[HN Gopher] Building a rocket engine from scratch
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Building a rocket engine from scratch
        
       Author : sr-latch
       Score  : 332 points
       Date   : 2024-05-02 19:54 UTC (2 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (blog.ablspacesystems.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (blog.ablspacesystems.com)
        
       | datadrivenangel wrote:
       | "At one point, I received a well-deserved earful from our
       | machinist about how tightly spaced the turbine blades were. The
       | program was taking nearly a month to run and required tiny end
       | mills that broke often. We performed a turbine blade count study
       | to see if we could use fewer blades with more space between them.
       | It turned out the performance impact of running fewer blades was
       | minimal, so we cut the number down, allowing our machinist to use
       | larger, less fragile tools. Machine time dropped to less than a
       | day, which was a significant win for turbine cost and machine
       | time. It was also a good lesson in thinking comprehensively about
       | a design's manufacturability (those passages between the blades
       | looked so big on the computer screen!) in addition to its
       | performance. "
       | 
       | Once again people learn the hard way that it's valuable to have
       | tight feedback cycles and embedded knowledge on your team.
        
         | FredPret wrote:
         | And also the value of a completely obsessed engineer. If the
         | mech eng designing the parts is also the type to build things
         | in his spare time, this type of machining problem would stand
         | out right away.
         | 
         | Of course, not everything can ever be anticipated, so tight
         | feedback loops are fantastic when you can get them.
        
           | numpad0 wrote:
           | I'd agree with this take more. It's just cheaper and faster
           | to just know whys and plan ahead than waiting for failures,
           | if you could.
           | 
           | I've been tinkering with 3D printers long enough that I've
           | trivially halved print times after seeing long print time
           | predictions. Lots of my brackets and parts fits together on
           | first try and needs no supports. Rapid turnaround did help in
           | _acquiring_ those skills, but now I could just waterfall
           | little projects and tight looping is not that important.
        
           | psunavy03 wrote:
           | Valuing "completely obsessed" employees is a great way to
           | build a company with toxic burnout culture. Some people want
           | lives outside of work and are still good at their jobs.
        
             | quartesixte wrote:
             | Or some people are so good at their jobs that even while
             | being completely obsessed, they still have great work-life
             | balance.
             | 
             | I interact with a lot of people like the author in the
             | article from this industry. And while yes, their worklife
             | balance skews "work", they all have interesting hobbies and
             | find time to hang out with friends, go on adventures, and
             | live a pretty full life.
             | 
             | Unless you're on the Starship team at SpaceX. Truly, hats
             | off to y'all at Boca Chica some intense hours you are
             | pulling there.
        
               | nothercastle wrote:
               | Employees who are married to their job are the best
               | employees. Just like in a real relationship you can treat
               | them like shit and they mostly stay married
        
               | greenish_shores wrote:
               | Honestly I did read that as "Employers who are married to
               | their job are the best employers". You probably won't
               | treat them like shit, but they'll still remain married
               | anyway.
               | 
               | But such employees will sometimes leave and build their
               | own stuff. Which they'll very likely succeed at, exactly
               | because of the approach they have.
               | 
               | Ultimately, I think these are a bit different
               | fields/markets, and a bit different kind of jobs.
               | Engineers creating real unique new stuff, vs more "bland"
               | engineers just being a hand to accelerate someone's
               | efforts. I worked in both roles and can clearly see pros
               | and cons of both. Largely depends also on life phase
               | one's at, which one would a person prefer.
        
               | avmich wrote:
               | > But such employees will sometimes leave and build their
               | own stuff. Which they'll very likely succeed at, exactly
               | because of the approach they have.
               | 
               | Microsoft was known at some time to provide good
               | environment for their engineers so they could focus on
               | making the product, instead of learning the business side
               | of things, which both removed distractions and reduced
               | the incentives to leave and do things without well-
               | learned habits.
        
