[HN Gopher] The City of London which is not part of London (2016)
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The City of London which is not part of London (2016)
        
       Author : kaisix
       Score  : 94 points
       Date   : 2024-06-23 05:56 UTC (17 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.thevintagenews.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.thevintagenews.com)
        
       | simonbarker87 wrote:
       | I'm probably being overly pedantic but it's not a secret
        
         | timr wrote:
         | It's not well known in America. Recent conversations on
         | congestion surcharges in NYC regularly confused the charges in
         | _City of London_ (miniscule) with _London as a whole_ (huge),
         | and then tried to draw the comparison to the now-canceled
         | charges in NYC, which would have affected more than half of
         | Manhattan, and a large portion of the most significant
         | commercial areas of NYC.
         | 
         | People are either being completely disingenuous, or they don't
         | understand that City of London is a relatively insignificant
         | portion of greater London. This fact alone illustrates how
         | absurd the comparison actually is:
         | 
         | > As of the 2011 census, the City of London has a population of
         | 8,072 and area of 1.12 square miles.
         | 
         | (For context, Manhattan has a population of 1.65 million
         | people, with about 73,000 people per square mile. Even setting
         | aside that lower Manhattan is more densely populated than
         | upper, and that a lot of people commute in from the outer
         | boroughs, the congestion pricing scheme would have affected at
         | least 800k resident people, or about 10% of NYCs total
         | population.)
        
           | pledg wrote:
           | The London congestion charge is a much larger area than the
           | City
           | 
           | https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/congestion-
           | charge/congestio...
        
             | timr wrote:
             | You're quibbling. The portion covered by the congestion
             | charges is a tiny, tiny portion of the whole of London,
             | comprising mostly business and entertainment areas.
             | 
             | The point I am making is that Americans use the naming
             | confusion to draw the fundamentally misleading comparison.
        
           | CPLX wrote:
           | What are you talking about the London congestion charge is
           | analogous to the NYC one, covering the core central business
           | district.
        
             | arrowsmith wrote:
             | They may be confusing it with London's ULEZ (ultra low
             | emissions zone), which was expanded last year with no
             | democratic mandate and has been hugely controversial.
        
             | timr wrote:
             | No, not even close. The NYC one covered all of Manhattan
             | south of 60th, and almost every ingress/egress to the
             | island. As I said in my comment, even if you only consider
             | people who live in Manhattan (which is a fraction of the
             | NYC residents affected by the proposed policy), it would
             | have covered about 10% of the entire city -- about 800,000
             | people.
        
           | markoman wrote:
           | Yes the City of London has a population of around 10,000 but
           | employs nearly 1 million by some estimates since the legal
           | and financial capitals exist within it.
        
             | timr wrote:
             | So, it's midtown Manhattan, which is a small portion of the
             | area NYC proposed to meter.
        
           | crimsoneer wrote:
           | The congestion charge in London has absolutely nothing to do
           | with the City.
        
           | notahacker wrote:
           | Aside from the points others have made that the congestion
           | charge introduced by the mayor of the large urban area of
           | London which covers the whole of central London[1] doesn't
           | really have anything to do with the City of London boundaries
           | or administration, I don't think "it's not well known in
           | America" justifies the use of "secret"
           | 
           | The jurisdictions of San Mateo and Santa Clara aren't
           | particularly well known in the UK but I'd still think any
           | journalist referring to them as "secret" was being
           | ludicrously hyperbolic...
           | 
           | [1]an area with approximately 17x the population of the City
           | of London, and I suspect the ULEZ emissions charge which now
           | covers all 9 million London residents also gets dragged into
           | the US debate...
        
             | timr wrote:
             | I never said anything about it being a "secret", nor did I
             | even use the word.
             | 
             | You seem to be having an argument with the title of the
             | piece, not with me.
        
         | keiferski wrote:
         | I've read this exact factoid at least a few hundred times. I'm
         | mostly just amazed that it continues to surprise people.
        
           | Ylpertnodi wrote:
           | Obligatory xkcd: 10,000.
        
             | jfengel wrote:
             | I'm glad people are learning a neat new factoid but it
             | really wasn't a secret.
        
             | nix0n wrote:
             | Equally obligatory: link to the xkcd[0][1]
             | 
             | [0]https://xkcd.com/1053/ [1]https://m.xkcd.com/1053/
        
         | denton-scratch wrote:
         | Yup. I stopped reading when I got to the bit where they
         | explained that the "secret city" was the City of London. That's
         | tabloid crap.
        
