[HN Gopher] NLRB judge declares non-compete clause is an unfair ...
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       NLRB judge declares non-compete clause is an unfair labor practice
        
       Author : lalaland1125
       Score  : 343 points
       Date   : 2024-06-16 13:40 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nlrbedge.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nlrbedge.com)
        
       | BeefySwain wrote:
       | > Salting is protected activity, lying about your employment
       | history to salt is also protected activity, and firing someone
       | for salting is an unfair labor practice.
       | 
       | Huh... TIL
        
         | InvaderFizz wrote:
         | That stuck out at me too.
         | 
         | So, all you have to do to completely lie on your resume and
         | keep employed, is pretend to be union organizing?
        
           | ralferoo wrote:
           | I'd imagine it'd go to court and the union would have to
           | testify that this is the case, and also have documentary
           | evidence to back it up.
        
           | p_l wrote:
           | Inventing qualifications is probably still not legal.
           | 
           | Now, not mentioning a job in the past, or some details of it,
           | are a different case.
        
           | tzs wrote:
           | No.
           | 
           | You can lie about union organizing because an employer is
           | _not_ allowed to use whether or not you are a union organizer
           | when making hiring or firing decisions.
           | 
           | If you lie about something that the employer _is_ allowed to
           | use in making those decisions they can fire you.
        
           | Volundr wrote:
           | > So, all you have to do to completely lie on your resume and
           | keep employed, is pretend to be union organizing?
           | 
           | You can lie about your union involvement. You can't make up
           | qualifications you don't have.
        
         | kingkawn wrote:
         | As it should be
        
           | jpambrun wrote:
           | Care to elaborate? I can't think of any argument for this
           | position.
        
             | charlesabarnes wrote:
             | Organizing a union once in your employment history would
             | bar you from employment at a ton of companies otherwise
        
               | jpambrun wrote:
               | What is this about then. Obviously you can omit stuff on
               | your resume. I take offense at adding fake experiences.
        
               | vintermann wrote:
               | It can maybe be tough to explain what you were doing in
               | those years you were actually working at a well-known
               | heavily unionized business.
               | 
               | It sucks if you have to be allowed to just make up work
               | experience, but the root of the problem is the power
               | imbalance between employers and employees, and well,
               | that's what's unions are trying to address.
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | This isn't about adding fake experiences, though, no?
               | It's about omitting experience you've had.
        
               | SpicyLemonZest wrote:
               | Depends on what you consider a "fake experience". The guy
               | in this case legitimately had 4 years of HVAC experience,
               | but he falsely claimed it was at one particular (non-
               | unionized) company when it was actually at two different
               | (unionized) companies.
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | Ah, I see. In my opinion, this is OK, as otherwise a
               | 4-year gap in a resume might telegraph a union
               | affiliation and make people unhirable. The spirit of the
               | law is that you're allowed to lie to hide union
               | affiliation, so that's fine.
               | 
               | I would be against people making up experience, but
               | replacing one company's name for another might be OK, if
               | the companies are of roughly similar caliber (no saying
               | you worked at Google when you were an IT for a shop).
        
               | ungreased0675 wrote:
               | Are there any other employers it's legal to lie about? I
               | don't like the idea, even though I understand the goal.
        
             | kingkawn wrote:
             | Unions should be an inherent presence at every job. Any
             | laws that help further their establishment so that business
             | people who sell the labor of a single individual are able
             | to organize beneficial business associations amongst
             | themselves is a positive for the American workforce and the
             | country.
        
         | CoastalCoder wrote:
         | I'm curious what the logic is to justify lying about employment
         | history in order to salt a union.
         | 
         | My understanding was that you couldn't be penalized for
         | organizing a union _per se_ , but that didn't mean you couldn't
         | be fired for other non-unionization-related reasons.
         | 
         | It seems like this is going a step further: things that could
         | get someone fired in completely union-unrelated situations, are
         | actually protected if done in service of unionization?
         | 
         | If so, where's the line? Can an organizer simply not show up
         | for work and still collect a paycheck? Can they harangue the
         | business' customers because their job requires access to the
         | company's customer list?
        
           | alpinisme wrote:
           | Consider the alternative where employers can fire you for
           | lying about your employment history. Once you've done some
           | union organizing, you'd be potentially unhireable.
           | 
           | ETA: Here's the relevant part of the judicial decision in
           | this case:
           | 
           | > None of these employees [who were fired for lying and used
           | to claim precedent in this case] are an appropriate
           | comparator for McClure, who was never accused of stealing,
           | violating traffic laws, or other criminal conduct. And, even
           | if Respondent could show that the other employees were fired
           | just for lying, and not for the underlying serious
           | misconduct, Respondent could not use that to justify firing
           | McClure because they were all accused of lying about conduct
           | that Respondent could lawfully consider in hiring or firing
           | them. In contrast, McClure lied about his history of working
           | for union employers. Because Respondent could not refuse to
           | hire McClure because of his union background, his lie about
           | working for Deem can't be used to justify firing him.
        
           | Xylakant wrote:
           | In Germany, there are certain kinds of questions that are not
           | permissible on an employment questionnaire, for example
           | asking whether a candidate is pregnant or plans on having
           | children, union affiliation, etc. However, these questions
           | are often included in the questionnaire and not answering
           | them would provide sufficient signal to the employer and the
           | only remedy would be to sue the employer. So it's explictly
           | permitted to lie in the answer, rendering the questions
           | useless.
           | 
           | I expect a similar line of reasoning applying to this case:
           | The question is about a protected, legal activity which is
           | nonetheless undesirable for certain employers. Asking the
           | question and requiring a truthful answer would undermine the
           | protected, legal activity. Hence an effective remedy is
           | explicitly allowing to lie in the response.
        
             | thegrim33 wrote:
             | > "there are certain kinds of questions that are not
             | permissible on an employment questionnaire" .. "these
             | questions are often included in the questionnaire".
             | 
             | I don't follow. It's not permissible but these companies
             | just blatantly ignore the law and ask it anyways? Or it is
             | permissible?
        
               | abhorrence wrote:
               | Presumably they ignore the law.
        
               | Xylakant wrote:
               | Those companies ignore the law - knowing that a candidate
               | could sue, but then they would remove the canditate from
               | the pool for any unrelated reason. A union could sue on
               | behalf of a candidate, but until the case is resolved,
               | the questionnaire still stands. Allowing candidates to
               | just fill in the expected answer, truthful or not, is an
               | effective remedy - it renders the question useless as a
               | signal for the employer.
        
               | AdrianB1 wrote:
               | In most of Europe there is no notion of punitive damages
               | in a law suit. That means if you sue that company they
               | will fix the questionnaire with no other consequences. 3
               | months later they can put it back, also without
               | consequences. Suing them can be costly, so most people
               | will not bother. There is zero reward for doing it, as a
               | candidate you waste time and money with no net return.
               | All negatives and no positives.
               | 
               | So with very little risk, they do it.
        
               | louiskottmann wrote:
               | It's not allowed, but you'd have to sue if you uncover
               | one such questionnaire, which is a hassle.
               | 
               | So instead, lying on your answer is not sue-able. Which
               | makes including such questions ineffective.
        
             | lazide wrote:
             | It renders the questions useless against experienced
             | candidates, but not against naive or ignorant ones. So it
             | still has value to employers.
             | 
             | The best remedy to stop such things is a statutory 'bounty'
             | for such activity - like the $2500 penalty for California
             | employers for attempting to scare employees with
             | unenforceable non-competes.
        
           | dcre wrote:
           | Here's a case where calling the boss names is protected
           | converted activity.
           | 
           | https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/wall-street-journal-is-mad-at-
           | wel...
        
             | cess11 wrote:
             | "In 1979, the NLRB issued its Atlantic Steel decision,
             | which established the test for determining when an
             | employee's otherwise protected speech towards management
             | becomes too extreme to remain protected. This standard
             | considered:
             | 
             | (1) the place of the discussion
             | 
             | (2) the subject matter of the discussion
             | 
             | (3) the nature of the employee's outburst
             | 
             | (4) whether the outburst was, in any way, provoked by an
             | employer's unfair labor practice."
             | 
             | You should probably have added this for nuance, so people
             | don't misunderstand you and get the idea that name calling
             | per se is protected.
        
               | ethbr1 wrote:
               | "You fucking asshole... for prohibiting discussions of
               | union organizing."
        
