[HN Gopher] Agricultural drones are transforming rice farming in...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Agricultural drones are transforming rice farming in the Mekong
       River delta
        
       Author : sohkamyung
       Score  : 335 points
       Date   : 2024-06-18 22:32 UTC (2 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (hakaimagazine.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (hakaimagazine.com)
        
       | latchkey wrote:
       | I'm back in Vietnam (Saigon) for the first time in 4 years and it
       | has been like a time machine. Covid definitely left its mark on
       | this country due to the severe lockdowns they went through. The
       | most interesting change I've noticed is that nearly everyone
       | speaks at least a little English now. Attributed to being locked
       | inside and a lot of YouTube.
       | 
       | It used to be difficult/expensive to get drones here, but I see
       | DJI stores all over town now. Seeing this is super cool and
       | speaks towards how innovative and creative Vietnamese get with
       | whatever they can get their hands on.
        
         | lmm wrote:
         | > I'm back in Vietnam (Saigon) for the first time in 4 years
         | and it has been like a time machine. Covid definitely left its
         | mark on this country due to the severe lockdowns they went
         | through. The most interesting change I've noticed is that
         | nearly everyone speaks at least a little English now.
         | 
         | Interesting - here in Japan the consensus is that the level of
         | English went _down_ , as we had a few years of no tourists and
         | no language assistants.
        
           | latchkey wrote:
           | Vietnamese are extremely capitalistic as part of the culture.
           | Everything is for sale here.
           | 
           | They realized that they make more money when they speak
           | English to foreigners, so they studied up. I'm not even
           | making this up, one of the kids I was talking to said that.
        
           | dataviz1000 wrote:
           | Today, as a tourist in Japan many restaurants and bars
           | outside of Kyoto, Tokyo, and Osaka and some in those places
           | will not serve me food or a whiskey highball because I am not
           | Japanese. They say "No English" as the reason. Four African
           | students who recently graduated from the University of Kyoto
           | were refused entry into a bar in Kyoto as I walked by. They
           | all speak English and Japanese fluently unlike many of their
           | Japanese classmates. This is high contrast to Vietnam where
           | people would stop me as I walked down the street offering me
           | a beer poured from a pitcher, a seat at their table on the
           | sidewalk, or food and they would try to speak English with
           | me. I also noticed that there is a lot of cooperation between
           | people of different countries in Asia done with English. I
           | would not be surprised if the common language of the Chinese
           | and Vietnamese people mentioned in the article is English.
           | 
           | Vietnam is my favorite place in Asia. It felt like the
           | country is trying very hard to address many of the
           | environmental problems like moving from gas powered to
           | electric vehicles.
        
             | cageface wrote:
             | I've traveled all over Asia and lived in many countries for
             | extended periods. It's also been my experience that the
             | Vietnamese are the most welcoming and genuinely interested
             | in talking to foreigners.
        
             | latchkey wrote:
             | > _It felt like the country is trying very hard to address
             | many of the environmental problems like moving from gas
             | powered to electric vehicles._
             | 
             | This is my favorite IG:
             | https://www.instagram.com/sai_gonxanh/
             | 
             | But also SOOO depressing at the same time. The country is
             | actually really really bad with trash and waste. The
             | culture is literally to just toss trash into gutters. I
             | can't tell you how many times on this trip alone that I've
             | seen people just toss trash out car windows. Sigh...
             | 
             | Here is what is happening now, due to over farming,
             | building dams everywhere and generally poor management...
             | 
             | https://www.instagram.com/p/C8Bk7jgvF65/
        
         | alephnerd wrote:
         | > everyone speaks at least a little English now. Attributed to
         | being locked inside and a lot of YouTube
         | 
         | There was a push for English fluency in K-12 around 10 years
         | ago. Most people you are bumping into are products of that era.
         | The non-Saigon/Hanoi/DaNang/DaLat kids who didn't get that
         | opportunity attended the hundreds of ESL schools like "Wall
         | Street English" and "California English" in town
        
           | latchkey wrote:
           | "Hi, what is your name? Where are you from?"
           | 
           | It was pretty mediocre and that was the depth of it.
           | 
           | Unless you're in a private school, my experience is that
           | education here is still pretty poorly handled. Kind of "blind
           | leading the blind".
           | 
           | What I'm seeing now is that even the older generations are
           | speaking some English too now, where previously I would just
           | get the infamous jazz hands.
           | 
           | I'm also in a big city... it'll be interesting to see how
           | things are when I head out into the country side again.
        
             | alephnerd wrote:
             | > that education here is still pretty poorly handled. Kind
             | of "blind leading the blind".
             | 
             | It is, but the tourism boom began around sa decade ago as
             | well, which pushed (pidgin) English fluency front and
             | forward in Tier 1 cities (eg - https://laodong.vn/chinh-
             | sach-giao-duc/dieu-kien-lam-giao-vi...).
             | 
             | Most Vietnamese born after 1980 who consume foreign content
             | prefer Korean, Chinese, and Japanese content over Western
             | (based on my wife and her extended family's experience)
             | 
             | In Saigon at least there was a push for English teaching in
             | K-12, and ik international teachers (mostly Pinoy) were
             | hired as contractors to teach part time in that initiative.
        
               | latchkey wrote:
               | > _Most Vietnamese born after 1980 who consume foreign
               | content prefer Korean, Chinese, and Japanese content over
               | Western (based on my wife and her extended family 's
               | experience)_
               | 
               | Agreed, I've noticed this as well from when I was living
               | here before. The difference today is that I'm noticing
               | more english youtube content being consumed. I wish we
               | could see youtube stats on this.
               | 
               | My partner is 1983... grew up in D3... near perfect
               | english... only likes western content. A bit of an
               | oddball in that regard, which sets them apart mentally
               | from the rest.
        
         | huydotnet wrote:
         | In Hoi An, locals are known for their English fluency since
         | more than 10 years ago, when I came back there last year, I was
         | blown away by so many locals speak Korean just as fluent.
        
           | infecto wrote:
           | Money talks. A decade ago a good portion of people could
           | speak Russian in Da Nang because of the large number of
           | Russian tourists that come to vacation on the beaches.
        
             | latchkey wrote:
             | From what I understand, it is more now that the war in
             | Ukraine is going on...
        
       | IG_Semmelweiss wrote:
       | I dont get it.
       | 
       | I dont farm rice or have experience in vietnam in particular. Yet
       | in my experience, pesticide etc has always been done thru the
       | already existing irrigation system with a pump.
       | 
       | Of course with advice from a technical person.
       | 
       | The irrigation system requires an upfront investment of course
       | but you are already going to irrigate the plot so this is is a no
       | brainer. Therefore unless the rice grows without any irrigation
       | system, I dont see how drones could be any more cost effective.
       | 
       | I know rice is traditionally grown on flooded plains but that
       | seems very risky - you are leaving your harvest in the hands of
       | nature. Is Vietnam still growing rice subject to the whims of
       | nature?
        
         | kccqzy wrote:
         | I'm pretty sure the irrigation system is flooding the plot. You
         | set up berms and then periodically flood the entire plot with
         | water. This isn't subject to the whims of nature because the
         | flooding is done intentionally by farmers.
        
           | joezydeco wrote:
           | Rice fields are flooded as a means of weed control, but
           | flooded fields also generate a lot of methane. There are
           | direct seeded crop variants coming that eliminate the need
           | for flooding.
           | 
           | https://www.bayer.com/en/agriculture/rice-practices
        
         | Cthulhu_ wrote:
         | > I dont farm rice
         | 
         | > I know rice is traditionally grown on flooded plains but that
         | seems very risky
         | 
         | A recurring HN trope is people who don't know about a subject
         | feel like they have to have an opinion on it anyway. Why do you
         | believe it's very risky / in the hands of nature? Flooded
         | plains (aka rice paddies) have been used for thousands of
         | years; rice is a semiaquatic plant so it needs to be submerged,
         | and paddies are designed to retain water to not be subject to
         | the whims of nature.
         | 
         | Anyway, what alternative are you suggesting? Keep in mind it
         | has to be scalable to feed billions and affordable.
        
           | IG_Semmelweiss wrote:
           | History is also replete with droughts that killed millions of
           | people
           | 
           | We are in 2025. We have plastics.
           | 
           | Anyway thats nit my question. My question was simple: how is
           | is that continued, ongoing drone expense -into perpetutity-
           | was cheaper than a one-time investment in irrigation system
           | which can be used for water, pesticide, and even fertilizer?
        
             | stef25 wrote:
             | > We are in 2025
        
             | tntxtnt wrote:
             | Irrigation pipes have tiny holes which can be blocked by
             | calcium deposit in hard water. You'll need filters, a lot
             | of filters in order to operate them, and the filters needd
             | to change for like every year or so, so it's not a one-time
             | investment.
        
         | zdp7 wrote:
         | What you are missing is that as it grows most of the rice is
         | not underwater. You need pesticides to protect what's above the
         | water. Average height is about 4 feet (1.2 meters).
        
       | gojomo wrote:
       | Ultimately drones may enable purely-mechanical pesticide-free
       | removal of each individual insect/weed.
        
         | vimax wrote:
         | Reminds me of the mosquito laser. It would target only female
         | mosquitos of the specific breed (they are the malaria
         | carriers). It was only prototyped and never commercially
         | produced.
         | 
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_laser
        
           | redundantly wrote:
           | > It was only prototyped and never commercially produced.
           | 
           | aka Vaporware
        
             | tomrod wrote:
             | Indeed. These are often predictable outcomes when there is
             | lack in economy of scale or scope.
        
           | russell_h wrote:
           | I saw a video where this company is doing exactly that for
           | weeds:
           | 
           | https://youtube.com/watch?v=V3A6L2Dao6s
           | 
           | Great idea, I hope it works.
        
         | givemeethekeys wrote:
         | For weeds, this is already a thing. There are weed bots that
         | kill with fire and others that kill with lasers.
        
       | SCUSKU wrote:
       | Are drones being used in the US as well? This type of labor
       | savings seems like a pretty obvious win. Of course I'm just a
       | CRUD monkey living in the city so I have no idea how farmers
       | actually operate.
        
         | owlninja wrote:
         | Absolutely, and ironically, given recent news, I think DJI is
         | one of the top manufacturers used.
        
           | alephnerd wrote:
           | VN and China have a FTA (part of the ASEAN FTA)
           | 
           | > Are drones being used in the US as well
           | 
           | Yes. We even funded a couple prominent players in the space
           | that got acquired a decade ago.
           | 
           | Chicago, Champaign-Urbana, Pittsburgh, and Ames used to be
           | hubs in this niche back then.
        