           | actionfromafar wrote:
           | But it's such an unexpected power structure in a modern
           | democracy some people don't really believe it even when told.
        
             | chrisjj wrote:
             | They are right to disbelieve.
        
         | dventimi wrote:
         | Its existence may not be a secret but it's activities seem to
         | be:
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28827292
        
           | foldr wrote:
           | The article you link to is using the 'City of London' to
           | refer to London's financial sector, which is primarily
           | located in the City of London (rather like the use of
           | 'Washington' to refer to the US government). It's not talking
           | about anything shady that the institutions of the City of
           | London itself are doing.
        
             | dventimi wrote:
             | Relevance? I haven't said whether I'm talking about the
             | City of London's government or its financial institutions
             | (as if there's a difference). None of which has to do with
             | "secrecy" which is arguably the relevant topic. On that
             | subject, whether it's the government or the financial
             | institutions or both, if they're engaged in money
             | laundering, which is more likely: They keep those matters
             | secret, or they don't keep those matters secret?
        
               | foldr wrote:
               | The article we're all commenting on is talking about the
               | City of London in the sense of the geographic area
               | administered by the City of London Corporation.
               | 
               | The article you linked to is talking about the
               | shenanigans of the UK's financial sector (mostly
               | concentrated in the City of London).
               | 
               | The UK financial sector is regulated by the FCA.
               | Corporations headquartered in the City of London are
               | subject to English law just like corporations
               | headquartered in any other part of the country. So the
               | role that the City of London Corporation plays in money
               | laundering is relatively minor and indirect. Of course,
               | there may well be corruption that is worth investigating
               | and exposing.
               | 
               | Unfortunately, the idea of the City of London as some
               | kind of extraterritorial legal island within the UK is
               | catnip to conspiracy theorists of various stripes. It is
               | complete nonsense. However, that is not to say that the
               | City of London Corporation is not in need of reform.
        
               | dventimi wrote:
               | The article title includes "the secret City of London."
               | Without clarification, it's left to readers to decide
               | what that means. It could mean its government actively
               | maintains a cloak of secrecy, it could just mean that
               | it's not well known, say, to Americans, or it could mean
               | something in between. The latter pole--that it's not well
               | known, say, to Americans--has been established in this
               | thread. What I'm trying to do is offer evidence to
               | support the former pole. If there's corruption within the
               | City of London, that supplies a motive for its financial
               | institutions or its government (as if there's a
               | difference) to shield the activities that occur there
               | from scrutiny.
        
               | foldr wrote:
               | The UK financial services sector is involved in money
               | laundering. That does not have much to do with its
               | location in the City of London. The City of London
               | Corporation is essentially just a local authority and
               | does not have the kind of governing powers that would
               | enable it to play a major role in money laundering. For
               | example, it does not regulate financial transactions or
               | pass laws (except the largely inconsequential local
               | 'byelaws' that any UK local authority can pass).
        
               | walthamstow wrote:
               | Yes quite correct. The Corporation is a local council, it
               | collects the bins and operates one primary school.
               | 
               | There's always this misconception that it's some sort of
               | lawless wild west. If it was, I assure you every company
               | in the world would be based there!
        
               | dventimi wrote:
               | > _The Corporation is a local council, it collects the
               | bins and operates one primary school._
               | 
               | Is that _all_ it runs?
               | 
               | > _There 's always this misconception that it's some sort
               | of lawless wild west._
               | 
               | I don't view it that way.
               | 
               | > _I assure you every company in the world would be based
               | there!_
               | 
               | How many financial companies in the world are based
               | there?
        
               | walthamstow wrote:
               | > How many financial companies in the world are based
               | there?
               | 
               | Many, for sure. Plenty more are headquartered in Canary
               | Wharf, which is not in the City but in Tower Hamlets.
               | These include Barclays, HSBC and Citigroup.
        
               | dventimi wrote:
               | That's one way to put it. Another way to put it is
               | "most". The City has the largest number of financial
               | firms, the largest share of office space, and the largest
               | share of trading volume and assets under management. It's
               | home to the Bank of England and the London Stock
               | Exchange, and will be home to HSBC when it finishes its
               | move there from Canary Wharf.
               | 
               | Those firms have been accused--indirectly--of money
               | laundering. If they're engaged in that vice, it's
               | plausible to me they would add the additional vice of
               | protecting it from scrutiny. I.e. engaging in "secrecy."
               | It need not collude with the government to do so, but if
               | it did it would hardly be the first time business and
               | government colluded under a veil of secrecy.
               | 
               | As for what the actual City of London Corporation runs,
               | since you didn't answer the question, I'll answer it for
               | you. In addition to collecting bins and operating one
               | school, it also runs a police department.
        
