[HN Gopher] Researchers identify major driver of inflammatory bo...
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Researchers identify major driver of inflammatory bowel and related
diseases
Author : racional
Score : 178 points
Date : 2024-06-05 16:07 UTC (6 hours ago)
(HTM) web link (www.theguardian.com)
(TXT) w3m dump (www.theguardian.com)
| datameta wrote:
| Undoubtedly several different factors in the BioPsychoSocial
| model contribute to epigenetic changes like those described in
| the article.
| sva_ wrote:
| > Lee's research team "stumbled" on the discovery after
| investigating a "gene desert", a stretch of DNA on chromosome 21
| that does not code for proteins, which has previously been linked
| to IBD and other autoimmune diseases. Writing in Nature, they
| describe how they found a section of DNA that behaves like a
| volume control for nearby genes. This "enhancer" was seen only in
| immune cells called macrophages where it boosted a gene called
| ETS2 and ramped up the risk of IBD.
|
| > Through gene editing experiments, the scientists showed that
| ETS2 is central to the inflammatory behaviour of macrophages and
| their ability to damage the bowel in IBD.
|
| Sounds like a win for CRISPR-Cas9
| w10-1 wrote:
| Partly. The "model" for inflammation that confirms a causal
| relation doesn't look like it's ever been used before.
|
| > To directly confirm that ETS2 was causal, we used CRISPR-Cas9
| to delete the 1.85 kb enhancer region in primary human
| monocytes before culturing these cells with inflammatory
| ligands, including TNF (a pro-inflammatory cytokine),
| prostaglandin E2 (a pro-inflammatory lipid) and Pam3CSK4 (a
| TLR1/2 agonist) (TPP model; Fig. 1d and Extended Data Fig.
| 2a-c). This model was designed to mimic chronic inflammation16,
| and better resembles disease macrophages than classical IFNg-
| driven or IL-4-driven models17 (Extended Data Fig. 2).
|
| i.e., gene editing (by whatever means) is not really a win any
| more than changing bits in memory is. The win comes from having
| an in-vitro model that replicates the in-vivo disease, or from
| correctly identifying the relevant genes (e.g., here ETS2 is
| the furthest gene considered, and could easily have been
| excluded).
| ejstronge wrote:
| > i.e., gene editing (by whatever means) is not really a win
| any more than changing bits in memory is. The win comes from
| having an in-vitro model that replicates the in-vivo disease
|
| I take your point, but this would have been a challenging,
| expensive endeavor before CRISPR-Cas9. Likely, the
| perturbation would not have been done in the same paper as
| the announcement of the locus due to the challenge of
| deletion work before CRISPR-Cas systems became readily
| available
| lawrence1 wrote:
| every holy grail is 5 years away. i've been reading this for 20
| years now.
| spondylosaurus wrote:
| Honestly IBD is one area where we've made massive progress in
| the past few decades. We went from having zero biologics (which
| means your only options were mediocre oral meds, long-term
| steroid use, or various -ectomies) to having dozens of
| biologics that each target one of a handful of major
| inflammatory pathways. Remicade was the first holy grail :)
| kbf wrote:
| I started on Remicade, but sadly I was one of the few who
| didn't see results and I managed to get a lot sicker while
| waiting for it to do its thing. I got put on Upadacitinib and
| so far I feel a lot better, if it keeps working this well
| then I'm very happy to just have a pill to take daily. It's
| pretty new, but from what I'm hearing it's very effective.
| spondylosaurus wrote:
| Fingers crossed for the new pill! I've also heard that JAK
| inhibitors work wonder for a lot of people who didn't get
| results from TNF inhibitors. And it's probably way easier
| to tinker with the dose if need be :P
| jpm_sd wrote:
| Upadacitinib has been a huge success for someone in my
| family. Spectacularly effective.
|
| This is after trying the Specific Carbohydrate Diet,
| 5-ASAs, adalimumab, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab, none of
| which offered more than minor relief.
| jjtheblunt wrote:
| i often thing such claims are progress updates from research
| groups dependent on government grants for funding, so they need
| to assert they will still need a next round of funding.
| w10-1 wrote:
| For auto-immune diseases, the question is always whether
| suppressing over-activity will cause more disease than it
| prevents.
