | create viable permanent settlements on Mars that would
               | massively expand the space where humans can live, since
               | it would require significant upgrades in a whole suite of
               | technologies necessary for human colonization of
               | extraterrestrial environmens.
               | 
               | Even a technology as seemingly unrelated to Mars
               | settlement as autonomous robots I believe would see
               | significant advances as part of any effort to create a
               | permanent human presence on Mars.
        
               | SoftTalker wrote:
               | Best case, the technology will allow us to continue to
               | live on a warmer earth, which will still be vastly easier
               | than living on Mars.
        
             | BurningFrog wrote:
             | You make a good case for why being on Mars is dangerous.
             | 
             | My point is not that it's safe, but that there isn't much
             | to _do_ there, and very little unforeseen happens.
             | 
             | I assume no one goes to Mars without the resources to live
             | safely and feed themselves. If we're talking about some
             | adventurers hijacking a Starship, I fully agree that
             | they're in for a world of stress :)
        
           | quotemstr wrote:
           | Just like Phoenix suburbs --- yet they allegedly support
           | life.
        
           | insane_dreamer wrote:
           | Trying to survive and dealing with the inevitable crisis
           | situations that will come up (critical life support machinery
           | breaks down etc) and the efforts to actually establish a
           | colony will make life far from boring. After 100 years yeah
           | maybe.
        
         | nxobject wrote:
         | It's a little bit unfair to say that this mission was just
         | about nutrition - apparently there were simulated stressors,
         | although I wish there were more details about what there. That
         | being said, you're right to say that people weren't being
         | pushed psychologically to the "real" limit that you'd get on
         | long-term isolated missions... I guess that's where The Right
         | Stuff of ye olde Space Age comes in.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/chapea/about-chapea/
        
         | somenameforme wrote:
         | Colonization will entail a pretty large population of people
         | across all fields of expertise. You will also have all supplies
         | and materials necessary for any sort of contingencies. You're
         | not going to have the electrician trying to improv as a doctor.
         | I think it's highly probable that many people will die, but not
         | in particularly grueling ways, but far more mundane. Around 600
         | people have gone to space (which I'll define as at least LEO).
         | During this (including training), about 30 people have died. A
         | death ratio of 5% is ridiculously high, and most of the
         | incidents have been far from remarkable. Fire in a capsule,
         | oxygen valve failure, heat shield failure, don't use solid
         | rocket boosters, and so on.
         | 
         | It'll be the same stuff with Mars, except the death ratio will
         | likely be substantially higher. It'll again be from just
         | incidents that will look stupid in hindsight. And they will
         | have been, but when you're working to prevent a billion bad
         | outcomes, a few will always manage to wiggle through the
         | cracks. All things considered I think Mars colonization will
         | probably be far easier than the guys who were engaging in
         | civilization building in the past. Settlers in times past were
         | dealing with hostile natives, hostile waters, unknown diseases,
         | unpredictable weather, even mundane things like rats getting
         | into your rations, and had very little ability to measure or
         | adapt to what they were dealing with. For instance Vasco de
         | Gama (Europe to India guy) took 3 weeks to cross the Indian
         | ocean the first time. On his way back, it took 3 months. By the
         | time he returned, about 70% of his crew was dead.
         | 
         | Colonizing Mars will be absolutely brutal but we will have
         | quite far fewer unknowns. Of course the issues will will have
         | to deal with will be far harsher than anything anybody else
         | ever had to manage, but they are known - and so that really
         | simplifies the process.
        
           | 9dev wrote:
           | People arguing in favour of mars colonisation always kind of
           | skip the time between _now_ and a future in which we're able
           | to ship an entire populace to another planet.
           | 
           | We _will_ need to send smaller crews first. Not just to do
           | the science and validation necessary, but also because it
           | would be plain unethical to send a large group of people
           | without knowing what effect that kind of travel will have on
           | them. And all of that in spite of knowing how that venture
           | would even be technologically feasible.
           | 
           | If you haven't, I can highly recommend reading _A city on
           | mars_ by Kelly  & Zach Weinersmith.
        