               | foldr wrote:
               | The firms you mention have certainly colluded with the
               | government in Westminster, which is the one that
               | regulates financial services. The City of London
               | Corporation is merely a local authority (albeit a quirky
               | one), and banks don't really need its cooperation in
               | order to launder money. (HSBC did a fine job of it from
               | Canary Wharf, for example.)
               | 
               | >it also runs a police department.
               | 
               | As do many other regions of the country. There's nothing
               | surprising or sinister about this. There isn't any
               | connection between this administrative fact and money
               | laundering.
        
               | dventimi wrote:
               | I'm not saying there's anything necessarily sinister or
               | surprising about its police department. I'm just trying
               | to be more complete. If we say the City just collects
               | bins and runs one school, well that's not really giving
               | the full picture, now is it?
               | 
               | Beyond that, consider this:
               | 
               | -The City has one of highest concentrations of global
               | finance power in the world, if not _the_ highest.
               | 
               | -That global finance power--global banking and commerce--
               | has been accused of illicit activity, largely money
               | laundering.
               | 
               | -If they do engage in that illicit activity, they
               | probably collude with whatever governments they need to
               | to advance their interests. It only makes sense.
               | 
               | -And, they probably would cloak these activities under a
               | veil of secrecy. That also only makes sense.
               | 
               | Little if any of this is in dispute. What seems to be in
               | dispute is the answer to these related questions:
               | 
               | Money laundering can happen anywhere, in Canary Wharf, in
               | the Channel Islands, hell in New York and Delaware. But,
               | is there something unique about the square mile? If so,
               | what is it? Whatever conditions create a money laundering
               | opportunity, are those conditions enhanced by what's
               | unique about the City? And if it's not the Corporation,
               | then what is it? If there's a high degree of money
               | laundering there to go along with its high concentration
               | of global finance power, then why is that? Because there
               | _hasn 't_ been equivalent such accusations against New
               | York and Delaware. The square mile has been called out as
               | playing an outsized role in corruption. If that's true--
               | supposing for the sake of argument it is--if that's true,
               | then why? Is it just coincidence? Global finance and the
               | vices it's indulged in had to land somewhere, and the
               | City was as good a place as any?
        
               | dventimi wrote:
               | Where is the UK financial services sector concentrated?
        
               | lolinder wrote:
               | > The article title includes "the secret City of London."
               | Without clarification, it's left to readers to decide
               | what that means.
               | 
               | Generally speaking the etiquette on HN is to at least
               | pretend that you've read the article. I've rarely seen
               | someone so audaciously using the fact that they didn't
               | read the article as a defense.
        
         | OtherShrezzing wrote:
         | I'd go with something more like "secretive" than explicitly
         | "secret". It's a weird & immensely powerful place in the UK,
         | with some abstruse governing structures, hidden entirely in
         | plain sight.
        
           | dventimi wrote:
           | That's defensible.
        
           | BillEllson wrote:
           | Secretive? As in run by Committees that meet in public with
           | agendas and minutes published on the City's website in
           | accordance with the Local Government Act 1972.
        
             | xhkkffbf wrote:
             | Please. I've read Dan Brown's novels and I know that those
             | are just phony and for confuse the proles. But just how the
             | Priory of Sion is involved is still not clear to me.
        
         | epolanski wrote:
         | I'm gonna add that it is not super super well explained why did
         | it stay that way either which was the curious part for me.
        
         | qingcharles wrote:
         | Well, it's not now!
         | 
         | p.s. the first rule of London is we don't talk about London...
        
         | temporarely wrote:
         | The secret isn't that the city of london has existed for
         | centuries. Articles like this are designed to elicit your
         | response. The secret is to what extent the social-political
         | order in the West determined by the Finance and the extent to
         | which they exercise power over nominally sovereign entities.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | You get a pass; the title was being overly gratuitous.
        
       | klelatti wrote:
       | The FT did a recent - and very good - expose with more on how the
       | city works in "Undemocratic, anachronistic, fantastic. How the
       | City of London survives" [1] Paywalled but accessible via Google.
       | 
       | [1]
       | https://www.ft.com/content/2b96763f-5cb2-475b-b20c-7c2d02050...
        
