[HN Gopher] Nature retracts paper that claimed adult stem cell c...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Nature retracts paper that claimed adult stem cell could become any
       type of cell
        
       Author : susam
       Score  : 142 points
       Date   : 2024-06-18 18:23 UTC (4 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (retractionwatch.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (retractionwatch.com)
        
       | arjvik wrote:
       | > Verfaille, agreed with the retraction. She now has four
       | retractions, by our count.
       | 
       | Maybe I just don't understand biology, but there seems to be
       | something up here.
        
         | bpodgursky wrote:
         | Probably too many grad students with high expectations and no
         | careful review. PI will be "on" the paper but only do a cursory
         | review.
        
           | Metacelsus wrote:
           | And this is why it's expected that the PI will take
           | responsibility for any papers published by their lab - if the
           | PI isn't doing their job, they should face the consequences.
           | 
           | (note I wrote "should", not "will")
        
           | o238jro2j5 wrote:
           | Can confirm. My PI didn't review anything. Sent their journal
           | reviews to students and told us to sign their name at the
           | bottom. Straight up told us to falsify our results on more
           | than one occasion (I refused). I reported them to admin.
           | Admin didn't investigate, didn't even contact the witnesses I
           | named, and gave the professor tenure. This was at UT Austin
           | about ten years ago. Academia is broken.
        
             | alan-hn wrote:
             | Name and shame
        
               | j-krieger wrote:
               | I wouldn't dare in their place. Academia is tiny.
        
               | alan-hn wrote:
               | I know, I'm in academia. But this silence is why these
               | things keep happening. PIs hold power over their students
               | to keep them in line, through letters of recommendation
               | to networking and post doc/job offers. We need to work to
               | correct that.
        
               | CoastalCoder wrote:
               | Damn, academia needs a #me-too moment.
               | 
               | I find this vaguely reminiscent of Hollywood's casting
               | couches.
        
           | akira2501 wrote:
           | You can pay for an education or you can pay for a degree. It
           | seems like some people don't mind getting the latter when
           | they aimed to get the former.
        
           | flobosg wrote:
           | Along those lines: _When a postdoc in my lab committed fraud,
           | I had to face my own culpability_ -
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38766484
        
         | SketchySeaBeast wrote:
         | > Maybe I just don't understand biology, but there seems to be
         | something up here.
         | 
         | If I had a nickel for every time I've heard that.
        
       | Turing_Machine wrote:
       | I realize that this probably wouldn't fit in the title, but this
       | is about a _specific kind_ of _adult_ stem cell, not stem cells
       | in general.
       | 
       | It's trivially obvious that _some_ kinds of stem cell can become
       | any type of cell, given that we all had our beginnings as a
       | single cell.
        
         | CodeWriter23 wrote:
         | > It's trivially obvious that some kinds of stem cell can
         | become any type of cell, given that we all had our beginnings
         | as a single cell.
         | 
         | It's not that obvious, as the brain grows, certain kind of
         | cells die off and never come back. For example at 4-5 years of
         | age being able to speak different phonenes is lost due to mass
         | die off of a certain type of brain cell.
         | 
         | Could be the same for the pair of cells that start a human
         | life. Once their purpose is served they may never exist again.
        
       | globalise83 wrote:
       | Most-cited retracted paper ever is quite a claim to fame!
        
         | kstrauser wrote:
         | Citation needed.
        
       | abdullahkhalids wrote:
       | So, according to more credible research, what type of other cells
       | can stem cells turn into?
        
         | rolph wrote:
         | that is dependent upon the origin developmental state, and
         | biochemical history of the stem cell in question
        
       | chrbr wrote:
       | Unfamiliar with academia here, and I can't quite figure it out
       | from TFA - does a retraction always imply wrongdoing, instead of
       | mere "wrongness?" Or are papers sometimes retracted for being
       | egregiously wrong, even if their methods were not intentionally
       | misleading?
        
         | fredgrott wrote:
         | Okay, I can answer this. Papers are never retracted for theory
         | proven wrong and they are always retracted when wrong-doing is
         | found. This is why the high level research stuff always has
         | researchers recording their data and notes. Before computers,
         | my exp early 1990s, We had to record everything in a notebook
         | and sign it.
        
