[HN Gopher] Google cuts mystery check to US in bid to sidestep j...
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       Google cuts mystery check to US in bid to sidestep jury trial
        
       Author : tildef
       Score  : 172 points
       Date   : 2024-05-20 22:01 UTC (14 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.reuters.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.reuters.com)
        
       | nine_zeros wrote:
       | In most parts of the world, this would be recognized as bribery.
        
         | banish-m4 wrote:
         | It's legal in the US when a lobbyist is involved and too big to
         | jail.
         | 
         | Corporate attitude: Just do the risk management of paying
         | "parking tickets" vs. "buying a parking permit".
         | 
         | "Do no evil"
        
           | sundvor wrote:
           | My feeling is that they'd rather buy the parking lot
           | management company than pay their parking fine. With a cash
           | reserve of $108bn (1) then it's all just FU money at this
           | point, it really doesn't matter - there's no consequences for
           | their wrongdoing.
           | 
           | (This is more of a cynic, generalised comment about Google
           | and companies in the same position abusing their power than
           | directly specific to this case. And yes, I was around from
           | the start when they "did no evil"; it's just depressing.)
           | 
           | ((1: According to https://companiesmarketcap.com/alphabet-
           | google/cash-on-hand/ ))
        
           | anon84873628 wrote:
           | By the way, it was actually "Don't be evil".
        
         | pclmulqdq wrote:
         | This isn't a bribe, and there's no lobbying. This is a sort of
         | weird form of "tactical retreat" in the lawsuit. By conceding
         | on the damages the government is demanding (or at least the
         | ones Google thinks the DOJ can prove), Google is taking the
         | issue of damages off the table, and they believe that this
         | takes the demand for a jury trial off the table. They are
         | taking the loss to avoid having a jury trial.
        
           | free_bip wrote:
           | Your comment did not in any way refute the claim that this
           | would be considered a bribe in other countries. It's an
           | exchange of money for a favorable (to them) change in the
           | legal process, which seems like a reasonable definition to
           | me.
        
             | joshuamorton wrote:
             | Bribery usually implies that the payment is illegal and not
             | part of the regular judicial process (otherwise, "paying
             | damages to the government as part of a settlement
             | agreement" would be bribery in all cases). And usually it
             | enriches a particular government agency or individual.
             | 
             | In this case the payment is part of the judicial process,
             | and achieves its goals even if it isn't accepted. So it
             | clearly isn't a bribe.
        
             | dmayle wrote:
             | It's not a bribe, because the government claimed that
             | Google owed this amount of money, and Google paid it. If
             | this was a check to prevent Government action, you might
             | consider it a bribe. If it had been paid to an individual,
             | you might consider it a bribe. In this case, the law says
             | that there can only be a trial by jury if there is
             | financial damage. With Google conceding the amount claimed
             | and paying it, there is no financial damage, and thus there
             | can not be a trial by jury. The money is not being spent to
             | purchase a trial without jury, it's a fine being paid to
             | change the rules of the encounter.
        
               | WarOnPrivacy wrote:
               | > the government claimed that Google owed this amount of
               | money
               | 
               | Where did the Gov claim Google owed [the amount equal to
               | the check]?
        
               | pclmulqdq wrote:
               | They claimed Google owed damages and the check is for
               | some amount related to either what they asked for or the
               | damages Google thinks they can prove. If the judge agrees
               | (or the DOJ, which is a lot less likely), this takes
               | damages off the table. From there, they can see if the
               | judge will take a jury trial off the table.
        
               | Andrex wrote:
               | At the end of the discovery phase.
               | 
               | > Google said that after months of discovery, the Justice
               | Department could only point to estimated damages of less
               | than $1 million.
        
             | Georgelemental wrote:
             | It's not a bribe, because no individual is being enriched
             | in exchange for taking a different decision than they
             | otherwise would take.
        
             | latency-guy2 wrote:
             | It did refute the claim, you don't like the answer, very
             | big difference.
             | 
             | Twisting the words around to fit your argument on the other
             | hand is not convincing.
        