         | bri3d wrote:
         | Yes. Until recently though, spraying by drone was a near
         | impossible permitting nightmare (now it's only a minor
         | permitting nightmare) and was inefficient because you needed a
         | Part 107 pilot and a Visual Observer for each individual drone.
         | But, things have gotten better. Before, spray drones over 55lb
         | (the limit for a Small UAS in the US) had to go through an
         | experimental aircraft registration program and be granted a
         | tail number. Now, a select list of drones are authorized for
         | spray operations with a special waiver instead, which is way
         | easier.
        
           | rukuu001 wrote:
           | Interesting!
           | 
           | In Australia we see drones mapping areas that need to be
           | sprayed, then that data is downloaded into a tractor which
           | traverses the field spraying (or adding nutrient) according
           | to data collected by the drone. Haven't heard of spraying
           | drones yet
        
             | greenavocado wrote:
             | This makes way more sense. Spraying with drones is a huge
             | waste of energy.
        
               | Rnonymous wrote:
               | But driving a tractor over a field is a huge waste of
               | land. Energy can be easily renewable in sunny regions
               | such as vietnam.
        
           | thepasswordis wrote:
           | Is it possible to buy a piece of land and just get a rule
           | that says "I can pretty much fly anything 100 feet up in the
           | air above my property"?
           | 
           | It's kindof frustrating that this isn't the case.
           | 
           | If you're a company developing drones, for instance, how do
           | you even test them?
        
             | kjkjadksj wrote:
             | Just do whatever you want no one patrols for this. Someone
             | would have to call it in then a cop would have to show and
             | do something about it in a timely manner. Fat chance IMO. I
             | see either hobbyist or real estate photography drones
             | overhead my property all the time, no way any of that has a
             | permit. How would I even report the tresspass? They are
             | gone in a few minutes. Cops aren't showing up that fast
             | without a body.
        
               | fragmede wrote:
               | People are getting away with using drones as you
               | mentioned, but the FAA's rules have had a real chilling
               | effect on the hobby, which is a problem. Where drone
               | piloting is a now a necessary skill for soldiers to have,
               | and we're not encouraging the hobby, I think the next few
               | decades aren't going to play out as well as they could.
        
               | kjkjadksj wrote:
               | The sort of drones the military are going to pilot in the
               | next few decades are going to be nothing like what you
               | can pilot as a consumer. Either way the youth is trained
               | pretty well for electronic warfare. Just mate the drone
               | to a video game controller or a mouse and keyboard and
               | people will be elite immediately just like they are the
               | first day a new video game is released to the world.
        
               | theossuary wrote:
               | That's not true. First, many operations the US military
               | engages in are with partner nations who only have access
               | to commercial drones. The US military is behind them in
               | effectively utilizing these drones (commonly DJI, which
               | the US military can't even practice with due to the ban).
               | Second, there's a huge push to shorten the drone
               | procurement process, and reduce the cost of drones. This
               | allows them to be used in harsh EW environments as one-
               | offs, and allows the operator to be safer (the more
               | expensive the drone, the more likely a unit will be sent
               | to recover it if it's downed). It also allows for faster
               | adaptation to EW and changing circumstances. The US
               | military drones of tomorrow will look a lot like Skydio
               | drones today, if the US can get it together and update
               | their procurement process to the 21st century.
               | 
               | Interesting listen to on the topic:
               | https://irregularwarfare.org/podcasts/drones-automation-
               | and-...
        
               | dmurray wrote:
               | The military doesn't rely heavily on skills developed by
               | hobbyists. In the vast majority of cases, you learn to
               | shoot a rifle or drive a tracked vehicle or weld a
               | nuclear reactor at the military's expense, after
               | enlisting, even though you could have learnt those skills
               | as a hobbyist. This isn't 15th century England where
               | every man was required to keep a longbow and cricket was
               | banned because it distracted from archery.
        
               | fragmede wrote:
               | Just because you can learn to fly a drone at 18 after
               | enlisting doesn't mean you wouldn't have more skilled
               | populace to draw from if kids started flying drones at
               | 12, every high school had a drone racing team, and there
               | was a competitive sport at the level of the Superbowl.
               | It's not the 15th century, it's 2024. Even if you don't
               | want to call it world war III just yet, there's hot
               | conflict in two regions and cold conflict elsewhere.
        
               | dayjaby wrote:
               | Conflict in two regions? You live in a dream world.
               | 
               | More like 100: https://geneva-academy.ch/galleries/today-
               | s-armed-conflicts
               | 
               | I'd recommend not to rely on media for the topic "war"
               | but to educate yourself. Otherwise you end up quickly in
               | a war yourself:
               | 
               | > Naturally the common people don't want war . . . but
               | after all it is the leaders of a country who determine
               | policy, and it is always a simple matter to drag the
               | people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist
               | dictatorship, or parliament or a communist dictatorship
               | 
               | H. Goring
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | The Civilian Marksmanship Program begs to differ.
               | Congress specifically established that program because
               | too many military recruits were showing up without
               | knowing even the basics of safe and accurate shooting.
               | 
               | https://www.usar.army.mil/News/News-
               | Display/Article/1028255/...
        
               | dmurray wrote:
               | ...in 1903.
        
               | fragmede wrote:
               | While the world has changed since 1903, the point remains
               | that having a more educated population is desirable for a
               | country to have.
        
             | quest88 wrote:
             | Is above your property in a controlled airspace?
             | 
             | You'd probably get a license to fly drones to test the
             | drones. Wouldn't you expect a test driver to have a
             | driver's license?
        
               | kbutler wrote:
               | In most (many?) US jurisdictions, you don't need a
               | driver's license to drive on private property.
        
               | 0xffff2 wrote:
               | I would go so far as to claim ALL jurisdictions in the
               | US. Does anyone have a counterexample?
        
             | daemonologist wrote:
             | You can fly indoors, where the FAA has no jurisdiction
             | (probably, ask a lawyer). You can get all kinds of waivers
             | as well, but I don't know if there's one for that - they
             | tend to be more one-off exemptions from a single
             | regulation, type of thing. There are some dedicated test
             | sites as well where the FAA might be more relaxed with the
             | regulations: https://www.faa.gov/uas/programs_partnerships/
             | test_sites/loc...
             | 
             | Most companies though probably have a part 107 pilot on
             | staff, or have had some of their employees in other roles
             | certified as such.
        
         | 082349872349872 wrote:
         | Until recently, we manually checked fields before mowing in
         | order to flag fawns.
         | 
         | Now it's done by drone (and IR makes for good contrast).
        
         | SailToSki wrote:
         | Yes! I know of at least one instance where a farmer in Colorado
         | is using them for seeding and pesticide spray.
        
       | lsllc wrote:
       | Glad to see human ingenuity at work here! Pictures in TFA remind
       | me of scenes from the movie The Creator.
        
       | 6Az4Mj4D wrote:
       | Is there any innovation in sowing rice?
        
         | Cthulhu_ wrote:
         | What kind of innovation are you thinking about? They have
         | transplanting machines in various sizes if that's what you're
         | thinking about:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_transplanter.
        
       | shostack wrote:
       | What about using drones to spread and plant seeds? Is that
       | something being done?
        
         | robbles wrote:
         | > The drones can be configured to scatter seed, spray
         | pesticide, or spread fertilizer.
         | 
         | It's right there in the article.
        
           | shostack wrote:
           | Completely missed that somehow. Thanks!
        
       | dhruvkar wrote:
       | >> fly the drone with no physical effort and no direct exposure
       | to pesticides--some of which have been associated with diseases
       | of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, skin, and gastrointestinal
       | tract.
       | 
       | Slightly tangential, but what's the thinking here?
       | 
       | We don't want to get it on us while spraying it, but then we'll
       | eat it and it'll be fine?
        
         | ggm wrote:
         | Rice grows inside a husk. And, white so-called "polished" rice
         | has the outer coat removed. So, insecticide/pesticide residue
         | on the surface isn't such a big deal, even for brown rice.
         | 
         | Ingesting and breathing in the concentrations of insecticide
         | associated with spraying is orders of magnitude worse risk to
         | the farm worker and people around, than incidental food contact
         | risk post production/packaging.
         | 
         | Many chemicals are also broken down in sunlight and water, or
         | are absorbed into the rootstock, not the fruiting body.
         | 
         | (not an agronomist or food scientist. I too wondered at the
         | Merryl Streep ad 30 years ago where she's washing broccoli with
         | soap..)
        
           | tucnak wrote:
           | > Merryl Streep ad 30 years ago where she's washing broccoli
           | with soap..
           | 
           | ???
        
             | ggm wrote:
             | https://academic.oup.com/chicago-scholarship-
             | online/book/173...
             | 
             |  _In 1989, Meryl Streep became the celebrity spokesperson
             | for a Natural Resources Defense Council campaign to
             | publicize the risks of pesticides and chemicals applied to
             | food, especially the danger of Alar-laced apples consumed
             | by young children._
        
         | dsign wrote:
         | I'm pretty sure you will eat some, yes.
         | 
         | However, irrigation and the rice's own metabolism will remove
         | some pesticide. And rice grains have a peel which is later
         | removed, often after a drying process at somewhat high
         | temperatures, which will further degrade "safe" pesticides.
         | 
         | This is just the best compromise we can make between labor cost
         | (both financial and human; I have worked in rice crops and it
         | is no joke) and safety, practically speaking. If I had to dream
         | a better solution, I would have our crops grow in completely
         | artificial environments out of planet, while tended by robots.
         | Then insecticides wouldn't be needed, and genetic manipulation
         | would be less of an issue. But, as they say, choose your
         | dreams.
        
         | Blahah wrote:
         | Yes, that's the thinking.
         | 
         | To elaborate that thinking: when absorbed in the quantities
         | experienced by a farm worker in this context, some pesticides
         | can have irritant or toxic effects. They (or rather their
         | application methods and cocktails) are designed not to permeate
         | the food products of the plant, although some do with some
         | foods and this is ongoing research. Farmers need to
         | consistently produce healthy produce people can afford, and
         | want to do as little harm as possible to people in the process.
        
         | nordsieck wrote:
         | > We don't want to get it on us while spraying it, but then
         | we'll eat it and it'll be fine?
         | 
         | I suspect that a big part of the issue is the amount of
         | exposure.
         | 
         | Dental x-rays aren't dangerous to the patient, but they are
         | dangerous to the dental technician, because they're
         | (potentially) exposed to many x-rays every day.
         | 
         | Same deal here - if you consume say... 100 lbs of rice a year
         | that's not that big of a deal. But if the worker is spraying
         | entire fields - they're just in contact with a lot more
         | pesticide. And that's beyond the fact that white rice has the
         | husk removed, etc.
        
         | vishnugupta wrote:
         | The laborers spraying the pesticides get an order of magnitude
         | more exposure, repeatedly and in its raw, most harmful form.
         | 
         | While we do consume some amounts of them it's minuscule, more
         | so when the food is prepared after proper washing and
         | boiling/fried etc.
        