           | delusional wrote:
           | There's a difference between "theory proven wrong" and "proof
           | being wrong". A finding that Theory A is wrong is still a
           | valid finding. A wrong finding about Theory A is just a lie,
           | it carries no value, and should thus be retracted.
        
             | mjn wrote:
             | In practice, wrong findings that aren't due to misconduct
             | and aren't very recent are usually not retracted though.
             | It's just considered part of the history of science that
             | some old papers have proofs or results now known to be
             | false. It is pretty common in mathematics, for example, for
             | people to discover (and publish) errors they found in old
             | proofs, without the journal going back and retracting the
             | old proof. A famous example is Hilbert's (incorrect) sketch
             | of a proof for the continuum hypothesis [1].
             | 
             | [1] https://mathoverflow.net/questions/272028/hilberts-
             | alleged-p...
        
           | cycomanic wrote:
           | That statement is wrong. Papers do get retracted because a
           | major innocent error is found. This often happens at the
           | request of the author (typically with an explanation from the
           | authors). . See the comment a bit further up for an example.
        
         | semi-extrinsic wrote:
         | I've certainly seen papers retracted over copyright/IP issues
         | with images or other details. Funnily enough, this doesn't mean
         | the article goes away, just that it gets covered with a
         | "Retracted" watermark.
         | 
         | Retractions are primarily associated with wrongdoing, but are
         | sometimes also issued for "honest mistakes". If so it's
         | typically with a very clear explanation, like in the link
         | below.
         | 
         | https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/an...
        
           | jhbadger wrote:
           | Also, in biomedical research papers can get retracted if they
           | can't show the subjects consented to have their samples (e.g.
           | removed tumors) used in research even if the science itself
           | is sound.
        
         | delusional wrote:
         | Academic research rarely (if ever) cares about "intentions" of
         | the authors. I'd say papers are exclusively retracted for being
         | "egregiously wrong" (or at least not trustworthy), and never
         | for any "wrongdoing". The wrongdoing just happens to be a
         | pretty good indicator that the conclusions probably aren't
         | trustworthy.
        
         | gumby wrote:
         | The article said there was no finding that the primary author
         | did anything wrong but that the original photos were no longer
         | available so the paper could not be corrected.
         | 
         | NOTE: I DON'T FOLLOW THIS WORK CLOSELY: I am not sure that
         | there are any successful programs using pluripotent somatic
         | (adult) stem cells, if they even really exist, though there's
         | lot of successful work with differentiated stem cells. So I
         | think there's an unstated subtext as you surmise.
         | 
         | This paper was very important and eagerly received because the
         | GW Bush administration had banned federal funding for research
         | using foetal stem cells as a sop to the religious right (all
         | that work moved to sg and cn, and continued in Europe).
        
         | WhitneyLand wrote:
         | Well, consider this:
         | 
         | - The overall retraction rate is 4 in 10,000.
         | 
         | - Most researchers go their entire career without a retraction
         | 
         | - She now has 4.
        
           | teekert wrote:
           | Having been in academia, having felt the pressure, knowing
           | reproduction is not sexy and takes time away from "actual
           | experiments", knowing some theories or groups have cult-like
           | status, knowing that not having papers means not getting a
           | PhD, despite working hard, being smart, knowing that this is
           | (experienced as) very unfair, etc... I'm very sure that 4 in
           | 10.000 is the tip of the iceberg.
           | 
           | We need more reproduction. Or have some rule: Check all
           | assumptions. Yes, it's a lot of work, but man will it save a
           | lot of fake stuff from getting out there and causing a lot of
           | useless work.
        
           | crazygringo wrote:
           | Not being familiar with her, that isn't telling me anything.
           | 
           | It seems like you're implying she's written exceptionally
           | shoddy papers.
           | 
           | But on the other hand she could also just be exceptionally
           | honest -- one of the very few researchers to retract papers
           | later on when they realize they weren't accurate, as opposed
           | to the 99+% of researchers that wouldn't bother.
           | 
           | Also I would imagine that retraction rates might vary
           | tremendously among fields and subfields. Imagine if a whole
           | subfield had all its results based on a scientific technique
           | believed to be accurate, and then the technique was
           | discovered to be flawed? But the retractions wouldn't have
           | anything to do with honesty or quality of the researchers.
           | 
           | So I'm gonna need more context here.
        