             | pclmulqdq wrote:
             | Wait, in every single jurisdiction, when Alice wants
             | something and Bob can do it, bribery is when Alice pays
             | Charlie, who happens to be representing Bob for the
             | transaction, to get the thing done. The canonical example
             | of bribery is that a supplier (Alice) gives a company
             | manager (Charlie) a nice watch in order to close a deal
             | with the company (Bob).
             | 
             | In this case, Alice (Google) is paying Bob (the DoJ) with
             | the expectation that Charlie (the judge in the case) will
             | be forced to do something in response to the payment. Bob
             | is in court with Alice to (ostensibly) get this payment as
             | well as a few other things. Bob and Charlie here have no
             | relationship. Nothing about this is bribery.
             | 
             | If this is a bribe, then paying your parking tickets is a
             | bribe. If this is a bribe, buying something from an
             | electronics store with the expectation that you can
             | download the user manual from the manufacturer's website is
             | a bribe.
        
               | free_bip wrote:
               | Paying your parking ticket does not change the legal
               | process - The govt sends you a letter saying you must pay
               | the fine or challenge in court, and you pay it.
               | 
               | What Google is doing is changing the legal process - The
               | govt wants a jury trial, Google is saying "here's some
               | money, now no more jury trial." It seems more than a bit
               | different, at least to my non-lawyer eyes.
        
         | latency-guy2 wrote:
         | Which parts?
        
       | Havoc wrote:
       | > Google asserted that its check, which it said covered its
       | alleged overcharges for online ads, allows it to sidestep a jury
       | trial whether or not the government takes it.
       | 
       | wtf. Since when does cutting a cheque allow you to directly
       | dictate how legal process works?
       | 
       | Instead of paying a speeding fine this is like going to the judge
       | and saying here is 100 bucks to pretend the speed limit is 10 mph
       | higher and then we hold the trial under those conditions.
       | 
       | Gotta admire the balls on the google lawyers though.
        
         | lesuorac wrote:
         | > Instead of paying a speeding fine this is like going to the
         | judge and saying here is 100 bucks to pretend the speed limit
         | is 10 mph higher and then we hold the trial under those
         | conditions.
         | 
         | Uh isn't that how it works? You plead no contest and pay a fine
         | and don't even have to see the judge?
        
           | pkaye wrote:
           | I think a defendant can ask for a judge to decide instead of
           | a jury.
        
         | jjmarr wrote:
         | To use the speeding ticket analogy, this is the equivalent of
         | just paying the fine. The government can't sue you over an
         | unpaid speeding ticket if you pay the ticket.
         | 
         | The reason why this might work is the Seventh Amendment, which
         | guarantees a jury in federal lawsuits so long as the amount
         | disputed is over $20.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_Unite...
         | 
         | > In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall
         | exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be
         | preserved
         | 
         | If Google says "yep, we're not disputing that we owe the
         | federal govt $1 million, here's a cheque for that amount",
         | their argument is that the "value in controversy" is now $0.
         | Since $0 is less than $20, that clause doesn't apply.
         | 
         | I'd like to hear what an actual lawyer has to say on the odds
         | this'll work, though.
        
           | EMIRELADERO wrote:
           | The $20+ rule is about _guaranteeing_ a jury trial. If one of
           | the parties and the judge go for it it can still happen
           | right?
        
             | foolswisdom wrote:
             | No, it's about a party's right to demand a jury trial.
        
           | userbinator wrote:
           | I wondered about that $20 amount, and sure enough, from that
           | page:
           | 
           |  _The amendment additionally guarantees a minimum of six
           | members for a jury in a civil trial. The amendment 's twenty-
           | dollar threshold has not been the subject of much scholarly
           | or judicial writing and still remains applicable despite the
           | inflation that has occurred since the late 18th century ($20
           | in 1800 is equivalent to $359 in 2023_
        
           | sundvor wrote:
           | This would be just if it was a Finnish speeding ticket fine.
        
           | Havoc wrote:
           | > To use the speeding ticket analogy, this is the equivalent
           | of just paying the fine.
           | 
           | It's just not. You don't get to set your own damages amount
           | in advance of a trial and you certainly don't get dictate
           | random conditions on modifying legal process to government
           | when you do.
        
       | ungreased0675 wrote:
       | Big companies can just pay money to make antitrust cases go
       | away?!?
        
         | agravier wrote:
         | I feel that the interrobang !? better conveys sarcastic
         | exclamation.
        