|
| In this case, the pathway affects macrophages, leucocyte
| activation and migration, and production of 3 inter-leukin's and
| other cytokines -- which doesn't offer much hope at avoiding off-
| target effects. As they mention, this gene is shared as far back
| as other proto-humans, so it's likely essential.
|
| And they didn't really need this finding to consider targeting
| (toxic) MEK at macrophages using antibodies, particularly since
| GI drugs can be made relatively non-absorbable, further reducing
| off-target effects. But since these are chronic diseases with
| wide variations between patients of severity and tissue
| involvement, and since macrophage activity is relatively acute,
| the narrow therapeutic range of a MEK-based drug is far from
| ideal: too much opportunity for overdose.
|
| So I hope this stimulates more investigation of the ETS2-mediated
| pathways, but I don't hold out much hope for a MEK + Ab drug for
| IBD.
| incomingpain wrote:
| The major breakthrough is that perhaps a genetic test will be
| able to identify you. That perhaps there's a drug in a decade
| from now that might help?
| bpodgursky wrote:
| I haven't looked in depth but the risk allele info here is
| probably enough for embryo screening.
| hi41 wrote:
| My son has Crohn's disease. He was very thin and underweight and
| under height compared to his peers. My wife and I tried to
| understand what we did wrong raising our son. Did we feed him too
| much cheerios. Did we give him too much sugar, bread. Somehow the
| modern diet is not suiting my son. I feel very guilty for giving
| the chronic disease to my son with the food choices I made as a
| parent.
| ceejayoz wrote:
| Nothing in this research appears to indicate fault of any kind;
| rather, a genetic cause.
|
| > Lee's research team "stumbled" on the discovery after
| investigating a "gene desert", a stretch of DNA on chromosome
| 21 that does not code for proteins, which has previously been
| linked to IBD and other autoimmune diseases. Writing in Nature,
| they describe how they found a section of DNA that behaves like
| a volume control for nearby genes. This "enhancer" was seen
| only in immune cells called macrophages where it boosted a gene
| called ETS2 and ramped up the risk of IBD.
|
| As parents we make plenty of real mistakes; blaming ourselves
| for unavoidable stuff isn't worth adding to the pile.
| Projectiboga wrote:
| Don't feel bad there are huge corporations and even the
| government pushing some foods. And the risk gene is rare, like
| less than 2% Have you tried getting your son off all milk
| products for a few weeks? And really try and avoid non organic
| wheat, as it is harvested with roundup which is implicated with
| leaky gut syndrome.
| Turing_Machine wrote:
| > And really try and avoid non organic wheat, as it is
| harvested with roundup
|
| That appears to overwhelmingly _not_ be the case, at least in
| the United States.
|
| https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/wheat-toxic/
| extragood wrote:
| I have Crohn 's disease and it's never occurred to me to fault
| my parents. It is a genetic disease, and I can only hope that
| the doctors you've worked with have helped you to understand
| the basics so you can educate yourself and help your son.
|
| There's been a lot of really encouraging progress in the 15+
| years since my diagnosis, but there are still a lot of
| unknowns. I got very little support in the dietary side of
| things other than the infamous elimination diet approach. It
| took a while for me to dial it in, but I did and am very rarely
| sick these days, now that I've discovered my own food
| sensitivities.
|
| As much as you may want to solve this problem for him, it will
| take an immense amount of maturity on his part to want to
| discover and understand his limitations and to create and stick
| to a sustainable lifestyle.
| surfsvammel wrote:
| I have IBD. Any sensible doctor will tell you that there seem
| to be no link between diet and IBD, apart from certain food
| possibly aggravating symptoms.
|
| No use whatsoever to blame oneself for something like this.
| kunai wrote:
| The idea behind there being no link between diet and IBD is
| nonsensical and patently unscientific.
|
| From a layman's point of view, IBD is a single disease.
| However, in reality, it's an umbrella term for a disease with
| a _common set of symptoms_ and histological changes that can
| have a variety of underlying etiologies. Some people are more
| genetically susceptible, with family histories; others with
| no family history can undergo changes in gut microbiota
| composition, genome methylation, among other environmental
| factors that influence development and progression of the
| disease.
