[HN Gopher] How did Ancient Greek music sound?
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       How did Ancient Greek music sound?
        
       Author : tintinnabula
       Score  : 149 points
       Date   : 2024-05-02 03:46 UTC (19 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.youtube.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.youtube.com)
        
       | maremmano wrote:
       | Every year, for about 10 years, I have spent a month's holiday in
       | Greece, in the Cyclades, in Crete.
       | 
       | Visiting Greece, especially the more remote regions, is an
       | experience that I recommend to everyone.
       | 
       | It is a journey into the past that only some regions of the world
       | can still offer.
       | 
       | There are places in the Peloponnese where you can really breathe
       | in the history. Lately I've been very interested in ancient (and
       | not so ancient) Greek music.
       | 
       | It's not easy to find really original sounds (not heavy
       | modernization) so this post is really welcome.
       | 
       | Thank you
        
         | aliasxneo wrote:
         | Would you mind giving some additional recommendations? I found
         | the music in this link captivating. I would love to hear more
         | of these original sounds.
        
           | lukan wrote:
           | Not op, but my main recommendation would be to visit greek in
           | spring or autumn and not in summer, unless you really like it
           | hot. Spring can be more wet, so late autumn, when most of the
           | tourists are gone, but while it is still warm enough, would
           | be my recommendation.
           | 
           | And Daemonia Nymphe for example would a greek band, that
           | tries to reproduce the spirit of ancient greek music (not 1:1
           | reconstruction, but with authentic instruments).
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemonia_Nymphe
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRxEXasEDj8
           | 
           | And I also can recommend crete. I camped wild next to an old
           | temples there, which was otherwise occupied by goats.
           | Interesting experience.
        
             | SmallBets wrote:
             | Great band recommendation, thank you! From a fellow Cretan
        
           | andoando wrote:
           | Check out some Armenian music. We have a lot of practioners
           | of the duduk for example which goes back 1500-2000 years.
           | 
           | https://youtu.be/E2q5PZqqZek?si=nV-_ESM3BT4dDTzK
           | 
           | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=z2KglJSZGZE&pp=ygUWYW5jaWVudCB.
           | ..
        
             | tomcam wrote:
             | That first video by Canberk Ulas is a revelation. Wow. The
             | music is as good as it gets. Albioni's music is
             | sensational, and Canberk Ulas plays with both artistic and
             | technical mastery. The wind player in me freaks out seeing
             | his cheeks blown out to cartoony proportions, which as I
             | understand may be considered good form, but still.
        
           | noahlt wrote:
           | [not OP] On Naxos, in the summer the DOMUS Festival has
           | traditional (not ancient, but traditional) Greek music:
           | https://www.facebook.com/p/DOMUS-Festival-100066336529833/
           | 
           | The performances are great, the venue (a courtyard of the
           | Venetian castle) is cool, and the host is warm and welcoming
           | -- we had a really good experience.
           | 
           | Also, in Athens, outside the Roman Forum site, the Museum of
           | Greek Folk Musical Instruments is really great, sometimes has
           | performances, and the restaurants on that street are
           | frequented by bouzouki players as well.
        
           | andsoitis wrote:
           | If you go to an island like Paros and venture into small
           | towns away from the tourist centers like Parikia and Naoussa,
           | you will not only walk on ancient Byzantine roads but stumble
           | upon a lot of traditional gatherings. Not quite platonic or
           | Aristotelian, but still different enough from most western
           | musical geometry.
        
         | buggythebug wrote:
         | Crete is not part of Cyclades
        
           | Clamchop wrote:
           | There's a more charitable reading that you should probably
           | give them given how much time they have spent in the region!
           | It's a list of three distinct places: mainland Greece, the
           | Cyclades, Crete.
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | Did you read over some of the punctuation? I did not read
           | Cyclades as being part of Crete as written
        
             | giva wrote:
             | It's subtle, as a non native english speaker I read it as a
             | "zoom" too.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | The the author is at fault for one's own
               | misunderstanding? That's pretty egregious on it's own
               | reading.
        
         | buggythebug wrote:
         | Shhh and don't tell anyone about mainland Greece yet to be
         | disturbed by tourism even though it has always been very easily
         | accessible
        
       | bigyikes wrote:
       | Someone in the video talks about Homer as though he were the
       | author of the epics. My impression was that these epics came
       | about via oral tradition, with centuries of recitation by bards.
       | 
       | Maybe this idea was just put in my head by Julian Jaynes in _The
       | Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind_?
       | It's a great book that was recommended to me by a HN comment last
       | year.
       | 
       | Besides being all the more relevant in the age of non-conscious
       | language models, the book also makes the case that Homeric epics
       | were not created consciously. Instead, Jaynes claims, these poems
       | originated in the unconscious right hemisphere and were blindly
       | recited by those who could not ignore the metered, schizophrenic
       | prose forced upon them by their bicameral mind.
       | 
       | Anyway, the video is neat, and it makes me all the more curious
       | what it would've been like to hear one of these in 600 BC.
        