           | olddustytrail wrote:
           | Having considered it I reckon it could be due to some
           | systemic abuse of the process. Or it could be that she is
           | working in a field where there is a high uncertainty rate.
           | 
           | Why don't you explicitly state which you think it is?
        
         | f6v wrote:
         | > Or are papers sometimes retracted for being egregiously
         | wrong, even if their methods were not intentionally misleading?
         | 
         | There could be a mistake the authors made which led to a wrong
         | interpretation. Like, someone might write another article
         | commenting on that mistake and wrong conclusions. But that
         | wouldn't be a reason for retraction. Something should be
         | incredibly wrong for authors or journal to do that. Retractions
         | due to fraud are much more common.
        
         | epgui wrote:
         | Retractions don't imply wrongdoing, but they are not that
         | common so they look very bad.
        
         | bagels wrote:
         | If wrongdoing is the same as intentional deceit, I would guess
         | there are some that were not intentional, but instead driven by
         | incompetence or simple mistakes.
         | 
         | Fraudulent/doctored images don't fall in to the
         | incompetence/mistake category though.
         | 
         | Some types of mistakes/incompetence: improperly applied
         | statistics, poor experiment design, faulty logic, mistakes in
         | data collection.
        
         | ta988 wrote:
         | No, many honest researchers retract their own papers because
         | they found a problem that cannot be solved by publishing a
         | correction/errata (a kind of mini publication that corrects the
         | original work). It is extremely bad to use number of retracted
         | papers as a judging factor for a researcher. Using the number
         | of retracted papers because of fraud (fabrication of images,
         | data, stealing work, plagiarism...). Self plagiarism is a
         | slightly different case with a much broader grey area.
        
           | kenjackson wrote:
           | I actually retracted one of my papers. It was before it was
           | published, but after I had submitted it. I had discovered a
           | flaw in my methodology the night before that did have
           | material impact on the results. I was so stressed out for 24
           | hours until I spoke to my advisor.
           | 
           | My advisor was very chill about it. He said that retractions
           | aren't a big deal and was glad I spotted the issue sooner
           | rather than later.
           | 
           | I corrected the experimental methodology and while the
           | results weren't quite as good, they were still quite good and
           | I got published with the correct results.
        
             | CoastalCoder wrote:
             | > I corrected the experimental methodology and while the
             | results weren't quite as good, they were still quite good
             | and I got published with the correct results.
             | 
             | I disagree. Your new results were _much_ better, because
             | they were _sound_.
             | 
             | Very well done.
        
       | rolph wrote:
       | from the submission;
       | 
       | 1- "The errors the authors corrected "do not alter the
       | conclusions of the Article," they wrote in the notice."
       | 
       | 2- "the Blood paper contained falsified images, but Verfaillie
       | was not responsible for the manipulations. Blood retracted the
       | article in 2009 at the request of the authors. "
       | 
       | 3- "The university found "no breach of research integrity in the
       | publications investigated." "
       | 
       | 4- "The notice mentions two image duplications Bik wrote about on
       | PubPeer. Because the authors could not retrieve the original
       | images, it states:                   the Editors no longer have
       | confidence that the conclusion that multipotent adult progenitor
       | cells (MAPCs) engraft in the bone marrow is supported.
       | Given the concerns above the Editors no longer have confidence in
       | the reliability of the data reported in this article."
        
         | newzisforsukas wrote:
         | > contained falsified images
         | 
         | This is so common. Why aren't there more legal outcomes around
         | this like
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Poehlman
        
           | bbarnett wrote:
           | I think the grant application provided a strong case of
           | benefit from the fraud, likely why it succeeded.
           | 
           | (I agree... fraud is fraud, and should be handled with
           | criminal law)
        
       | renewiltord wrote:
       | This is a big problem with Belgian scientists. Their culture puts
       | a lot of pressure on publishing and so on so they tend to falsify
       | flashy results over just doing the science.
        
