[HN Gopher] Aphantasia: I can not picture things in my mind
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Aphantasia: I can not picture things in my mind
        
       Author : franze
       Score  : 37 points
       Date   : 2024-06-22 10:03 UTC (12 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.theguardian.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.theguardian.com)
        
       | ClosedPistachio wrote:
       | A popular topic here:
       | 
       | Deep Aphantasia: a visual brain with minimal influence from
       | priors? [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39951990] 105
       | points|negativelambda|3 months ago|114 comments
       | 
       | Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness
       | extremes [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39887661] 86
       | points|bookofjoe|3 months ago|89 comments
       | 
       | More:
       | https://hn.algolia.com/?dateRange=all&page=0&prefix=true&que...
        
       | constantcrying wrote:
       | I still have a hard time believing this is actually real. I also
       | don't see how you actually could do many jobs with this
       | condition. At least I couldn't imagine doing any job I ever head
       | without the ability to manipulate visual information in my head.
        
         | wingerlang wrote:
         | On the other hand I have a hard time believing people actually
         | fully see visual information in their head.
        
         | FeistySkink wrote:
         | Imagine thinking in concepts instead of images. I can't
         | visualize a hammer or a face, but I don't have trouble with a
         | multidimensional array or a graph.
        
           | constantcrying wrote:
           | >I don't have trouble with a multidimensional array or a
           | graph.
           | 
           | So you can visualize a graph, as if it were drawn out on a
           | sheet of paper?
        
             | FeistySkink wrote:
             | I can't visualize anything. If I close my eyes, I just see
             | some vague light coming through my eyelids. I can "imagine"
             | for a lack of a better word, the graph and all the nodes
             | and edges "existing", and can reason about its properties
             | based on that.
        
         | floitsch wrote:
         | I have aphantasia, and I don't feel handicapped at all. The
         | only thing where I really notice differences is when trying to
         | describe people. Since I can't visualize them in my head, I can
         | only describe "known facts", like "they have brown hair". I
         | would make a lousy crime witness...
        
           | FeistySkink wrote:
           | This was my biggest puzzle as a child: how do all those
           | people in crime shows describe suspects? And was it just made
           | up?
        
             | floitsch wrote:
             | The other ones for me:
             | 
             | - "go to your happy place", or "imagine you are on an
             | island..."
             | 
             | - counting sheep to fall asleep. I just couldn't visualize
             | them.
        
               | e38383 wrote:
               | I still counted them, it just didn't make sense. It was
               | more a spreadsheet - spreadsheep? - than visualizing real
               | sheep.
               | 
               | And it didn't help me fall asleep at all.
        
               | codesuki wrote:
               | I had to laugh so much because of spreadsheep. Thank you.
        
             | perrygeo wrote:
             | Same here. The scene where the witness describes the
             | criminal's face in detail while the sketch artist can
             | render a perfect drawing - I assumed that was pure
             | Hollywood fantasy. Then I met people who could effortlessly
             | recall/draw to that level and realized that wow it's real,
             | but not for me.
        
           | constantcrying wrote:
           | If I think of basically anything technical I get an image in
           | my head. Any algorithm I write first exists in my head as a
           | visualization of what I want to do. If I can't visualize what
           | is going on I can't understand it and am in a state of
           | confusion.
        
             | uclibc wrote:
             | I might not have complete aphantasia, when trying to
             | imagine an apple I struggle to imagine it beyond a circular
             | form with a rod pertruding from an indent at the top. No
             | color, no texture. As soon as I try to add more detail the
             | previously imagined details dissapear and I have to circle
             | back and reimagine them. Like having a very limited amount
             | of draw calls every frame.
             | 
             | But I don't feel like I am impacted in imagining simple
             | algorithms. I also construct them of very simple forms and
             | rearrange them in my mind. I also feel like it is a lot
             | easier for me to imagine things ,,automatically" due to it
             | being memories or being a byproduct of thinking about
             | something. But my mind struggles constructing these images
             | at will.
             | 
             | Also taking a pen and drawing these things up can replace
             | some of the missing imaginary power :)
        