             | somenameforme wrote:
             | Well this is literally the point of Starship, so the
             | timeframes are probably quite a lot closer than many may
             | realize. And due to the extensive amount of labor involved,
             | a fairly large group will be absolutely necessary. But I'd
             | emphasize that colonizing Mars, or anywhere, will likely
             | literally never be safe, and no amount of "science and
             | validation" can really change that. Huge numbers of people
             | still regularly die in the most mundane of things, like
             | roofing - where about 1 in 2000 workers lose their lives
             | per year. Over a career of a few decades, those are some
             | pretty unpleasant odds.
             | 
             | And on Mars roofing would look like the safest job
             | imaginable. We're going to be doing absolutely everything
             | from scratch - industry, construction,
             | manufacturing/processing, and more. And doing it all in
             | conditions unlike anything on Earth, and where if you're
             | exposed to atmosphere - even briefly, you're dead. There's
             | going to be an unavoidably high death rate. If you want to
             | wait until things are safe then I think that's perfectly
             | understandable. But in turn you should also understand that
             | people have different perspectives on life.
        
               | 9dev wrote:
               | > will likely literally never be safe, and no amount of
               | "science and validation" can really change that.
               | 
               | This is not how engineering works. You can't just hand
               | wave all practical problems away and throw adventurers
               | with a death wish at them until a few stick to Mars.
               | 
               | A single failed Starship mission with a full crew is
               | going to be the death sentence for any further
               | exploration of a mars colony. I would very much like to
               | see this happening, but not at the cost of entirely
               | avoidable deaths.
               | 
               | Work smarter, not harder.
        
           | tired-turtle wrote:
           | The settlers were ipso facto the hostile group, as they were
           | settling another people's land. Otherwise, we'd call them
           | visitors.
           | 
           | (edit) My intention wasn't political correctness but that
           | words are important. "unwanted" is more fitting than
           | "hostile," as it matches the intention of the settlers.
        
           | germinalphrase wrote:
           | " All things considered I think Mars colonization will
           | probably be far easier than the guys who were engaging in
           | civilization building in the past."
           | 
           | Those explorers of eras past were going places that not only
           | sustained ample plant and animal resources (in quantities
           | that would surprise modern people) but entire human
           | populations. There is almost nothing on Mars that will
           | sustain us.
        
             | somenameforme wrote:
             | Not entirely. I'd look up things like the 'Starving Time'
             | at Jamestown. [1] Jamestown lost 90% of its population in a
             | single winter, and was left resorting to cannibalism and
             | other such things. In the past you were constantly
             | preparing for winter. And if something went wrong, either
             | with your crops, water, surprise weather, or whatever else
             | - you died. And that's if disease, natives, weather, or a
             | million other issues didn't get you.
             | 
             | And that's _after_ you got there. Crossing the sea meant
             | you were completely subject to the whims of the weather,
             | often sailing into the literal unknown, all the while your
             | rations were slowly dwindling and your crew was starting to
             | rot from the inside out dying rather unpleasant deaths -
             | scurvy wouldn 't be entirely resolved until the 20th
             | century! With Mars we won't really have to deal with any of
             | this, because the issues and variables will be _mostly_
             | known ahead of time, and the supplies per settler will also
             | be dramatically higher meaning a far greater window of time
             | to reach self sustainability.
             | 
             | [1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starving_Time
        
               | germinalphrase wrote:
               | Jamestown is notable because of the deprivation, not
               | because every settlement was a Jamestown. Certainly, we
               | understand the variables and an identical journey on
               | earth would be dramatically safer (though still not
               | without peril).
               | 
               | Even still, these explorers were able to harvest
               | resources during their journey as well as immediately
               | upon arrival at the destination.
               | 
               | With Mars, there's nothing there. No fertile soil. No
               | potable water. No known life. It's an actively hostile
               | environment. Colonizers to Mars will be exceptionally
               | reliant on carrying the totality of their survival
               | resources. Sure - if we spend the next centuries
               | terraforming Mars robotically (or some other scheme), we
               | could change the math on this - but I have a hard time
               | swallowing the argument that crossing to, and colonizing,
               | Mars is anything but orders of difficulty harder than the
               | feats of those explorers. I'm a nerd and want to believe,
               | but it's fanatical thinking for... a long time.
        