           | ralferoo wrote:
           | > I'm curious what the logic is to justify lying about
           | employment history in order to salt a union.
           | 
           | Being from outside the US, I'd never heard this term before,
           | and actually in my country it's rare that you join a company
           | and aren't given all the documentation by HR about what
           | unions you can join on the first day.
           | 
           | But anyway, when I googled this term, from the wikipedia
           | article:
           | 
           | > The tactic is often discussed in the United States because
           | under US law unions may be prohibited from talking with
           | workers in the workplace and salting is one of the few legal
           | strategies that allow union organizers to talk with workers.
           | 
           | It'd seem them that at least one reason why they might
           | explicitly protect the right for union members to lie about
           | their employment history when trying to join a company for
           | the explicit reason of salting is that they would also be /
           | have been an employee of a union, and disclosing that could
           | well get them deselected from consideration for the role.
           | 
           | Presumably the company will still be responsible for their
           | own due diligence in checking that the potential hire had all
           | the necessary qualifications to legally carry out the work,
           | and might well discover the lie in that process. Presumably
           | they could then also terminate the employee for that reason
           | at that point because they couldn't actually legally carry
           | out the job duties, but equally I'd imagine if they uncovered
           | a lie which could be shown (presumably in court) to be for
           | the purpose of salting, but they were otherwise legally able
           | to perform the work, then the company couldn't fire them.
        
             | 6510 wrote:
             | > in my country it's rare that you join a company and
             | aren't given all the documentation by HR about what unions
             | you can join on the first day.
             | 
             | We have companies actively looking for an employee to
             | represent the union. Few want the responsibilities. (hours
             | are paid, activities take priority in the schedule) I
             | imagine they most often end up with someone who cares about
             | the company.
        
             | ethbr1 wrote:
             | The US tries to thread the needle between being "pro
             | management" and "pro labor".
             | 
             | Historically, the bargain that has been struck is that
             | _current employees_ have substantial protections around
             | union organizing.
             | 
             | However, _outside unions_ have limited rights to directly
             | solicit employees.
             | 
             | That's at the federal level. At the state level, additional
             | pro-union rights may layer on top of that (e.g. in the
             | northeast) or not (e.g. in the southeast).
             | 
             | Additionally, since you mentioned Germany, most US workers
             | do not have a seat at the management table, in contrast to
             | how I believe German companies are typically organized?
        
           | jprete wrote:
           | IANAL, but as far as I know, the line is "intent", and courts
           | of law are empowered to infer intent from actions.
           | 
           | > things that could get someone fired in completely union-
           | unrelated situations, are actually protected if done in
           | service of unionization?
           | 
           | If you preferentially fire union organizers and
           | preferentially ignore the infractions of non-union-members,
           | then yes.
        
         | scrapcode wrote:
         | That seems absolutely ridiculous to me... what am I missing? I
         | can lie about my work experience in order to infiltrate a
         | business and form a union?
        
           | Drakim wrote:
           | Maybe it's specifically in the context of unions and nothing
           | else?
           | 
           | If you lie about your work experience, it turns out you can't
           | program Rust, then you can get fired for that.
           | 
           | But if you lie about never having been part of a union
           | before, and it turns out you have been part of a union
           | before, then you can't get fired for that.
        
             | dartos wrote:
             | Well, if you're hired as a rust engineer and you don't know
             | rust, you'd be fired for not being able to fulfill your job
             | duties.
             | 
             | If you get fired for being part of a union, then you're
             | being fired for your political position.
             | 
             | It's not your fault for lying on the resume, it's the
             | hiring teams fault for not catching it
        
               | seneca wrote:
               | > It's not your fault for lying on the resume, it's the
               | hiring teams fault for not catching it
               | 
               | Anyone who ever complains about how ridiculous hiring
               | interviews in software development have gotten should be
               | referred to this comment. This is exactly why these
               | absurd practices exist. Because people think they're
               | entitled to lie, and it's your fault if you don't catch
               | them.
        
               | oooyay wrote:
               | I've interviewed a lot of people over my career. I'm not
               | sure "entitlement" is why the people who lie do so.
               | 
               | Most of what I see people lie about isn't the companies
               | they've worked at, it's the kind of work they do. For
               | instance, when I was looking for a senior engineer I'd
               | get people who said they did all this product
               | architecture work, leading teams in the weeds of building
               | products internal and external. A lot of those people
               | turned out to be actually working on projects by
               | themselves or they didn't actually do any technical work.
               | The latter is pretty easy to identify because if you
               | start asking them nitty gritty standards questions about
               | what they built they'll be completely lost. One woman
               | that stood out like this was part of a _ton_ of
               | professional organizations, and was even being granted
               | some really big title in one of them so I was pretty
               | bullish that I 'd found my senior. The last major project
               | she led a team on was an internal REST service, so I
               | figured it'd appropriate for us to workshop a REST API
               | design. Pretty easy stuff to iteratively improve through
               | a conversation especially if you've done it a thousand
               | times. She didn't understand the grammar of REST much
               | less how APIs are grouped. By that point I was starting
               | to realize her role was likely more administrative than
               | technical as a lot of roles at her level at non-tech
               | businesses become. Discovering engineers who say they've
               | led teams who haven't is also pretty easy. Frankly, not
               | many engineers have actually led teams - it's an actual
               | rarity. Of all the things engineers are asked to do day
               | to day, leading other engineers is generally not party to
               | them. I'd generally ask something about how they
               | implement "trust but verify" aka delegating work.
               | Engineers who have worked primarily solo will not know
               | how to break down work so that others can consume it and
               | align to the actual idea. It's something that takes a lot
               | of practice and the answer generally involves a pretext
               | of what certain people's strengths and weaknesses were.
               | 
               | I have no doubt both of these folks genuinely wanted to
               | do what they were applying for. I don't think they'd ever
               | really been given the chance, or worked at the wrong kind
               | of companies for what they wanted to do.
               | 
               | To call it the "fault of the team" is easy, but in
               | reality we have a very disjointed industry with no
               | standard practice for building software, much less as a
               | group.
        
               | dartos wrote:
               | It's not just software. It's all industries.
               | 
               | People are paid to find matching talent. Talent isn't
               | paid to be truthful on resumes.
        
               | dartos wrote:
               | Well... everyone is entitled to lie, including employers.
               | 
               | That's the crux of the issue.
               | 
               | Software has wild practices because there's no agreed
               | upon certification and there's this myth of 10x
               | developers and managers only want those mythical 10x-ers
        
               | gwd wrote:
               | You're using the word "entitled" in a very strange way.
               | 
               | Entitled isn't a statement of practicalities or
               | realpolitik; it's a statement of ideals. "Entitlement" as
               | a concept doesn't make sense outside of the context of
               | morality and ethics (or laws). It's not about the way the
               | world _is_ , but about the way the world _ought_ to be.
               | 
               | If I'm an employer trying to spend the limited resources
               | I have to get the right people on my team, barring
               | exceptions I'll get into below, I have a right to be told
               | the truth. You don't have to tell me everything, and if I
               | ask a question you're entitled to say "None of your
               | business". But if I say, "What experience do you have
               | leading a team" and you lie to inflate your experience,
               | and based upon that I hire you, then you have harmed me,
               | you have harmed your future colleagues, you have harmed
               | the other person I might have hired if you'd told the
               | truth, and you have harmed yourself by putting yourself
               | in a situation where you can't perform and can't trust or
               | be trusted. A symmetric set of harms can be sketched out
               | for employers. So no, you absolutely are not entitled to
               | lie to me as a potential employer, and neither are
               | companies entitled to lie to you as a potential employee.
               | 
               | The one exception I'd carve out is if you had the
               | expectation that I'd _misuse_ the truth. If I ask,  "Are
               | you pregnant", or "Have you ever been a union organizer",
               | then "yes" could be misused to refuse to hire me (which
               | is against the law), and "none of your business" might be
               | construed as "yes". (Similarly to why, in WWII, I'd
               | answer "No" if Nazis came to me door and asked me I were
               | hiding Jews.)
               | 
               | But if I'm hiring you to lead a team, what I would do
               | with an honest answer to "What is your experience leading
               | a team" is legitimate, not misuse; and you have neither a
               | moral, ethical, nor legal right to lie to me in your
               | response.
               | 
               | Perhaps you really meant that practically speaking, below
               | a certain level, there's no way to police minor
               | "misrepresentations" from one side to the other. But just
               | because it's possible to do it and get away with it
               | doesn't make it right; and the fact that lots of people
               | are causing harm to others by misrepresenting themselves
               | doesn't negate the harm that you're causing when you do
               | it too.
        
             | scrapcode wrote:
             | Okay - that makes a bit more sense, not having to list your
             | involvement with a union.
        
           | andylynch wrote:
           | According to the ruling, yes, given the public interest as
           | stated, in protecting the right to organise.
           | 
           | This is broadly similar in principle to laws like those in
           | many places allowing one to not disclose spent criminal
           | convictions.
        
           | spamizbad wrote:
           | The context here is salting so it would likely be omitting
           | prior employment or education/training. I personally think
           | this is completely reasonable in all cases.
           | 
           | Non-salting example: over a decade ago I omitted an entire
           | year of professional experience as a PHP developer when
           | trying to get hired as a Python engineer, because I didn't
           | want to get pigeon-holed as "PHP dev who can maintain our
           | crummy legacy PHP codebase nobody wants to touch".
           | 
           | Anyway it would be extremely problematic if employers were
           | entitled to full and complete honesty from applicants but had
           | no equivalent obligations from their side. If businesses had
           | the choice they'd pick the status quo over mutual
           | transparency.
        