         | sanarothe wrote:
         | I draw pictures. Had some difficulty dreaming up a part to
         | create in engineering school but 3D cad programs made my own
         | shortcomings irrelevant.
         | 
         | We had a 'intro engineering' class that taught orthographic
         | drawing (by hand, about a decade ago, so thankful for it) which
         | included puzzles on what the various 2D views should be given a
         | 3d object, and the opposite direction. Holy crap those were so
         | hard for me, but picked it up with practice.
         | 
         | I have visio open constantly at work. Lots of mind maps, flow
         | diagrams. Take lots of pictures on vacation because the visual
         | memories are basically gone as soon as my body is.
         | 
         | The 'language is a tool for communication' thread from today
         | has some discussion on different types of thinking. For example
         | it was inconceivable to me that someone would visualize words
         | in their head, but I guess that's a thing for some people.
         | 
         | I do have to ask people to draw me a picture occasionally when
         | they're trying to describe something. Don't need a lot of
         | detail, just a rough sketch and I can figure out the idea.
        
         | wubbalerfa wrote:
         | It's definitely real - I just need to draw/map out things on
         | tos like drawio all the time when things get too complex to
         | hold in my head as just memorised words and relationships
        
         | iand wrote:
         | It's real and I have it. I was astonished when I discovered
         | other people see pictures in their head. It doesn't restrict my
         | creative thinking but I am a spatial thinker.
         | 
         | When I solve an imaginary logic problem such as advancing the
         | hands on a clock I can't see the before and after states but I
         | can infer their positions by the directions they must point and
         | then read the new time from that.
        
         | shafyy wrote:
         | It is real. My partner has it. Interestingly, she is really
         | good it visualizing 3D concepts in her mind, but not images.
         | For example, when she walks through an apartment she can
         | instantly draw a blueprint. Or when we move in multi-story
         | building, she knows exactly where we are conceptually (I always
         | get lost). So, these two things don't seem to be connected.
        
           | constantcrying wrote:
           | >Interestingly, she is really good it visualizing 3D concepts
           | in her mind, but not images.
           | 
           | I don't understand what that is supposed to mean. How can you
           | understand the blueprint of a building without seeing a
           | representation of that building in your head?
        
             | cgio wrote:
             | As per OP, you "visualise" concepts rather than images. A
             | representation can be conceptual rather than visual. I
             | don't know if I have the condition, but I can draw a shape
             | without seeing that shape in my mind, I can see it when
             | it's drawn though.
        
             | FeistySkink wrote:
             | You can have a conceptual model of how things relate in
             | space. Something like a class diagram or a DB schema. It
             | doesn't need to be visual.
        
               | constantcrying wrote:
               | This seems totally contradictory to me.
        
               | FeistySkink wrote:
               | How so? A DB schema is not visual: it's something that
               | lives inside a DBMS. Boxes with arrows is a way to
               | represent it. Text is another one.
        
               | constantcrying wrote:
               | >A DB schema is not visual
               | 
               | How is it not visual?
               | 
               | >Boxes with arrows is a way to represent it. Text is
               | another one.
               | 
               | Boxes with arrows are clearly visual. The text, at least,
               | for me just is a representation of those arrows and
               | boxes.
        
               | shafyy wrote:
               | > How is it not visual?
               | 
               |  _(not the person you 're responding to)_ It's not an
               | image. It's a concept. I don't know how to explain the
               | difference because I also only know it from the
               | explanations of my partner. For example, she says that if
               | she imagines a house it looks like a schematic drawing of
               | a house (almost like if a child would draw a house), not
               | like a realistic photograph of a house.
        
               | cstrahan wrote:
               | > How is it not visual?
               | 
               | Perhaps it is. But then you should be able to answer:
               | where is that visualization on disk? And I don't mean the
               | encoding thereof, I mean the actual 2D picture you could
               | glance at and immediately recognize. Not rendered with
               | some image viewing program, but literally looking at the
               | disk/SSD (perhaps under a microscope, if necessary) --
               | that should be doable, because you're claiming that
               | schemas are inherently visual, and certainly that schema
               | exists on disk somewhere, which in turn implies that
               | those boxes and arrows should be visible on the storage
               | medium.
               | 
               | > Boxes with arrows are clearly visual.
               | 
               | You've changed the topic -- no one is saying that boxes
               | and arrows are not clearly visual. Where are those boxes
               | and arrows sketched into an SSD or in memory? Or, would
               | you assert that a database is schema-less until someone
               | draws up a diagram?
               | 
               | The boxes and arrows image representation of a schema is
               | not the schema itself. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org
               | /wiki/Map%E2%80%93territory_relation
        
               | Izkata wrote:
               | I think this is where I go by default, and I've described
               | it before as a low-resolution wireframe. Only the
               | particular part I'm paying attention to is there but I
               | know what's around it and can shift focus as needed.
               | 
               | Almost like rendering a 3D image, but stopping early. I
               | can also go full color with effort but it's generally
               | unnecessary.
        