|
| There are a bevy of peer-reviewed studies that show links
| between better diets/exercise and an increase in SCFA-
| producing microbiome components, which are known to suppress
| inflammatory cytokines and improve innate immune mucosal
| defense systems and free radical scavenging, promoting gut
| healing. On the flip side, plenty of people with poor diets
| and a lack of fiber are at a far higher risk of developing
| IBD or some other autoimmune disease (like SLE or RA), even
| certain cancers. It's why one of the most common strategies
| to address mild IBD and IBS cases is to begin an elimination
| diet and see which foods are triggers for inflammation.
|
| You are correct that for many, diet isn't the reason _why_
| people have IBD. But it does play a huge role in symptom
| burden and the overall severity and prognosis of the
| condition. This isn 't even considering the effect of
| environmental contaminants (such as PFOA and BPA) on IBD
| development, which has been well-known for over a decade now.
|
| Ignoring science for a bit, just from the perspective of
| common sense, the idea of what you put in your body not
| affecting you is absurd and ridiculous. It's an idea pushed
| by gastroenterologists who don't want to risk upset patients
| who would rather not change their entire diet and lifestyle
| to mitigate their disease, for a small portion of whom the
| changes will not work anyways due to an underlying genetic
| component to the disease. Still, there's nothing to lose and
| everything to gain from adopting a healthier lifestyle.
| spondylosaurus wrote:
| IBD =/= IBS.
|
| IBS is a common set of symptoms. IBD is short for
| _inflammatory_ bowel disease, and it 's an umbrella term
| for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC).
| kunai wrote:
| My point seems to have flown over your head. Obviously
| it's a given that I know that, I'm a histologist. My
| point was that IBD is marked by histological changes
| within gut epithelial tissue that suggest chronic
| inflammation and elevated TNF-a and cytokine activity.
| However, it doesn't mean that the causative agent of IBD
| is the same for everyone.
|
| If this was the case, and IBD was a purely genetic
| illness with no environmental component, then it would be
| literally impossible to study it. In labs we force mice
| to ingest dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) which produces
| persistent colitis by degrading the gut mucosa. It's
| impossible to really tell without sequencing someone's
| entire genome whether their IBD comes from genetic
| factors or environmental factors.
|
| Both IBD and IBS respond to changes in diet, as both
| diseases involve degradation of the gut mucosa. Obviously
| IBD is marked with inflammation as well, while IBS is
| marked only by dysbiosis and abdominal discomfort.
| Keyframe wrote:
| is it confirmed? it can be celiac disease which can be managed.
| meowster wrote:
| Did you feed him what millions of other kids also ate? Since
| millions of other kids don't have Crohn's disease, I can't
| imagine that's the cause.
|
| Happiness does not come from beating yourself up, but can come
| embracing and making the best of a situation.
| rmbyrro wrote:
| Have you read the book "It Starts With Food"? I follow it 100%,
| mine and my son's lives have changed for the better in
| unbelievable ways.
| exolymph wrote:
| There are millions of kids out there eating nothing but toaster
| waffles who don't have Crohn's. Your son's disease is not your
| fault -- it's bad luck. It's certainly possible that eating a
| specific way could help manage his symptoms, but that's
| different from his diet (past or current) being the root cause.
| adamredwoods wrote:
| I'm sorry your son has Crohn's disease. You did nothing wrong.
| I don't enjoy how people immediately blame themselves or others
| for "eating wrong foods" when they encounter a new disease.
| Some diseases will be caused by diet (or viruses, or bacteria),
| but many others are not. Metabolic versus genetic causes.
| Consider Celiac's disease: genetic or metabolic? It's a genetic
| deficiency exacerbated by a metabolic pathway.
|
| Also watch for lactose intolerance, it's easily controlled but
| can cause discomfort when eating (I'm not saying your son has
| exclusively this, but rather in addition to).
| thrwwXZTYE wrote:
| It's not diet. It's genes and stress.
| bwb wrote:
| Its genetic as well, and in general they just have no idea.
| jononomo wrote:
| I swear that if you put your son on a strict carnivore diet it
| will heal his Crohn's disease. Check out the "success stories"
| section of the carnivore.diet website and do a search for
| "crohn's".
| surfsvammel wrote:
| Anyone got a link for the actual study paper?
| breezeTrowel wrote:
| Here you go:
|
| https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07501-1
| solfox wrote:
| I was diagnosed with Crohn's disease when I was 13. I was on
| various 3x-daily anti-inflammatory medications; doctors said I
| would be on them the rest of my life.