               | quartesixte wrote:
               | It's a lot harder to just spin-off and "build your own
               | stuff" in hardware though, which is I think what keeps
               | the "married employees" around longer. The startup costs
               | are much higher and riskier. And you need a lot more
               | people. Building that rocket engine from scratch probably
               | required around 50 - 60 people to really get it all
               | together.
               | 
               | Also, a rocket engine is a core feature of a rocket
               | (literally cannot fly without it). If they started
               | development of this engine in 2018, that's *six years* of
               | work to get to their current state. Imagine spending 6
               | years on a core feature of an app that you'd consider
               | "min-viable", and everytime you had a bug the computer
               | you compiled the code on spontaneously combusted?
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | This was one of the main reasons why I didn't have side
               | projects for a very long time. My day job was fun, and it
               | scratched every itch I had. It was such an expensive
               | project that I knew that I simply couldn't afford to do
               | anything that would excite me that much, so I threw all
               | my creative energy into the job.
               | 
               | Eventually though, it became just a job, as it always
               | does. And then the gaze turned elsewhere, looking for
               | more enjoyment and satisfaction.
        
             | guynamedloren wrote:
             | This may surprise you, but it's possible to be completely
             | obsessed with your work (while you're working!), while also
             | maintaining a work-life balance.
        
               | psunavy03 wrote:
               | It's also a great excuse for abusing people.
        
       | AndriyKunitsyn wrote:
       | Nice read. The fact that it is possible to 3d print metal parts
       | that withstand temperatures and pressures of a rocket engine is
       | so exciting. How expensive is it?
        
         | jfoutz wrote:
         | Stratasys? I'm not sure about pricing, and the website won't
         | say.
         | 
         | However, a bunch of places rent out time on those machines.
         | Draw up your rocket, and get a quote. Price is generally cc^2
         | volume
         | 
         | Metal is not cheap. Make a few out of plastic to verify
         | dimensions.
        
           | quartesixte wrote:
           | Plastic to verify dimensions is a great approach.
           | 
           | But don't forget that the laser sintering of metal powders
           | might result in design constraints not present in plastic
           | printing!
        
         | WJW wrote:
         | Mostly depends on the volume of the part, or equivalently it's
         | weight. Complexity you get mostly "for free" when it comes to
         | 3d printing. What type of material you need to "withstand
         | temperatures and pressures of a rocket engine" is entirely
         | dependent on which part of the rocket engine we're talking
         | about. A fuel injector has radically different requirements
         | than a supporting strut for example.
         | 
         | 3d printed titanium goes for 300-400 USD/kg, steel is a bit
         | cheaper at ~150 USD/kg for most inconel grades.
        
         | spxneo wrote:
         | side question to this: where can i design stuff involving metal
         | parts (presumably in CAD tools) and have it printed en masse?
         | With PCBs? ex) car components
        
           | numpad0 wrote:
           | You can draw up mechanical components in Autodesk Fusion,
           | OnShape, SOLIDWORKS for Makers, or FreeCAD, and send STEP or
           | STL to PCBWay or JLCPCB in China for manufacturing(note that
           | export restrictions may apply if it's literal rockets or
           | otherwise dual-use/controlled in nature).
           | 
           | PCB mounting outlines can be exported from above 3D CAD and
           | imported to EDA tools such as Altium and KiCAD; KiCAD is fine
           | unless you're doing DRAM or PCIe. Same PCBWay and JLCPCB
           | takes your design, and optionally assemble PCB with parts for
           | you.
           | 
           | That should take you to first 2-3 working units at ~$500 and
           | up to few dozen beta units with zero initial cost and much
           | inflated unit costs, and I guess beyond that involves
           | significant human resourcing and networking problems outside
           | of PoC hardware scope.
        
             | spxneo wrote:
             | thank you so much for this detailed answer. now i just need
             | to invest some time into learning CAD and KiCAD
        
               | Robelius wrote:
               | You could try a battery powered phone charger since it's
               | a "relatively simple" first project. The big hurdle for
               | learning these types of tools is usually "What buttons do
               | I press to create the output that I want.
               | 
               | For the electrical side, there are plenty of schematics
               | online that you can try to copy or use as a starting
               | point. And the CAD side can be a simple box with snap
               | fits. I'd recommend OnShape if you're just starting out
               | since it's the lowest barrier of entry, but Fusion 360 is
               | also good. All in, it should be <$150 for the PCBs +
               | Components + 3D Prints.
               | 
               | After you get the satisfaction of seeing your device
               | charge from something you made, then you'll start getting
               | the itch and find more excuses to make things.
        