         | rafram wrote:
         | The authors were all employed by the University of Minnesota
         | Medical School, and I think only one is Belgian. Not sure how
         | much Belgian science culture has to do with it.
        
           | renewiltord wrote:
           | PI is Belgian. That culture seeps through to the lab. It's a
           | risk to science.
        
           | hangonhn wrote:
           | This heavily cited but then retracted paper also involved
           | University of Minnesota:
           | https://www.science.org/content/article/researchers-plan-
           | ret...
        
         | f6v wrote:
         | I hope you realize there're many different labs with different
         | attitudes. I have one of my degrees from Ghent and what you
         | describe never came up. AFAIK there wasn't even a requirement
         | to publish a paper for a PhD student to graduate anymore.
        
         | JonChesterfield wrote:
         | This statement holds up pretty well if you drop the country
         | from it. Academia follows incentive structures just like
         | everything else.
         | 
         | Say you were a software engineer who was paid by how often you
         | shipped code with a nice title but you didn't have to give
         | people the binaries so noone ever ran them. That is, the
         | difference between nice documentation about code that never
         | quite existed and scruffy documentation about code that does
         | really useful things is you get money for the first and fired
         | for the second.
         | 
         | Academia isn't quite that extreme but it does have incentives
         | pointed in that direction.
        
       | BenFranklin100 wrote:
       | I have long maintained that the NIH should set aside 25% of its
       | budget to fund spot checking of the research output of the
       | remaining 75% of funded research. Even if this funding is only
       | sufficient to review a handful of papers each year, it stands to
       | have a transformative effect on the level of hype and p-hacking
       | in many fields, and could nearly eliminate the rare cases of
       | actual fraud. It would also improve the overall quality and
       | reliability of the literature too.
        
         | epgui wrote:
         | I think if we devoted only 1% to this it would be a huge
         | improvement.
        
           | ta988 wrote:
           | Agreed, once you know what to look for and how to reproduce
           | it. What do you do if you can't reproduce? That may mean the
           | original research paper doesn't disclose everything
           | (malicious or not, but malicious is REALLY frequent) or
           | missed an important factor (sometimes doing a reaction in a
           | slightly scratched glass container will change the outcome
           | entirely).
           | 
           | To come back to the malicious part, for many researchers, not
           | publishing the exact way they do things is part of how they
           | protect themselves from people reproducing their work. Some
           | do it for money (they want to start a business from that
           | research), others to avoid competition, others because they
           | believe they own the publicly funded research...
        
             | jltsiren wrote:
             | And sometimes you fail to reproduce something because you
             | failed to do it properly. I don't know how often that
             | happens in the field on in the lab, but it's extremely
             | common on the computational side.
             | 
             | Very often, the thing you are trying to reproduce isn't
             | exactly the same that was published. You have to adapt the
             | instructions to your specific case, which can easily go
             | wrong. Or maybe you did a mistake in following the
             | instructions. Or maybe you mixed the instructions for two
             | different cases, because you didn't fully understand the
             | subtleties of the topic. Or maybe you made a mistake in
             | translating the provided scripts to your institute's
             | computational environment.
        
               | subroutine wrote:
               | Part of the problem is that methods sections in
               | contemporary journals do not provide enough information
               | for exact replication, and in the most egregious cases
               | let authors write stuff like "cultured cells prepared
               | according to prevailing standards".
        
         | faeriechangling wrote:
         | It could also stand to go out of its way to try and give more
         | prestige to people who manage to get influential papers
         | retracted.
        
           | spamizbad wrote:
           | This is already happening in academia.
        
           | HPsquared wrote:
           | Unfortunately there isn't a neat mechanism like short-
           | selling.
        
           | strangattractor wrote:
           | Unfortunately 'prestige' is bestowed by the author's peers -
           | Police internal affairs detectives don't have much prestige
           | within the Police department.
        
         | ThrowawayTestr wrote:
         | If I was rich I'd start a journal solely dedicated to
         | publishing papers trying to recreate other papers.
        