               | dorena wrote:
               | this!
               | 
               | I think it's also the reason why I was good at maths,
               | very used to conceptualize stuff
        
             | e38383 wrote:
             | I just ,,visualize" a map or blueprint, not as an image,
             | but as concept. Think of it as an image of text and lines.
        
           | madaxe_again wrote:
           | Interesting. My wife swears she has no visual mind, but she
           | has remarkable spatial awareness when it comes to "this
           | object will fit in that space, and must go through this
           | sequence of manoeuvres to reach it" - she'd have Dirk
           | Gently's sofa up the stairs in a whistle.
           | 
           | She does get lost in car parks and shops, however, so it
           | appears that either there's a separate system for
           | navigational reasoning, or she just doesn't apply it to some
           | contexts.
        
             | shafyy wrote:
             | That's interesting! It's very similar with my partner
        
           | e38383 wrote:
           | Yep, that's how it works for me too. Maps of all kinds are
           | really easy, following someone saying ,,and on the red wall
           | left" is impossible.
        
         | e38383 wrote:
         | I can confirm that this is real. It also isn't much of a
         | problem job-wise. I can't do creative work like drawing a
         | picture, but I can (and do) think up algorithms and write code.
         | I would describe it as: I can't do creative visual work,
         | everything else is fine.
        
       | quantum2022 wrote:
       | I wonder if this could be induced in people who suffer from
       | hallucinations to reduce or eliminate their symptoms? Maybe their
       | system is rigged into overdrive the other way. It says on
       | wikipedia that there are 'cases reported of acquired aphantasia'.
        
       | MoSattler wrote:
       | I am curious: do people with aphantasia dream?
        
         | consf wrote:
         | I think they do dream. But their dreams are quite different
         | from those who can visualize normally
        
         | tambre wrote:
         | For me: yes. Dreaming is the only experience that kinda matches
         | the descriptions of others' mind's eye. Day to day? Just
         | blackness, only the light that comes through the skin of the
         | eyelids.
        
           | BoardsOfCanada wrote:
           | I think that sounds normal. The mind's eye is more like
           | evoking the sense of seeing something without actually seeing
           | it.
        
             | SamPatt wrote:
             | This seems like a major point of confusion on the subject.
             | 
             | I agree with your interpretation, but there are those
             | charts which show varying degrees of clarity of mental
             | images (using an apple), I don't understand how to square
             | that with just invoking the sense instead of actually
             | seeing it.
        
         | uclibc wrote:
         | Yes, from what I've heard other people with aphantasia often
         | dream normally. I certainly do vividly, while struggling a lot
         | to visualize even simple things in my minds eye.
        
         | majiy wrote:
         | I have a very limited visual imagination. I don't know if I
         | would describe it as complete aphantasia, but I think it's
         | close. Dreams are the only time I can see pictures in my mind.
        
         | e38383 wrote:
         | I do dream, but most of the time not with a visual
         | representation. It's more like reading a book.
         | 
         | There are very few occasions when I wake up and really have the
         | memory of an image. But this fades so fast that I'm not able to
         | really describe the image. I retain the memory of having a
         | picture in my head. And it's boring most of the time, because
         | it happens in the middle of a dream and it's basically just the
         | last frame paused.
        
           | madaxe_again wrote:
           | > It's more like reading a book.
           | 
           | This analogy may be less communicative than you think, as for
           | me, reading a book is like watching a movie - I don't see the
           | words on the page, I see what's happening in the book.
        
             | e38383 wrote:
             | Haha, I never thought of visualizing the images described
             | in a book. To rephrase: it's like knowing the words from a
             | book, but not how the described image looks like.
        