         | thaumasiotes wrote:
         | The thinking is that you clean the food before eating it.
        
         | AngryData wrote:
         | Without getting in too deep, a lot of pesticides we use degrade
         | in sunlight and/or water. So as long as it isn't sprayed near
         | the end of harvest, where it would then be stored in a dark dry
         | place, most agricultural chemicals will have degraded.
        
         | retrac wrote:
         | Some pesticides are short-lasting agents, which are acutely
         | toxic, to the target pest, and also humans. But they dissipate
         | or break down fairly quickly. Even just pure nitrogen or carbon
         | dioxide gas can be used for pest control, and a minute of
         | venting makes it safe after. Come to think, fully automated
         | warehouses handling food, could be kept under an oxygen-free
         | atmosphere. Probably impractical but it'd substantially reduce
         | spoilage and it'd stop any rats or cockroaches pretty quick.
         | 
         | (Of course, the history of pesticides is full of pesticides
         | that don't actually dissipate, or break down, as much as
         | claimed.)
        
       | nthypes wrote:
       | Anyone know the model name of the drone used?
        
         | luyu_wu wrote:
         | Looks like a DJI Agras model to me! Amusing considering the
         | recent news regarding DJI being banned.
        
           | blackoil wrote:
           | One reason of them being banned is they are very good and
           | hence very popular.
        
             | Cthulhu_ wrote:
             | The main reason is a fear - which as far as I know is
             | unsubstantiated - that China's got backdoors in tech sold
             | in the west. But with so many hackers and national security
             | agencies disassembling and analyzing these things, surely
             | they'd have found it by now?
             | 
             | Therefore, I wouldn't be surprised if it's more about
             | market protection. Which doesn't make much sense to me
             | because is there a major US drone manufacturer that can't
             | compete with DJI right now?
        
               | eunos wrote:
               | It's a fear that US has no similarly competitive drone
               | companies
        
               | ovi256 wrote:
               | > with so many hackers and national security agencies
               | disassembling and analyzing these things, surely they'd
               | have found it by now
               | 
               | This is a common misconception. With OTA updates, the
               | backdoor can be introduced at any time in a future
               | software version. For example, right before an attack.
        
           | ammo1662 wrote:
           | I'm not sure whether they can be exported even if DJI is not
           | banned.
           | 
           | Just check [0], their latest agricultural drone T60 sold in
           | China has 60KG payload and AESA radars. (No English page
           | provided)
           | 
           | They also has a T50 [1] with English introduction page.
           | 
           | While the air force of some countries in the world still does
           | not have AESA, DJI already uses AESA to grow crops.
           | 
           | [0] https://ag.dji.com/cn/t60/specs
           | 
           | [1] https://ag.dji.com/t50/specs
        
             | eunos wrote:
             | If we are moving to neo feudalism, even upper middle class
             | families might have a better air force than many smaller
             | and poorer countries.
        
         | oefrha wrote:
         | Article says brand is XAG so must be one of these:
         | https://www.xa.com/en/plant-protection-uas The photo looks like
         | either XAG P100 or P100 Pro.
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | This is so great. My long term dream is that robotics take over
       | farming, individually plucking each weed or weevil, and metering
       | just the right amount of water for each individual plant, so that
       | all the crops are organic.
       | 
       | Most of the chemicals (yes, including nitrogen fertilizers)
       | offset labor, so when the labor is free we shouldn't need them.
       | And people won't have to spend their lives in stoop-back work or
       | exposed to toxic chemicals.
        
         | mkmk wrote:
         | Out of curiosity how does nitrogen fertilizer offset labor?
        
           | bfdm wrote:
           | Directly, as a substitute for more labour intensive sources
           | like manure, compost or crop rotation.
           | 
           | Indirectly by increasing yield per acre per day.
        
             | universa1 wrote:
             | But in the end you have to replace at least some of the
             | nitrogen (and other nutrients) you are taking from the
             | field in some way. And without a major shift in consumption
             | patterns (less meat) this will mean fertilizer, as the
             | alternatives usually lead to a much lower yield.
        
               | dmurray wrote:
               | Meat farming replaces artificial fertilizer, by providing
               | a source of manure, so doesn't that relationship run the
               | other way?
               | 
               | But having 1/4 of the land under soy beans or other
               | locally appropriate nitrogen-fixing plants doesn't seem
               | like it would hurt yields too much.
        
               | jon_richards wrote:
               | I was very disappointed on my last trip to Iowa to see
               | that most farmers weren't even bothering with cover
               | crops.
        
               | eru wrote:
               | I wonder whether genetic engineering can give nitrogen
               | fixing abilities to plants that currently lack this
               | ability?
        
               | mjh2539 wrote:
               | It's not the plants themselves that fix nitrogen but
               | endosymbiotic microorganisms in the soil.
        
               | eru wrote:
               | I know. For simplicity, I was talking about the plants in
               | the same generic sense that your gut microbiome is a part
               | of you, and the dead tissues that form your hair and skin
               | are also a part of you.
               | 
               | You still need to hack up the eg cereal plants so they
               | can actually engage in that symbiotic relationship (or
               | perhaps actually directly fix nitrogen all by themselves,
               | without any outside help at all).
        
               | hnmullany wrote:
               | N-fixation does happen in the soil, but legumes have root
               | nodules that host rhizobium bacteria and can assimilate
               | the N much more easily
        
               | pbmonster wrote:
               | You could do that, the problem is the same as in making
               | nitrogen fertilizer in a chemical plant: energy cost. It
               | just takes so much energy to break the nitrogen tripple
               | bond.
               | 
               | Even if you made a plant that fixes nitrogen extremely
               | efficiently, every joule of sunlight it pumps into the
               | ground is not available as calories you harvest. And
               | fixing nitrogen will take an amount of energy per acre on
               | the order of what you harvested from that acre in a year.
        
               | eru wrote:
               | Well, only being as efficient as existing nitrogen fixing
               | plants (or rather their microbes) would already be quite
               | interesting.
               | 
               | Btw, I don't think plants are close to optimal efficiency
               | in terms of using sunlight. See eg C3 vs C4 plants.
        
               | pbmonster wrote:
               | > Well, only being as efficient as existing nitrogen
               | fixing plants (or rather their microbes) would already be
               | quite interesting.
               | 
               | My point is that you can't have corn that is as nitrogen-
               | fixing as a legume and still produce nearly as much corn
               | - the plant (or its microbes) will need the majority of
               | the available photosynthesis products to fix nitrogen.
               | This directly makes the cobs smaller.
               | 
               | > Btw, I don't think plants are close to optimal
               | efficiency in terms of using sunlight. See eg C3 vs C4
               | plants.
               | 
               | That's true, even photovoltaic panels (which are still
               | far away from their theoretical maximal efficiency) are
               | an order of magnitude more efficient at pulling energy
               | from the sun than plants are. But significantly improving
               | photosynthesis in crop plants is far beyond our current
               | genetic engineering ability.
               | 
               | And I'm not aware of any way to organically fix nitrogen
               | that uses energy outside what is provided by
               | photosynthesis - or gets its energy from digesting dead
               | organic matter, which also doesn't beat the limits of
               | photosynthetic efficiency on a per-acre basis.
        
               | eru wrote:
               | > My point is that you can't have corn that is as
               | nitrogen-fixing as a legume and still produce nearly as
               | much corn - the plant (or its microbes) will need the
               | majority of the available photosynthesis products to fix
               | nitrogen. This directly makes the cobs smaller.
               | 
               | I can believe that. However for people who don't want to
               | use nitrogen fertiliser, this might still be useful.
               | 
               | You can see it as an alternative to clover (or manure),
               | that happens to produce eg a bit of grain.
        
               | lucioperca wrote:
               | Nitrogen can also be replenished by crop rotation.
               | Legumes will naturally add nitrogen back.
        
           | thriftwy wrote:
           | By growing nitrogen fixers such as peas and beans on the same
           | fields.
        
         | tda wrote:
         | And more, smaller, robots vs large tractors could put an end to
         | monocultures. Monoculture is the result of optimizing for
         | minimal human labour, not an optimization for yields. So when
         | labour is free, mixed fields are the way to maximize profits
        
           | avdlinde wrote:
           | How about harvest? Machines are quite specialized, how do you
           | see that working out?
        
             | jajko wrote:
             | Bigger farms overall, which is anyway the trend so they
             | utilize economies of scale. Or machine rentals if there is
             | plenty of need from smaller farmers.
        
               | IndrekR wrote:
               | Unfortunately machine rental math does not work out for
               | most of the specialised farming equipment in areas with
               | changing seasons -- when combine harvesters are needed
               | (at the harvest time), they are needed for everyone
               | within the same time window.
        
               | nico_h wrote:
               | You might run into time of use contention unless you have
               | a ver diversified crop neighborhood or adaptable robot.
               | Don't harvests usually happens at the same time for all
               | the same species of crop in an area?
        
             | gumby wrote:
             | That's a failure of imagination. Hordes of people used to
             | do all the work, and Industrial Age engineering (thinking)
             | replaced them with a combination of large, specialized
             | devices and large, specialized farm layouts. It was more
             | efficient for the technology of the time.
             | 
             | But we don't build computing like that any more. Instead of
             | large centralized single devices we use a large amount of
             | protean hardware with various adapts (software).
             | 
             | Hordes of small devices can flood through the fields, using
             | sensors to decide at any point what to do, and can use
             | different effectors for different tasks at different times
             | of the year, like the humans used to do.
        
               | m2f2 wrote:
               | You mean picking each ear/grain by a single device? rofl
        
               | gumby wrote:
               | I didn't mean that -- I agree that would be absurd!
               | 
               | I mean an autonomous device that picks a row, then does
               | the same on the next row on the way back, then maybe
               | unloads into a hopper and continues with the next couple
               | of rows. And you don't one, you have 50 or a couple of
               | hundred of them rather than one huge combine harvester.
               | 
               | And if you have 50 of these platforms designed to go up
               | and down the rows they could have been doing the planting
               | at the beginning of the season (or desuckering your vines
               | in spring or whatever) using a different tool, so your
               | capex isn't tied up in a few huge single-application
               | devices, but amortized over a whole season. And when you
               | have a fleet, if one fails and needs maintenance it's no
               | more of a big deal than when one server in a datacenter
               | fails.
        
             | tastyfreeze wrote:
             | I was reading that and thinking family sized farm scale. If
             | the machines are cheaper farms can be smaller and still
             | justify buying a machine. Asian markets have quite a few
             | small machines for managing rice crops.
             | 
             | Like these: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_transplanter
             | https://sda-industries.com/equipment-parts/rice-harvester/
             | 
             | Compare that to "small" machines sold in the US.
             | https://www.deere.com/en/harvesting/
        
           | greenie_beans wrote:
           | wouldn't a monoculture help the robots, too?
        