         | CamelCaseName wrote:
         | https://archive.is/Hgz5j
        
       | dwheeler wrote:
       | CGP Grey has a delightful video explaining this:
       | 
       | "The Secret City inside of London Revealed" (2012)
       | https://youtu.be/LrObZ_HZZUc
       | 
       | Highly recommended.
        
         | forgotpwagain wrote:
         | I am pretty sure that the CGP Grey video was the core
         | inspiration for this article. Nearly every image in the article
         | was featured in the YouTube video, which predates the article
         | by ~4 years.
        
         | BillEllson wrote:
         | CPG Grey's videos re the City are a bit of fun that he slapped
         | together in two or three days, not documentaries.
        
           | wil421 wrote:
           | "Documentaries" on YouTube and not the best. Most of the time
           | the images and background isn't even the specific topic of
           | discussion. For example, showing the wrong plane or car when
           | the video is specifically about a certain fighter jet or war.
           | 
           | It made me realize the larger studios and productions have
           | access to lots of accurate "fluff" like historical reels.
           | They even have budgets to take real crews to locations. Makes
           | me rethink the amount of time I spend on YouTube.
        
       | dcminter wrote:
       | I used to live in the City of London at the top end of Chancery
       | Lane. I could therefore be in a different city (City of
       | Westminster) by crossing the street to the west and leave the
       | city entirely by crossing to the north (London Borough of
       | Camden).
        
         | Reason077 wrote:
         | I used to live pretty close to the eastern end of the City in
         | Aldgate/Whitechapel. It was pretty cool to go running and
         | cycling around the City during the pandemic lockdowns, with
         | almost no people or cars around.
         | 
         | Same with central London: I remember cycling though a
         | completely deserted Leicester Square one day and hearing
         | nothing but birds chirping in the trees!
        
           | chgs wrote:
           | During lockdown most hotels were closed, I ended up staying
           | near Blackfriars and riding my Brompton to the west end. Very
           | peaceful without so many taxis and vans and even it seemed
           | fewer buses.
           | 
           | But then the city is hardly bustling on a Sunday either.
        
             | jfengel wrote:
             | I walked through the City as a tourist one Sunday, and
             | didn't realize I couldn't get any kind of lunch at all
             | until I was past it.
             | 
             | (We were recreating Elizabeth I's procession from the Tower
             | to Westminster, which passes through what is now The City.)
        
       | patrickdavey wrote:
       | Also some pretty interesting tax and voting rules there ...
       | Corporations get a vote, pretty much meaning they run the place.
       | 
       | https://www.thecollector.com/what-makes-the-city-of-london-u...
       | 
       | There's a good book called "treasure islands" all about tax
       | havens... The city definitely features.
        
         | DrBazza wrote:
         | And it has the fewest residents of any London borough by a
         | couple of orders of magnitude. So it probably makes sense that
         | businesses have a bit more say.
         | 
         | https://www.statista.com/statistics/381055/london-population...
        
         | BillEllson wrote:
         | City of London Ward Lists consist of c19,000 individuals, who
         | have one vote each.
         | 
         | Corporations voting = urban myth
        
           | pmyteh wrote:
           | Some of those individuals are not residents but expressly
           | included as nominees of their businesses, a form of franchise
           | that exists nowhere else in the UK.
           | 
           | It's true that the vote is exercised by the company's
           | nominee, not the company itself, but that's only because the
           | company itself can't show up at the polling station. Business
           | voters are expressly included to represent their
           | organisations[0], and do.
           | 
           | [0]: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/voting-
           | elections/bu...
        
       | AndrewOMartin wrote:
       | For me, the wildest fact about the City of London (the small,
       | walled part), is that when the Romans left, some buildings were
       | smashed up, but the roads and walls remained, and then the whole
       | area was abandoned... for 470 years.
        
         | Rinzler89 wrote:
         | But besides the buildings, walls and the roads, _" what did the
         | Romans ever do for US?"_
        
       | throw156754228 wrote:
       | Some beautiful old Roman buildings around near Threadneedle.
       | There always seems to be some construction work going on around
       | there though.
        
       | max_ wrote:
       | "In fact, the City of London is so independent that it has its
       | own flag, crest, police force, ceremonial armed forces, and a
       | mayor who has a special title, the Right Honorable, the Lord
       | Mayor of London. Oddly enough, if the monarch wants to enter the
       | City of London, she first must ask the Lord Mayor for permission"
       | 
       | Are there some books that comprehensively cover several aspects
       | around the City of London?
       | 
       | The City of London appeared quite often in Lee Kwan Yu's memoirs
        
         | megamalloc wrote:
         | Fact checking : the monarch does _not_ have to ask permission
         | to enter the City.
         | 
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_London_...
        