         | sundvor wrote:
         | As evidenced, yes. This reeks of corruption to me.
        
         | andylei wrote:
         | case would still happen, just without a jury (maybe)
        
         | Zigurd wrote:
         | Boeing paid money to make a criminal fraud prosecution go away.
         | Then the law firm representing Boeing hired the DoJ lawyer who
         | negotiated the deal, which cut the victims out of the
         | negotiation, possibly in contravention of victims' rights.
         | 
         | Boeing then failed to comply with the agreement and allegedly
         | crimed again within the term of their deferred prosecution
         | agreement in the door plug incident. This all running
         | concurrently with the outgoing CEO getting a $33M bonus.
         | 
         | So. Yeah.
        
           | geysersam wrote:
           | > Then the law firm representing Boeing hired the DoJ lawyer
           | who negotiated the deal
           | 
           | Did I interpreted that correctly, did they bribe the DoJ
           | lawyer?
        
         | paulddraper wrote:
         | Cheat code: _If you pay damages demanded by the plantiff, you
         | can make any civil case go away._
        
       | pclmulqdq wrote:
       | For everyone who doesn't understand what's going on: Google has
       | written a check that they claim covers the monetary damages
       | involved in the case, and has conceded that amount. That would
       | take damages off the table for this case. With no monetary
       | damages, Google thinks that the state has no right to demand a
       | jury trial.
       | 
       | They have also said in the article that the amount that Google
       | claims the DOJ can prove is less than $1 million, so there's a
       | chance this is a very small check from Google's perspective.
       | 
       | Polling the jury pool is not an uncommon practice in high-stakes
       | trials, and I assume that Google has run a poll of the jury pool
       | and found them hostile enough that they are willing to concede to
       | 7-8 figures to avoid a jury getting involved in the decision
       | whether to break Google up.
        
         | karaterobot wrote:
         | > Another legal scholar, Herbert Hovenkamp of the University of
         | Pennsylvania's law school, called Google's move "smart" in a
         | post on X. "Juries are bad at deciding technical cases, and
         | further they do not have the authority to order a breakup," he
         | wrote.
         | 
         | Would a jury have the authority to break Google up?
        
           | pclmulqdq wrote:
           | A jury would definitely be able to set the damages number,
           | and have some sway on whether Google gets broken up. If a
           | jury sets a huge number, the DOJ will be empowered to go for
           | a breakup and the judge will be swayed toward agreeing.
           | 
           | Incidentally, I have been somewhat involved in a few court
           | cases, and the general advice I have been told is to explain
           | [extremely technical topic] at a 3rd grade level if you want
           | a jury to understand.
           | 
           | By the way, for people who want to argue that people are
           | getting stupider, apparently it was a 6th grade level 30
           | years ago.
        
             | titzer wrote:
             | Maybe today's third graders are as literate and lucid as
             | yesterday's sixth graders?
             | 
             | Hope springs eternal...
        
             | mc32 wrote:
             | It may be possible that cases are also getting more complex
             | involving more esoteric subjects.
             | 
             | Financial instruments and technology have changed a bit
             | over time. Previously there may have been better analogues
             | to compare things without stretching reality too much.
        
               | Eisenstein wrote:
               | And people who sell both of those things have an
               | incentive to make the process of creating them as
               | difficult to understand as possible by the public.
        
               | mc32 wrote:
               | Somethings are inherently complex and hard to reduce.
        
             | gds44 wrote:
             | In the defense of the people, there has been an explosion
             | of useless information. Just look at the number of settings
             | on an Android phone or Chrome browser or in your Google
             | account. Human Brains dont grow at the same rate year on
             | year.
        
         | ab5tract wrote:
         | How is it legally possible to avoid a jury just because the
         | absolute, immutable majority of people understand that you are
         | guilty?
        
           | rhaps0dy wrote:
           | By paying the maximum possible amount of damages for the case
           | that the plaintiff reasonably alleges, apparently.
        
           | nradov wrote:
           | This is a civil case. The jury wouldn't be deciding on guilt.
        
           | dragonwriter wrote:
           | It's possible to avoid a jury trial in a civil case by
           | removing from dispute the issues which would give the other
           | side the right to demand a jury trial.
        
             | Red_Leaves_Flyy wrote:
             | How is that beneficial to society?
        