               | spxneo wrote:
               | I'll follow your recommendation and try the simple stuff.
               | Looks like OnShape is right up my alley. All very
               | exciting feels like I'm "programming _hardware_ " !
        
               | quartesixte wrote:
               | And once you are done, services like Xometry allow you to
               | print out the metal by having them source a printing
               | vendor from their network.
        
           | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
           | 3D printing is very popular right now. And for good reason.
           | However, it often masks the fact that there are many ways to
           | manufacture most products, and often, 3D printing is the most
           | expensive one.
           | 
           | Meaning that instead of thinking "how do I 3D print this?"
           | you should be thinking "how do I manufacture this?"
           | 
           | Something as simple as making a drawing, specifying the
           | material and quantity needed and then going on
           | reddit/r/manufacturing and asking "how would I build 50 of
           | these" can provide very useful answers, even if you have to
           | do a bit of research later to understand what you've been
           | told.
        
         | quartesixte wrote:
         | Very. Very. Expensive.
         | 
         | Inconel powder is also Not That Great for your health and at
         | the particle-size the printers rocket companies use, you need
         | full PPE to safely handle the loose powder floating about.
         | 
         | The machines themselves are also expensive. Think in the
         | millions of USD. EOS, SLM, and Velo3D are key players in this
         | market. They require a fair bit of space, and training to use
         | correctly.
         | 
         | You probably need a mechanical engineer who is well-versed in
         | materials science and has a tolerance for finicky machines that
         | constantly breakdown.
         | 
         | Then you have the metal powders. Which, also potential million
         | or two.
         | 
         | And then you have all the associated infrastructure needed.
         | High voltage power. Gas (Nitrogen, Helium, Argon, etc etc) in
         | the thousands of liters per month. Waste disposal. Safety (some
         | alloys are flammable in their powder form). Climate control
         | (the powders are sensitive to the environment. Humidity will
         | quickly destroy your powder supply). Tooling (the base-plates
         | metal printers used are machined from solid blocks of steel).
         | 
         | And last but not least, any of the post-printing work. Heat
         | treat. Coatings. Analysis. CNC Machining.
         | 
         | 3D Printing metal on industrial scales is a CAPEX intensive
         | endeavor, and not for the faint of heart.
        
         | avmich wrote:
         | Paul Breed, from Unreasonable Rocket team -
         | https://x.com/unrocket - mentioned, a decade or so ago, that he
         | printed some aluminum engines for regenerative cooling by
         | hydrogen peroxide for ~$1000 . Another story from
         | http://rocketmoonlighting.blogspot.com/2010/ is about a small
         | engine cooled with nitrous oxide - and manufactured entirely on
         | personal money, also quite some time ago. I think these numbers
         | are still indicative of the current prices.
        
           | quartesixte wrote:
           | Aluminum is magnitudes cheaper than Inconel. And since volume
           | is cubic, and pricing mostly on based on powder weight, you
           | are about an order of magnitude or two off for the size of
           | engine ABL is producing here.
        
             | avmich wrote:
             | That's correct, but it's still interesting that you have
             | that opportunity to shave - slash? - costs here.
             | 
             | And also the other engine mentioned isn't an aluminum one.
        
             | aaronblohowiak wrote:
             | Would $100,000 still be a "steal" for all that? (Especially
             | with repeatability and nimbleness) ?
        