         | TRiG_Ireland wrote:
         | The City of London certainly has its own coat of arms. Phrasing
         | that as "its own crest" is a bit weird. (The crest is only
         | part, and by no means the most important part, of a heraldic
         | achievement. The escutcheon is the important bit.)
         | 
         | Arms: Argent a cross gules, in the first quarter a sword in
         | pale point upwards of the last.
         | 
         | Crest: On a wreath argent and gules a dragon's sinister wing
         | argent charged on the underside with a cross throughout gules.
         | 
         | Supporters: On either side a dragon argent charged on the
         | undersides of the wings with a cross throughout gules.
        
           | pmyteh wrote:
           | Yes. And local authorities in the UK routinely have grants of
           | arms and banners/flags of them (albeit most of them are newer
           | and less classy than the City's).
           | 
           | Ditto police forces: although most smaller authorities'
           | police have merged into larger county or larger forces,
           | there's nothing odd in principle about a municipal police
           | force. The City's _is_ strange, in that it 's entirely
           | enclaved within the Met, but there are plenty of oddities out
           | there (the Mersey Tunnels Police, say).
           | 
           | There are several ancient cities with 'Lord' mayors,
           | including York.
        
         | BillEllson wrote:
         | Anybody, or anything, can have its own flag in England.
        
       | drfuchs wrote:
       | I was hoping it would be Oscar-nominated "Passport to Pimlico"
       | (Ealing Studios, 1949).
        
       | cletus wrote:
       | I find the City of London (formerly the Corporation for London)
       | to be fascinating for many reasons.
       | 
       | For one, the exact origins are unknown. the earliest record we
       | have is from 1067 CE with the William Charter [1]. William
       | granted the City rights in exchange for not attacking and the
       | City recognizing him as King, which this article sort of
       | mentions. But the interesting part is that William was simply
       | recognizing the rights of something that already existed. For how
       | long? Nobody knows. It's likely somewhere in the 7th or 8th
       | century when Anglo-Saxons resettled the previously abandoned
       | Roman walled city of Londinium after their departure in 410 CE.
       | 
       | It's also fascinating because it's managed to survive for nearly
       | 1000 yaers since then, largely recognizable from its earlier form
       | although there have been various changes and reforms. There have
       | been efforts to disband it too but obviously they failed.
       | 
       | It also survived uncertain times like the Vikings would cojme
       | along every now and again and burn down London Bridge.
       | 
       | London's development as a financial center goes back to 1066 too
       | and a key part was likely due, at least in part, to the arrival
       | of Jews during William's reign [2].
       | 
       | Why was this important? Well, Jews were prohibited from charging
       | interest to other Jews. Muslims and Christians had similar
       | constraints. But an oddity of Judaism was that Jews could charge
       | interest to non-Jews [3]. This later likely contributed to
       | conspiracy theories about Jews (eg blood libel) and antisemitism.
       | 
       | So ancient civil institutions like the Court of Aldermen still
       | exist and certain rights given to the Freemen of the City of
       | London still exist, like the ancient right to bring sheep in to
       | the City over the bridge [4].
       | 
       | [1]: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/history-and-
       | her...
       | 
       | [2]:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England...
       | 
       | [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loans_and_interest_in_Judaism
       | 
       | [4]: https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/09/27/unbaalievable-
       | sh...
        
         | stainforth wrote:
         | Is there a direct relation or something specific you were going
         | to draw in mentioning the history of the Jews in England and
         | the history and particularities of the City of London? That the
         | Jews performed the interest loans on behalf of and/or within
         | the City of London possibly or something like that?
        
           | cletus wrote:
           | Jews were historically associated with practices like
           | moneylending largely due to the religious quirks I mentioned.
           | 
           | Go forward a few centuries and you have things like
           | Shakespeare's moneylender from the Merchant of Venice,
           | Shylock. This was no accident. It reveals both the reality of
           | the time and attitudes towards Jews. This was such a powerful
           | literary figure that the word "shylock" entered the lexicon.
           | 
           | Anyway here's another history [1]:
           | 
           | > The Jews came principally from Rouen - a great center of
           | Jewish life in Northern France. It is well known that William
           | brought them over as so called "feudal Jews" to be Royal
           | serfs, the king's own chattels, providing him with financial
           | services and income ...
           | 
           | > Though their principal function was to be money lenders,
           | the London Jews did in reality they did follow a variety of
           | other trades and callings
           | 
           | [1]: http://www.jtrails.org.uk/trails/the-city-of-
           | london/history
        