               | tedunangst wrote:
               | The dispute is resolved.
        
               | chii wrote:
               | but it's not resolved, it is "repaired" by a cheque for
               | an amount that was determined ahead of time by google,
               | and the jury not consulted at all?
        
               | dragonwriter wrote:
               | It's only resolved if the court agrees that the amount
               | tendered is the limit of the monetary judgement it would
               | legally be possible for the government to secure at
               | trial, and that such a tender does remove the issue from
               | the case (both of which are disputed points) in which
               | case the damages issues would be resolved and removed
               | from the case, and the rest of the case would go forward,
               | but as a bench trial, not a jury trial.
        
               | jsnell wrote:
               | It wasn't an amount determined by Google. It was the
               | entire amount claimed by DoJ, tripled, and with interest.
        
               | rayiner wrote:
               | Each individual legal rule isn't formulated according to
               | a free-ranging consideration of what's "beneficial to
               | society." It would be impossible to administer such a
               | system of rules based on _ad hoc_ policy considerations.
               | 
               | The rule here, the Seventh Amendment, confers a right to
               | a jury trial when one would have been required under
               | English common law at the time the seventh amendment was
               | written. Roughly speaking, in the English system, cases
               | involving monetary damages were handled in courts of law
               | with juries. Cases that involved injunctive relief
               | (orders to do or not do something) were handled in courts
               | of equity with decisions made by judges.
        
               | dragonwriter wrote:
               | > How is that beneficial to society?
               | 
               | How is it beneficial to not require extra public burden
               | to complete cases when the issues justifying that burden
               | are resolved without trial?
               | 
               | Or how is it beneficial that issues get resolved without
               | trial?
               | 
               | Because I think both have clear benefits in general.
        
           | toast0 wrote:
           | In the US courts system, juries are used to determine
           | questions of fact, but if the facts are not in question, a
           | judge can apply the law and there's no need for a jury.
           | 
           | Agreeing that there's no question of facts speeds the whole
           | process along quite a bit. There's no need for witness
           | testimony, it can all be managed in hearings and with
           | breifings.
        
           | tiffanyh wrote:
           | What's happening is similar to "no contest".
           | 
           | Where Google accepts paying the damages but does not plead or
           | admit guilt.
           | 
           | (You can do the same thing if you get a speeding ticket. And
           | since you accept the consequences, no reason to go to trial.)
        
           | jachee wrote:
           | Dolla dolla bills, y'all.
           | 
           | Basically anything is legally possible with enough of them,
           | or just claiming to have enough of them.
           | 
           | Ole Donny T. wasn't really exaggerating when he said that he
           | could shoot a man dead in broad daylight on Fifth Ave. and
           | get away with it.
        
           | petesergeant wrote:
           | I'd like to add the perspective here that only the US "makes
           | routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal
           | cases" [Wikipedia], so most of the world believes that
           | justice can take place (at least in some circumstances)
           | without a jury
        
         | stubish wrote:
         | I'm not sure how Google an claim they have covered the monetary
         | damages, when in this case a jury is required to decide what
         | the monetary damages actually are. I don't think they will be
         | allowed to opt-out of risking punitive damages or higher actual
         | damages discovered during trial. I'm kind of surprised they
         | tried it given the headlines will obviously be negative.
        
       | 2OEH8eoCRo0 wrote:
       | Don't be evil
        
         | bigiain wrote:
         | Get with the times. You're still partying like it's 1999 there.
        
         | hehdhdjehehegwv wrote:
         | It's now "respect the opportunity". The second half, "to screw
         | over billions of users", is often - but not always! - left
         | unsaid.
        
       | 1over137 wrote:
       | Only a corporation could do this. Imagine pulling this as a
       | natural person. ;(
        
         | ajross wrote:
         | People and small entities do this _all the time_. A supplier
         | refuses to refund you for a defective product. You file suit in
         | small claims court and serve them. Suddenly you receive a
         | refund! Your dead beat ex is seven months behind on child
         | support so you get a lawyer to threaten them with a custody
         | battle. Poof, check arrives.
         | 
         | This is the same principle, and it's not even a legal one. If
         | you think you're going to lose (at anything), you want to do so
         | as soon as possible to minimize costs and risks. Works for
         | chess and wars too.
        