         | generuso wrote:
         | The material costs (the $300 per kg of titanium suggested in
         | another comment) are only a small part of the overall expense.
         | Electron beam sintering printer time typically costs $100-$200
         | per hour, and a large build can easily take multiple days.
         | 
         | After the printing itself, one will have to remove to loose
         | powder, which for small cooling channels in the walls of the
         | combustion chamber is very challenging and time consuming.
         | 
         | After that, some post-processing may also be necessary. One
         | process for achieving the greatest strength is hot isostatic
         | pressing, when the part is baked in a furnace in a retort
         | filled with a very high pressure inert gas.
         | 
         | Specifically for rocket engines, it is also desirable to have a
         | layer with the high heat conductivity on the inside, typically
         | made of a copper-based alloy, and the external structure from a
         | higher strength material. This means either bi-metallic
         | printing, which is a rather niche process, or some metal
         | deposition process over the printed part.
         | 
         | In addition to this, there is usually quality control, for
         | example, high resolution industrial computed tomography, to
         | make sure that the invisible internal features have been
         | fabricated and cleaned out correctly.
         | 
         | In addition to the additive steps, it will also be necessary to
         | machine the features which are impractical or impossible to
         | build sufficiently accurately.
         | 
         | Together, these steps add to a significant cost.
         | 
         | Some of the above processes can be seen in this video:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pXEf0wHU1Y
        
       | spxneo wrote:
       | now all that is required is a github for passive radar...for
       | educational purposes
        
         | sr-latch wrote:
         | https://github.com/krakenrf/krakensdr_docs/wiki/
         | 
         | The SDR world is incredible
        
           | spxneo wrote:
           | Is this the codebase that they took down ???! Yes to all of
           | the things you can do (minus the passive radar stuff beyond
           | educational purposes that is ;)
           | 
           | edit: looks like they took down all the passive radar doppler
           | videos :
           | https://othernet.is/products/kerberossdr-4x-coherent-rtlsdr
        
       | avmich wrote:
       | Awesome story, thanks!
       | 
       | It seems the design choices are rather conservative, which is
       | entirely justified by the "from scratch" part for the first
       | engine. I'm sure subsequent designs will be more bold and
       | adventurous.
       | 
       | Keep up great work!
        
       | brcmthrowaway wrote:
       | Can you use ChatGPT to build a Saturn V?
        
         | trollerator23 wrote:
         | You can try!
        
           | brcmthrowaway wrote:
           | I would get sent to jail for breaking ITAR
        
             | trollerator23 wrote:
             | I don't see how. Because ChatGPT is not from a US company?
        
         | WalterBright wrote:
         | If it's like some code I asked ChatGPT to generate, it will
         | blow up on the pad!
        
       | buescher wrote:
       | NASA's report server is a national treasure, especially the
       | material from the 50s and 60s that he references. Some of the
       | most crisp and succinct technical writing you'll find, and you
       | can infer a lot about how they ran projects. Declassified NRO
       | reports are also very good - you can see the Lockheed Skunk Works
       | principles in action. Example:
       | https://www.nro.gov/Portals/135/documents/foia/declass/WS117...
        
         | Horffupolde wrote:
         | English is great for technical writing.
        
           | beambot wrote:
           | It probably helps that you have to be exceedingly thoughful
           | about every keystroke & word less you need to completely
           | retype the document or page!
        
             | scoot wrote:
             | "lest" perhaps?
             | 
             | At least you don't have to retype the whole sentence. ;)
        
             | mhh__ wrote:
             | I'd have imagined you wrote a draft, corrected with the red
             | pen, and then sent it off to (presumably) an army of women
             | to do it properly.
        
           | adrianN wrote:
           | I think English has too many ambiguities to be well suited
           | for technical writing. There are efforts like
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Technical_English
           | but they don't have a lot of adoption.
        