         | AdmiralAsshat wrote:
         | That was the theory of Milman Parry, who made visits to
         | Yugoslavia and other areas of Eastern Europe where oral poetry
         | was still widely practiced, and noted similarities between the
         | form of the existing traditions and that of Homer.
         | 
         | I haven't studied it seriously since college, but among
         | evidence to support this theory is the idea that many of the
         | titles used to describe the heroes may have been formulaic
         | mnemonic aids that the singer/poet could keep in their back
         | pocket and pull out during improvisation to fit the required
         | meter.
        
         | coldtea wrote:
         | > _Someone in the video talks about Homer as though he were the
         | author of the epics. My impression was that these epics came
         | about via oral tradition, with centuries of recitation by
         | bards._
         | 
         | That the epics pre-existed is true, that Homer was a singular
         | author with specific "voice" (not just someone who wrote them
         | down) is debated (and favored iirc).
         | 
         | > _Instead, Jaynes claims, these poems originated in the
         | unconscious right hemisphere and were blindly recited by those
         | who could not ignore the metered, schizophrenic prose forced
         | upon them by their bicameral mind._
         | 
         | Yes, that part is bs.
        
         | adrian_b wrote:
         | The claim of not being created consciously seems much more
         | applicable to many of the scripts of recent movies than to the
         | Homeric Epics.
         | 
         | The main plot lines of the epics, which are quite clever, must
         | have been designed consciously and whoever did that should be
         | considered the main creators of the epics. I am among those who
         | believe that the main authors of Iliad and Odyssey must have
         | been distinct, but they probably were members of the same
         | family, e.g. the main author of the Odyssey might have been a
         | niece or granddaughter of "Homer".
         | 
         | In any case while the main authors have devised the plots, they
         | have expressed the plot using a huge amount of verse sequences,
         | metaphors and similes inherited via oral tradition from their
         | ancestors and the selection of a verse sequence appropriate for
         | a certain point in the story might have been partially non-
         | deterministic and unconscious.
         | 
         | Once the initial versions of the epics had been performed, it
         | is likely that all later public performances by the main
         | authors or by their descendants have never repeated completely
         | identically, but with small variations in verse choices, until
         | they have been fixed in writing. It is possible that multiple
         | variants have been fixed in writing or the copists have made
         | various mistakes, because the canonical variants known today
         | have been edited in their final form only many hundreds of
         | years later.
        
         | neaden wrote:
         | To be clear Jaynes is pure pseudo scientist, I don't think
         | there is a neuroscientist, historian, anthropologist, or a
         | classicist in the world who thinks he has any value. It's an
         | interesting idea for a sci-fi setting like Westworld, but it's
         | rubbish.
        
         | linearrust wrote:
         | > Instead, Jaynes claims, these poems originated in the
         | unconscious right hemisphere and were blindly recited by those
         | who could not ignore the metered, schizophrenic prose forced
         | upon them by their bicameral mind.
         | 
         | There is nothing 'unconscious' about creating a long epic. It
         | takes conscious effort especially if you expect it to be
         | coherent and enjoyable. Besides, is there a connection between
         | schizophrenia and metered speech? Wouldn't a schizophrenic epic
         | be unmetered?
        
           | sdwr wrote:
           | I kinda buy it. If you go back to Freud, he describes how
           | impulses and desires are repressed and sublimated while the
           | mind is functioning normally.
           | 
           | Tourette's is an example of the barrier between impulse and
           | physical action being weakened.
           | 
           | Schizophrenia can be seen as the weakening of the barrier
           | between impulse and belief.
           | 
           | Telling an epic story off-the-cuff requires weakening the
           | barrier between your subconscious and speech
           | 
           | Personally, I think it's more likely that there was a
           | collection of oral stories passed down by healthy people,
           | each illustrating a specific real-life lesson, that got
           | collected by one guy and stitched together. In the same way
           | modern showrunners borrow scenes and references.
           | 
           | Like Achilles' heel is a warning against pride/arrogance, and
           | the Cyclops and the sheep is a fun way to expose kids to
           | possessive anger
        
             | beezlewax wrote:
             | Freud "decided" a lot of things, and a lot of them are pure
             | inventions of his fairly unique mind
        
             | andoando wrote:
             | Why would you give me any credit to any of Freuds ideas? Im
             | honestly astonished the guy has any kind of credibility.
        
               | bllguo wrote:
               | this is quite hyperbolic. he has too complicated a legacy
               | to dismiss this easily. some of the concepts he pioneered
               | include talk therapy, transference, significance of early
               | childhood on psychological development, the influence of
               | the unconscious on behavior - all of which we accept
               | today
        
               | andoando wrote:
               | Was Freud really the first person to suggest talking to
               | people about your problems can be therapeutic, or that
               | the way you raise children affects them dramatically? As
               | far as I am aware, the actual contents of the therapy he
               | proposed, psychoanalysis, is complete bunk and no more
               | effective than other forms of therapy.
               | 
               | I have a whole gripe with the "unconscious", unless all
               | we mean by it is "past events affect who you are and
               | affect your behavior" in which case I cant imagine Freud
               | is the first person to have believed this.
        