             | eterevsky wrote:
             | I don't think omitting some of your old positions that you
             | think are irrelevant amount to lying.
        
               | cempaka wrote:
               | The parent didn't think they were irrelevant at all, they
               | thought it might signal to the company that it could
               | extract more value by assigning them work they didn't
               | want to do.
        
               | spamizbad wrote:
               | I lied about my potential value (by understating it) to
               | an employer for (longer term) personal and professional
               | gain.
               | 
               | Going back to Union Salting:
               | 
               | Often times the "salt" is a star employee; they're always
               | on time, never say no to a job, pick up shifts nobody
               | wants to take to ingratiate themselves both to management
               | and their colleagues. They don't ask for raises and never
               | complain to management. Their intention is to organize
               | workers and so they want to be the sort of model employee
               | a manager will keep around.
               | 
               | The reason why this practice is allowed is because its
               | illegal for unions to walk into an establishment and talk
               | directly with employees about organizing while they're
               | "on the clock" and on premise.
        
             | datavirtue wrote:
             | Well intentioned hiring managers and teams lie all the
             | time. If they let the truth flow they wouldn't be able to
             | do their jobs. These people don't even mean to lie.
        
         | nohuck13 wrote:
         | If lying about you employment history is a protected activity,
         | then if a pre-employment background check catches you lying
         | about your employment history, and you say "no I am salting,"
         | that also is protection from having your offer rescinded?
        
           | cess11 wrote:
           | In court it would be tested whether your deceit is actually
           | relevant to the salting. Faking an entire resume to get into
           | a place where you can't do the work isn't likely to fly,
           | hiding your time working for a union by claiming you did
           | first line customer support might.
        
         | ketzu wrote:
         | I assume quite a few people think of one way of "lying" about
         | employment history, that they have very strong feelings about
         | how it should be handled.
         | 
         | Like
         | 
         | * Omitting (or denying) that you have done a certain activity
         | (eg., union founding, working with PHP, that only-2-month job
         | because it sucked).
         | 
         | * Claiming (or adding) jobs or degrees that you have not worked
         | at or earned, on your CV (e.g., claiming to have worked for
         | microsoft for 4 years when you didn't).
         | 
         | To me the first one seems clearly okay, but the second one not
         | so much.
        
           | n2d4 wrote:
           | Personally, I think "denying" is also bad, while "omitting"
           | is fine.
           | 
           | Instead, I think it's more reasonable to have exceptions for
           | certain protected activities, such as salting. It's in the
           | same category as sexual orientation for me; employers should
           | not be allowed to ask or make decisions based on it, so if
           | you're asked as an employee, you shouldn't have any
           | obligation to tell the truth.
        
             | SoftTalker wrote:
             | I agree omitting is usually OK especially if it's not
             | relevant.
             | 
             | Omitting entire jobs if the experience isn't particularly
             | relevant (particularly if it was a long time ago) can be
             | OK. I omit that I worked at McDonald's when I was 17 in the
             | 1990s when I am applying for a job in 2024. But if there
             | are gaps in employment history you might be asked about it,
             | especially if it's recent.
             | 
             | Something like fudging employment dates along with omitting
             | some jobs to disguise that you are a job-hopper gets into a
             | much more grey area.
             | 
             | I was surprised to learn that lying about employment
             | history to hide that you are a salter was protected. I get
             | that salting might be protected, but did not expect that
             | lying on an application would be.
        
               | cool_dude85 wrote:
               | >I was surprised to learn that lying about employment
               | history to hide that you are a salter was protected. I
               | get that salting might be protected, but did not expect
               | that lying on an application would be.
               | 
               | Making it so the employer can fire you for lying about
               | the application would practically remove protection for
               | salting. Nobody would hire you for a non-union job if
               | they see you being employed by a union as an organizer in
               | your last job.
        
             | datavirtue wrote:
             | How dare you accuse me of working with PHP!
        
         | Quanttek wrote:
         | The idea is pretty easy: If an employer could simply ask you
         | about past union activity (or activity indicating it, such as
         | certain training) and then fire you for lying about your
         | employment history when you omit it, then the protection for
         | unions is effectively neutralized.
         | 
         | Unlike what other commentators imply, this judgment doesn't
         | legitimize just inventing degrees or qualifications. It's
         | closer to omitting that 2-month job that didn't work out
        
           | ndriscoll wrote:
           | > McClure applied as a covert organizer, or salt. He gave
           | Respondent a resume that falsely claimed that he worked at a
           | non-union company called Deem from 2018 to the time of his
           | application... McClure testified that he believed claiming to
           | work for a non-union employer would increase his chances of
           | being hired, as people in the HVAC industry would generally
           | recognize WMI and Habel as union shops and Deem as non-union.
        
         | AndrewKemendo wrote:
         | We have had decades of worker suppression that lead people to
         | think that it's illegal to collectivize against your employer
         | and it's just not the case
        
           | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
           | I don't think that's what people were surprised about. Just
           | speaking for myself, I was originally surprised by the
           | statement "lying about your employment history to salt is
           | also protected activity". After all, it's seems to make
           | perfect sense that I can be fired for lying on my resume.
           | 
           | The bit that I didn't understand, and that some of the
           | comments here cleared up, is that only lying about the
           | employment pieces that specifically relate to past work as a
           | union organizer are the things that are protected activity.
        
             | Izkata wrote:
             | Yes, salting in general is adding something. Sounds like
             | inventing a job you didn't actually do is protected?
             | Doesn't make sense.
             | 
             | Missed that this is a jargon word that has a special
             | unrelated meaning here.
        
         | jmyeet wrote:
         | Here's an exercise for you.
         | 
         | Take almost any court case that makes it to the Supreme Court
         | or Federal government action, regardless of the court's makeup,
         | or what party controls the White house or Congress, and ask
         | yourself this question:
         | 
         | What is the pro-business or pro-government outcome of this case
         | or legislation?
         | 
         | Then see how the court ruled or the executive and legislature
         | acted. You will find the majority of the time that the pro-
         | business or pro-government (particularly pro-police) outcome
         | matches what actually happens.
        
         | singron wrote:
         | This is not a valid interpretation of this case. The judge
         | concluded that the employer fired the employee in retaliation
         | for union activity. The company claimed they fired him for
         | lying on his resume, but they couldn't prove that was the
         | reason (which is their burden to prove), and it wasn't
         | consistent with prior company behavior. E.g. they had a
         | recorded conversation about how they could figure out a way to
         | not hire a union applicant, and they had never fired anyone for
         | a similar infraction before.
         | 
         | Importantly, the only detail on the resume that was false was
         | the name of the prior employer. They had accrued the same
         | experience at a union employer instead. This case doesn't allow
         | you to arbitrarily lie on your resume in order to salt, and you
         | can still fire someone for lying if you can reasonably prove
         | that.
        
       | dataflow wrote:
       | How much authority/jurisdiction does this judge/ruling have? It
       | seems like the kind of thing that might easily get appealed and
       | lost.
        
         | bitwize wrote:
         | The conservative SCOTUS has a vendetta against the
         | administrative state. The overturn of the bump stock ban is
         | just the beginning: they're going after Chevron deference.
         | This, combined with conservative justices tending to favor
         | contract law over consumer/employee protection, means that any
         | federal ban on noncompetes is likely to be overturned absent a
         | statute from Congress.
        
           | lolinder wrote:
           | > the administrative state. The overturn of the bump stock
           | ban is just the beginning
           | 
           | It's not even sort of the beginning. The conservative stance
           | on the role of the Supreme Court has been pretty clear for a
           | long time and this court has been ruling that way for a few
           | years now.
           | 
           | Their theory is that Congress makes the laws, the Executive
           | branch enforces them, and the Judicial branch interprets. The
           | precedent that they've overturned has consistently been in
           | line with this logic: they've said over and over again that
           | if America wants a law then Congress should create it, rather
           | than relying on executive rulemaking that gets overturned
           | every time an administration changes or on unelected judges
           | legislating from the bench.
           | 
           | Whether or not you agree with them on specific issues, I
           | think we can all agree that the current status quo where
           | worker rights take dramatic swings every time a new party
           | takes control of the presidency is a ridiculous situation
           | that needs to be fixed. I want a nation of laws, not a nation
           | of administrative rules that have a 4-year shelf life.
        
             | kbolino wrote:
             | I do wonder if this strategy will actually move the needle
             | at all. Conservatives have tried something like this at
             | least twice before: lower taxes to starve the government of
             | revenue and force cuts (largely failed and just got routed
             | around with massive deficit spending) and interpreting the
             | Anti-Deficiency Act in such a way that the government
             | "shuts down" if Congress hasn't explicitly funded it,
             | presumably in the hopes that Congress would responsibly
             | pass a budget well before the deadline (obviously also a
             | failure in general, since Congress waits till the last
             | minute regularly now and shut downs happen about once or
             | twice a Presidential administration).
             | 
             | Edit: Make that at least three times: they've also capped
             | the civil service which has just caused an explosion in
             | contractors.
        