             | neongreen wrote:
             | When I was a kid, I was asked "how do you read so fast?"
             | often and I would always proudly report than I can scan
             | paragraphs and filter out the useless ones without reading
             | them.
             | 
             | For example, I was reading some Pratchett and noticed that
             | I had no idea how the protagonist ended up on a cliff (?).
             | And then realized that I had automatically skipped the
             | paragraph that talked about the cliff ascent, because it
             | was "just a scenery description" and therefore useless.
             | 
             | I also remember having a long argument with my ex-
             | girlfriend about the style of journalism where articles
             | start like "I entered a small, dimly-lit room and Mr Brown,
             | age 53, stood up from his massive oak desk and [blah blah
             | blah]". Like, this is all just fluff, I want to know what
             | Mr Brown says and thinks and that's all. I didn't realize
             | people might actually imagine the scene and enjoy it.
             | 
             | Going back to books -- I think I care about how the book
             | _sounds_ more than I care about the plot or the vibe. I
             | loved Lolita solely because the narrator was constantly
             | playing with words, for example.
        
         | rbetts wrote:
         | I have aphantasia. I don't see / imagine imagery either awake
         | or asleep. So I don't know that my dreaming experience is
         | particularly different from my waking experience in this way.
        
         | FeistySkink wrote:
         | Just another data point, but yes. I can dream quite vividly,
         | exactly the way people describe visualizing things day to day.
        
       | e38383 wrote:
       | Every time I'm reading about Aphantasia, I'm confused again that
       | people really see stuff in their head. I have basically the same
       | as the person in the article. So, if you want to know anything,
       | AMA.
       | 
       | I'm also trying to respond to a few questions which are already
       | asked.
        
         | antihipocrat wrote:
         | When you read a word relating to something you've seen or
         | regularly experienced, how is that processed by your mind?
         | 
         | For example if you were asked to draw and color a basketball,
         | how would you approach the task without 'seeing' something in
         | your mind?
        
           | lesuorac wrote:
           | Same way I remember somebody's name.
           | 
           | Do you picture name tags on people? It just comes out of
           | nothing in my head.
        
           | e38383 wrote:
           | For me it's an analytical process: I start by a round object
           | ("ball") and try to figure out how the lines should be so
           | that it can fit together. I remember (barely in my case, but
           | that's because I'm not that into sport) that there is a
           | difference between a football and a basketball, the football
           | has pentagons and hexagons and the basketball has bigger
           | shapes. I also remember the color, but not as picture, but as
           | word, say "brown".
           | 
           | All this together and a bunch of more subconscious processing
           | will result in a very bad picture of a basketball which
           | wouldn't win a prize and probably would fail us another round
           | of "guessing the picture".
           | 
           | OTOH, tell me about the structure of a house and how long
           | something is, I can probably wind up a good 3d picture and
           | even tell you how to walk around in the house. Maybe best
           | described as "blueprint recognition".
        
         | lambdaba wrote:
         | Have you ever taken a hallucinogen?
        
           | e38383 wrote:
           | No
        
         | BigParm wrote:
         | Do you dream? Dreams are generally heavy on mental imagery.
        
           | lesuorac wrote:
           | Not op, but sleeping and shortly after waking (like seconds
           | not minutes) are it for images.
           | 
           | I dunno how often you guys dream but a standard night for me
           | is it's dark out and then it's light out without a dream in
           | between.
        
             | lambdaba wrote:
             | Ever had a lucid dream?
        
               | lesuorac wrote:
               | Yeah, I can also wake myself from those dreams by raising
               | my heartrate and it won't be throbbing when I actually
               | wake up.
        
               | e38383 wrote:
               | Yes, it's still the same memory as everything else. It's
               | more like a book or description.
               | 
               | It's still not the norm. I have normal dreams without
               | being wake in them or waking up from them. According to
               | my "research" (asking friends and family) I dream a
               | little bit less often than other people - maybe one dream
               | per week or two.
        
           | e38383 wrote:
           | Answered here: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40758231
           | 
           | I do dream, but most of the time not with a visual
           | representation. It's more like reading a book. There are very
           | few occasions when I wake up and really have the memory of an
           | image. But this fades so fast that I'm not able to really
           | describe the image. I retain the memory of having a picture
           | in my head. And it's boring most of the time, because it
           | happens in the middle of a dream and it's basically just the
           | last frame paused.
           | 
           | And about the book: Haha, I never thought of visualizing the
           | images described in a book. To rephrase: it's like knowing
           | the words from a book, but not how the described image looks
           | like.
        