             | gumby wrote:
             | But it doesn't help us, and the robots are for _our_
             | benefit. Make the robots go the the extra effort.
        
               | randomdata wrote:
               | Contrary to bizzarre claims made earlier, robots don't
               | actually work for free. In fact, they are more staunch
               | about getting paid than humans are. They will stop
               | working as soon as you stop paying them. Humans, on the
               | other hand, will usually keep working for a while until
               | they finally give in to the realization that you aren't
               | going to pay up.
               | 
               | As a result, we're still going to optimize for the most
               | productive use of robots, just as we do for humans.
        
           | mattwest wrote:
           | That's false. Homogeneity makes it easier to harvest,
           | process, and store crops. It also drives perfect competition
           | which brings cost down on the commodity market.
        
             | samatman wrote:
             | Harvesting, processing, and storing, are human labor.
        
               | mattwest wrote:
               | They _involve_ human labor, just like every industrial
               | process in existence. What 's your point?
        
             | gumby wrote:
             | Yes, the GP's reasoning is faulty (actually, "imperfect"
             | would be a better term), but things aren't as clear as you
             | put it either.
             | 
             | Homogeneity helps with trading commodities, no question.
             | And commodities reduce risk by allowing a very wide fan out
             | on both sides of a two sided market...which has advantages
             | and disadvantages for all participants.
             | 
             | More along your argument, it also lets the farmer use
             | capital better in the short term (you buy the equipment you
             | need for your monocrop).
             | 
             | But if you have multimodal devices you have the opportunity
             | to take advantage of more flexibility. You can do crop
             | rotation to use less chemicals or to take advantage of
             | trends in the commodity market. You can have a different
             | mix of crops for the same reason (half corn, half row
             | crops, though they re typically worth less). You have more
             | flexibility to adapt to climate change. The commodity
             | markets can handle all this, in fact they help enable it.
             | 
             | This isn't magic wand -- crop rotation doesn't make sense
             | if, say, you have an orchard. But mechanization also caused
             | us to abandon growing multiple crops in the same field,
             | which can have benefits and improve yield. It was just way
             | too labor intensive. If we go back to individual "labor"
             | (automated in this case) it could be worthwhile.
        
         | stoneman24 wrote:
         | In a recent episode of Countryfile [1](popular UK BBC1 program
         | on the country and farming) the resident farmer was mentioning
         | both crop rotation and the issue of black grass invading his
         | wheat fields.
         | 
         | The black grass was slowly out competing his cash crop and
         | would difficult to remove (perhaps taking the entire field out
         | of any production for a year or the use of chemicals).
         | 
         | Having a horde of little robots might greatly assist in
         | manually keeping other plants at bay without indiscriminately
         | affecting the field with chemicals (extra one-use expense,
         | robots would last many years).
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryfile
        
           | ensocode wrote:
           | I am searching for solutions in this field. Do you have any
           | links to any consumer hardware for this. like drones which
           | can cut down small invasive plants which were selected by AI?
        
             | pbmonster wrote:
             | Have you looked at laser weeding? A camera looks at the
             | plants, an ML model identifies which plants are crop and
             | which are weeds, and then a laser burns the weeds just
             | enough so they die from water loss.
             | 
             | Research: https://ethz.ch/en/industry/industry/news/data/20
             | 22/03/laser...
             | 
             | Commercial product (first one I found, there are countless
             | others): https://carbonrobotics.com/
        
             | doubloon wrote:
             | Tertill cuts weeds but the ai is "if object is tall and
             | firm enough to trip my bumper, turn"
        
         | seanmcdirmid wrote:
         | Robot labor isn't free. You pay in capital costs, energy costs
         | to run them, and ongoing maintenance costs if you use them a
         | lot. Environmentally, these costs might be more or less than
         | the chemicals they replace, but it isn't am obvious comparison.
         | 
         | Changing farming methods along with automation might work
         | better, like vertical farming techniques.
        
           | fakedang wrote:
           | Sorry, but in every example of vertical farming I've seen,
           | there's nothing that actually works. Nearly all of the farms
           | and companies I've visited and been exposed to use a lot more
           | water and energy (in all forms) compared to a conventional
           | farm. The only appeal I see are for places with limited
           | agricultural land space such as Singapore or the Netherlands,
           | or arid regions such as the Middle East or Central Asia. Even
           | then, it's much cheaper for most of these places to simply
           | import from abroad.
        
           | ahartmetz wrote:
           | Vertical farming is complete bullshit for most plants. I
           | don't know why people keep talking about it.
           | 
           | Plant growth is (for most plants) limited by available
           | energy, which comes in the form of sunlight. Sunlight is
           | extremely bright compared to artificial light sources and
           | extremely cheap, i.e. free. Replacing it makes no economic
           | sense in most situations.
           | 
           | If we talk about producing a lot of calories to feed the
           | starving, even most reservations go out of the window,
           | because staple crops are staples because they _are_ very
           | efficient at turning sunlight into chemical energy and they
           | need all the sunlight they can get.
        
             | InSteady wrote:
             | It's weird, vertical farming has gotten so much hype but
             | really only makes sense for luxury products like
             | microgreens, and still only makes sense if you specifically
             | want to grow them in an expensive, dense city. Even things
             | like mature lettuces, tomatoes, and strawberries have been
             | tried extensively and simply don't make economic sense to
             | grow indoors in stacks the vast majority of cases.
        
             | zeekaran wrote:
             | I assumed vertical farming was exciting for space reasons,
             | and maybe very little else other than someone wanting (for
             | whatever reason) to grow things in the middle of a dense
             | urban center.
        
           | gumby wrote:
           | Non-subsistence farming is basically all cap ex at this
           | point. Farmers have Ag Ec degrees and think about cap ex
           | first. With the price of energy on a secular decline, imagine
           | a world with ubiquitous renewables. The robots can go to a
           | charge point and recharge themselves.
        
         | zo1 wrote:
         | I disagree. I think we should have _more_ human labor take over
         | farming but on an individual level that 's working much much
         | closer to the consumption source. Think having your own farmer
         | and food-producer in your own house or property, or perhaps
         | shared with your small flock of neighbors.
         | 
         | Way too-many of the problems plaguing society atm can be solved
         | by reducing transport and eliminating all the huge intermediate
         | steps between our food (other other food-related products) and
         | ourselves. Just think about how much effort is put into
         | something simple like flour or butter or cheese (nevermind all
         | the crazy processed stuff). The food will be more natural,
         | it'll be healthier and with less additives, we'll be be
         | contributing less to AGI/automation and creating actual
         | valuable jobs, we'll be reducing the amount of plastic, fuel
         | and electricity used for transport, storage, processing,
         | packaging, labelling, accounting, lawyering. Every one of the
         | major food production + distribution industries has huge
         | support networks.
        
           | hamlsandwich wrote:
           | Local, small-scale food production used to be the only way
           | food was produced - people didn't eat better then, and there
           | were many, many fewer people to feed.
           | 
           | There's huge variability in what can be grown where,
           | especially if you want to reduce the amount and number of
           | inputs that are imported from further afield. There are
           | places that can support all the crops and livestock that
           | provide a healthy, balanced, and sustainable human diet, but
           | not everywhere can. What if you want to eat flour in a place
           | where grain crops aren't tenable, or butter where cows, sheep
           | and goats don't do well?
           | 
           | Producing food this way also means that we need to build
           | houses on fertile land that's good for growing things. That
           | happens a _lot_ where I live, and I hate the site of
           | previously productive soil disappearing under concrete house-
           | slabs.
        
             | tastyfreeze wrote:
             | You can have both large scale production and small scale
             | production at the same time. It is actually required for
             | survival on a large scale long term. Technologies enabling
             | small scale farms to be more efficient are as great an
             | enabler as the advent of industrial farming.
             | 
             | If you want to see less fertile land covered up make it
             | easier for people to make money growing on their own land.
        
           | crubier wrote:
           | Oh yes, taking agriculture back to where it was 2 centuries
           | ago, when there definitely weren't any famines at all.
        
             | greenie_beans wrote:
             | counterpoint: like the great chinese famine, when the
             | government forced the country from an agrarian economy to
             | an industrialized economy, and they fucked up the local
             | food systems.
        
               | themaninthedark wrote:
               | The same thing happened when the Soviet government forced
               | the country from an agrarian economy to an industrialized
               | one.
               | 
               | A lot of people have drawn inferences that it may have
               | been the government, their leadership and application of
               | ideology rather then the shift from agrarian economy.
        
               | greenie_beans wrote:
               | seems to me that taking farmers away from their land will
               | make people starve.
               | 
               | similar to how in the american south in the 20th century,
               | sharecroppers were forced to work on commodity farms and
               | didn't grow food. instead, they imported processed corn
               | from the midwest that gave them pellagra. thanks in part
               | to market forces of the midwest corn trade.
        
               | int_19h wrote:
               | In Soviet case, the primary reason why people starved is
               | because they have deliberately took away most of the food
               | from the peasants to feed the cities. The cities didn't
               | starve; the countryside did, which in turn prompted
               | millions of peasants to move to the cities (and become
               | industrial workers, which was the whole point).
        
           | thworp wrote:
           | > Think having your own farmer and food-producer in your own
           | house or property
           | 
           | Impossible. The world is too urbanized, there simply is no
           | space to do this for more than a few % of the population.
           | 
           | > Way too-many of the problems plaguing society atm can be
           | solved by reducing transport and eliminating all the huge
           | intermediate steps [...]
           | 
           | Maybe some problems can be solved, many more will be _un_
           | solved. Reducing our transport capacity of food increases the
           | vulnerability to crop failures. De-centralizing processing
           | will make it harder (read: more expensive) to test for
           | pathogens, nutrients and ensure hygiene.
           | 
           | > we'll be be contributing less to AGI/automation and
           | creating actual valuable jobs
           | 
           | No, we would be shrinking the GDP by moving labour from
           | highly productive sectors into agriculture. At the same time
           | food will become much more expensive, even more so if those
           | new employees are paid minimum wage.
           | 
           | > and eliminating all the huge intermediate steps between our
           | food (other other food-related products) and ourselves
           | 
           | How? You're simply replacing one set of steps for another,
           | more labor-intensive one. I encourage you to visit one of
           | those museums where people demonstrate how people in the 18th
           | century lived for some perspective.
           | 
           | > we'll be reducing the amount of plastic, fuel and
           | electricity used for transport, storage, processing,
           | packaging,
           | 
           | You didn't quite state the full conditions to achieve this
           | reduction, so I'll do it for you. Basically we have to
           | completely change our diets. Fresh food can only be eaten in
           | season, and only what is locally available. We can only store
           | food that does not need climate control to keep, so in winter
           | there are only conserved vegetables and fruits. Not using any
           | modern packaging and storage methods means that even in
           | season things have to be eaten really quickly.
           | 
           | On the whole, your insinuation that our food distribution is
           | some kind of unnecessary luxury that we can do away with just
           | rubs me the wrong way. It is the reason the amount of people
           | in famine has been dropping every decade despite a population
           | explosion. It ensures that there are no mass-scale outbreaks
           | of botulism, moulds and other pathogens that used to kill
           | lots of people and waste huge quantities of food. Its
           | efficiency (along with high productivity) guarantees that
           | almost everyone can afford to eat sufficient nutrients even
           | through winter.
           | 
           | Sure we could get some of those benefits in your agrarian
           | fantasy, but the cost would be enormous.
        