               | somenameforme wrote:
               | Consider it this way - I would say that scaling Mt.
               | Everest now a days is relative easier than it was for
               | early adventurers and explorers to scale far lesser
               | mountains, in the past. Of course Everest is far more
               | difficult, yet modern supplies, knowledge,
               | sherpas/guides, and more have enabled even 80+ year olds
               | to scale it. It's still a huge achievement nonetheless,
               | but modern competencies have really enabled us to
               | minimize the dangers. Though of course there's still
               | substantial danger - many people find their final resting
               | place there.
               | 
               | And I think it will be similar on Mars. What is being
               | done is, itself, far more difficult than what was done in
               | the past. Yet in this case we have a far better idea of
               | what we need to do, what we will be facing, and so on.
               | There will be unknown unknowns, and those will get people
               | killed, but I think the frequency of such unknowns will
               | probably be quite a bit lower, which I would claim makes
               | it overall "easier."
               | 
               | In the past even "just" doing a transatlantic crossing
               | was basically accepting that a good chunk of your crew
               | weren't going to make it. In the early Age of Sail, you'd
               | be lucky if you were left with half your crew. The grand
               | explorers like Magellan fared even worse. For his
               | circumnavigation, he left with 5 ships and 270 men. "He"
               | returned with one ship and 18 men, a 93% death rate. "He"
               | in quotes as he was not one of those 18.
        
       | accrual wrote:
       | I found this quote from the article especially heartfelt. To me
       | it doesn't just convey a hopeful message, it also shows the
       | attitude and inner strength of someone who just endured the
       | closest thing we have to living & working on a new frontier. It's
       | a powerful message when read through that lens.
       | 
       | > "We can do these things together," Brockwell said. "We can use
       | our senses of wonder and purpose, to achieve peace and prosperity
       | and to unlock knowledge and joy for the benefit of everyone in
       | every part of planet Earth," he added.
        
       | yayr wrote:
       | I could not really find a TLDR or dive into the mission
       | results... Is there something already?
        
       | timonoko wrote:
       | I bet they did not give even a minute thought about the people
       | who live and die in tiny boxes on desolate icefields. There was
       | weird customs and rules to make this life possible, as for
       | example Peter Freuchen documented.
       | 
       | This should be the starting point, imho. Those cultures were
       | honed in 10000 years just for Mars survival perfection.
        
         | oersted wrote:
         | A lot has been written by and about Peter Freuchen. Could you
         | provide a more specific reference for these customs and rules?
         | I'd like to read-up on it.
        
           | timonoko wrote:
           | I read the "Vagrant Viking" fifty years ago. And the book was
           | probably heavily censored in translation because ungodly
           | family habits. So I am not sure where I got all the ideas
           | from.
           | 
           | There was somebody else married to eskimo too, interesting
           | because he made an Umiak suitable for outboard engine.
        
         | coffeebeqn wrote:
         | It's still an order of magnitude more chill off a life than
         | Mars. You're surrounded by drinkable water and breathable air
         | and some critters to hunt
        
           | Ekaros wrote:
           | Also how simple it is to remove yourself from some situation.
           | Something is getting on nerves. You can just put on some
           | clothing and walk outside. Stand there for 15 minutes or half
           | and hour and get to decompress... No such opportunity on
           | other objects...
        
       | HPsquared wrote:
       | Browsing the modern web would be a nightmare from Mars, with a
       | 30-minute ping and all the HTTP back-and-forth that modern pages
       | require.
       | 
       | I guess you would have to use an Earth-based remote desktop.
        
         | cdelsolar wrote:
         | That would still have a 30 minute ping. You should just have a
         | Martian Internet and then sync up the two every few hours or
         | something.
        