         | boricj wrote:
         | Can you hear or imagine sounds in your head?
        
           | uclibc wrote:
           | Not the GP, but I can. I can play back songs in my head quite
           | vividly or remember and replay how different people sound
           | like, when it's coupled with a memory.
        
             | boricj wrote:
             | Now I'm wondering about other senses. I can readily imagine
             | sounds and pictures, but it took my brain some time before
             | it figured out how to imagine smells and tactile sensations
             | when I asked it, like a muscle that is rarely exercised.
             | 
             | Since my imagination layers on top of my existing senses, I
             | wonder if aphantasia is really about the (in)ability to
             | induce sensory hallucinations at will (and to what extent).
             | That's about the only way I can make sense of it
             | personally, given my own subjective experience.
        
           | e38383 wrote:
           | No, like images it's just the concept of the sound. As I can
           | identify images (also people or faces), I can identify
           | sounds, but I can't imagine them.
           | 
           | Instead of a picture of a forest and some cracking of wood, I
           | just have these words in my head and not the real
           | picture/sound.
           | 
           | Same for every other sense.
        
             | jart wrote:
             | How fast do you read? I can visualize just about anything
             | I've ever seen. I can dream of new visual experiences I've
             | never had. I can even rotate shapes in my head. But I
             | dislike words and I read very slowly (only for English
             | though, with programming I'm a speed reader of code). If
             | you're the opposite of me, then I bet you're able to absorb
             | intelligent high-quality information independent of
             | experience very very quickly. I've heard that people like
             | you make great scholars for that reason.
        
         | gnz11 wrote:
         | I am also the same as the person in the article. Pure
         | speculation on my part, but I am convinced that it's the people
         | who can fully visualize things that are the outliers and not
         | the other way around.
        
           | clwg wrote:
           | I learned about Aphantasia about eight months ago, and it
           | really sent me for a trip. I have no problems visualizing in
           | my mind and sometimes can get lost in it, to me that's what
           | daydreaming is.
           | 
           | I discussed it with some of my friends, and it seems to exist
           | on a spectrum. The most different from me was one friend who
           | had to really focus to visualize in his mind, and even then
           | he could only do so in black and white.
           | 
           | I find it absolutely fascinating that the human experience
           | can vary so greatly at such a fundamental level, yet it
           | doesn't manifest in ways that are obvious to others, and
           | everyone thinks that their form of thinking is a common
           | shared experience so they don't even bother to talk about it.
        
             | e38383 wrote:
             | We have these common concepts which are actually very
             | personal everywhere. Even with good eyes the color
             | perception differs a lot between different people. For most
             | it's obvious that this is red and this is blue, but in
             | between the colors it gets very fuzzy. The same goes for
             | sounds and smell and touch, so for every sense.
        
               | clwg wrote:
               | Totally, the gold/blue dress picture is a perfect example
               | of that[0].
               | 
               | I think with aphantasia, what makes it so interesting to
               | me is just how much I consider visualizing in my mind to
               | be core to how I think and understand things as well.
               | It's not as subtle or isolated as a reaction to external
               | stimuli but more fundamental to who I am along sitting
               | along side my inner monologue.
               | 
               | [0] https://slate.com/technology/2017/04/heres-why-
               | people-saw-th...
        
         | bemmu wrote:
         | I personally find it hard to believe that people would really
         | experience things so differently. Seems simpler to attribute it
         | to differences in how people describe their internal
         | representations in words.
         | 
         | Even for myself it's a little bit unclear and changing how I'm
         | really representing things. One day I might say oh I don't see
         | anything, it's all just concepts (oh no it's aphantasia). On
         | another it would be like ok maybe if I focus these concepts can
         | have some form to them, so yeah I'm actually totally seeing
         | things (wow he has mental imagery).
         | 
         | So if you made 100 clones of me take a questionnaire, you might
         | see 50% reporting aphantasia and 50% saying they have mental
         | images, even though they're actually the same.
        
       | tjpnz wrote:
       | How do you know if you have it?
        
         | FeistySkink wrote:
         | Close your eyes. Do you see anything?
        