             | pawelmurias wrote:
             | If we accept subpar nutrition we could propably plant GMO
             | potatoes and things like that all over the place
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | Gmo can also increase nutrition. anti gmo and anti
               | vaccine come from theisame anti scienece background,
               | don't fall for either. Yes deand safety studies but then
               | use what is good.
        
             | zo1 wrote:
             | Just because it's not 100% possible right now, doesn't mean
             | we shouldn't work towards it.
             | 
             | Your first criticism as an example. "World too urbanized".
             | Again, the solution solves a big chunk of other problems we
             | have. One need only read HN a bit to see a bunch of them.
             | E.g. 1. Food islands. 2. Focus on transport to get food
             | because mom and pop stores closed and we only have Walmart.
             | 3. Car culture.
             | 
             | My point is don't shoot the idea down, we have to consider
             | how working towards this arguable ideal moves the needle in
             | a better direction. And yes, maybe the end-goal I presented
             | isn't 100% possible or the right direction for society. But
             | working towards it means we solve a host of intermediate
             | problems, with each one making things a bit better.
             | 
             | Sorry I'm not answering all your points, which some are
             | 100% valid and I agree, but others are just us talking past
             | eachother. E.g. I'm not entirely advocating for us to go to
             | the middle-ages and churn butter for 2 hours a day. But
             | there has to be an in-between that opens up additional
             | options and ideas that I can't possibly envision, or
             | articulate well-enough, or consider every angle and
             | potential criticism.
        
           | pawelmurias wrote:
           | This would be utterly horrible. AGI/automation is a valuable
           | thing while being forced to toil working the land sucks hard.
        
           | dukeyukey wrote:
           | Small-scale agriculture like that is _vastly_ less efficient
           | than industrialised agriculture. It won't create valuable
           | jobs, it'll take labor away from valuable jobs.
        
           | infecto wrote:
           | This is the typical utopian dream that is complete horse
           | manure. We like to look back and think how quaint and healthy
           | things were but they were not. While there are a lot of
           | improvements to be had in our current supply chain, going
           | back to smaller farms is not the way to get there.
           | 
           | What you described would be more costly and I don't think
           | there is really any relationship to health. Your food would
           | end up being more expensive as most of the things you listed
           | cost very little in the grand scheme, labor is the most
           | expensive part.
        
             | InSteady wrote:
             | I haven't crunched the math or anything, but you don't feed
             | 8 billion people with small farms unless every 10th person
             | is willing to go farm. Currently it's more like every
             | 150th.
        
               | infecto wrote:
               | Sounds like solid napkin math. It true though, you don't
               | have that happen unless a lot more people are farming and
               | honestly, farming is valuable but the labor is not. Its
               | better spent else where. I absolutely believe there are
               | massive improvements to be made but I think they will
               | happen with technology and more automation.
        
           | abdullahkhalids wrote:
           | You are getting downvoted, but presumably, in Russia a
           | significant amount of food is being produced in small family
           | farms/gardens called Dacha [1], with a typical size of only
           | 600 m^2 [4].
           | 
           | Since, original sources are all Russian, it's hard to fully
           | verify via secondary sources, but there are claims that (1)
           | as much as 77% of all vegetables and 59% of all meat [2] or
           | (2) as much as 50% of all food [3] produced in Russia is on
           | these farms.
           | 
           | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacha
           | 
           | [2] https://thebovine.wordpress.com/2009/08/09/in-1999-35-mil
           | lio...
           | 
           | [3] https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/84725
           | 
           | [4] https://www.notechmagazine.com/2020/03/a-dacha-for-
           | everyone-...
        
         | zeegroen wrote:
         | This already exists! There's a company called Carbon Robotics
         | that has a prototype of a robot that eliminates individual
         | weeds with a lazer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2s-0wgQWXM
         | 
         | I'm also looking forward to this technology being widely
         | available and helping solve the issue of herbicide run-off, and
         | later additionally the same for pesticides and fertilization.
        
         | boringg wrote:
         | None of the inputs to farming will ever be free. Whomever owns
         | the robots will be charging for their labour you are only
         | substituting one form for another. Potentially it might workout
         | better for production numbers still tbd. Farmers these days are
         | beholden to the agri tech companies for costs and maintenance.
         | 
         | That is a great dream to have. In the energy world it was
         | supposed that prices would go to close to zero with fully
         | adopted solar but thats an equivalent far fetched dream.
        
         | tomhoward wrote:
         | In case anyone's reading this who is interested in working on
         | it:
         | 
         | I'm building a company/platform that does a lot of this,
         | particularly the "metering just the right amount of water for
         | each individual plant" part.
         | 
         | The thing I have in mind is very low cost devices (sub-$20)
         | with mesh radio comms, inputs to read from sensors and outputs
         | to control irrigation, and TinyML running the devices to
         | optimize everything in real time.
         | 
         | I have about 10 years experience working in the field (mostly
         | with high-value crops like wine grapes, nuts, avocados) and
         | several iterations of prototype devices and web software, but
         | am keen to attract people who are excited at the idea of
         | working on this kind of thing.
         | 
         | Anyone - particularly low-level programmers or hardware
         | engineers - interested in working on it can contact me (email
         | in bio).
        
           | WillAdams wrote:
           | The Open Source Ecology folks have been working on this sort
           | of thing for a while --- check in with them?
           | 
           | https://www.opensourceecology.org/
        
             | cagenut wrote:
             | that website/project looks pretty dead
        
             | tomhoward wrote:
             | I've always been supportive of open-source and plan to make
             | much of our tech open source [1], but I'm not seeing
             | anything on their site that's anything like what we're
             | doing (it alls seems to be large machinery, no
             | microelectronics).
             | 
             | The thing about this field that I've learned over the
             | decade I've been involved is that creating the tech is less
             | than half the challenge; the distribution - building
             | awareness, selling it, installing it, maintaining it - is a
             | huge undertaking, and a lot of money needs to come from
             | somewhere to make that viable.
             | 
             | [1] I'd like to have a RTOS to run on these devices that is
             | as approachable and familiar as common Linux distros like
             | Ubuntu, for people to install and customise themselves,
             | with a full open source license.
        
               | gumby wrote:
               | In another comment I wrote that you probably need a BOM
               | less than $0.50. At that price you don't have a massive
               | OS like Linux, you need something embedded that can run
               | in a few KB.
               | 
               | But a bunch of small devices can be managed by a huge
               | device running Linux -- maybe even something as expensive
               | as a Raspberry Pi.
               | 
               | (Apart from some time trying to sell in the Ag sector I
               | spent a lot of time on embedded devices)
        
               | tomhoward wrote:
               | Well I already have a firmware version that can run in a
               | few KB, which my father developed in Motorola assembly
               | and that ran most of the soil moisture monitoring devices
               | sold to the big-volume wine grape producers in Australia
               | (mostly in Riverland SA supplying Treasury etc) from the
               | late 90s till about 2010, after which newer products
               | using Zigbee and cellular IoT took over (though we worked
               | together on our own newer versions supporting Bluetooth
               | LE and Cat-M1 up until his retirement a couple of years
               | ago).
               | 
               | I hear you that $20 is high - but the status quo in this
               | business now is monitoring devices that sell for AUD
               | $600+, and with LTE-M or LoRa comms modules that cost
               | over AUD $60 alone.
               | 
               | I'm forever thinking about ways you could drive the cost
               | down further. I'd love it if there were a way to get the
               | on-plant modules under $1. Feel free to get in touch if
               | you want to discuss further.
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | BLE mesh and solar power should get your BoM cost below
               | $20, but I don't see any way that you're going to hit a
               | sub $1 price point. Assuming your mesh can cover the
               | entire field (reasonable if you have one monitoring point
               | every few plants), you can have one or a small handful of
               | LTE-M basestation points to handle the data uplinks.
               | 
               | It's an interesting problem and I am sure reference
               | designs already exist. Maybe talk to someone at Nordic.
        
               | tomhoward wrote:
               | Yeah I think that's right. It's a matter of trading off
               | the water cost savings (and produce quality/yield gains)
               | per plant vs unit cost per device, to determine the
               | optimal density of devices.
               | 
               | As I said in the previous comment, right now, high-value
               | crop growers like wine grape growers pay $700-$1000 or
               | more per site (including reader/comms module and
               | sensors), and generally only install one monitoring point
               | per block (I have a system running at one of Australia's
               | top boutique/biodynamic wine makers and at current prices
               | he can only cost-justify having one 10 monitoring sites
               | over his 70 acres of vines).
               | 
               | So, whatever we can do to drive down the cost to $20 or
               | less should deliver big wins.
               | 
               | > Maybe talk to someone at Nordic
               | 
               | Yep, we're working with hardware engineers who are well
               | connected to people at Nordic.
        
               | gumby wrote:
               | There's (relatively) lots of water in the Barossa Valley
               | and it's worth growing a thirsty high value crop like
               | grapes there. And even there the cost structure you say
               | is unsupportable.
               | 
               | But the economics of farming in the Eyre Peninsula is
               | quite different and they _really_ have a water problem.
               | From a food PoV these are the people we really need to
               | help.
               | 
               | (I have family in both, not to mention in laws in Germany
               | who also have a water problem...getting rid of it!)
        
               | fragmede wrote:
               | Can you use mesh networking? A solar panel and an Esp32,
               | with mesh networking might be cheaper than an LTE module
               | on each device, at the cost of needing more devices.
        
               | tomhoward wrote:
               | Yep, mesh networking is the plan:
               | 
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40740278
        
               | kaveh_h wrote:
               | Why must the device be so cheap? Is the intent to have
               | one serve each plant? Why can't one serve many plants?
        
               | tomhoward wrote:
               | Yes, that's how it's done now, but it's a matter of the
               | precision vs cost tradeoff.
               | 
               | Right now it costs about $750-$3000 to set up each
               | monitoring site, so growers can only afford to install a
               | low number of devices per acre [1], thus a high number of
               | plants per device. In that case you're not optimizing to
               | anywhere the specific requirements of each plant, you're
               | assuming (often falsely) that all the plants in that area
               | have the same needs as the one you're monitoring.
               | 
               | The lower the cost per device, the higher your resolution
               | and precision of monitoring can be, and the more you can
               | accurately provide for the specific needs of each plant.
               | 
               | [1] Very often that number is zero.
        