|
| I started going to therapy as an adult and made a lot of progress
| in my mental health. I went off my medications 5 years ago and
| have been healthy since without intervention - I give a lot of
| credit to this work. I don't think we fully understand the role
| of the mind/emotions in health; my advice to anyone suffering
| from IBS and the like is not to forget the mind component to
| overall health. When you're suffering in your head, it can
| sometimes manifest in your body.
|
| Gabor Mate talks a lot about this connection:
| https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fPQ7Oc44SU
| voisin wrote:
| Can you speak more about the type of therapy you undertook? I
| have a few non-threatening but otherwise annoying autoimmune
| disorders and my bloodwork, diet, and exercise are all good but
| have wondered if there is some underlying stress that could be
| exacerbating things. I've considered therapy but honestly have
| no idea where to start as there are a lot of different
| modalities and each are expensive (both in money and time) to
| spend 12-26 weeks exploring with sufficient depth before
| determining whether or not it "worked" and then trying another.
|
| After reading Pollan's "How to Change your Mind" I have
| wondered if Psychedelics could be the answer to resetting
| pathways.
| bwb wrote:
| You might look at aip diet. It is more gut centric but good
| results for MS and similar.
| kunai wrote:
| Exercise is also a big one. It can be difficult to exercise
| when you lack energy, but it's critical for your long-term
| health, both physical and mental. The bidirectional gut-brain
| axis is poorly studied but seems incredibly powerful compared
| to the importance that medicine has traditionally given it.
| semi-extrinsic wrote:
| I also have Crohn's, been on anti-TNF and doing well for the
| past 12 years.
|
| I think it's absolutely universally accepted that stress is a
| major factor in autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Reducing
| stress by working on mental health definitely has the potential
| to reduce inflammation levels in some people to the point where
| you need no medication.
|
| But like everything it's not a silver bullet.
|
| Another weird/fascinating factor for me at least is that less
| convenient access to a toilet seems to correlate with less
| symptoms. When I'm hiking in the mountains I never seem to have
| a high frequency of needing to take a dump. I've often wondered
| if there is something of an explanation there for the rise in
| rate of Crohn's diagnosis in countries as they develop.
| qup wrote:
| I don't have Crohn's, but I and many people I know experience
| "not having to take a dump" for various reasons; for me,
| traveling. The first few days of a trip I usually don't need
| to go.
| jkubicek wrote:
| > Another weird/fascinating factor for me at least is that
| less convenient access to a toilet seems to correlate with
| less symptoms. When I'm hiking in the mountains I never seem
| to have a high frequency of needing to take a dump.
|
| AFAIK I don't have Crohn's or any inflammatory issues, but
| boy is this an accurate description of me. My theory has
| always been that my need to use the bathroom was strongly
| correlated with coffee and food. When I'm home I'm constantly
| drinking coffee and snacking, when I'm away from home I'm
| not.
| pvaldes wrote:
| [delayed]
| pvaldes wrote:
| Is interesting. I wonder if this is because in absence of
| stress, less chortisol is released and the body accumulates
| less "toxics" by that, at a level that can still manage to
| clean with common periods of rest. When people sleeps it
| cleans garbage chemicals from the brain, chemicals that may
| trigger inflamation. When people with Crohns wake up
| naturally in Sunday or sleep one hour more, their symptoms
| for the day would improve? If they drink all night and go to
| bed at 6hAM on a Saturday, those symptoms would be worse?
|
| Just a speculation that came to me after reading the article.
| I could be wrong, but I would make a interesting test
| probably IMO.
| thrwwXZTYE wrote:
| It's pretty obvious to me that asthma and colitis ulcerosa are
| stress-related. I had asthma for as long as I remember. I'm
| allergic to pollen and dust, but one of the triggers is high
| stress situations as well.
|
| I started having symptoms of colitis ulcerosa when I was 18 and
| had final high school exams. I was under tons of stress. I
| started to care much less about such things and had years-long
| remission. There were only 2 other flare-ups - when I was
| passing driving licence test, and when I had the first big
| series of exams at university.
|
| Basically every time I drove myself very hard I had another
| episode. And it's not fun to suddenly shit yourself in public
| transport let me tell you :/
|
| It's been over 20 years since last time I had colitis ulcerosa
| flare-up. But, in the meantime I was also diagnosed with
| autoimmune liver disease (PSC), and I'm not sure this one is
| stress-related. It seems to me it just ticks away at my liver
| and even very relaxed lifestyle doesn't help. I'm very hopeful
| about new drugs for this, as the only alternative seems to be
| to wait for inevitable liver transplant later in life.
