[HN Gopher] Scientists wonder if shape of the universe is like a...
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       Scientists wonder if shape of the universe is like a doughnut
        
       Author : pseudolus
       Score  : 41 points
       Date   : 2024-06-08 17:25 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.theguardian.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.theguardian.com)
        
       | Keegs wrote:
       | This is my favorite possibility, that space has a "finite volume
       | but no edges: if you travel farther than the scale of the
       | universe, you end up back where you started." It's comforting on
       | an existential level to imagine the amount of stuff around us is
       | finite.
        
         | fredski42 wrote:
         | So how would you explain the fact the galaxies are moving away
         | from each other with an ever increasing speed in this kind of
         | shape?
         | 
         | Edit: To answer it myself: https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-
         | implications-of-the-three...
         | 
         | " The torus moves into itself and comes out at the other end,
         | where the locations of 'coming out' could be what is driving
         | what we observe as the expansion of the universe."
        
           | wongarsu wrote:
           | The donut is getting bigger (but is still finite)
        
             | notjoemama wrote:
             | It's also possible particles increase causing expansion,
             | this is just theoretical still. But if that's true, then it
             | is finite but perpetually increasing. Potentially
             | infinitely.
        
             | tengbretson wrote:
             | Bigger relative to what?
        
               | mr_mitm wrote:
               | Relative to what it was before. It has an intrinsic size.
               | Think of it in terms of matter density if you find it
               | more comfortable. The density simply goes down over time;
               | distandes between galaxies increase.
        
               | tengbretson wrote:
               | Density has the same issue. Density can only be measured
               | against a baseline established outside of the medium
               | being measured.
        
               | nabla9 wrote:
               | Intrinsic expansion. Distances between objects in space
               | grow.
               | 
               | That's what metric expansion of the universe is.
               | Distances grow at speeds that are proportional to their
               | distance from the observer.
        
         | mr_mitm wrote:
         | This would also be the case on a hypersphere, which would also
         | satisfy the cosmological principle. A torus is not isotropic.
        
         | marcosdumay wrote:
         | Any closed curve does this. And if that's your only
         | information, the simplest encoding for it is a sphere, not a
         | doughnut.
        
       | dpflan wrote:
       | Related and for those interested: _The Shape of Space_ [1] by
       | Mathematician Jeffrey R. Weeks [2,3].
       | 
       | """
       | 
       | The Shape of Space...[t]his lighthearted textbook covers the
       | basic geometry and topology of two- and three-dimensional spaces
       | --stretching students' minds as they learn to visualize new
       | possibilities for the shape of our universe.
       | 
       | Written by a master expositor, leading researcher in the field,
       | and MacArthur Fellow, its informal exposition and engaging
       | exercises appeal to an exceptionally broad audience, from liberal
       | arts students to math undergraduate and graduate students looking
       | for a clear intuitive understanding to supplement more formal
       | texts, and even to laypeople seeking an entertaining self-study
       | book to expand their understanding of space.
       | 
       | """
       | 
       | 1. https://www.routledge.com/The-Shape-of-
       | Space/Weeks/p/book/97...
       | 
       | 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Weeks_(mathematician)
       | 
       | 3. https://www.geometrygames.org/
        
       | sseagull wrote:
       | Slightly OT, but from the article...
       | 
       | > It sounds like Homer Simpson's fever dream
       | 
       | A donut-shaped universe was explicitly mentioned in The Simpsons,
       | in an episode with Stephen Hawking
       | 
       | https://youtube.com/watch?v=Mje7frMYzcY
        
         | NikkiA wrote:
         | I've been hearing people posit this theory since I was a child
         | in the 1970s, it's not a new theory by any measure.
        
       | newzisforsukas wrote:
       | Universe as a doughnut (2003)
       | 
       | https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/11/science/universe-as-dough...
       | 
       | https://archive.ph/PYEmB
        
       | radley wrote:
       | I find the idea of a fixed-size universe to be myopic. I
       | personally align with the Quilted Multiverse Theory (albeit more
       | fractal, than quilt):
       | 
       | * Matter in the universe only has a finite number of ways it can
       | rearrange itself
       | 
       | * If the universe is infinite, patterns will eventually repeat
       | 
       | * If the universe is infinite, there would be an infinite number
       | of parallel universes within space
       | 
       | Thus, if you could travel far enough, you will perceptually
       | return to where you started. And since perception governs
       | presence, does it matter that you're technically somewhere else?
       | You're essentially in the same place.
       | 
       | I also love this theory, because it means every possible form
       | that can exist, at any point in its development, is taking place
       | somewhere, all at the same time.
       | 
       | https://www.worldatlas.com/space/the-quilted-multiverse-theo...
        
         | notjoemama wrote:
         | Well, except Boltzman brains kind of suggests none of that is
         | true.
        
           | Aardwolf wrote:
           | > The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it
           | might be more likely for a single brain to spontaneously form
           | in space, complete with a memory of having existed in our
           | universe, rather than for the entire universe to come about
           | in the manner cosmologists think it actually did.
           | 
           | I don't think that's true though, I think it's more unlikely
           | for a brain to form spontaneously, than a simple (simple
           | compared to the brain) system of rules that then causes
           | galaxies, planets and life with brains to form through
           | interacting processes
        
             | patmorgan23 wrote:
             | Yeah, things like Conway's game of Life illustrate that
             | simple rules can create complex interactions
        
         | grondilu wrote:
         | For what it's worth that sounds a lot like what Max Tegmark
         | classifies as the "level 1" multiverse.
         | 
         | https://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/crazy.html
        
         | abeppu wrote:
         | ... are there actually only a finite number of ways matter can
         | rearrange itself? Or are configuration spaces "actually"
         | described by real (or complex) numbers (whether for things like
         | distances or angles, or for things like the probability that a
         | prepared quantum state will collapse to a given outcome)? If
         | real (or complex) numbers are "real", then doesn't the fact
         | that configuration states for some perceptually available
         | region are described by R^(huge number) mean that merely
         | traveling around in R^3 space, one _shouldn't_ expect to see
         | repeats?
        
         | ifdefdebug wrote:
         | > patterns will eventually repeat
         | 
         | I know that theory, but isn't this a non sequitur?
         | 
         | let's image an infinite universe with only two possible
         | patterns. isn't it perfectly conceivable that pattern 1 occurs
         | only once and pattern 2 infinitely often?
         | 
         | edit: ok, "patterns will eventually repeat" is obviously true,
         | what I meant is that "ALL patterns will eventually repeat" does
         | not necessarily follow - which is implicit in the parallel
         | universes thought experiment.
        
       | le-mark wrote:
       | Consider a video game that consists of a single screen and when
       | the player character walks off one side it appears on the other
       | opposite side (same for top and bottom). The playing field in
       | this case is a torus. Now consider the case of two connected
       | tori; at any point the player exits they could find themselves on
       | the other screen. Now consider a "foam" of many tori. Has this
       | game been made? Or anything that explores this idea of walking
       | around connected tori?
        
         | kevindamm wrote:
         | Yeah, I think it was called "Pitfall!".
        
       | digitcatphd wrote:
       | The best thing about being a theoretical scientist is nobody can
       | refute your claims.
        
       | qujine wrote:
       | Please, I beg you, let's say it's the shape of a bagel. Ideally
       | an everything bagel.
        
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