         | e38383 wrote:
         | If you close your eyes and only see the dim light coming
         | through your eyelids, that's it. If you can visualize anything,
         | then no.
        
         | menotyou wrote:
         | Quick test: Try to imagine the following and then answer the
         | questions beneath.
         | 
         | Imagine a table with a ball on it. A person is approaching the
         | table, pushes the ball gently, and the balls starts to roll.
         | 
         | Questions:
         | 
         | (1) What color has the ball?
         | 
         | (2) Is the person male or female?
         | 
         | (3) What material is the table made of?
         | 
         | (4) When you answered questions (1)-(3), did you know the
         | answer beforehand, or did you think about when you were reading
         | the questions?
         | 
         | Depending on your answer to question (4) you can assume if you
         | have it or not.
        
           | memkit wrote:
           | I've found this to be the most reliable test.
        
       | majiy wrote:
       | If somebody told me "image you are walking a winding path. To
       | your right there is a wood, to your left there is a mountain".
       | 
       | The image I see in my mind is basically an empty paper, with an
       | arrow pointing to the left labeled "mountain", an arrow to the
       | right labeled "wood", and an arrow to the middle labeled "path".
       | Maybe, _maybe_ the mountain is represented with two lines  /\ and
       | the path is a winding line ~~~ but that is already pushing it.
       | 
       | These kind of "mind-travels" are sometimes done at end of yoga
       | classes. For me, they are complete pointless, and I usually fall
       | asleep.
       | 
       | I have also great problems identifying faces, don't know if there
       | is a connection.
       | 
       | On the other hand, I can vividly imagine sounds, including voices
       | and music.
        
       | hackeraccount wrote:
       | I find it easier to believe that this is a failure of
       | communication.
        
       | perrygeo wrote:
       | There seems to be a higher-than-average incidence of Aphantasia
       | in tech folks, at least as self-reported.
       | 
       | Our visual cortex is a huge part of our brain and in the absence
       | of visual input can be "rewired" to other purposes. Theory: I
       | have no evidence for this but its plausible that our obsession
       | with solving hard, abstract logic puzzles all day (and night)
       | somehow hijacks part of our visual cortex. Effectively
       | reprogramming our visual hardware to form abstract concepts in
       | the minds eye rather than visualizing concrete objects.
        
         | xnickb wrote:
         | For me it's the other way around.
         | 
         | I was always good at abstract sciences, like math and
         | theoretical physics. Partially because I could operate in my
         | mind with my very own abstractions.
         | 
         | But I'm for example very bad at chess and tetris, because I
         | can't visualize.
         | 
         | This has been true for me at least since I was 5.
        
           | anon22981 wrote:
           | Since we are going with anecdotes and gut feelings, I'd say
           | these things aren't related at all. I can imagine pictures,
           | sounds and also have always been good at abstract thinking.
           | Also chess and tetris are a matter of practice mostly, imo.
        
           | devbent wrote:
           | I can own at Tetris but I am miserable at chess. The types of
           | visualization are completely different IMHO.
        
             | xnickb wrote:
             | Well I'm bad compared to top 10% who play at crazy speed. I
             | can't plan top far ahead though which makes me slower. And
             | I'm too old I guess
        
       | dorena wrote:
       | I'm also a self diagnosed aphant. I was so relived when I found
       | out, school was very frustrating since there are so many learning
       | methods that are built for people with a mind that's able to
       | picture stuff also hard to remember faces, I usually only know
       | some facts about people, like they have red hair, brown eyes...
       | even family members
       | 
       | but I can at least hear sounds in my mind :) I read that this is
       | a similar spectrum thing where some people hear nothing and
       | others can replay everything
        
       | neongreen wrote:
       | Alert: if you were happy to learn about aphantasia, you might
       | also be happy to learn about SDAM (severely deficient
       | autobiographical memory), which I think is correlated with
       | aphantasia.
       | 
       | SDAM is when you know _facts_ about your life, but can't walk
       | through any or almost any _episodes_.
       | 
       | Apparently normal people can actually re-live episodes from their
       | past, step by step or.. idk. Somehow. And I don't know what I had
       | for breakfast today tth_tth
        
       ___________________________________________________________________
       (page generated 2024-06-22 23:02 UTC)