           | 317070 wrote:
           | Wait, you don't need to be rich. With pay-to-publish (also
           | known as free access), it is an absolute goldmine.
           | 
           | People generally don't want to do the work of editing and
           | publishing, or lack the academic knowhow to do it. But if
           | that is not an issue, I don't think money will be an issue
           | either.
        
             | caddemon wrote:
             | There isn't enough incentive currently to publish
             | reproductions, starting a new journal using the same
             | general publishing model isn't going to change that. But
             | with money to burn you could add some incentive, or you
             | could at least do things to improve publication quality
             | like actually paying for good peer reviewers.
        
           | burkaman wrote:
           | Here's one effort, unfortunately it looks like it never got
           | off the ground: http://rescience.org/x.
           | 
           | Here's their motivation in a Nature letter to the editor:
           | https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-
           | assets/d41586-020...
        
         | _DeadFred_ wrote:
         | Better yet have bounties like how the tech world has bug
         | bounties.
        
         | epistasis wrote:
         | Do you really think that the current situation poses a >25%
         | cost on scientific productivity? Do you think your system would
         | be able to recapture that?
         | 
         | That assessment does not match up with what any practicing
         | scientist thinks is even within the realm of possibility for
         | harm to science.
         | 
         | Reading these conversations is like listening to C-suite execs
         | at big companies talk about what employees are getting away
         | with via work at home policies.
        
           | lastiteration wrote:
           | Most stuff in papers can't be replicated so you can't really
           | trust anything and are forced to see what actually works and
           | is worth building upon. This is very expensive both in time
           | and money.
        
           | j-wags wrote:
           | > Do you really think that the current situation poses a >25%
           | cost on scientific productivity? Do you think your system
           | would be able to recapture that?
           | 
           | Yes and yes. I'm 6 years past defending my PhD and I have low
           | confidence in being able to reproduce results from papers in
           | my field (computational biophysics).
           | 
           | I was recently at an industry-heavy biophysics conference
           | that ran a speed dating event, and my conversation starter
           | was "what fraction of papers in our field do you trust?". I
           | probably talked to ~20 people, with a median response of
           | ~25%.
           | 
           | Even a tiny amount invested in reproduction studies and
           | accountability would go a long way. Most papers in
           | _computational_ biophysics still don't publish usable code
           | and data.
        
             | BenFranklin100 wrote:
             | It's so bad that often I trust companies more than
             | academics nowadays. At the end of the day, a company has to
             | answer to the customer. If what they offer doesn't actually
             | work, they go out of business. Academics often don't have
             | to answer to anyone. Just be smart and make the paper look
             | good while being careful not to do something that could get
             | you nailed for outright fraud.
        
           | BenFranklin100 wrote:
           | We can quibble over the number, maybe it is low as 10%. The
           | cost to reproduce a study will be significantly higher than
           | to produce it in the first place, due to different
           | expertises, equipment and so forth. I estimate at least a 10X
           | factor.
           | 
           | And I am intimately familiar with what researchers "get away
           | with' while 'working at home'. As a researcher who tried to
           | reproduce several research papers only to discover the
           | original scientists were wildly exaggerating their claims or
           | cleverly disguising fundamental shortcomings, I can assure
           | the cost is quite high to the scientific community, well in
           | excess of 25% of the annual $48B NIH budget.
           | 
           | I hold a healthy disdain for my fellow scientists. The only
           | way to get them to play by the rules in my view is to have a
           | threat of a research audit hanging over them.
        
       | purpleblue wrote:
       | Does this mean that stem cells cannoot become any type of cell?
       | Certainly this should have been easy to test over the last 22
       | years?
        
         | jjw1414 wrote:
         | It's important to distinguish between the types of stem cells
         | when referring to pluripotency (i.e., the ability for a cell to
         | differentiate into almost any cell type in the body). Embryonic
         | stem cells are considered pluripotent. Adult stem cells are
         | more correctly referred to as "multipotent" in that they can be
         | coaxed into differentiating into other cell types, but
         | typically into cell types close to their own lineage.
        