           | HPsquared wrote:
           | Probably not possible for the first several years, with
           | limited bandwidth. Maybe they could use sneakernet for
           | periodic updates.
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | Most internet traffic will be predicted/generated by AI by
             | then, so they'll only need to send a few tiny deltas.
        
           | gruez wrote:
           | >You should just have a Martian Internet and then sync up the
           | two every few hours or something.
           | 
           | the "internet" is just a network of computers. "sync up the
           | two" would involve replicating the servers and coming up with
           | some sort of consensus protocol. Needless to say, that's non-
           | trivial to implement and needs to be done for each site
           | individually. If there was a martian colony it might be
           | economically feasible for some sites to do this, but if it's
           | just a few astronauts the most feasible way of implementing
           | internet browsing would be something like archive.today,
           | where you send a url to some server on earth, the server runs
           | a headless browser and takes a screenshot, and sends the
           | captured contents back to mars/spacecraft.
        
           | ironhaven wrote:
           | The question is whether it will be like Usenet with nntp or a
           | BBS with xmodem
        
           | thfuran wrote:
           | It would have a 30 minute ping for rendering, but all the
           | round trips required for loading the page would be a few
           | orders of magnitude shorter.
        
         | hughesjj wrote:
         | With a fat enough pipe and big enough cache web browsing could
         | be doable with push based caching.
         | 
         | Counterstrike or zoom meetings? Not so much.
        
         | supersparrow wrote:
         | Maybe one day we'll see relay stations in space. One spaced
         | every x miles transmitting the internet from earth. Ping should
         | be minimal.
        
           | lolinder wrote:
           | Cannot tell if /s, but just in case this was serious: light
           | takes between 3 and 22 minutes to travel from Mars to Earth
           | and back, which means that ping cannot be less than between 6
           | and 44 minutes depending on orbits.
           | 
           | Robust caching would help but still be nothing like what we
           | experience on Earth (particularly the interactive portions of
           | the web like, say, HN).
        
             | withinboredom wrote:
             | You forgot to include the fact that there is a point where
             | mars is behind the sun, which makes for a period where the
             | ping will be ~2 weeks.
        
               | HPsquared wrote:
               | Relay stations at a third location would fix this.
        
               | Jtsummers wrote:
               | Beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) communications are used all
               | the time with satellites and other relays so people can
               | communicate with others outside their immediate LOS. You
               | need relays that extend the visibility of the planets
               | with respect to each other. This is non-trivial, but not
               | much harder than the work already going on to land things
               | on Mars that requires (or desires) comms back to Earth.
        
           | thfuran wrote:
           | The delay is from the time of flight of light between Earth
           | and Mars. Relays can only add additional processing time
           | without shortening that, though they could potentially help
           | with signal integrity. You also can't just freely place a
           | relay between earth and Mars and have it stay between them --
           | both planets are orbiting the sun and the relay also would
           | be, with a period that doesn't match either planet.
        
           | binary132 wrote:
           | I choose to interpret this as humor. Funny joke! I laugh.
        
         | jrnichols wrote:
         | ...only to run into a page that drops a nasty overlay on your
         | browser window because you have Adblock enabled.
        
         | ianburrell wrote:
         | I have been thinking recently that Mars and maybe the Moon
         | would need to use asynchronous messages. Basically, email but
         | with multiple message types.
         | 
         | For browsing the web, they would send a message requesting a
         | page, and get back the messages for the page in 30 minutes.
         | They would probably send a request for whole site instead of
         | round-trips for links.
         | 
         | This means that interactive JavaScript sites would never work.
         | There would need to be way to download app or web app that
         | could send messages to update state. Or way to install local
         | server that can sync with Earth.
        
         | the8472 wrote:
         | Buffering... please wait
        
         | skellington wrote:
         | Logging in to your bank account to pay the Mars mortgage would
         | take like 4 hours.
        
         | yieldcrv wrote:
         | You just need Martian internet infrastructure and banking.
         | Those institutions can sync balances with earth based banks
         | later behind the scenes.
        