               | lolinder wrote:
               | Yeah, I don't know. Congress is so completely and utterly
               | broken that I'm unsure it can be fixed.
               | 
               | Legislating from the bench is better than the
               | administrative rulemaking in that it's at least generally
               | more stable, but I do think that the conservative
               | justices have a point that the actual laws should be more
               | directly accountable to the people than the Supreme Court
               | is.
               | 
               | Basically, we should be able to change the laws, but it
               | shouldn't be as simple as winning a single national
               | election because that makes things too unstable.
        
               | kbolino wrote:
               | The only system that aligns more with voters that I'm
               | aware of is the Westminster system but it has is faults
               | too. It is after all the same system that gave us "Yes,
               | Minister" which illustrated and lampooned the fact that
               | the civil service and elected politicians are distinct
               | factions each with their own agendas rarely in alignment
               | with each other (never mind the factions within each
               | faction).
        
               | umanwizard wrote:
               | The problem with the U.S. system is twofold: first, an
               | unusually high amount of cooperation is required to pass
               | any law (majority of the House, 60% of the Senate, and
               | the presidency). Second, the first-past-the-post
               | electoral system naturally leads to a two-party duopoly
               | and polarization that makes cooperation very difficult.
               | No other democracy in the world has both of these flaws
               | although some have one of them (e.g. the UK).
               | 
               | The best systems in practice seem to be proportional-
               | representation parliamentary ones. They generally result
               | in coalitions of multiple generally centrist parties so
               | things don't change too abruptly, but passing new laws is
               | at least possible. Of course some parties refuse to
               | cooperate with each other: in Germany for example no
               | mainstream party will work with the right-wing AFD, and
               | right-leaning mainstream parties additionally refuse to
               | work with the left-wing Die Linke (legal successor to the
               | East German ruling party although substantially more
               | moderate nowadays). However this doesn't stop the big
               | mainstream parties from working together to an extent
               | that would be unimaginable in the U.S.
               | 
               | It's indeed probably impossible to fix in the U.S.
               | because it's so hard to amend the constitution in such a
               | radical way.
        
               | czl wrote:
               | > The best systems in practice seem to be proportional-
               | representation parliamentary ones. They generally result
               | in coalitions of multiple generally centrist parties so
               | things don't change too abruptly, but passing new laws is
               | at least possible.
               | 
               | When there are two major parties each representing say
               | ~45% of the population, proportional-representation gives
               | the left over swing voters equal power does it not? So
               | perhaps ~6% of swing voters can have as much influence as
               | ~45% of voters? Does this not happen in practice?
               | Consider Israeli proportional-representation system for
               | example. The Israeli % numbers are different but I have
               | the impression they struggle with this problem due to
               | proportional-representation.
        
               | umanwizard wrote:
               | It's less likely for two stable parties to make up 90% of
               | the electorate in such a system, because splitting
               | parties is much easier. If the US had proportional
               | representation, there's no way Nikki Haley and Marjorie
               | Taylor Greene would be in the same party, nor Bernie
               | Sanders and Kamala Harris. But this split will never
               | happen in the current system because leaving one of the
               | two major parties would be electoral suicide.
               | 
               | There are ten factions represented in the Knesset
               | (Israeli parliament) and the biggest one (Likud,
               | Netanyahu's party) got 23% of the vote in the last
               | election.
               | 
               | It's true that fringe parties can have outsized influence
               | in a proportional system, but the US system suffers from
               | the opposite problem: fringe elements can take over one
               | of the major parties, which seems to be well on its way
               | to happening with the Republicans now.
        
             | ryandrake wrote:
             | This is great in theory, and I agree with it in theory, but
             | Congress has been dysfunctional for my entire adult life.
             | With a few notable exceptions, Federal law is largely stuck
             | at about 1993. Nobody's proposed a way to end the gridlock.
        
               | kbolino wrote:
               | I don't think your starting year is a coincidence: before
               | then, Congress was nearly always held by one party: the
               | Democrats. Though the Republicans were competitive for
               | the Presidency, they rarely won majorities in Congress
               | and could not hold them for long from FDR until Clinton.
        
               | lolinder wrote:
               | Yeah, I'm aware of that. I think the theory behind the
               | Supreme Court's actions is that by undoing the patches
               | that we've placed over our incompetent legislative branch
               | they'll force actual change by making life uncomfortable
               | enough for people to get their act together.
               | 
               | To some extent this already has happened, just at the
               | State level, and I think a patchwork of stable state laws
               | is still better than a bunch of very short-lived rules at
               | the federal level.
        
             | doctorpangloss wrote:
             | Okay, but the Supreme Court justices who want to take down
             | Chevron are insincere.
             | 
             | The IRS exemptions for fake Christian seemingly
             | organizations: do you think the court is going to defer to
             | the IRS's interpretation of the 3 word "exclusively for
             | religious" part of the 501(c)(3) if it denies something
             | Christian tax exemption? No. They're going to see if that
             | woman's husband is a member of the Federalist Society, and
             | if he is, then her bullshit charity that pays her salary
             | will maintain tax exemption. My dude, Clarence Thomas's
             | wife is a beneficiary of deference on 501(c)(3).
             | 
             | They like administrative deference when it suits them.
             | Don't try to make this about some sincere judicial opinion
             | that has some legitimacy.
        
               | lolinder wrote:
               | > the Supreme Court justices who want to take down
               | Chevron are insincere.
               | 
               | Everyone says this about their opposition. Obviously you
               | know that it's not true about the liberals--you know that
               | they mean what they say. So when a conservative says that
               | liberals are insincere and really have a hidden agenda
               | you know that's nonsense.
               | 
               | Turns out that that the same thing is also true on the
               | conservative side. They generally really do believe what
               | they say. Donald Trump is a notable exception, but even
               | many of his supporters are sincere and are either
               | stupidly taken in or see him as a means to a good end.
        
         | granzymes wrote:
         | This is a ruling from an Administrative Law Judge, which
         | basically functions as a strong recommendation for how the
         | National Labor Relations Board should decide a particular case.
         | ALJs are Article II "in house" judges that specialize in the
         | law of one particular administrative agency. They don't have
         | Constitutional life tenure protections and mostly do claims
         | processing work for the Social Security Administration.
         | 
         | The next step in this case is for a 3-member panel of the NLRB
         | (a 5 member board appointed by the President, currently with 4
         | members) to decide whether to accept the proposed ruling of the
         | ALJ or to substitute their own opinion of how the case should
         | come out.
         | 
         | Orders of the NLRB are not self-executing, so parties can
         | appeal an adverse judgement to the Circuit of Appeals of their
         | choice and the NLRB can cross-petition for enforcement of their
         | decision. The Federal courts have final say over questions of
         | law like "are non competes a violation of labor law".
         | 
         | The entire process takes several years to play out.
        
           | dataflow wrote:
           | That's exactly what I was wondering, thank you!
        
           | baryphonic wrote:
           | Not to be too pedantic, but ALJs are technically Article I
           | judges (or more precisely judges over Article I tribunals).
           | The Constitution lists two different sources of judicial
           | power, the first in Article I section 8 and the second in
           | Article III. Article III courts have judges with life tenure,
           | protection of salaries and are subject to review only by
           | other Article III appeals courts including the Supreme Court.
           | Article I courts have judges with fixed terms of office, and
           | Congress can cut their salaries. All Article I courts are
           | subject to review by Article III courts.
           | 
           | There's an open controversy about how much deference the
           | Article I courts in administrative agencies are owed by
           | Article III courts, arising mostly from Chevron v NRDC. That
           | decision requires Article III courts to defer to Article I
           | courts' interpretations of their statutes and even their
           | administrative rules except in extreme circumstances. Several
           | justices on the Supreme Court find Chevron deference
           | problematic, but it currently is the law of the land.
        
       | steveBK123 wrote:
       | There's been moves by the FTC to ban non-competes as well.
       | 
       | I work in financial services so am often covered by these
       | clauses. Firstly, it seems insane that unpaid non-competes are
       | legal at all, to start with. Also, seeing them applied to very
       | junior level and even hourly paid roles is overly onerous.
       | 
       | While my industry pays your base salary during your "garden
       | leave" even this can be misleading in more senior roles where 50%
       | or more of your compensation is bonus, plus some firms cut your
       | healthcare coverage on resignation as well. Some companies have
       | also extended the terms as long as 18 months or longer.
       | 
       | Further, I have been under non-solicitations with terms as long
       | as 5 years which is frankly insane.
       | 
       | So all that is to say the free market is not exactly working
       | here, and seeing some legal guardrails put in place would be good
       | - pay required, terms limited, benefits defined, etc.
        
         | jfengel wrote:
         | TIL "garden leave", a period of time when you are mandated to
         | be out of work. Thanks.
        