           | dataflow wrote:
           | I don't think your comparison holds, because in your examples
           | the forcing of the payment _is the point_. In this case the
           | payments aren 't the point; stopping the alleged anti-
           | competitive behavior is. The payments are just for provable
           | collateral damages inflicted along the way.
        
             | jsnell wrote:
             | If the monetary damages aren't the point, why did the DoJ
             | make (according to the article) a last minute addition to
             | the case for monetary damages?
             | 
             | If you're right and forcing the payment of damages isn't
             | the point, that seems to add credence to the idea that the
             | monetary damages claim is just about manufacturing a
             | pretext for a jury trial. Why is DoJ gaming the system a
             | good thing?
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | Getting a jury trial isn't gaming the system. If
               | anything, avoiding it is.
        
               | jsnell wrote:
               | I can't help but notice you didn't answer the question.
               | If the monetary damages aren't the point, why did they
               | get added into the complaint?
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | To force a jury trial? I thought that was obvious.
        
               | jsnell wrote:
               | I mean, yes, I agree that it is obvious. But then that's
               | you simultanously claiming that the DoJ is trying to
               | "force a jury trial" with a pointless claim of monetary
               | damages on one hand, and that they're not trying to game
               | the system on the other. Those don't seem very
               | compatible. It looks way more as if the DoJ knows they're
               | not entitled to a jury trial, would like one for tactical
               | reasons, and spent a lot of time and effort in
               | fabricating a pretext.
               | 
               | (The filing linked to from the article claims that this
               | kind of trial has _never_ gone to a jury in the past, so
               | it really is not some kind of standard operating
               | procedure.)
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | > But then that's you simultanously claiming that the DoJ
               | is trying to "force a jury trial" with a pointless claim
               | of monetary damages on one hand
               | 
               | It's not pointless, they're trying to stop the alleged
               | anti-competitive behavior. And they want a jury trial to
               | aid them in that effort.
               | 
               | > and that they're not trying to game the system on the
               | other.
               | 
               | We're going in circles here. Like I said: forcing a jury
               | trial isn't "gaming" the system. It's an attempt to
               | prevent the usual workarounds from working.
        
               | joshuamorton wrote:
               | So, your argument here is that it is acceptable and moral
               | for the government to apply trumped up charges to create
               | a more favorable environment for a preferred verdict, but
               | not acceptable or moral for the defendant to do the same?
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | No. I'm not making any sweeping generalizations. I'm just
               | commenting on the specific turn of events in this
               | particular case.
        
               | joshuamorton wrote:
               | And in this case, you are saying that government doing
               | weird things to get a preferred ruling is moral, but a
               | vigorous defense is not. I wasn't requiring a
               | generalization. It's still a terrible concept in
               | specific. Holding defense to a higher standard than the
               | plaintiff is bad.
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | > but a vigorous defense is not
               | 
               | I'm sorry, I just realized that was actually a
               | miscommunication on my part. I phrased it extremely
               | poorly in retrospect (your reading was entirely
               | reasonable), but what I had in mind when I wrote
               | "avoiding a jury trial" wasn't _Google_ 's avoidance of
               | the jury trial in this case, but the _government 's_
               | avoidance of a jury trial in general. (i.e. the constant
               | willingness to have settlements/plea bargains/etc. before
               | a case ever goes to a jury trial.)
        
               | rayiner wrote:
               | The system says that decisions involving monetary damages
               | are made by juries, and decisions involving injunctive
               | relief (ordering a company to do something or not do
               | something) are made by judges. If you tack on a claim for
               | monetary damages when your that's just a tail wagging the
               | dog, when your real focus is the injunctive relief, then
               | that is gaming the system.
               | 
               | Or, to put it differently, the government invoked a
               | damages claim that's tangential to its case to get in
               | front of a jury on a technicality. And Google invoked a
               | different technicality to get out from a jury trial. Live
               | by the sword die by the sword.
               | 
               | And whether any of this helps or hurts the government's
               | chances against Google is entirely irrelevant.
        
               | dataflow wrote:
               | > The system says that decisions involving monetary
               | damages are made by juries, and decisions involving
               | injunctive relief (ordering a company to do something or
               | not do something) are made by judges.
               | 
               | The "decisionmaker" isn't the point here. And in fact the
               | decision is with the judge in both scenarios:
               | https://www.brienrochelaw.com/legal-faqs/can-a-judge-
               | overtur...
        