| XorNot wrote:
| I'm very sceptical of "stress related" explanations. They're
| convenient in the sense they explain nothing.
|
| Stomach ulcers were "stress related" until whoops: turns out
| it's H. Pylori infections, and can be cured easily with
| antibiotics.
| eszed wrote:
| As a counter-example (and not _at all_ to doubt your story),
| I had my first (and worst) UC flare when I was literally the
| happiest and most content I 've ever been in my life. I had
| my second, a few years later, when I was on a religious
| retreat, and under absolutely no stress whatsoever!
|
| My UC is entirely diet related.
|
| A doctor friend and I think we have - as amateurs, mind: his
| specialty is very far from GI, but he reads and shares with
| me every UC paper that's published; I have no medical
| training, but am a motivated auto-didact on this subject -
| identified three or maybe four etiologies which are lumped
| together as "UC". The best gastro doc I've seen kinda
| shrugged, and said (roughly) "probably so, but they all
| respond to the same drugs in the same ways, so there's not
| much motivation to draw distinctions".
|
| I'm not quite sure what to think about that answer. I do
| think it's good for patients to identify their own triggers.
| thenerdhead wrote:
| Regulating your immune system can mean many things. Gabor Mate
| and Robert Sapolsky for example just talk about how too much
| stress can affect your immune system and if you have the genes,
| you may be more susceptible than others.
|
| The good news of all this is that immune therapies are entering
| their golden age. Hopefully that means in the future you can be
| cured of these immune based diseases as we find the immune cell
| culprits like macrophages here.
| 0xcde4c3db wrote:
| I recommend being careful with Mate. He's worth listening to
| inasmuch as he has unique experience and some clearly
| legitimate grievances with the medical establishment, but he
| also seems indifferent to the limits of his own knowledge. In
| my (layman's) opinion he tends to be too credulous toward
| fringe theories/therapies and to make sweeping, radical
| generalizations that don't comport with the broader evidence
| base. For instance, his views on ADHD were called "worse than
| wrong" by Russell Barkley, who is arguably _the_ leading expert
| on ADHD [1].
|
| [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO19LWJ0ZnM
| JohnMakin wrote:
| God I hope something comes out of this. I have IBD, and it's very
| difficult to put into words people can relate to how
| debilitating, uncomfortable, inconvenient, embarrassing, and
| painful these conditions are.
| jononomo wrote:
| Please try the carnivore diet. I have listened to dozens of
| stories of people with IBD, Crohn's etc, who have been
| completely healed on the carnivore diet. Check out the Revero
| podcast to find some of the stories.
| JohnMakin wrote:
| I have noticed high amounts of animal protein and fat
| sometimes alleviates my symptoms, but sometimes makes them
| worse.
| naasking wrote:
| Maybe it's cured or other processed meats that are worse?
| It was thought that red meat was linked to prostate cancer
| but it turned out to be all due to processed and cured
| meats. Perhaps the high salt content.
| hombre_fatal wrote:
| Or look for a dietary pattern that helps your IBD but isn't
| atherogenic and doesn't require you to dismiss the science on
| saturated fat and CVD like Shawn Baker / Revero.
|
| Else you're just trading one problem for another.
| kunai wrote:
| It's better to attempt elimination diets rather than a single
| type (low-fodmap, specific carb, carnivore, etc.) What works
| for one person may not work for everybody.
| covercash wrote:
| Please stop suggesting this in such a definitive way. You're
| not a doctor, more importantly you're not a GI doctor, and
| most importantly you're not _their_ GI doctor.
|
| There is currently zero credible research that shows a
| carnivore/keto diet will reduce inflammation in patients with
| IBD. The Mediterranean diet has some research showing
| potential improvement in patients, so if anything, suggest
| they talk to their doctor about that one. But don't position
| it as a cure. There is currently no cure for IBD.
|
| This is an extremely complicated disease and recommending
| that people try "cures" you heard about on podcasts is not
| helpful and potentially dangerous. It's the same line of
| thinking that lead to people eating horse paste to cure their
| COVID.