           | steveBK123 wrote:
           | It's pretty good for say, 3-6 months.
           | 
           | Long enough to reset, not worry too much about health
           | coverage, and if timed right.. not miss out on a bonus cycle.
           | It's also short enough that you can interview and get a job
           | offer from a company willing to wait for you. Often you can
           | negotiate a signing bonus at the new shop to make up for
           | compensation you may lose due to deferral or bonus cycle.
           | 
           | The firms trying to force 18 month terms are also some of the
           | highest turnover shops. Arguably you'd need to demand a
           | 50-75% bump to take the role since on the way out the door
           | you are going to miss out on 1-2 bonus cycles. The term is so
           | long you likely need to quit before finding a new job too,
           | and then kick off interviewing in the last 6 months.
        
           | pkilgore wrote:
           | Importantly compared to almost all non-competes: Garden Leave
           | implies you are being paid to not work.
        
             | ghaff wrote:
             | And often it's some percentage of your salary and doesn't
             | include bonuses, RSUs, benefits, etc. It does make a
             | company put some skin in the game and may even seem like a
             | decent deal depending where you are in life but isn't a
             | panacea. (E.g. MA put some much-delayed legislation in
             | place a few years back over strong opposition but it's
             | still something like a 50% of base pay requirement.)
        
         | anon291 wrote:
         | > Firstly, it seems insane that unpaid non-competes are legal
         | at all, to start with. Also, seeing them applied to very junior
         | level and even hourly paid roles is overly onerous.
         | 
         | They're not. I mean they're legal in that you can write one and
         | ask someone to sign it. But good luck getting it enforced!
         | 
         | I went to a college where people typically went on to finance
         | roles and strategy consulting. I myself worked at Bain for a
         | few months before deciding it was not for me.
         | 
         | Our corporate law professor told us the same thing. She was
         | head general counsel at an aerospace company. She said ignore
         | all non-competes and don't accept payment for them.
         | 
         | If there's no payment in a contract, there's no consideration.
         | A non-compete has to be signed upon resignation. So just don't
         | take the resignation bonus.
         | 
         | Moreover, it doesn't really matter because no one is going to
         | put someone on the government dole in order to enforce a non-
         | compete. It's safe to ignore in almost all circumstances. Why
         | would a state possibly take on yet another unemployment figure
         | in order to protect a private company's interest? They want the
         | tax money.
         | 
         | Non-solicitation is different.
         | 
         | IANAL, but take that as you will. I've followed this advice
         | religiously and nothing happens. Most companies will be weirded
         | out when you don't take the resignation bonus, but as long as
         | no money changes hands, they have no power over you.
        
           | steveBK123 wrote:
           | Fair. Something that is common practice but not going to hold
           | up in court are uhh quasi-legal.
           | 
           | A problem is that if you are moving within an industry that
           | enforces non-competes they all generally respect each others
           | for fear of invalidating their own. They also tend to know
           | the terms of each others contracts as well so you can't
           | exactly bluff your way through.
           | 
           | So your new prospective employer will not do anything that is
           | seen as soliciting you to break the prior contract.
           | 
           | Also at the low end it works especially well because you
           | won't take the risk of court / having to hire a lawyer.
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | One of the issues is that many small firms are just going to
           | pass if you have a non-compete. I guess you can lie and just
           | say you don't but that's probably not a great way to start a
           | new employment relationship. I worked for a very small firm
           | and someone having a non-compete was just a hard pass from
           | our COO. Just too much risk.
        
           | tzs wrote:
           | That is true now due to the FTC ban on non-competes, but it
           | was not true before that. The enforceability varied widely
           | from state to state. Here's a table showing how it was in
           | 2016 [1]. My guess is that your corporate law professor was
           | talking about enforceability in the specific state you were
           | in.
           | 
           | Also, most I've seen were required to be signed when
           | employment began, not when employment ended.
           | 
           | [1] https://beckreedriden.com/50-state-noncompete-chart-2/
        
             | anon291 wrote:
             | Overly specific non-competes are just not enforceable. Just
             | tell the judge you're going to go on unemployment and
             | medicaid (You can, since you have no income), and they'll
             | quickly re-arrange things to make it worthwhile. Why would
             | a state possibly do this?
             | 
             | Going back to your list. Look at the 'protected
             | activities'. Simply being employed in the field is rarely
             | one of them. Yes, you can't take clients or poach
             | employees. Some might require repayment for training, etc.
             | But no one can make you unemployed and destitute for it.
             | Why would any state want that?
             | 
             | The key word in many of the tables is 'not against public
             | policy', which is what it means when states don't want
             | people to start taking welfare when not able to work.
             | 
             | That being said I am glad states are now pre-emptively
             | fining businesses that attempt to use these. It shouldn't
             | be up to employees ignoring what they presume to be valid
             | contracts.
        
         | ClumsyPilot wrote:
         | What does free market mean, in this particular case, even
         | philosophically?
         | 
         | Non-compete, as in preventing people from selling their labour,
         | a violation of free market? Or is stopping people from agreeing
         | to non-competes, a violation of free market?
         | 
         | Is allowing a man to sell himself into slavery free market, or
         | is banning such practice something that helps to ensure the
         | market stays free?
         | 
         | The more American idea of a free market is a kind of natural
         | law of the jungle, where the strongest wins.
         | 
         | The more European idea of free market is that it can only exist
         | with rigorous protections and watchful eye of a government
        
           | steveBK123 wrote:
           | What makes them anti-free-market in my mind is.. monopsony.
           | 
           | Non-competes are a feature of monopsony because in a given
           | industry all the buyers of labor enforce them. This is a
           | concept related to monopoly, but on the demand rather than
           | supply side. Even bad old USA takes (an increasing) hard line
           | on monopolies.
        
       | wdreynolds1 wrote:
       | There is nothing in this ruling that is new as it relates to non-
       | competes or non-solicitation. Overly broad non-compete's and non-
       | solicitation clauses have always been unenforceable.
       | 
       | They must be specific and unambiguous.
        
         | downrightmike wrote:
         | I had an employer only offer severance if I signed a new non
         | compete for FIVE years and to get around the overly broad
         | language they inserted clauses on every single thing that
         | stated that there was no way around the non compete even though
         | the state would find it illegal. My state has precedent that if
         | the non compete doesn't allow a person to earn a living, they
         | throw it out and if one clause does that, the whole thing is in
         | valid. So the employer wrote their new non compete to
         | completely try to circumvent it. They also paid shit, so
         | severance wasn't worth it.
        
       | bushbaba wrote:
       | While great, it's a huge blow to California who historically
       | benefited from the innovations of non-competes being non-
       | enforceable.
        
         | bbarn wrote:
         | Why exactly?
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | I'm very opposed to non-competes except in specific scenarios
         | like selling a business (and non-solicitation agreements often
         | make sense). However, I'm also very skeptical of the argument
         | that CA's success in certain industries is remotely the result
         | of unenforceable non-competes.
         | 
         | There often seems to be an assumption that non-competes are the
         | norm everywhere else and, while they certainly exist (and some
         | firms/industries are notorious for enforcing them) that just
         | isn't the case anything like universally in my experience.
        
         | phyzome wrote:
         | Or it's exactly the opposite, depending on how mobile you think
         | companies are.
        
       | gigatexal wrote:
       | Nice. Here's hoping the extra freedom causes wages to rise and
       | employers work to keep employees with benefits instead of
       | handcuffs.
        
       | jmyeet wrote:
       | When you learn about enclosures [1] you cannot stop seeing them
       | everywhere. The entirety of intellectual property is just an
       | enclosure. Rather than promoting innovation it just promotes
       | rent-seeking [2] or intermediation.
       | 
       | Noncompetes fit this bill. They've been weaponized by private
       | equity to medical practices. A PE firm will come along and buy up
       | all the medical practices in an area. It's hard to resist that
       | large buyout offer. The staff will then be put on noncompetes
       | that essentially prevent them from practising in their area at
       | all if they leave.
       | 
       | This problem has gotten so bad that even places like Florida are
       | seeking to ban medical noncompetes [3].
       | 
       | If you've wondered why your vet bills have gotten so large, well
       | it's the same playbook [4].
       | 
       | Restraint on trade (such as noncopetes) is used to suppress wages
       | and jack up prices for absolutely nobody's benefit other than the
       | PE fund's investors. Absolutely no value is being created here so
       | I'm glad to see the NLRB, the FTC and yes, even Florida take
       | action here.
       | 
       | I've previously thought that noncompetes may make sense in very
       | limited circumstances and, if so, companies should have to pay
       | through the nose. Example: when you quit the company has a one-
       | time option to exercise that noncompete. If they do, they have to
       | pay you out for the entire term. That payout? Take your highest
       | earning year in the last 10 years. Double it. That's how much you
       | have to be paid per year. Then we'll see how badly companies
       | really need noncompetes.
       | 
       | Even then I think I'd be just as happy if they were entirely
       | illegal.
       | 
       | [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure
       | 
       | [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-seeking
       | 
       | [3]:
       | https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2024/02/flori...
       | 
       | [4]: https://stateline.org/2024/03/29/vets-fret-as-private-
       | equity...
        