       | JackFr wrote:
       | Doesn't this paper make a fairly straightforward claim, which is
       | either true or not? Hasn't there been any further research in the
       | past 22 years to either effectively support or undermine the
       | conclusions?
        
       | fnord77 wrote:
       | There used to be so much hype about the potential for stem cells
       | in medicine.
        
       | throwitaway222 wrote:
       | Nothing should be publishable to the public until it is vetted.
        
       | neilv wrote:
       | I personally know two people who complained about fabrications,
       | and both had to restart their careers, no longer pursuing
       | research.
       | 
       | I've heard stories from others, such as when a fabrication was
       | known to students in a lab, and of some playing along with it
       | anyway.
       | 
       | We routinely hear on HN of fabrications discovered in journal
       | publications.
       | 
       | Exactly how bad is the problem? What's the prevalence, scale, and
       | impact?
       | 
       | What are the causes, and how does society address the problem?
        
         | caddemon wrote:
         | Straight up fabrication is more common than we'd hope, but
         | probably not systemically threatening. I'm much more concerned
         | about how poorly replication goes even when authors are not
         | malicious/generally following the "status quo" for methodology
         | in their subfield.
        
       | gershy wrote:
       | It would be so interesting if we came to a consensus that
       | "cascading deletes" should apply to research papers. If a paper
       | is retracted 20+ years later, and it has 4,500 references, those
       | references should be retracted non-negotiably in cascading
       | fashion. Perhaps such a practice could lead to better research by
       | escalating the consequences of fraud.
        
         | CoastalCoder wrote:
         | I suspect this would have some unintended consequences, not all
         | good.
        
           | thaumasiotes wrote:
           | Like what? Currently, there are no consequences when a paper
           | is retracted. If we retracted more papers, what would the
           | difference be?
        
             | dyauspitr wrote:
             | Like very valid research being lost because they mention a
             | retracted paper for some minor point that doesn't really
             | have a major impact on the final results.
        
               | thaumasiotes wrote:
               | That's already something that doesn't happen to blatantly
               | invalid research which is retracted directly. What are
               | you worried about?
        
         | jfengel wrote:
         | That would certainly lead to people checking their references
         | better. But a lot of references are just in passing, and don't
         | materially affect the paper citing it.
         | 
         | One would hope that if some work really did materially depend
         | on a bogus paper, then they would discover the error sooner
         | rather than later.
        
         | arp242 wrote:
         | The question is how many of the citations are actually in
         | support? As in: some might be citations in the form of "Donald
         | Duck's research on coin polishing[1] is not considered due to
         | the controversial nature". Or even "examples of controversial
         | papers on coin polishing include the work of Donald Duck[1]".
         | 
         | I don't think "number of citations" typically make this
         | distinction?
         | 
         | Also for some papers the citation doesn't really matter, and
         | you can exclude the entire thing without really affecting the
         | paper.
         | 
         | Regardless, this seems like a nice idea on the face of it, but
         | practically I foresee a lot of potential problems if done "non-
         | negotiably".
        
           | EnigmaFlare wrote:
           | I love the idea. It would also dampen the tendency to over-
           | cite, and disincentivize citation rings. But mainly encourage
           | researchers to actually evaluate the papers they're citing
           | instead of just cherry picking whatever random crap they can
           | find to support their idea.
           | 
           | Maybe negative citations could be categorized separately by
           | the authors and not count towards the cited paper's citation
           | count and be ignored for cascading citations.
           | 
           | If the citation doesn't materially affect the paper, the
           | author can re-publish it with that removed.
        
             | arp242 wrote:
             | > If the citation doesn't materially affect the paper, the
             | author can re-publish it with that removed.
             | 
             | This paper is 22 years old. Some authors have retired. Some
             | are dead.
             | 
             | I really think that at the very least it needs a quick
             | sniff test. Which is boring uninteresting work and with
             | 4,500 citations that will take some effort, but that's why
             | we pay the journals big bucks. Otherwise it's just going to
             | be the academic variant of the Scunthorpe problem.
             | 
             | And/or do something more fine-grained than a binary
             | retraction, such as adding in a clear warning that a
             | citation was retracted and telling readers to double-check
             | that citation specifically.
        