|
| The best thing someone with IBD can do is to find a good GI
| specialist that they trust and feel comfortable discussing
| potential medications and lifestyle adjustments with. Then
| when someone online recommends "cures" like carnivore diet,
| they can take it to their doctor and discuss whether or not
| it might be worth trying given their specific medical
| circumstances.
|
| Source: I built r/CrohnsDisease to 50k users
| 93po wrote:
| If I was desperate and suffering from something as serious
| as IBD, I would be happy for people to casually suggest
| trying something that has shown to work for others
| anecdotally. Especially given the context of this very
| article, which shows we don't entirely understand it .
| wittystick wrote:
| What about Arthiris? There's some link between UC and RA. I get
| both flare up at the same time, and I use the same medication
| (Azathioprine) to keep both in remission.
| spondylosaurus wrote:
| It sounds like ETS2 for sure has implications for spondylitis,
| although unclear to me whether it's a direct link or just
| because a lot of people who have IBD also have spondylitis. If
| it's the former, then my guess would be that there's a link to
| other types of arthritis as well.
| dillutedfixer wrote:
| I was diagnosed with UC in my mid-30's, am in my early 40's now.
| I used to deal with flare-ups about twice a year that always
| coincided with allergy season (May and October/November). I was
| living in Colorado at the time and was drinking lots of heavy
| craft beer quite regularly. Three years ago, I cut out about 98%
| of alcohol from my life, and when I drank, I only drank clear
| things - hard seltzers and gin. But only once or twice a month at
| the most. I hadn't had a flare-up in that entire time, until this
| last holiday weekend when I drank whiskey and was hit with
| horrible UC symptoms immediately. As someone in the throes of a
| flare-up right now, I have to say that research like this is
| promising. But yeah, for me alcohol, primarily darker alcohol
| like whisky and red wine, are an absolute trigger for me.
| archsurface wrote:
| "More than half a million people in the UK have inflammatory
| bowel disease, the two main forms of which are Crohn's disease
| and ulcerative colitis, with at least 7 million affected
| globally" - either "at least" is doing a lot of work, or
| something is going on in the UK.
| erehweb wrote:
| Maybe because of race. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar
| ticles/PMC4130615/#:~:tex....
|
| "Crohn's disease is found in all racial groups worldwide.
| However, historically, the highest prevalence rates have been
| reported in white populations, particularly those of North
| America and Europe, with significantly lower rates seen in
| black and Asian populations within these or any other foreign
| country"
| jononomo wrote:
| I know this will get downvoted hard, but if you follow a strict
| carnivore diet and eat only steak, then you will completely clear
| up IBS, Crohn's, UC, and all those kinds of issues. You will also
| completely eliminate acid reflux and any skin issues (eczema,
| psoriasis, etc) will see dramatic improvement.
| dsjoerg wrote:
| can you provide a link to the research in support of this?
| kunai wrote:
| This is irresponsible advice. Some people find that meat
| alleviates their symptoms while other people find more relief
| from going vegetarian. Recommending a single type of diet
| (especially a "fad" diet like the carnivore diet, rather than
| one with some type of scientific basis like low-fodmap or
| specific carbohydrate diets) as a panacea is not going to work
| for most people. People can and should try elimination diets
| instead, where you eliminate all but the most basic of foods
| and slowly reintroduce foods over time to see which ones are
| triggers.
|
| It's entirely possible you or someone you know saw great
| success with a carnivore diet, but others trying it might not
| see the same results and need one tailored to their specific
| gut microbiome.
| amanaplanacanal wrote:
| It's not uncommon to start your elimination diet with meat
| only.
| GrantMoyer wrote:
| For the good of passers-by:
|
| > There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet
| provides any health benefits. Dietitians dismiss the carnivore
| diet as an extreme fad diet, which has attracted criticism from
| dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to
| health[1]
|
| > By completely eliminating fruits, vegetables, whole grains
| and plant-based proteins, diets like these simply can't provide
| consumers with the nutrient-dense pattern of eating associated
| with health benefits -- including decreased all-cause
| mortality, heart disease, overweight and obesity, type 2
| diabetes, and some cancers. In fact, dietary patterns
| characterized by high intakes of red meat are associated with
| detrimental health outcomes.[2]
|
| [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore_diet
|
| [2]: https://mcpress.mayoclinic.org/nutrition-fitness/a-meat-
| only...
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