       | giantg2 wrote:
       | That non-solicitation clause is interesting. My company forbids
       | managers from providing references for employees. I wonder if
       | that could also be considered an unfair labor practice since it
       | negatively affect your ability to get a different job.
       | 
       | Honestly, I'm starting to see that my company is doing a lot of
       | shady employment things. I guess most companies do.
        
         | BenFranklin100 wrote:
         | The reason this is done is that litigious ex-employees might
         | try and sue for defamation. Even if the lawsuit is scurrilous,
         | it will cost a company $20-30K to defend itself, so many
         | companies have decided it's not worth the risk.
        
           | giantg2 wrote:
           | I can see why HR won't provide performance references. But
           | I'm talking about if I'm a star employee and want to leave, I
           | ask my boss if they'll write me a recommendation letter or if
           | I can list them as a positive reference on my apps, they
           | aren't allowed to by the company and may even get fired for
           | it.
        
             | BenFranklin100 wrote:
             | That's what I am talking about too. Companies don't allow
             | any sort of references of former employees, positive or
             | otherwise, and from any level of management. It's too hard
             | to police and much simpler to just not allow the practice.
             | It's frustrating from the employee and prospectus employer
             | perspective, but I see why companies do this. Bad apples
             | can be very time-consuming and expensive to deal with.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | There's no valid reason for it though. Hand me a letter
               | of recommendation and if I don't like it, I simply won't
               | share it with the next employer. If I'm the one who has
               | the decision to share the recommendation, the
               | responsibility should be on me.
        
               | mattmaroon wrote:
               | He is explaining to you the valid reason, and you are
               | simply not understanding it. People sue, very often, even
               | in spots where the responsibility should have been on
               | them.
               | 
               | Companies stopped doing these sorts of things because
               | companies got sued. It is very easy to bring a lawsuit,
               | And while it is, perhaps not very easy to win it, someone
               | still can easily have six figures in defending
               | themselves.
               | 
               | If you don't like that, OK, I don't either, it is awful.
               | But it is a rational response to a problem that happens.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | "He is explaining to you the valid reason, and you are
               | simply not understanding it."
               | 
               | Oh I understand it. But do you see the big picture here?
               | People should be sueing for them not writing the letter.
               | The NLRB should be taking cases for this as well. This is
               | almost as anticompetitive as non-competes.
               | 
               | Edit: shouldn't have said for not writing the letter,
               | just for a policy forbidding the writing of letters.
        
               | nickff wrote:
               | What law would this policy violate? What's the basis for
               | the suit? That you think it might be anti-competitive
               | because it reduces labor mobility?
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | Based on the article, it seems that this could be
               | reasonable to pursue. You don't need to break a law for a
               | lawsuit, just show damages resulting from another's
               | actions. If you convince the NLRB or a jury that not
               | providing references suppress your ability to get a job
               | or increase your salary at the next job, that could be
               | all that is needed. But this would be applicable to laws
               | on anticompetitive behavior, but that's more of an NLRB
               | thing.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _People should be sueing for them not writing the
               | letter_
               | 
               | This gets awfully close to compelled speech. The only way
               | this could be done is if we remove the right for
               | employees to sue in respect of the content of the letter,
               | which in turn opens up avenues for retaliation.
               | 
               | Written recommendations are bullshit. The ban should be
               | on requesting them.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | My edit shows what I meant. I wouldn't support requiring
               | references, just preventing companies from having
               | policies forbidding them. I've had manager who would have
               | gladly written me a great recommendation but policies
               | prevented it.
               | 
               | A ban on requesting them would also work.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | Maybe a law shifting liability for references from the
               | employer to the person providing it is the fix.
        
               | winstonewert wrote:
               | But what if you get a bad letter of recommendation and
               | sue about it? What if the manager refuses to write you a
               | letter of recommendation and you sue them? The easiest
               | solution from the company is simple: don't allow any
               | letters of recommendation.
               | 
               | That is what my former manager told me when I left my
               | previous employer. He thought highly of my skills, but
               | couldn't write me a letter due to company policy
               | motivated by these concerns about being sued.
        
               | BenFranklin100 wrote:
               | This is an example of how labor laws can hurt high-
               | performing employees. Another is salary transparency
               | requirements.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | But there isn't a labor law supporting that. It's simply
               | an anticompetitive corporate policy.
        
               | BenFranklin100 wrote:
               | 'Established case law" or 'Legal precedence' to be more
               | precise. Thank you. Ex-employees do have generous legal
               | ground to sue for defamation.
               | 
               | Edit: and remember, this is to file a suit, not win a
               | defamation suit, which can be difficult. However it is
               | very expensive for an employer to defend itself, easily
               | tens of thousands if not six figures of dollars. How the
               | game is played is a disgruntled ex-employee files a suit
               | and then tries to settle for low tens of thousands of
               | dollars, a portion of which goes to the employment
               | attorney they hired.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | What if I sue and have the NLRB open a case against them
               | for the unfair, anti-trust labor practice of not allowing
               | any letters to be written?
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | You'll lose because it _isn 't_ unfair or anti-trust.
               | It's not nice, but there's nothing illegal about it.
               | 
               | The first amendment is widely interpreted to mean that
               | you can't compel speech. Requiring a company to write
               | recommendation letters would be compelling speech. That
               | would be unconstitutional.
               | 
               | (And it doesn't matter if an individual manager would
               | like to write a letter of recommendation but corporate
               | policy is against it. The manager is paid by the company,
               | would be sharing company information, and is an agent of
               | the company in this regard.)
        
               | kedean wrote:
               | > Requiring a company to write recommendation letters
               | would be compelling speech
               | 
               | It would, but that's not what's being discussed.
               | 
               | The accusation is that the companies are _restricting_
               | speech by saying that managers cannot provide a
               | reference, even if they clearly state in said reference
               | that the views are their own and not that of their
               | employer. Nobody is trying to compel anyone else to
               | provide a reference, the idea is that nobody should be
               | prohibited from it, especially since for long term
               | employees leaving on good terms their manager(s) is /are
               | probably one of their best references.
        
               | SpicyLemonZest wrote:
               | Managers and supervisors are not protected by the NLRA,
               | so whether they might like to provide a reference isn't
               | really a matter of concern for the NLRB. (In practice,
               | managers provide references informally all the time, and
               | I can't imagine a company actually taking action against
               | them for that unless the reference causes some huge
               | problem.)
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | I know a manger at my company that provided a reference
               | and was reprimanded for it. They even told him I'd he
               | ever does it again, he's fired. I heard of at least one
               | other manager who was actually fired.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | If there were a formal company policy, I'd probably
               | either demure or, if I felt strongly about it, make sure
               | it was over beers at the bar or in some other venue that
               | there was no record.
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | Companies are allowed to restrict speech by their
               | employees about company information. Otherwise everyone
               | would be allowed to leak every trade secret.
               | 
               | A manager's evaluation of another employee's performance
               | is internal company information. There's no reason that a
               | company should be compelled to share that information
               | externally.
               | 
               | It doesn't matter if the manager wants to share it, any
               | more than the manager wants to share all the source code
               | the employee has written.
               | 
               |  _Companies_ are allowed to determine what gets shared by
               | their current employees, end of story. On the other hand,
               | it is unconstitutional for the _government_ to override
               | that.
               | 
               | There are exceptions for things like public companies
               | that are compelled to release certain data on a quarterly
               | basis in exchange for the benefits of being publicly
               | traded. And plenty of information can be compelled to be
               | shared _privately_ with the _government_ , whether taxes
               | or for health inspections or whatever.
               | 
               | But absolutely _not_ forcing companies to allow their
               | employees to talk publicly about other employees '
               | performance.
        
               | ivan_gammel wrote:
               | >But what if you get a bad letter of recommendation and
               | sue about it?
               | 
               | This is trivial to solve: both former employer and
               | employee sign the letter, declaring that information in
               | it is full, correct and they have no objections. It would
               | be much harder to sue if you previously agreed that the
               | letter is ok for you.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | A negotiated letter is worthless.
        
               | dec0dedab0de wrote:
               | there is no way to verify that's real though. Anyone
               | could have a friend write a letter for them and say it's
               | from an old boss.
               | 
               | when you have current employees talking about former
               | employees on behalf of the company, that is the same
               | thing as the company talking about them.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | You could call to confirm it, have it notarized, etc. But
               | that's not really an issue since this practice used to be
               | common and is sill common in many forms of employment
               | today - some government jobs, academia, etc.
               | 
               | I don't see it as the same as the company speaking.
               | Things like concerted efforts by the workers to make
               | conditions better are protected and not considered
               | company speech. I guess it's only because they're
               | managers that they don't qualify.
        