       | pseingatl wrote:
       | How much law do we take with us? marslegalcode.org
        
       | cubefox wrote:
       | One thing I don't understand: In over two decades of ISS
       | operation, there apparently was never time to do a zero-g
       | pregnancy experiment on mice or other small mammals. Zach/Kelly
       | Weinersmith mentioned this in an interview with Sean Carroll on
       | Mars colonization: https://youtube.com/watch?v=dJqr_cCi9tM
       | 
       | If it turned out that mice can't properly reproduce in the zero-g
       | environment of the ISS, it would be very likely that (much
       | heavier) humans can't properly reproduce in the low-g environment
       | of Mars. Which would be a very important thing to figure out.
       | Perhaps more important than the mostly psychological Mars
       | simulation project.
        
         | quotemstr wrote:
         | > One thing I don't understand: In over two decades of ISS
         | operation, there apparently was never time to do a zero-g
         | pregnancy experiment on mice or other small mammals.
         | 
         | Coincidentally, I was looking for research into zero-g
         | pregnancy myself a few days ago and was surprised just as you
         | are. I did, however, find https://www.audubon.org/news/the-
         | amazing-story-cold-war-spac.... The Soviets did some good
         | research on this subject and were able to successfully hatch
         | birds at least.
        
           | cubefox wrote:
           | Interesting. Here is more detail on how those Soviet quail
           | experiments went:
           | https://finchwench.wordpress.com/2011/09/06/cosmoquails/
           | 
           | Unfortunately, the chicks often came out deformed and many
           | died early. Though birds are not closely related to us (our
           | last common ancestor lived more than 300 million years ago),
           | so I really would like to see ISS experiments on whether mice
           | fare any better, or perhaps even worse.
           | 
           | Overall, I'm pessimistic about colonizing Mars. In the
           | interview mentioned before, Kelly and Zach Weinersmith also
           | mention other problems, like the necessity to live
           | underground in caves, due to radiation. Building an
           | underground city on Earth would be vastly easier than on
           | Mars, yet nothing like it has ever been tried.
           | 
           | I think the most likely thing that will happen is this: In
           | about 20 years, NASA will use Starship (a SpaceX rocket
           | currently in development) to send a few US Americans to Mars,
           | they will plant the flag of the nation, and, having beat the
           | Chinese, that will be mostly the end of humanity's Mars
           | aspirations.
           | 
           | Basically like the moon missions: Once the novelty is gone,
           | people will likely lose interest in earlier aspirations of
           | establishing a permanent base. Especially if the ISS mice
           | turn out crippled.
        
             | quotemstr wrote:
             | I actually did the math on the Mars problem a little while
             | ago. It wouldn't be _that_ hard to build a big circular
             | railway on Mars that would let the cars experience 1G.
             | (Maybe a few hundred meters diameter?) Think giant luxury
             | Gravitron.
             | 
             | You'd stop the train every few days to allow for resupply
             | and entry or exit. It'd certainly be a different society in
             | which pregnant women were expected to sequester themselves
             | in high-G trains for the duration of their pregnancies, but
             | there's no law of nature stopping this approach working.
             | 
             | Also, we don't know the shape of the function mapping
             | deformity to gravity. We just have two endpoints: 1g,
             | normal; 0g, deformed. Maybe 0.2g is sufficient to reduce
             | deformities below the noise floor? We need to get a sense
             | of the shape of this curve, preferably using mammal models.
        
               | cubefox wrote:
               | Unfortunately deformities might not just develop during
               | pregnancy but during the entirety of childhood. Even if
               | the risk is gone after birth, building countless circular
               | railways could be too expensive, or unappealing to women
               | who may prefer not to have children over using this thing
               | for several months.
               | 
               | The point about the function of gravity and deformity is
               | valid. More realistically, both gravity and mass of the
               | organism are likely to influence deformities, since
               | animals with larger mass are impacted more by gravity.
        
       | insane_dreamer wrote:
       | I recommend the book A City On Mars, which covers many aspects
       | related to the feasibility of traveling to and colonizing Mars.
        
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