             | trhway wrote:
             | In USSR/Russia we had a stand-up comedian (Zadornov) who in
             | one of his jokes was explaining how the conciseness of the
             | language is advantageous on the battlefiled.
             | 
             | Recently I had to write in Russian (my native language) a
             | tech doc of many pages. That is after 26 years of tech
             | writing only in English (my 2nd language). That experience
             | resulted in an epiphany for me on why Russia is so
             | technically behind as I suddenly understood what Zadornov
             | was talking about :) In comparison to English, Russian
             | sucks, to say the least, as a technical language. All the
             | things which make Russian great for literature and poetry
             | make it terribly inefficient for tech writing, miles and
             | miles behind English. If anything, I think English is the
             | secret sauce of the success of the Western technical
             | civilization.
             | 
             | (For older Russian speakers - if you remember another
             | Zadornov's "dolbani pljuhalkoj po kuvykalke, prikin'sja
             | vetosh'ju i ne otsvechivaj" - now I think it really comes
             | from the same weakness of Russian for technical
             | communication)
        
               | z3phyr wrote:
               | Th soviet mechanical and rf engineering efforts were very
               | well regarded during the early cold war period, and I
               | would argue, much more sophisticated. Language did not
               | stop the USSR. It was the economic policy like banning
               | some disciplines based on ideological grounds like
               | cybernetics etc.
               | 
               | Check it out, the things for which a western scientist or
               | engineer is given credit, were discovered/invented much
               | earlier by soviet counterparts! What do you think about
               | Kotelnikov?
        
               | myrmidon wrote:
               | I consider the view "many discoveries were made much
               | earlier by soviet counterparts" to be mostly incorrect
               | and heavily biased.
               | 
               | But it is a common and easy trap for a lot of
               | nationalities to fall into, because there are innumerable
               | discoveries that happen before (and/or independent of)
               | the canonical "inventor" (and you're automatically more
               | likely to know the independent inventors if they come
               | from _your_ country!).
               | 
               | Regarding Kotelnikov specifically: You could make the
               | same argument (re: discovery of sampling theorem) for
               | Whittaker, who published in 1915; ultimately, though, the
               | whole debate is mostly pointless.
               | 
               | I strongly believe that no single inventor so far was
               | truly "significant", in that his nonexistence would have
               | delayed science as a whole by more than a decade or two
               | (consider Newton/Leibniz for calculus,
               | Einstein/Poincare/Hilbert for relativity, etc.).
               | 
               | People should not focus so much on WHO discovered a
               | particular fact, because the cold truth is that it's
               | mostly a personality cult and that any single scientist
               | that ever existed, no matter how brilliant, was still
               | replaceable (from a "human progress" kind of view). Which
               | does not stop me from being a Fermi-fanboy.
               | 
               | But I completely agree with you that language did not
               | really hinder USSR science.
        
               | randmeerkat wrote:
               | > the cold truth is that it's mostly a personality cult
               | and that any single scientist that ever existed, no
               | matter how brilliant, was still replaceable
               | 
               | I found the MBA.
        
               | myrmidon wrote:
               | > I found the MBA.
               | 
               | Nope, thats a false positive.
               | 
               | Also cutting the quote there heavily twists the meaning:
               | I'm not saying those scientists were replaceable as
               | persons, just that their effect on all of humanities
               | scientific progress was.
               | 
               | Many persons have a strong notion that we owe certain
               | discoveries to a specific person, but this does not even
               | hold up to cursory examination in my view (those
               | discoveries would have been made in short order by
               | someone else).
               | 
               | I'm very curious though if you have counterexamples, or
               | think the premise is otherwise flawed.
        
               | avmich wrote:
               | > I'm very curious though if you have counterexamples, or
               | think the premise is otherwise flawed.
               | 
               | I suspect we can find counterexamples if look enough,
               | though to truly present some a serious knowledge of
               | science history is needed.
               | 
               | What do you think of contributions of Srinivasa Ramanujan
               | and George Cantor?
        