           | schaefer wrote:
           | If you use an Olla, the plants self regulate their water
           | intake.
           | 
           | See the book gardening with less water by David A. Bainbridge
        
             | declan_roberts wrote:
             | Great for backyard tomato plants, not a commercial farming
             | option for tens of thousands of acres.
        
               | gumby wrote:
               | Not the way farms are run today, sure. But if it's worth
               | it, farms will adapt.
        
           | cookiengineer wrote:
           | This sounds like the optimum use case for LoRa, doesn't it?
        
             | tomhoward wrote:
             | LoRa gets talked about plenty for ag monitoring, and sure
             | it can be great for certain use cases. Optional support for
             | LoRa is certainly something we want to support (via device
             | variants or plug-on comms modules).
             | 
             | For the use case invoked in this subthread (an individual
             | monitoring device on each plant), I don't think it's the
             | best.
             | 
             | We're currently working with Nordic nRF52xx/53xx/54xx
             | modules, which have dual ARM cores and built-in 2.4GHz
             | radio, so, support for protocols like Bluetooth Mesh,
             | Zibgee, Thread.
             | 
             | That means you can have a single module that can handle
             | mesh comms with neighboring devices, as well as sensor
             | reading, machine learning and output control. You wouldn't
             | need a separate comms module to communicate back to a base
             | station or a high post and antenna for long-range comms. So
             | it offers big savings on the device production side and the
             | installation time/cost side.
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | Ha. Didn't see this post before I responded to your other
               | one :-)
        
           | gumby wrote:
           | I wonder if in a large farm it will be worth running hoses
           | and deploying a frob next to each device vs having an
           | electric robot with a refillable tank walking the rows.
           | 
           | Such a robot is still SF today, so deploying a frob with each
           | seedling would be the only choice at the moment (or continue
           | current irrigation practices). The frobs have to be cheap
           | enough to be consumables.
        
             | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
             | My gut tells me that the robot will cost less in the long
             | run. It also doesn't seem like a hard problem (yeah, easy
             | to say) since row crops are planted at fixed spacings and
             | detecting that the thing next you is a plant and not a
             | rabbit should not be a difficult task. The combination of
             | GPS mapping (planter knows where it was during planting),
             | known plant & row spacing, and basic visual imaging should
             | simplify the problem.
             | 
             | So why isn't it done today? Probably still cheaper to rely
             | on the weather or center pivot irrigation.
        
               | hondo77 wrote:
               | Scale, I imagine. Orchards are _big_. How many robot
               | waterers would you need when you have to spend time at
               | each individual tree (or groups of trees) to water it
               | /them? How far is it to the nearest refill?
               | 
               | Put another way, drip is massively parallel. Robot
               | waterers, not so much.
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | Oh, I wasn't thinking orchards. I thought OP was talking
               | about row crops which can't feasibly be irrigated with
               | hoses.
        
               | krisoft wrote:
               | > I thought OP was talking about row crops which can't
               | feasibly be irrigated with hoses.
               | 
               | Are we talking about irrigation pivots[1] here? Because
               | those are a known technology.
               | 
               | If we are thinking about robots driving up and down the
               | rows and watering plants from a tank, and then returning
               | to some central location to re-fill their tank that feels
               | like a "carrying water for elephants" situation. I
               | suspect the logistics won't work out. Could try to run
               | some numbers on it of course. Is that how you are
               | thinking about it?
               | 
               | 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j1lMs7fcIQ
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | Yeah, and I think you're right. I hadn't even given any
               | thought to the massive weight of the water tank you'd
               | need to do this. I was thinking of it more like a
               | sprayer, which requires a much smaller volume to be
               | useful.
        
               | tomhoward wrote:
               | The other issue is the ability to respond to extreme heat
               | quickly enough.
               | 
               | We work with fruit growers in South Eastern Australia
               | where temperatures routinely hit high 30s and even low-
               | mid 40s (degC) a few days each year.
               | 
               | Those growers want to see our soil moisture data readings
               | updated every 15 minutes so they can turn the drippers on
               | very quickly as soon as the soil starts drying out
               | rapidly.
               | 
               | It would just be too slow to rely on robots driving up
               | and down the rows in those conditions.
        
               | unregistereddev wrote:
               | Row crops can be (and already are) irrigated with hoses.
               | In dry areas of the world, drip tape is buried throughout
               | the entire field because it allows farmers to make more
               | efficient use of the water available to them. It does
               | require the machinery has auto-steer (which is standard
               | practice now anyway), because tearing up the drip tape
               | with a planter is an expensive mistake.
               | 
               | https://whyfarmit.com/drip-tape-irrigation/
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | Really? I didn't know that. Just didn't seem feasible to
               | have irrigation lines running for that distance.
        
               | bell-cot wrote:
               | Let's say the RoboWater(tm) rolls down a row of trees in
               | the orchard, water hose unreeling behind it. At each
               | tree, it dumps the calculated dose of water into a clay
               | pot that is sunken into the ground near the trunk (from
               | which the water slowly soaks into the soil). When the row
               | is done - it reverses direction, reeling the hose back up
               | in the process. Then some side-shuffling, and it's soon
               | rolling down the next row of trees in the orchard, again
               | dumping the calculated dose of water...
        
               | gumby wrote:
               | > The combination of GPS mapping (planter knows where it
               | was during planting), known plant & row spacing...
               | 
               | This is not robust. Humans don't use GPS for this purpose
               | (and anyway, the plants are closer than GPS resolution.
               | 
               | Looking and using the local data is the more robust
               | approach. Trying to assume the real world is the same as
               | your model has been the source of countless visual gags
               | since the advent of movies.
        
           | gumby wrote:
           | $20 is a lot (I assume that's the customer price buying them
           | in volume). You have to save a lot of water / increase yield
           | enough to justify that. That suggests a BOM well under a
           | buck, probably less than $0.50.
           | 
           | I spent some time in this sector (at one company irrigation
           | of almonds and stone fruit, another in wine) and the margins
           | are very tight. Fortunately the farmers have sharp pencils.
        
             | gnuser wrote:
             | When you think about it, farming is the perfect physical
             | application of scaling.
        
         | mattwest wrote:
         | We're not moving away from nitrogen fertilizers. Ever. Why?
         | 
         | Look at the following three graphs: global population, staple
         | crop yield, and nitrogen fertilizer application.
         | 
         | Now overlay them. That's why.
         | 
         | Also, there are myriad chemical inputs that cannot be removed
         | simply due to free labor. Sure, a robot can pluck weeds, but
         | what about fungal and bacterial diseases?
        
         | sandworm101 wrote:
         | >> individually plucking each weed or weevil, and metering just
         | the right amount of water for each individual plant, so that
         | all the crops are organic.
         | 
         | Not even close. The sorts of critters and diseases that
         | pesticides combat cannot be mitigated by plucking things off
         | plants, nor can nitrogen fertilizer be replaced with elbow
         | grease. Identifying and removing (burning) infected plants
         | would help, but only if each plants was isolated from its
         | neighbors, otherwise you are just back to burning fields once
         | infection is detected. Growing each potato inside its own
         | little box cannot scale.
         | 
         | For many farmers the "right amount of water" ends up being
         | however much is available. Crop fields are not home gardens.
         | The amounts of water needed are measured in acre-feet. Metering
         | it out to each corn stalk individually would certainly help,
         | but likely fails the cost/benefit analyses at scale. A corn
         | field has roughly 50,000 plants per acre, and commercial farm
         | several hundred acres. That will be a heck of a lot of plastic
         | tubing to install/maintain.
        
         | onlyrealcuzzo wrote:
         | > so when the labor is free we shouldn't need them.
         | 
         | Short of the singularity happening - "labor" (even Robotic) -
         | at this scale - is not going to be anywhere near free.
         | 
         | I mean, in some ways, "labor" is already "free" in agriculture
         | if you compare current cost of labor per yield vs what you
         | would get before the industrial revolution.
         | 
         | The average labor cost to farm an acre of wheat pre-industrial
         | revolution was 50-100 hours. Today, it's <1.
         | 
         | Short of the singularity, we are not getting a 100x improvement
         | from here in our lifetime.
         | 
         | There's not only so many 100x improvements you can make until
         | you need a perpetual motion machine traveling faster than
         | light...
        
         | conradolandia wrote:
         | This sounds beautiful. Also sounds like you have never worked a
         | farm nor know anything practical about working fields and
         | crops.
        
       | itqwertz wrote:
       | Despite this optimism, I wonder what the tradeoffs are for the
       | drone services. Does it actually spray pesticide as thoroughly as
       | a worker manually applying it? Can it spread seed and fertilizer
       | as well as someone who has tended the land for decades? Is there
       | really a difference in quality of produce?
        
         | hamlsandwich wrote:
         | It's a good question. One thing I can think of is that drones
         | can accurately use a pre-determined map of which areas need how
         | much of an input, in a way that would be really difficult for a
         | human on the ground to do.
        
         | infecto wrote:
         | You are thinking way too hard about this. Vietnam is the wild
         | west, there are some levels of cost optimization but these
         | farmers are not usually well educated living in the poorer
         | country side. In the country side you will just fill up your
         | sprayer and chuck the fertilizer/pesticide packaging on the
         | ground like your own personal landfill. Maybe you might every
         | now and then collect some of the trash and create a fire that
         | is no where hot enough to burn trash so it will smolder a
         | wonderful scent for a day or so.
         | 
         | That guy spraying in the article is most definitely not wearing
         | any PPE, maybe a cloth mask at best, fertilizers/pesticides
         | have not been used in Vietnam for as long as they have in the
         | rest of the world.
         | 
         | These drones are absolutely all benefits.
         | 
         | - No more guy inhaling chemicals all day.
         | 
         | - Hopefully more programmatic approach to spraying where some
         | level of measurement is happening.
         | 
         | - If you have business being built around spraying, they will
         | eventually optimize around using the right amount for their
         | service.
        
       | speedbird wrote:
       | But can they mount speakers and play Ride of the Valkyries
        
       | zensnail wrote:
       | You guys reckon with a big enough drone (or a few of them) you
       | could hoist a pivot line spin it around the center, then fly to a
       | new field to rinse and repeat. Get rid of those monstrously huge
       | Fixed Center Pivot that are only in use 15% of the year??
        
       | morsch wrote:
       | I can see this making sense for monitoring and observation and
       | even for very targeted application of pesticides. But bulk
       | application of pesticides and seed, I just can't imagine land
       | vehicles aren't more efficient in terms of energy use and
       | longevity. Maybe rice fields are particularly unsuited to it. But
       | buying a drone as an investment for your children... I don't
       | think it's gonna last that long.
        