         | epistasis wrote:
         | This is a completely bonkers idea that would accomplish nothing
         | positive and would mostly erase tons of good science.
         | 
         | The idea of punishing third parties for a citation is weird. If
         | I quote somebody who lied, I'm at fault? Seriously?
        
           | EnigmaFlare wrote:
           | You might not be at fault but your work depends on that wrong
           | work, so your work is probably wrong too and readers should
           | be aware of that. If it doesn't depend on it, then don't cite
           | it! People cite the most ridiculous crap, especially in
           | introductions listing common sense background knowledge with
           | a random citation for every fact. That stuff doesn't really
           | affect the paper so it could just be couched in one big "in
           | my opinion" instead.
        
             | epistasis wrote:
             | > but your work depends on that wrong work, so your work is
             | probably wrong
             | 
             | No, absolutely not, that's pure fallacy.
             | 
             | There might be some small subset of citations that work
             | like a mathematical proof, but how many of these 4500
             | citations could you find that operate that way?
        
             | mkl wrote:
             | Academic papers have to cite related research to situate
             | their contribution, even if they're not directly building
             | on that research. When researchers can't reproduce a
             | paper's results, they have to cite that paper when
             | reporting that, or no one will know what they're talking
             | about and the bad paper cannot be refuted. The whole system
             | also needs many compare and contrast citations that aren't
             | built on directly or at all, so you know what a paper is
             | doing and not doing.
        
           | pessimizer wrote:
           | The priority isn't about punishing you, or about your
           | feelings or career at all. It's about the science.
           | 
           | If you cite something that turns out to be garbage, I'd
           | imagine the procedure would be to remove the citation and to
           | remove anything in the paper that depends on it, and to
           | resubmit. If your paper falls apart without it, then it
           | should be binned.
        
         | neilv wrote:
         | > _If a paper is retracted 20+ years later, and it has 4,500
         | references, those references should be retracted non-negotiably
         | in cascading fashion._
         | 
         | Imagine you're reading a research paper, and each citation of a
         | retracted paper has a bright red indicator.
         | 
         | Cites of papers that cite retracted papers get orange. Higher
         | degrees of separation might get Yellow.
         | 
         | Would that, plus recalculating the citation graph points
         | system, implement the "cascading deletes" you had in mind?
         | 
         | It could be trivial feature of hypertext, like we arguably
         | should be using already. (Or one could even kludge it into
         | viewers for the anachronistic PDF.)
        
           | armchairhacker wrote:
           | That would be overwhelming and coarse. You wouldn't know if
           | an orange or yellow paper actually relies on the retracted
           | citations or it just mentions them in passing, unless you dig
           | through the paper yourself to figure this out yourself, but
           | most people won't do that.
           | 
           | I think a better method would be for someone to look over
           | each paper that cites a retracted paper, see which parts of
           | it depend on the retracted data, and cut and/or modify those
           | parts (perhaps highlight in red) to show they were
           | invalidated. Then if there's a lot of or particularly
           | important cut or modified parts, do this for the papers that
           | cite the modified paper, and so on.
           | 
           | This may also be tedious. But you can have people who aren't
           | the original authors do it (ideally people who like to look
           | for retracted data), and you can pay them full-time for it.
           | Then the researchers who work full-time reading papers and
           | writing new ones can dedicate much less their time
           | questioning the legitimacy of what they read and amending
           | what they've written long ago.
        
             | neilv wrote:
             | I don't know which way would be better, since I don't know
             | the subtleties of citations in different fields. I'll just
             | note that automatically applying this modest taint to
             | papers that cite retracted papers is small incentive for
             | the person to be discerning in what they cite.
             | 
             | Of course, some papers pretty much have to be cited,
             | because they're obviously very relevant, and you just have
             | to risk an annoying red mark appearing in your paper if
             | that mandatory citation is ever retracted.
             | 
             | But citations that are more discretionary or political, in
             | some subfields (e.g., you know someone from that PI's lab
             | is going to be a reviewer), if you think their pettiness
             | might be matched by the sloppiness/sketchiness of their
             | work, then maybe you don't give them that citation, after
             | all.
             | 
             | If this means everyone in a field has incentive for
             | citations to become lower-risk for this embarrassing taint,
             | then maybe that field starts taking misconduct and
             | reviewing more seriously.
        