               | myrmidon wrote:
               | I think some of Ramanujans results might have come
               | significantly (more than a decade!) later without him,
               | but I don't think that this would have held up
               | mathematics as a field significantly.
               | 
               | For Cantor, I think the maximum delay in results would've
               | been even less, but maybe the impact (=> set theory)
               | bigger during that time?
               | 
               | I will concede that there is a lot of value that any
               | specific scientist provides just from
               | correspondence/communication alone which is very hard to
               | quantify.
               | 
               | I also think if you took away whole institutions from a
               | hypothetical timeline, like, e.g. the University of
               | Gottingen, then the impact could be quite clear (more
               | than just a decade of lost progress in some field). So
               | maybe you could argue that some founders of prodigious
               | institutions helped human science more than any single
               | scientist? But this is highly hypothetical (if the people
               | AT those institutions would have existed regardless).
               | Also a distasteful thought (to me).
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | Nah, it's really akin to the debate historians have over
               | Great People or Inexorable events. Would calculus have
               | been discovered had Liebniz and Newton died in a duel?
               | Would the Panama Canal still have been built had Teddy
               | Roosevelt not been its primary proponent? The Apollo
               | project shows that Big Events can still happen even when
               | it's most eloquent proponent gets a bullet to the head.
        
               | randmeerkat wrote:
               | > Apollo project shows that Big Events can still happen
               | even when it's most eloquent proponent gets a bullet to
               | the head.
               | 
               | If Sergei Korolev didn't die suddenly and unexpectedly,
               | the Soviets may have actually won the race to the moon.
               | Their space program atrophied afterwards and struggled to
               | succeed.
               | 
               | I really wonder at the modern obsession with associating
               | people with cattle.
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | Cattle?
        
               | gregw2 wrote:
               | I'm guessing this is a techie reference.
               | 
               | Computer servers can be divided into two roles in modern
               | technical architectures... they are either "cattle" or
               | "pets". Pets are computer servers that have names and are
               | always up. Cattle are servers that are transient, spun up
               | and down as needed and do not necessarily have any long
               | running identity/name as a component of a larger system.
               | 
               | http://cloudscaling.com/blog/cloud-computing/the-history-
               | of-...
               | 
               | The poster is making a critiques of how by treating
               | historical persons contributors as cattle, we are
               | considering them a dispensable, unnamed, a commodity that
               | is easily replaced and interchangeable and missing their
               | very real contribution, value, and humanity.
        
               | greedo wrote:
               | I thought also that he was making the docker/container
               | reference, just didn't see how it applied. Thanks for
               | your expansion.
               | 
               | I do find the Great Person theory and its critiques
               | fascinating. I think of how Kennedy navigated the Cuban
               | Missile Crisis and avoided nuclear war, then I think of
               | how the sheer consensus of the US military after WW2 was
               | to build a huge nuclear arsenal and use it any possible
               | chance.
        
               | Symmetry wrote:
               | How much of it was ideological and how much of it was
               | just that Gosplan didn't want computers taking their
               | power, and so Gosplan cut funding to computer
               | development?
        
               | vbezhenar wrote:
               | I'm Russian speaker and I don't really understand why do
               | you think that Russian sucks as a technical language. The
               | only reason I could imagine is that computer science
               | today is full of English words, so trying to translate
               | every word to Russian will result in an incomprehensible
               | text, but Russian is happy to adapt words from other
               | languages.
        
               | greenish_shores wrote:
               | Yeah sure. And then you have smartphone parts labelled as
               | "displei + tachskrin" (to non-speakers: it's "display +
               | touchscreen" written phonetically), lol. Not to say it's
               | bad, though. But it's funny.
        
               | Breza wrote:
               | I wonder if it's because English adapts words from other
               | languages when there's a need for a new or more concise
               | phrase.
        
         | duped wrote:
         | If there's two things I've learned about chemistry from
         | ExplosionsAndFire in YouTube it's
         | 
         | - Yellow is bad
         | 
         | - The 60s were awesome
        
           | dotancohen wrote:
           | Just yesterday I pointed out a yellow flame to someone as
           | evidence of incomplete combustion on the gas stove. Laughing
           | I showed them your timely comment.
           | 
           | Out of context of the thread, your second point was amusingly
           | interpreted to be about LSD.
        
             | duped wrote:
             | I'm sure a lot of the chemists making things go boom in the
             | 60s were also on LSD, for what it's worth
        
         | mhh__ wrote:
         | Lots of academic and engineering things from back then are
         | great.
         | 
         | I have an incomplete set of the radlab textbooks. They're still
         | useful even today, and have a really careful pace to them
         | because they were written for a generation for whom electricity
         | was still relatively new.
         | 
         | One of the things that is a real shame is just how artfully
         | bound those old books are. Leather, thick but smooth paper,
         | etc.
        