         | fragmede wrote:
         | Do you mean that you don't think the drone's electronics won't
         | physically last long enough to pass down to their children? The
         | lithium ion batteries will need to be replaced every few years,
         | and eventually the motors and control boards and other parts
         | will need to be replaced as well (rotors), but why wouldn't
         | they be able to pass the drone and the skills and knowledge
         | down to their children?
        
           | SapporoChris wrote:
           | To go further, drone models will improve. Drones that last,
           | Drones that can be repaired, the drones that can be
           | maintained cheaply. These things should happen unless a
           | monopoly forms...
        
           | morsch wrote:
           | Batteries need to be replaced, yes. But overall flying things
           | need to be light, and light things are either flimsy or
           | expensive and often both. So whatever the baseline is, it'll
           | break more often than non-flying equipment.
        
         | devjab wrote:
         | > I just can't imagine land vehicles aren't more efficient
         | 
         | Farming drones aren't all airborne. I guess the ones driving
         | around on the ground might be called robots though? At least in
         | English.
         | 
         | I imagine that the main reason these ones fly is because you
         | can't drive around a rice field as you mention. Here in Denmark
         | though most drone tech aimed at farming drives around. Flying
         | drones are mostly used for surveillance, to see which areas
         | need to be watered and such.
         | 
         | As far as repairs go, drones aren't that bad in comparison to a
         | lot of other farm equipment. This is because farmers can 3D
         | print almost every part of a drone. Of course some
         | manufacturers are going to struggle with this, and this is
         | actually one of the major reasons keeping farming tech "slow"
         | since a lot of the actually sellable solutions are build by
         | startups which John D and his friends struggle to figure out
         | how to make money of something that's cheap and easy to repair.
         | 
         | Anyway, farming drones is probably the most interesting field
         | of technology you can work in right now. At least in my
         | opinion.
        
           | IndrekR wrote:
           | _> Farming drones aren't all airborne. I guess the ones
           | driving around on the ground might be called robots though?
           | At least in English._
           | 
           | As far as the etymology goes, back in the days a drone was a
           | male bee, so by default airborne. You can trace that meaning
           | back two thousand years or so. It was first used to mean
           | remote controlled aircraft in 1946.
           | 
           | Of course, languages evolve and now it can mean any
           | untethered robot; air, land or sea.
        
         | blackoil wrote:
         | Vietnam has lot of terrace farms done on side of hills. Maybe
         | land vehicles aren't optimized for them.
        
           | freddie_mercury wrote:
           | Not really. We have a very small minority of them in
           | picturesque areas that are extremely poor because making rice
           | terraces is a last resort thing in poor farming areas.
           | 
           | The overwhelming majority of the rice comes from the Mekong
           | and Red River Deltas which are, like all deltas, extremely
           | flat.
        
           | infecto wrote:
           | Definitely not, unless you are in the highlands its all
           | pretty flat. Most of the farming is happening in very flat
           | land.
        
         | infecto wrote:
         | I am not so sure about that.
         | 
         | A lot of the farming that is happening in Vietnam is on these
         | smaller scale farmer levels. Drones are a harder sell in
         | America imo because you have large multi-hundred/thousand acre
         | farms in a country optimized for cars. In Vietnam the farmer
         | will have a much much smaller plot of land and in the
         | countryside often the roads will look more like sidewalks to a
         | westerner.
         | 
         | I am not sure how effectively you could move tractors around in
         | the countryside and you would be doing it often with the size
         | of these farms.
        
         | KaiserPro wrote:
         | This was my thought but I suspect for rice farming its easier
         | than wheeled based devices.
         | 
         | As you can imagine rice paddies are a bastard for wheels,
         | because its muddy as fuck. Its not like its economical to put a
         | cement pan underneath as some rice plants have >1m roots[1] so
         | you can't treat it like watercress (thats a wild assertion,
         | maybe you can)
         | 
         | Also, the banks that hold the water to make it a paddy are
         | unlikely to be regular or load bearing. Moreover, the fields
         | are not laid out with a road to link them all together.
         | 
         | So conventional tractor with thin wheels/floaters just won't
         | work. And smaller vehicles are just impractically heavy or
         | impossible to get into most fields.
         | 
         | As for the AI shit, I don't think there is acutally that much.
         | It looks a lot like its just standard drone mapping/possible
         | machine vision to detect the state of the crops/border of the
         | field.
         | 
         | Would this scale up for western style large fields? no. but for
         | small irregular terrace style fieldlets, it would
         | 
         | [1]https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1626/pps.3.281
        
       | majoe wrote:
       | Slightly related, but off-topic.
       | 
       | It's astonishing how high-tech agriculture has become without the
       | general public noticing much of it.
       | 
       | I recently had a longer talk with my uncle, who is a farmer in
       | South Germany, where he told me about the newish technology he is
       | using:
       | 
       | - Milking robots: the process is entirely automated, the cows
       | basically go inside the milking stations by themselves.
       | 
       | - His newer tractors are all driving GPS based, which allows him
       | to keep the track with a precision of about 20cm. He is now able
       | to exactly apply the amount of fertilizer, pesticides or seeds he
       | wants to apply and plan the amounts in advance.
       | 
       | - A lot of data is collected for each cow and processed by an
       | external company. This goes down to temperature measurements at
       | each teat in the milking robot. The external company monitors
       | each cow and plans individual treatment to prevent diseases and
       | to optimize milk production.
       | 
       | - He currently plans to build a manure biogas plant, which will
       | produce enough electricity for him and then some. I really like
       | the approach to mainly use manure instead of harvested biomass
       | (the economics of the two are vastly different, an interesting
       | discussion in itself).
       | 
       | And that's just one farm. There are a lot of innovative things
       | happening in agriculture.
        
         | majoe wrote:
         | Oh, I forgot a neat one: Drones with thermal imaging to prevent
         | fawns to be killed by tractors.
        
           | wrp wrote:
           | _Fawns_ , as in female deer? Is hitting them with tractors
           | really a problem?
        
             | olex wrote:
             | Fawns as in "deer children". When young, they lie down in
             | fields a lot, and don't have the flight instict developed
             | yet, so if they're in the field with the "parent" deer out
             | getting food and the tractors / harvesters come by, it can
             | be legitimately dangerous.
        
               | sshine wrote:
               | Their instinct is to stay put, which means they don't run
               | when the tractor comes.
               | 
               | A drone flies over the field, maps where the fawns are
               | staying put, sends a message to automated tractors to
               | reroute.
               | 
               | This is probably the most "feel good" application of
               | drones. That and detecting landmines.
        
               | Muromec wrote:
               | That's exactly the opposite of what thermal drones are
               | use most of the other time
        
               | 867-5309 wrote:
               | those fawns could be lying on a lot of oil
        
               | infecto wrote:
               | Is it? I believe the commercial application for drones
               | with thermal cameras is fairly well establish at this
               | point. You can spot a lot of things in buildings,
               | transmission lines, etc.
        
               | baq wrote:
               | The ops point is that after you spot them you call in old
               | fashioned artillery.
        
               | mschuster91 wrote:
               | Besides deer protection and wildlife management in
               | general, they're used in SAR and police - especially in
               | mountainous or forest areas, it's just soooo much faster
               | to send a quick-response team with thermal drones than to
               | travel by foot or wait for a chopper to show up.
               | Obviously in rough weather you still need a legit
               | chopper, but for stuff like "find someone who didn't
               | return from a hike/called for an emergency without
               | knowing where he precisely is" they're just fine.
               | 
               | On the infrastructure side, you can use thermal drones in
               | construction planning to detect if/where a building is
               | losing heat, spot (beginning) defects in industrial
               | installations and inspect if a power line is still
               | working acceptably. DJI also pairs the thermal camera
               | with a decent photo camera so you don't need to send up
               | two drones for the job.
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | > don't have the flight instict developed yet
               | 
               | They specifically have the opposite instinct, because
               | fawns usually lack coordination to flee like an adult. So
               | they have the instinct to still.
        
             | newsclues wrote:
             | They hide in the field and are too afraid of running from a
             | track or and farmers can't see them.
        
             | ClumsyPilot wrote:
             | A you imagine the aftermath of a deer getting 'harvested'
             | by the combine?
             | 
             | Can you imagine being I the cabin and witnessing that, how
             | it probably sounds in the process?
             | 
             | Then cleaning up the mess and repairing the damage?
        
               | einarfd wrote:
               | I grew up on a farm in the nineties, and in my teens, I
               | saw a roe deer fawn that went through a forage harvester.
               | 
               | Surprisingly enough, there was almost no blood, but every
               | bone in the animal was broken. The load of silage that it
               | ended up in had to be thrown out, the forage harvester
               | itself, needed some light repairs, the harvest got
               | delayed a few hours, and the whole thing was really
               | depressing.
               | 
               | Luckily as far as I can remember it happened only once,
               | and it was definitely something that we tried hard to
               | avoid.
        
             | nsvd wrote:
             | A female deer is called a _doe_.
        
               | mrWiz wrote:
               | > doe
               | 
               | A deer? A female deer?
        
               | lesuorac wrote:
               | > Ray
               | 
               | A drop of golden sun?
        
               | joncrocks wrote:
               | > Me
               | 
               | A name I call myself?
        
               | achenet wrote:
               | > Fa
               | 
               | A long long way to run?
        
               | spuriouserror31 wrote:
               | > Sew
               | 
               | A needle pulling thread?
        
             | FranOntanaya wrote:
             | I assume they don't want wild animals that are ridden with
             | diseases to end in something like cattle feed more than
             | unavoidable.
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | Also, running over a fawn really bums out the person
               | driving the tractor!
        
           | olex wrote:
           | Anecdote on this: I've been flying R/C planes and drones in
           | some publicly accessible fields with friends for years. Some
           | farmers were a bit confrontational when they saw us
           | (sometimes understandably so, we were always careful but the
           | occasional crash and aircraft retrieval in the middle of a
           | field _did_ happen...). But a few of them were interested,
           | and asked if we could arrange to take some pictures and
           | videos of the fields at specific times, to search for fawns
           | before harvest or similar things. We were happy to oblige,
           | and in return got access to even nicer, non-public areas to
           | gather and fly from regularly. Win-win for all involved.
        
             | defrost wrote:
             | There's business in routine agricultural overflights for
             | year to year comparison and records, with multispectral
             | cameras (expensive) for ANOVA plots when cross breeding for
             | new crops with resistance, for rock outcrop plotting |
             | individual large rock recording for { later pickup | hazard
             | enty into tractor maps } etc.
             | 
             | A lot of that is done locally here ( large grain fields in
             | Australia ).
        