       | HL33tibCe7 wrote:
       | > The secret City of London which is not part of London
       | 
       | The City is part of London under any normal person's
       | interpretation of that word. Being as charitable as possible, it
       | is true that the ceremonial county of Greater London does not
       | contain the City. But the Greater London administrative area
       | does.
       | 
       | It's also not "secret". Many people aren't aware of it, but
       | that's through ignorance on their part rather than secrecy on the
       | part of the City. The City plasters its logo all over the place:
       | on all street signs in the City, on police uniforms, on statues,
       | etc. Even the bollards in the City bear the colors of the City's
       | flag. It's impossible not to notice that the City is different
       | from the rest of London.
       | 
       | So that's two mistakes in the headline alone.
       | 
       | > The mayor of Greater London has nothing to do with the original
       | City of London, which still has separate governing bodies and a
       | mayor.
       | 
       | This is wrong. The Mayor of London has authority over the City of
       | London, through the Greater London Authority (although some power
       | is delegated to the Corporation, in the same way it is to borough
       | councils).
       | 
       | There is indeed also a mayor of the City (confusingly called the
       | Lord Mayor of London), but that mayorship is largely ceremonial
       | in nature.
       | 
       | > Oddly enough, if the monarch wants to enter the City of London,
       | she first must ask the Lord Mayor for permission.
       | 
       | This is just an urban myth, no such permission is required. In
       | fact, the sovereign has precedence over the Lord Mayor (in the
       | context of formal events and such like).
        
         | BillEllson wrote:
         | Greater London is made up of 32 London Boroughs and the City of
         | London that provide the vast majority of municipal services.
         | Each has a mayor or Lord Mayor. The powers and responsibilities
         | of London Boroughs, and the local authority responsibilities of
         | the City of London Corporation are set out in statute law, not
         | delegated by the Mayor of London.
         | 
         | The Mayor of London is responsible for public transport, Fire
         | and Rescue Services, major highways, some major town planning
         | issues across the 32 London Boroughs and the City of London,
         | and policing across the 32 London Boroughs. The Mayor of London
         | has no general authority over any of the 33.
        
           | arrowsmith wrote:
           | Something else that a lot of younger people don't realize is
           | the position "Mayor of London" is only 24 years old. London
           | had no city-wide government between 1985 and 2000, and the
           | pre-1985 council didn't have a mayor.
           | 
           | Personally I'd enthusiastically vote for a return to the
           | pre-2000 system as it's not at all clear to me what these
           | people do for us or what we gain from giving them all this
           | money.
        
             | philipwhiuk wrote:
             | > and the pre-1985 council didn't have a mayor.
             | 
             | True but it had a council leader.
             | 
             | > Personally I'd enthusiastically vote for a return to the
             | pre-2000 system as it's not at all clear to me what these
             | people do for us or what we gain from giving them all this
             | money.
             | 
             | A failing on your part. About half of it is TFL.
             | 
             | Budget
             | https://www.london.gov.uk/media/100391/download?attachment
        
       | th0ma5 wrote:
       | The city within a city inside of a country inside of a country
       | (London, London, England, UK)
        
       | jschveibinz wrote:
       | Interesting anecdote: the city of Baltimore, MD, USA is
       | administratively distinct from the County of Baltimore, MD. The
       | area is collectively referred to as Baltimore, but the county has
       | no jurisdiction within the city. [1]
       | 
       | https://www.greektownbaltimore.org/what-the-difference-betwe...
        
         | yieldcrv wrote:
         | Many states have a similar code, all of Maryland might. There
         | are lots of pockets of sovereignty in the US that are
         | misunderstood.
         | 
         | Basically the default behavior is that the state is a bigger
         | government than the county and overrides everything, county
         | bigger than city, city bigger than something smaller.
         | 
         | But non-default behavior is codified to make it the reverse.
         | 
         | Either its directly codified in state law or state
         | constitution, or there is a symbioses for the state to maintain
         | collective support and order.
         | 
         | Rules for rulers applies here.
        
       | Animats wrote:
       | The City of London is sort of a lobbying organization for the UK
       | financial community. Or at least it thinks it is.[1] Its police
       | force is not ceremonial - there's a sizable Economic Crime
       | Directorate, handling fraud cases. They claim a 75% clearing
       | rate.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/plans-
       | policies/our-...
        
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