           | buescher wrote:
           | The rad lab series basically set the program for electrical
           | engineering ever since. I have a couple too. They are also
           | available on archive.org.
        
         | sr-latch wrote:
         | and if you're ever writing 1DoF codes yourself, NASA's CEA for
         | propellant chemistry calculations is freely available
         | https://cearun.grc.nasa.gov/
        
           | LM358 wrote:
           | The executables and source code are sadly not freely
           | available any more, allegedly for ITAR reasons.
        
       | mdorazio wrote:
       | Great post on building extremely complex hardware from scratch.
       | 
       | At the same time I hate to be that business guy, but both this
       | blog post and the abl site are missing a good answer to my first
       | question: Why? Given that SpaceX exists and is quickly
       | approaching feasibility of Starship on top of Falcon, what is the
       | primary goal of this rocket system? How will it compete? Who will
       | its customers be? Is it getting its metric ton payload to orbit
       | faster/cheaper/easier? Is this "from scratch" engine design
       | superior to existing designs in some way? What is its current
       | ISP? Is Jet-A + LOX a better fuel choice given expected mission
       | parameters?
       | 
       | I'd love to see a blog post that tackles these kinds of
       | questions.
        
         | avmich wrote:
         | SpaceX is certainly giving a hard time to its competitors, but
         | it doesn't mean they shouldn't exist. Some of them may actually
         | follow the same route, designing reusable hardware and reducing
         | launch costs. SpaceX took 20 years to become relying on
         | robustly reusable system; maybe some other companies reach a
         | similar state sooner.
        
         | choeger wrote:
         | From the outside: Diversification is always great. Build a
         | whole ecosystem of small-scale rocket manufacturers instead of
         | one big monopoly. That will foster competition and innovation.
         | 
         | From the investor: SpaceX might fail. Even if there Falcons are
         | pretty much unbeatable now, you don't know what's going to
         | happen with Starship. And even the Falcons could conceivably be
         | grounded for years after some hypothetical flaw is found. More
         | likely: With the price reductions made by SpaceX, the market
         | will grow and there will be more than enough clients.
         | 
         | From the inside: Because it's a fun challenge and literally
         | rocket science, of course.
        
           | hinkley wrote:
           | SpaceX was looking to reduce prices to orbit by 10x, and they
           | are currently sitting at around 6.7x.
        
             | avmich wrote:
             | I interpret this as that SpaceX has a high margin between
             | market prices and their internal costs, so they can safely
             | reduce prices when needed while remaining profitable. The
             | competitor of course should aim not to the current prices,
             | but to SpaceX's costs to be able to compete on the market.
        
               | hinkley wrote:
               | I probably over summarized. I think there's still room to
               | undercut or compete (particularly on specialty projects)
               | until SpaceX hits 10x for sure, and maybe as high as 15x.
        
               | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
               | And even if there isn't, when SpaceX is booked out for
               | years and you need a launch slot in 6 months, that's when
               | having competition is valuable.
               | 
               | Always look for other ways to compete besides price. (not
               | intended to be as preachy as it sounds :-)
        
             | consumer451 wrote:
             | Just curious, how did you calculate the 6.7x?
        
               | hinkley wrote:
               | I found an article that declared pre-and post-SpaceX cost
               | to orbit per kilogram and it was something like 18.5k
               | versus 2.6k (numbers from memory).
               | 
               | Elon before the first Dragon worked was talking about
               | reducing launch costs by a factor of ten.
        
         | Shawnj2 wrote:
         | IIRC ABL's specific goal is that you can pack an entire launch
         | setup into a shipping container and set one up anywhere in the
         | world. Also the U.S. government will explicitly buy non SpaceX
         | launch contracts specifically to keep smaller launch companies
         | alive so they don't get locked into a single supplier.
        