             | creer wrote:
             | in the examples, the payment arrives not because it is
             | "forced" - in US law it wouldn't be "forced" until much,
             | much later. The payment arrives because the alternative is
             | worse (by some calculation). Exactly as for this case.
        
         | paulddraper wrote:
         | This is how most cases go, for natural persons too.
        
       | hehdhdjehehegwv wrote:
       | Unlike the dogshit Search case, this one scares them.
        
       | telotortium wrote:
       | Has this actually worked in the past?
        
       | relwin wrote:
       | Matt Stoller is tracking this:
       | https://www.thebignewsletter.com/p/monopoly-round-up-google-...
       | (this is his BIG newsletter, you need to pay for further details)
        
       | jimbobthrowawy wrote:
       | I assume if this does get a jury trial, the cheque will affect
       | the selection pool. Since anyone who's heard about google doing
       | this would probably take it poorly.
        
       | dataflow wrote:
       | > The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a 2016 case that an offer for
       | "complete relief" did not wipe out a class-action claim. But
       | Google argued its payment is different, because it submitted an
       | actual check and not merely an offer.
       | 
       | Checks aren't cash, right? They can bounce when you cash them. So
       | how is it different?
        
         | jsnell wrote:
         | It's a cashier's check. They can't bounce.
        
       | voidfunc wrote:
       | This is pretty awesome. Gotta love some clever legal maneuvering.
        
         | ab5tract wrote:
         | Do I? Is that legally mandated now?
        
         | stubish wrote:
         | The Justice System is all about clever legal maneuvering. It
         | says it right in the name.
        
         | chomskyole wrote:
         | I suppose with enough funds that legal maneuvering is available
         | to every single citizen, and that is what this is really about:
         | equality of opportunity! Right? /s just in case....
        
       | ab5tract wrote:
       | In all seriousness:
       | 
       | > "Google asserted that its check, which it said covered its
       | alleged overcharges for online ads, allows it to sidestep a jury
       | trial whether or not the government takes it."
       | 
       | Who, exactly, the fuck do they think they are?
        
         | jdietrich wrote:
         | A corporation complying with the law.
        
       | hedora wrote:
       | Ok, now can we have a jury decide if Google's ad monopoly is only
       | worth $1M?
        
         | hedora wrote:
         | Alternatively, since Google values their illegal monopoly at
         | $1M, can the court just pay that as damages (just in case) to
         | the investors, skip the trial, and just break the company up?
         | 
         | That seems more than fair: The illegal scheme in dispute is
         | apparently only worth $1M on Google's side, but causing mid to
         | high billions in externalities.
        
           | photonthug wrote:
           | This is kind of poetic justice. Accidental damage is one
           | thing but Any time your whole business model relies on
           | creating damage and then paying it off at whatever discounted
           | rate your lawyers have negotiated for you, then you really
           | are saying that's the value of your company. If corporations
           | want to play those games, we should take them at their word
           | and let it cut both ways.
        
       | 1vuio0pswjnm7 wrote:
       | Google's Memo ISO Motion to Dismiss:
       | 
       | https://ia801604.us.archive.org/11/items/gov.uscourts.vaed.5...
        
       | 1vuio0pswjnm7 wrote:
       | In other antritrust litigation Google has argued that people love
       | the company, that is why they use it and that is why it has
       | remained #1. If this is true, then why is Google so afraid of a
       | jury. Would it not be comprised of Google supporters.
       | 
       | That Google just thinks paying people off will solve every one of
       | its problems, whether its competitors or plaintiffs, perhaps will
       | play into the government's narrative.
       | 
       | Google does not win on the merits.
        
         | paulddraper wrote:
         | Google denies damages: _Bad bad bad_
         | 
         | Google admits damages: _Bad bad bad_
         | 
         | Lol I don't think they're trying to make you happy.
        
       | 1vuio0pswjnm7 wrote:
       | The mysterious check:
       | 
       | https://ia801604.us.archive.org/11/items/gov.uscourts.vaed.5...
       | 
       | https://ia801604.us.archive.org/11/items/gov.uscourts.vaed.5...
        
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