             | Vox_Leone wrote:
             | I am putting together a computer vision dataset for
             | detection, identification, classification and counting for
             | cattle herds of Indian breeds, which are the strength of
             | Brazilian livestock farming [where there are still a lot of
             | cattle in free-range pastures]. The dataset will also be
             | useful for monitoring illegal livestock farming in
             | protected areas, such as the Amazon. The scarcity of images
             | of these types of cattle on the Internet, where European
             | varieties are prevalent, forces me to negotiate with local
             | farmers to fly my drones in order to obtain the images.
             | It's not an easy job. Most are confrontational and hostile.
             | I move forward with great difficulty but I will not give
             | up. Soon at cownt.com.br.
             | 
             | Edited for clarity.
        
         | freilanzer wrote:
         | > - A lot of data is collected for each cow and processed by an
         | external company. This goes down to temperature measurements at
         | each teat in the milking robot. The external company monitors
         | each cow and plans individual treatment to prevent diseases and
         | to optimize milk production.
         | 
         | Very unfortunate for cows that they're able to produce milk for
         | human consumption.
        
           | eru wrote:
           | Evolutionary speaking, being tasty and able to produce milk
           | for human consumption has been an extremely successful
           | strategy for cows.
           | 
           | Of course, the individual cow might (or might not!) disagree.
        
           | inglor_cz wrote:
           | Now imagine how unfortunate it is to be a big, challenging
           | game for human hunt...
           | 
           | Compared to aurochs, the cows are thriving.
           | 
           | (On a side note, I just saw a mounted skeleton of an aurochs
           | yesterday, in the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen. That
           | beast was _huge_ , and it would look even more overwhelming
           | to medieval or Iron Age people, who were on average shorter
           | than us; I am 6 ft and that animal was as tall as me. That is
           | probably why it was so prestigious to hunt one, I can't even
           | imagine a close combat with _that_. But it was hunted to
           | extinction.)
        
             | ClumsyPilot wrote:
             | > Compared to aurochs, the cows are thriving
             | 
             | This depends on the level of empathy you have for cows.
             | 
             | If you empathise with them as you would with humans,
             | imagine making the same argument to justify slavery
             | 
             | One could argue industrial farms are fate worse than death
        
               | freilanzer wrote:
               | This is what I wanted to convey with my original comment.
               | It seems people think having millions of enslaved cows
               | living in horrible conditions is an advantage for cows
               | compared with "less successful species". I imagine the
               | cows see it very differently.
        
           | jajko wrote:
           | If cows would be useless to humans, their population would be
           | probably in hundreds/thousands globally, or we would let
           | their whole sub-species just die.
           | 
           | Milking is the least bad thing we do to them, I would
           | recommend focusing more on other parts of farming/ranching if
           | you care.
        
         | langsoul-com wrote:
         | Farming has always been innovative, except where an extreme
         | abundance exists, like flood farming.
        
           | eru wrote:
           | Thanks to modern capitalism, there's no such thing as a
           | (localised) extreme abundance. Extremely fertile land will be
           | bid up, until it's productivity per-dollar-value will be
           | equivalent to other land.
           | 
           | So we will always have incentives for innovation.
           | 
           | (I specifically say 'localised', because on a global level we
           | are living in extreme abundance by historic standards.)
        
             | ClumsyPilot wrote:
             | This doesn't really make sense, Local resources exist in
             | abundance because transportation cost is not zero.
             | 
             | Iceland has more geothermal power than it knows what to do
             | with, north of Canada has abundance of fresh water but it's
             | uneconomical to move it to California, etc.
        
               | Nasrudith wrote:
               | I suppose it depends on how you define 'extreme' as a
               | matter of boring tautological semantics. If extreme is
               | defined as 'enough that it is worth extracting to anybody
               | who discovers it'. Sort of like how ore is defined.
               | 
               | Basically there being a limit to abundance before it is
               | too extreme to exist sustainably (without being
               | extracted). You can have Cerro de Potosi, a very silver
               | rich mountain sustainably exist. But a mountain made of
               | solid gold? That would be extracted from until gold
               | devalued itself.
        
               | skybrian wrote:
               | A good way to think about this is to compare the cost of
               | a commodity to shipping costs. Sure, pricey bottled
               | spring water gets shipped all over the world, but bulk
               | agricultural water (measured in acre feet) doesn't. It's
               | heavy for what it's worth, so it's mostly transported
               | downhill in rivers, canals, and so on, with occasional
               | pumps.
               | 
               | There's no global market for water, like there is for oil
               | and liquified natural gas, because the price of water is
               | much lower. Instead there are regional water projects.
               | 
               | Even for natural gas, there aren't pipelines everywhere,
               | and shipping natural gas (by ship) is more expensive than
               | transporting it through pipelines.
        
           | tomnipotent wrote:
           | > Farming has always been innovative
           | 
           | Shout out to Tractor Wars, which I never expected to enjoy as
           | much as I did.
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgtHQUi8AvQ
        
         | mywacaday wrote:
         | There are also collars that monitor temperature and gait
         | analysis to identify infection and hoof problems. Cows get
         | automatically segregated at milking time for inspection. A
         | monitor is also available that goes over the tail and monitors
         | when a cow begins calving and alerts the farmer, traditionally
         | farmers would wake up every hour or two to check on cows that
         | were close. Successful farmers have always always on the
         | cutting edge of anything that can increase margins or
         | efficiency, they have to be it's a tough business.
        
         | ragnaruss wrote:
         | I know quite a few people in the industry, and some near the
         | top of big players and the common thing I've heard said is "We
         | have so much data on such a granular level, we don't even know
         | how to exploit most of it".
        
         | dukeyukey wrote:
         | Is there anything happening with self-driving tractors? I'd
         | expect that in the absence of speed and most of the typical
         | hazards cars on the roads face, when doing pretty rote stuff
         | like spraying, harvesting row crops, or tilling a field we'd be
         | able to automate it pretty easily.
        
           | bluGill wrote:
           | A lot is going on. 15 years ago farmers were putting the dog
           | in the tractor - it worked so long as there were no deer or
           | other things in the field. Safety is just as hard as for cars
           | though and so progress is just as slow.
           | 
           | I work for john deere. But I don't have non public
           | information and I don't speak for the company.
        
         | hnmullany wrote:
         | Biogas plants still need quite a bit of harvested biomass added
         | tp the manure. Manure by itself has too low a Carbon/Nitrogen
         | ratio, and without supplementation, it will over-produce
         | Ammonia, inihibiting the anaerobic bacteria that digest the
         | feedstock. So you have to add sileage or switchgrass.
        
       | langsoul-com wrote:
       | I wonder if drones will change the placement of farms. Right now,
       | farms are very wide and flat, this makes it easier for tractors
       | and spraying pesticides.
       | 
       | Would be interesting to see overtime.
        
         | hliyan wrote:
         | Terraced paddy fields have been used for centuries in countries
         | such as Sri Lanka (where I'm from), Bangladesh, Vietnam and
         | Indonesia.
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field#/media/File:Pana_B...
        
         | pbmonster wrote:
         | Even if you can do all other crop tending from the air, in the
         | end you'll still need the tractor to harvest, pulling a heavier
         | trailer than all crop tending jobs would have required.
         | 
         | So I think flat, reasonably level fields will stay with us for
         | some time.
        
       | avodonosov wrote:
       | TLDR:
       | 
       | > Because drones spray or scatter the ideal concentration
       | uniformly over a precise area, farmers require less pesticide and
       | fertilizer than they would if applying materials by hand, says
       | XAG engineer Long Hung.
       | 
       | I hope Long Hung knows that for sure and not just fantasizes.
        
       | sahinyanlik wrote:
       | In the article they didn't write about side effect but In Turkey
       | My relatives also using drones for rice farming. And trees are
       | dying since they need to fly drones higher then trees. Birds are
       | dying as well.
       | 
       | Previously I remember there were so many birds but now there is
       | none. I also remember there were frogs, snakes etc. and now there
       | is none.
        
         | fakedang wrote:
         | I doubt that it's drones causing those issues. More likely it's
         | the poor environmental practices carried out in Turkey. Turkey
         | is a truly beautiful country, but most of the natural beauty is
         | falling to disuse as the government prioritizes other industry,
         | of course with a massive dollop of corruption on the side.
        
           | sahinyanlik wrote:
           | Why you doubt that? Before drones there were no issues about
           | birds at least. I hope Vietnam will not have same future
           | since they are not Turkey.
        
       | zeristor wrote:
       | The Royal Society had a two day conference on farming technology.
       | 
       | https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2024/06...
       | 
       | There's almost a 7 hour video posted on Vimeo on the page.
        
       | camillomiller wrote:
       | Most of these high tech drones are from DJI (check out the Agra
       | lineup). You know who has great use for that? US farmers. Instead
       | they get an all-out ban on DJI and they're stuck with provider-
       | locked John Deere tractors.
       | 
       | I really don't understand how easy it can be to fool the American
       | public just by saying "national security", even when it's clear
       | that large parts of the public will not be best served by
       | Washington's "China bad!!!" policies.
        
         | eunos wrote:
         | Because the Blobs saw how's drone perform in Ukraine war and
         | they are spooked that US has no national champions for drones.
        
         | 83 wrote:
         | >>even when it's clear that large parts of the public will not
         | be best served by Washington's "China bad!!!" policies.
         | 
         | The majority of the public do not own or fly drones. The
         | government has bigger concerns than a few people getting burnt
         | on their DJI purchase.
         | 
         | Disposable drones are the future of warfare. Would you really
         | want to subsidize China's ability to develop and manufacture
         | them? While also letting China collect data from drones flying
         | over your country? Better to rip that bandaid off sooner rather
         | than later imo.
        
       | markus23 wrote:
       | Slightly related, but a bit off-topic, too :-)
       | 
       | If you are interesting in planning agriculture, with or without
       | drones, you can help us by filling out our survey:
       | 
       | https://survey.permaplant.net/
        
       | mattwest wrote:
       | Sorry, but an overwhelming amount of people commenting in here
       | are extremely ignorant of the modern agri-food system.
       | 
       | The notion that robots and drones will eliminate monocultures and
       | chemical inputs is wildly untrue. In some minor cases they will
       | reduce the need.
       | 
       | It amazes me that software engineers think they have the panacea
       | for whatever faults they see in our food system without a full
       | understanding and history of it.
        
       | _DeadFred_ wrote:
       | I have a friend that owns a huge forrest. Currently seedlings
       | come from human harvesters who go into the forest and gather
       | cones. This doesn't necessarily represent the best candidates,
       | but 'good' candidates that people could get to. A drone that
       | could gather cones from any tree would add to the diversity of
       | future forests and allow better choice candidates to be selected.
       | 
       | Keeping ahead of beatles is a big thing for him. Better aerial
       | detection would be good. Currently he misses stands that could
       | have been managed better earlier.
       | 
       | Documenting and automating what current forresters would be huge
       | because their kids aren't interested and aren't spending the time
       | to learn and will be managing things much more like a farm than a
       | healthy forest if they manage at all (most likely they will just
       | harvest it all and then sell the land).
        
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