       | z3t4 wrote:
       | The science of pressure chambers have also advanced, we could
       | just pump whatever material, like liquid air into a pressure tank
       | and then load it into the rocket. No mixing or pumping needed
       | just open the valve and let the pressure out and you will have a
       | very cheap and simple rocket.
        
         | sr-latch wrote:
         | This is absolutely not true - injector design is the most
         | important aspect of designing a thrust chamber. Poor mixing of
         | propellants leads to severe combustion instability, which often
         | leads to explosions. Even the earliest space programs did
         | significant testing on propellant choices and injector designs
         | (see Ignition! by John D. Clark)
         | 
         | Also, pressure fed rockets have always been a fairly terrible
         | design. Pressure feeding requires heavy tanks, and incurs a big
         | mass fraction (dry mass / wet mass) penalty. Outside of rare
         | cases, it's only used for ground testing.
        
           | z3t4 wrote:
           | just drop the tank when the weight/thrust ratio is too low.
           | Thanks for the book suggestion! (have not read it yet)
        
             | quartesixte wrote:
             | The rocket equation would like to have a word with you. The
             | wall thicknesses required to create rockets with enough
             | thrust to get to orbit on pressure-fed would render the
             | rocket physically impossible.
             | 
             | There is also a lot of control that goes into flying a
             | rocket, and pressure-fed rockets are kind of hard to
             | control.
        
       | cuSetanta wrote:
       | Oh wow, I work for a supplier for ABL and am today in the process
       | of putting some of their stuff into our thermal chamber for
       | cycling. Thats neat.
       | 
       | We work for a lot of launcher companies, but ABL is the most
       | interesting for me (even though we do relatively little for
       | them). The containerised approach to the entire system is a
       | really clever adaptation of existing methods to create a rapid
       | launch system.
        
         | philipwhiuk wrote:
         | The jury is very much out on 'rapid'.
        
       | criddell wrote:
       | _> You might call me an unlikely candidate to lead an engine
       | program from scratch, but I was hired by ABL in 2018 to do just
       | that. My background was in commercial aircraft interiors, web
       | development, semiconductor fab fluid components, and SpaceX
       | Falcon 9 hydraulic systems._
       | 
       | I don't mean this as an insult, but why did they hire you? It's
       | obvious now that you were a great choice, but from your
       | background story I wouldn't have guessed that to be true.
        
         | quartesixte wrote:
         | Seems like from the blogpost that the writer and the founder
         | were part of the same cohort at SpaceX. I would hazard a guess
         | that they became friends, and had planned to do this together,
         | and he joined ("hired") as soon as feasible for him (or the
         | founder gained enough traction to pull him away from SpaceX).
        
           | quartesixte wrote:
           | Oh and as an additional comment: Propulsion Engineers are a
           | niche, specialized branch of mechanical engineers. They are
           | the ones who usually design engines.
           | 
           | The writer probably was referring to the fact that he was
           | just a regular mechanical engineer and not a Propulsion
           | Engineer.
        
       | alfor wrote:
       | I was wondering what is that space company and what are their
       | edge with spaceX.
       | 
       | On the site you can see: launch on demand, simple system that can
       | go anywere, tactical launchs.
       | 
       | This is for nukes or similar stuff.
        
         | philipwhiuk wrote:
         | It's not for nukes. We have silos and submarines for those.
         | It's for "responsive launch" and (skeptically) because the DoD
         | has lots of money for space and not much idea what to do with
         | it.
         | 
         | It's the Astra business model, hopefully without the Astra
         | failure model.
         | 
         | (And practically speaking it's because you can't bootstrap a
         | heavy lift launch company on VC funding or even a SPAC - the
         | small sat launcher is a proof-of-concept for your medium/large
         | launch vehicle).
        
       | hi-v-rocknroll wrote:
       | Since it's 3D printed, I'm guessing from the embedded ports that
       | the nozzle is hollow in parts and Jet A cooled since LOX latent
       | heat of evaporation is orders of magnitude less. Probably one of
       | those ports is for a temperature sensor.
        
       | mrbluecoat wrote:
       | > Example of a Clean Sheet
       | 
       | lol, engineering humor
        
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