           | hex4def6 wrote:
           | Riffing on this,
           | 
           | I wonder if you could assign a citation tree score to each
           | first-level citation.
           | 
           | For example, I cite papers A,B,C,D. Paper A cites papers
           | 1,2,3,4. Paper 1 cites a retracted paper, plus 3 good ones.
           | 
           | We could say "Paper 1" was 0.75, or 75% 'truthy'. "Paper A"
           | would be 3x good + 1x 075% = 3.75/4 = 93.7% truthy, and so
           | on.
           | 
           | Basically, the deeper in the tree that the retracted paper
           | is, the less impact it propagates forth.
           | 
           | Maybe you could multiply each citation by it's impact factor
           | at the top level paper.
           | 
           | At the top level, you'd see:
           | 
           | Paper A = 93.7% truthy, impact factor 100 -> 93.7 / 100 pts
           | 
           | Paper B = 100% truthy, IPF 10 -> 10/10 pts
           | 
           | Paper C = 3/4 pts
           | 
           | Paper D = 1/1 pts
           | 
           | Total = 107 / 115 pts = 93% truthy citation list
           | 
           | If a paper has an outsized impact factor, it gets weighted
           | more heavily, since presumably the community has put more
           | stock in it.
        
         | demondemidi wrote:
         | Cascading invalidate. I don't think it should disappear, I
         | think it should be put in deep storage for future researchers
         | doing studies on misinformation propagation.
        
         | armchairhacker wrote:
         | It probably makes sense to look over papers that cite retracted
         | papers and see if any part of them rely on the invalidated
         | results. But unless the entire paper is worthless without them,
         | it shouldn't be outright retracted.
         | 
         | How many papers entirely depend on the accuracy of one cited
         | experiment (even if the experiment is replicated)?
        
         | Neywiny wrote:
         | Jumping in with the others, this is not good. When I've written
         | papers in the past, and used peer reviewed, trusted journals,
         | what else am I supposed to do? Recreate every experiment and
         | analysis all the way down? Even if it's an entirely SW project,
         | where maybe one could do that, presumably the code itself is
         | maliciously wrong. You'd have to check way too much to make
         | this productive.
        
         | Vt71fcAqt7 wrote:
         | Most citations are just noting previous work. Here are some
         | papers citing the retracted one. (Selected randomly).
         | 
         | >Therefore, MSC-based bone regeneration is considered an
         | optimal approach [53]. [0]
         | 
         | >MSC-subtypes were originally considered to contain pluripotent
         | developmental capabilities (79,80). [1]
         | 
         | Both these examples give a single passing mention of the
         | article. It makes no sense for thousands of researchers to go
         | out and remove these citations. Realisticly you can't expect
         | people to perform every experiment they read before they cite
         | it. Meanwhile there has been a lot of development in this field
         | despite the retracted paper.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/8/886
         | 
         | [1] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/jev.v4.30087
        
       | __lbracket__ wrote:
       | Professors: Lying, cheating, back-stabbing for a fistful of
       | federal dollars. These same leeches brought us DEI. Next the
       | feminists will cry discrimination ("Academic honor code
       | disproportionately affects women!!")
        
       | Harmohit wrote:
       | We strongly need a "prestigious" journal devoted to publishing
       | reproductions of other studies. Moreover, we need to change our
       | perception of a good scientist. Doing novel research is awesome
       | and great but reproducing other people's work is also important -
       | it is a fundamental pillar of science.
       | 
       | The problem is even more pronounced with more and more
       | specialized and expensive equipment required for doing certain
       | experiments.
        
       | brightball wrote:
       | Is there a site that tracks retractions?
        
         | mkl wrote:
         | You mean like https://retractionwatch.com, the site that this
         | very article is on?
         | 
         | It's pretty popular on HN too:
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=retractionwatch.com
        
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