               | sbuttgereit wrote:
               | Also consider this case. A manager writes a couple of
               | glowing letters of recommendations for a couple of former
               | employees that did great on the job. Wonderful. Now a
               | poor performer asks and the manager doesn't feel
               | comfortable writing a recommendation at all: either
               | they'd risk having to be candid or there's simply no
               | basis for "recommendation" and so the manager refuses.
               | 
               | Well, now even the omission/refusal to write such a
               | letter might get you sued. A policy that says our
               | managers just don't write such letters is absolutely the
               | safest. 1) the company and its managers don't identify in
               | any way their thoughts on performance in a way that might
               | be found prejudicial; 2) they avoid the risk of a poorly
               | worded recommendation that could be called prejudicial;
               | 3) they avoid having to monitor the standards and risks
               | of such statements across possibly many managers that
               | might write such letters absent such a rule.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | You forgot the biggest benefits to the company -
               | increased retention rates and salary suppression.
        
               | BenFranklin100 wrote:
               | You forgot the biggest drawback to employers: not being
               | able to get honest feedback about the prospective
               | employee from the previous employer.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | I've provided references from former co-workers, clients,
               | etc. Never from an actual manager. Also no idea if
               | references have ever been checked or not--especially
               | given I knew a lot of folks at the hiring company.
        
             | nickff wrote:
             | Someone might sue because (they think) a letter wasn't
             | effusive enough to get them a job they wanted, or because
             | someone else got a letter and they didn't.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | And why can't I sue for this being an unfair labor
               | practice? There should be more risk on this side of it
               | than the other.
        
               | mattmaroon wrote:
               | It is not an unfair labor practice, nobody owes you a
               | letter of recommendation.
               | 
               | Corporations that have this policy always tell you that
               | when you check on a prospective employee. " Our policy is
               | only to give dates of employment and X worked here
               | from..."
               | 
               | It is not a negative when you check on somebody and hear
               | that. I've heard it many times. I can hardly take it as a
               | sign of a bad employee when their company simply has a
               | policy not to give references
        
               | AdrianB1 wrote:
               | > nobody owes you a letter of recommendation
               | 
               | It some countries they do. A friend sued his former
               | employer because the letter of recommendation he got was
               | not good enough. Strange thing is they agreed and also
               | contacted him to come back working for them. But it
               | depends on the country, in some countries letters of
               | recommendation are very rare, I wrote a couple in more
               | than 20 years, basically every time someone that worked
               | for or with me asked for one.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | In the US, my sense is that letters of recommendation are
               | pretty rare (at least past school admissions where
               | they're pretty worthless). Oh, there's a ton of informal
               | networking but very little official you should hire this
               | person (or especially) run away now. I'd never do the
               | latter.
               | 
               | Companies at least used to ask for references on resumes
               | in the US but I'm not sure how common that is at this
               | point and it was usually co-workers/clients/etc, and not
               | sure how often it was even checked.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | They don't have to owe you something for it to be unfair.
               | It's anticompetitive behavior that makes getting another
               | job harder. It's fine if they don't write you a letter.
               | What isn't fine is a policy that forbids the writing of
               | letters.
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | It's not really anticompetitive though. It doesn't make
               | getting another job harder because virtually _nobody_ is
               | getting references. Everyone 's on the same playing field
               | here.
               | 
               | Letters of recommendations, or even reference phone
               | calls, are something that are widespread in academia and
               | in entry-level service jobs. Like if you want to be a
               | server or bartender, they want to make sure you were
               | actually showing up at your last job and didn't steal
               | money from the register.
               | 
               | They're not really a thing in the corporate world. Your
               | technical expertise, certifications, and dates of
               | employment pretty much speak for themselves. At least in
               | the US.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | There are some people getting references. Most places
               | also ask for references. Informally, all the people
               | talking about jobs found via their network are
               | references.
               | 
               | It is absolutely harder finding a job without references
               | than with references. You also have less leverage for
               | negotiating salary.
               | 
               | "Your technical expertise, certifications, and dates of
               | employment pretty much speak for themselves."
               | 
               | This isn't true at all. Why do interviews if you just
               | make the decision off the resume? Why do code screens or
               | LeetCode?
               | 
               | I have tons of experience and a long tenure, a masters
               | degree, multiple certs, etc yet I'm a low performer with
               | a disability who struggles to even get interviews. But
               | you wouldn't know that by looking at my resume. At one
               | point I was a high performer and a letter of
               | recommendation could have really helped me.
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | I never said make a decision off of a resume. When I said
               | "your technical expertise", I meant as assessed by
               | interviews, code screens, etc.
               | 
               | I've never even been asked for references at any
               | technical job in my life. HR departments generally _do_
               | make some attempt at verifying employment, doing a
               | background check, etc.
               | 
               | So no, in these cases it's _not_ harder. There 's _no_
               | leverage either way.
               | 
               | Because what do reference letters even mean? How do you
               | know the person writing the letter is even telling the
               | truth? This is somebody you've never met and don't know
               | at all. How do you know they don't unfairly hold a grudge
               | against this ex-employee because they took it personally
               | when they quit? Or how do you know they don't just write
               | glowing references for everyone because they know "it's
               | tough out there" and "everyone deserves a second chance"?
               | 
               | I always assumed this is why I've never been asked for
               | references in my professional career, because the
               | companies I applied to knew that references aren't worth
               | the paper they're written on.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | These are all concerns, but it's still common in stuff
               | like academia and government jobs. Even in industry, I
               | see requests for references on about half of applications
               | these days.
               | 
               | The easy fix here is banning requests for references.
        
               | winstonewert wrote:
               | I suspect it's much easier for someone to sue on the
               | claim of being unfairly discriminated against than on the
               | claim that a particular company policy with a legitimate
               | stated justification is an unfair labor practice.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | Just because there's a justification doesn't make it an
               | excuse to participate in anticompetitive behavior. The
               | NLRB getting involved seems like a bigger risk than the
               | letter of recommendation.
        
               | winstonewert wrote:
               | You are wrong. Since you show no signs of recognizing
               | that, or providing any reason to back up your assertions,
               | I'm done with this conversation.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | "You are wrong. Since you show no signs of recognizing
               | that, or providing any reason to back up your assertions,
               | I'm done with this conversation."
               | 
               | Lol ok. You realize I can say the exact same thing to
               | you...
        
               | winstonewert wrote:
               | The difference is that me and others have repeatedly
               | explained why you are wrong in this thread, and you keep
               | repeating the same nonsense assertions.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | I thought you said you were done?
               | 
               | You've offered no facts to support what little you've
               | said. You "suspect" some things and have been told some
               | other things by your manager. I too have been told things
               | by managers and suspect things myself. But I guess
               | because it's your opinion, everyone else's opinion must
               | be wrong.
        
             | SoftTalker wrote:
             | Most companies will only verify dates of employment, and
             | possibly whether the employee is eligible for rehire
             | (yes/no, without getting into reasons).
             | 
             | Writing a letter of reference is more and more a risky
             | thing and even in non-employment situations, more people
             | are reluctant to do it.
        
               | ska wrote:
               | That's what HR will do.
               | 
               | Most companies don't constrain an individual employee
               | from providing a recommendation. People might not want to
               | do it, but that's a different issue.
        
             | pjc50 wrote:
             | So .. have they stopped asking for them? Or it this a
             | "We'll defect in prisoner's dilemma with no consequences to
             | us" move?
        
           | segmondy wrote:
           | Can you provide an example article or case law when this
           | happened?
        
           | lowbloodsugar wrote:
           | Again, that sounds like a good reason, but it's not the
           | reason, and it would be easy to solve. The reason is wage
           | suppression.
        
         | ungreased0675 wrote:
         | I'm curious if your company asks for references when hiring
         | people? I'd guess they do, which makes the policy unethical and
         | hypocritical.
        
           | BenFranklin100 wrote:
           | --
        
             | Ar-Curunir wrote:
             | You're a different person than the OP...
        
           | SoftTalker wrote:
           | Mostly no, because almost no employer will provide them.
        
           | workingdog wrote:
           | There's _always_ a reference.
           | 
           | It doesn't have to be the boss; it could be a co-worker.
           | Generally written, it is hard to get, but almost always
           | available with a phone call after hours.
           | 
           | Asking the person, "Would you rehire this person?" or "Would
           | you like to work with this person?" has a 95% answer rate and
           | says everything.
           | 
           | If the prospect can't connect you with a phone call to one of
           | their co-workers, that tells us what we need to know.
        
             | crazygringo wrote:
             | What country are you in and what type of job?
             | 
             | In the US at the corporate level, this would be _extremely_
             | unusual.
             | 
             | Not to mention how is it even useful? It's the easiest
             | thing in the world to fake by passing along the phone
             | number of a friend claiming to be a co-worker and full of
             | effusive praise for you. It's not like most companies list
             | the phone numbers of their employees somewhere publicly
             | that you could verify.
             | 
             | Decades ago when I was a bartender, it was common practice
             | for your "reference" to be a buddy who would pretend to be
             | the manager at your last restaurant.
        
               | koolba wrote:
               | > Decades ago when I was a bartender, it was common
               | practice for your "reference" to be a buddy who would
               | pretend to be the manager at your last restaurant.
               | 
               | There's a great clip of an Aussie radio show doing a
               | prank like this. They call a random guy up and pretend
               | that they have his number as a reference, and that he's
               | gonna get a call from some potential employer (who are
               | considering g higher if the prankster). The random guy
               | immediately agrees to say only great things about him and
               | then the actual "reference call" is actually well done.
               | 
               | https://twistedsifter.com/videos/hamish-and-andy-random-
               | job-...
        
             | gambiting wrote:
             | >>Asking the person, "Would you rehire this person?" or
             | "Would you like to work with this person?" has a 95% answer
             | rate and says everything
             | 
             | I don't know of any company in the UK that would ever
             | answer such a question, maybe a small shop that hasn't
             | learnt better yet. Companies will provide references that
             | always just say "this person has worked here for X years",
             | no one would ever say anything either positive or negative.
        
               | amanaplanacanal wrote:
               | Before I retired (in the US), that was the policy where I
               | worked.
        
               | ivalm wrote:
               | If you ask HR then that's the answer, if you ask
               | employees they will give you a pretty useful reference
               | (having done reference calls quite a bit, basically from
               | folks at every major US tech company).
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | Yeah. You don't formally ask for recommendations but
               | people know people and that's how it works. (Which is why
               | a lot of job hunting is about networks whether you like
               | it or not.)
        
         | ivan_gammel wrote:
         | It should be unfair labor practice. Also, what does it achieve?
         | It is not going to increase retention significantly, on the
         | contrary, they will likely get lower eNPS.
         | 
         | By the way in Germany employers are legally obliged to provide
         | a reference (Arbeitszeugnis). Most of them that I have seen
         | were too positive and sometimes obviously exaggerated.
        
           | giantg2 wrote:
           | Yeah, I don't think it should be required, but I think
           | policies banning managers from writing letters are also
           | wrong.
        
           | vessenes wrote:
           | There's a complex balance of power in the US (and Germany)
           | around these. A common reason companies ban references is to
           | protect the company (and occasionally employee <- manager)
           | from lawsuits if the reference is negative.
           | 
           | In Germany this has turned into a legal climate where _only_
           | positive reviews are granted, creating a set of tiered shaded
           | meanings inside positive reviews that stand in for
           | 'unacceptable' to 'brilliant'.
           | 
           | At any rate, changing one part of the system, e.g. forcing
           | referrals as in Germany would no doubt change other ways the
           | system works in the US as well.
        
             | beryilma wrote:
             | Yes, but the same companies in the US have no problem
             | asking for professional references when they are the ones
             | hiring you.
        
               | AceyMan wrote:
               | References are going the way of the dodo bird, anyway. In
               | my circles, job seekers don't bother offering them and
               | employers are ending the practice of asking for them.
               | (411: I'm in the LAX market & a best friend is an HR
               | executive.)
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | Yeah. They're probably still sort of a pro-forma sort of
               | thing in many cases but I'd be surprised if people still
               | checked them for professional jobs in a systematic way.
               | 
               | Of course, doesn't mean you don't check in with folks you
               | know who have worked with the person at your company and
               | elsewhere.
        
       | simonbarker87 wrote:
       | Of course it is. Non-competes are unenforceable in the UK as you
       | can't stop someone earning a living and if their skill or
       | knowledge is that specific or valuable that they may not be able
       | to get a job anywhere not covered in the non-compete.
       | 
       | Want someone to not work for a competitor until their secret
       | knowledge is out of date? Pay them gardening leave.
        
         | quietbritishjim wrote:
         | The UK government was due to introduce legislation ("when
         | parliamentary time allows", which apparently it didn't) to
         | limit non-complete clauses in employment contracts to a maximum
         | of 3 months. That seems like implicit recognition that non-
         | complete clauses longer than 3 months are currently valid.
        
           | simonbarker87 wrote:
           | Can't speak to that explicitly but the advice I was given by
           | 2 solicitors on the topic was "they're not enforceable and
           | won't stand up in court, they can't stop you earning a living
           | with your skills"
        
           | KennyBlanken wrote:
           | No, it implies that's what legislators negotiated between
           | different factions, or between legislators and lobbyists, or
           | were outright bribed by lobbyists to go with.
           | 
           | Ie, they wanted 1 month, but lobbyists wanted 6 months,
           | legislators pushed back, and everyone compromised at 3.
        
       | mannyv wrote:
       | The Supremes have been on a tear vs administrative judges, so
       | expect this to get swatted down. There are other agencies in the
       | non-compete mix that are better suited to make these sorts of
       | policy decisions. This court would rather have agencies and
       | politicians do their jobs when it comes to this stuff.
        
       | red_admiral wrote:
       | This sounds reasonable. If you train as a plumber, work for ACME
       | Plumbing Inc. and then leave, being told you can't work anywhere
       | else in your trade for 24 months means you should do what exactly
       | - become an uber driver for a couple of years?
        
       | paulus_magnus2 wrote:
       | No need to ban it. Just automaticly award full salary for 2x the
       | noncompete period they put in your contract, payable in full a
       | week after contract termination.
        
         | callalex wrote:
         | Suddenly your salary is $1/yr and your bonus is $1M/yr. (This
         | really happens in the USA financial sector.)
        
           | AgentOrange1234 wrote:
           | Employees won't tolerate that due to not being able to get
           | mortgages? Our megacorp recently upped base salaries due to
           | this.
        
             | Dr_Birdbrain wrote:
             | Employees definitely tolerate this. As said above, this
             | already happens in industry, and also for many years Amazon
             | used to cap salaries at some hilariously low number--I
             | think like 180k. That may not seem low until you try to buy
             | a house in the Bay Area and lenders laugh in your face.
             | 
             | People would either be part of a two-income household or
             | wait for their stock to vest, but for many years they
             | tolerated it fine.
        
       | blackeyeblitzar wrote:
       | I agree that non competes are unfair but also think the NLRB has
       | too much power and is effectively legislating.
        
       | nabla9 wrote:
       | If non-compete is must, you can always make garden leave
       | contract.
       | 
       | Employee must stay away from work during the notice period, while
       | still remaining on the payroll. 6 or 12 month garden leave is
       | common in financial sector.
        
       | WalterBright wrote:
       | I'm curious if the NLRB has ever ruled in favor of business.
        
         | ok_dad wrote:
         | You could probably look that up. Instead you made a stupid
         | comment meant to insinuate something sinister.
         | 
         | Edit: Here ya go Walter, I guess your compiler skills are
         | better than your google skills. Several cases here were in
         | favor of the business.
         | 
         | https://www.nlrb.gov/cases-decisions/decisions/notable-board...
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | Thanks for the link. But I'm not going to spend all day
           | reading those decisions (the language is so legalese it's
           | hard to parse what they're talking about). I'll just say that
           | every time the NLRB is in the news, I've never read of a case
           | where they ruled for the business.
           | 
           | If you want to point to a decision in particular, I'll take a
           | look at it.
           | 
           | > you made a stupid comment meant to insinuate something
           | sinister
           | 
           | It's a fair question.
        
             | ok_dad wrote:
             | Not fair at all, insinuating something then doing no work
             | to verify is lazy. You're smarter than that! Put in the
             | effort necessary to research your positions.
        
           | Kiboneu wrote:
           | You could read the comment guidelines. Instead you made an
           | unnecessarily insulting comment with no real substance.
           | 
           | Since you clearly have not bothered to read them, the
           | guidelines are at the bottom of the site, or maybe try
           | googling it.
        
             | ok_dad wrote:
             | Walter constantly says things that are incorrect or lazy
             | and no one calls him out, so this time I did so. I'm aware
             | of the guidelines and the harsh language was because that's
             | all he understands. As you can see, he didn't even care to
             | read one or two decisions, because they're in legalese.
             | This is a man who writes compilers for a living, I would
             | think he was smart enough to read some documents and
             | determine for himself whether his "question" was answered
             | there or not, but he literally doesn't care.
             | 
             | Asking leading questions is always put forth as "innocent"
             | but it never is with these types of people.
             | 
             | I don't even know why I'm defending myself to you, I'm
             | comfortable with what I've written here today. If dang
             | thinks it's rude he can ban my comments.
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | > he didn't even care to read one or two decisions,
               | because they're in legalese
               | 
               | I did read the first two, but understood neither, because
               | they were in legalese. I also googled using my exact
               | question, and none of the results were anything but
               | generic articles about the NLRB.
               | 
               | > Asking leading questions is always put forth as
               | "innocent"
               | 
               | I didn't say it was "innocent", please don't make up
               | quotes and put them in my mouth. I said it was a "fair"
               | question. And it is.
        
               | Kiboneu wrote:
               | > I don't even know why I'm defending myself to you, I'm
               | comfortable with what I've written here today.
               | 
               | Seems contradictory. Maybe this is a cue to think
               | honestly about why you have to attempt to defend
               | yourself.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | > Several cases here were in favor of the business.
           | 
           | All you needed to do was cite one. Please do.
        
       | ein0p wrote:
       | If it goes like this the Supreme Court might declare water to be
       | wet, much to the horror of corporate America. Of course it's
       | unfair to limit one's employment options without just
       | compensation for it.
        
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