         | ProjectArcturis wrote:
         | >My impression was that these epics came about via oral
         | tradition, with centuries of recitation by bards.
         | 
         | This is the current scholarly consensus.
         | 
         | >Instead, Jaynes claims, these poems originated in the
         | unconscious right hemisphere and were blindly recited by those
         | who could not ignore the metered, schizophrenic prose forced
         | upon them by their bicameral mind.
         | 
         | This is absolutely nuts. It could only be the result of someone
         | reading Sperry and Gazzaniga's split brain experiments and
         | deeply over-interpreting them.
        
       | mrmetanoia wrote:
       | Youtube for folks who prefer not to click twitter links:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hOK7bU0S1Y
        
         | drooopy wrote:
         | I have some very basic understanding of greek, so I'm not an
         | expert by any stretch of the imagination. But the way that they
         | pronounce (sing) diphthongs is not quite right and I feel that
         | makes the song sound... rougher somehow.
        
           | titanomachy wrote:
           | They are also probably trying to reproduce Ancient Greek
           | pronunciation, which treats diphthongs differently. I believe
           | in Ancient Greek the sounds were pronounced closer to how
           | they are spelled, and the collapse into diphthongs happened
           | later (nt -> d, mp -> b, ai -> e, etc.).
        
             | verisimi wrote:
             | No one knows, nor could they ever know.
        
               | swatcoder wrote:
               | To some degree that's true, to some degree it's not.
               | 
               | Given enough of the right samples and their context, you
               | can make strong informed guesses about pronunciation from
               | how words are used in structured samples like
               | poetry/plays that embed rhythm, rhyme, etc in established
               | ways; from patterns in the way words shift over time; etc
               | 
               | There are quite a lot of signals you can feel confident
               | drawing from, but of course you can't get to 100%
               | accuracy even if you had perfect insight or even heard
               | the word spoken because pronunciation does still vary by
               | individual, family, community, context, etc
               | 
               | I don't know what's right here myself or how established
               | the consensus is around what might be right, but the
               | discussion you're responding to isn't frivolous or
               | unreasonable on its face.
        
               | baruz wrote:
               | There is plenty of evidence, well documented, of how
               | ancient Greek languages, and Attic in particular,
               | sounded. Transliterations of Latin, Egyptian, Persian
               | names, and words taken from other languages, and Latin
               | transliterations of Greek names and words. Non-
               | orthographic spellings and misspellings. Rhymes and the
               | preservation of supersegmental qualities in poetry.
               | Grammarians describing in detail how likely barbarians
               | were to mispronounce certain words and how to best
               | pronounce words. There's more to learn, but it's not
               | unknowable.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Thanks! we've changed the URL to that from
         | https://twitter.com/classicstudies/status/165222693571865805...
         | above.
        
           | bboygravity wrote:
           | Thanks for the original link, X videos load way faster and
           | with less bloat than Youtube videos for me.
        
           | JPKab wrote:
           | Are Twitter links discouraged on HN?
        
       | leornere wrote:
       | In a similar vein, here is a performance of Beowulf in Old
       | English accompanied by music from an Anglo-Saxon lyre:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WcIK_8f7oQ Although I don't know
       | how much of the performance style is reconstructed.
       | 
       | And that pipe music was fantastic. Reminds me a lot of the style
       | of Colin Stetson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra-EsJpkG9o
        
         | GeoAtreides wrote:
         | And here's part of the epic of Gilgamesh in Sumerian:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QUcTsFe1PVs
        
       | danans wrote:
       | If you like this kind of stuff, you should listen to Peter
       | Pringle singing the Epic of Gilgamesh while playing a
       | reconstructed oud.
       | 
       | While the melodies/rhythms he uses are his creation, the words
       | are from the epic itself which was itself 2000 years old by the
       | time of Ancient Greece.
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/QUcTsFe1PVs?si=VvXGMhmoNwtz67Ld
        
         | ZeWaka wrote:
         | Peter Pringle is the shit, he makes tons of instruments for his
         | songs! https://youtu.be/ntnBuQAvFjA is also wonderful.
        
       | billbrown wrote:
       | There's also Michael Levy who is composing new music for ancient
       | instruments[1] as well as playing the oldest song "Epitaph of
       | Seikilos" on a kithara[2]
       | 
       | [1] https://ancientlyre.com/ [2]
       | https://michaellevy.bandcamp.com/track/epitaph-of-seikilos-c...
        
       | John23832 wrote:
       | I know this may just not be my cup of tea because I have the mind
       | of an overly stimulated modern person... but that sounded awful.
        
         | soneca wrote:
         | I enjoyed. Particularly that double-flute. A whole concert with
         | that would be interesting. But I also enjoyed the chorus
        
           | poulsbohemian wrote:
           | Chorus was excellent, but then again I used to sing medieval
           | chat and whatnot so it felt very comfortable.
        
           | mrweasel wrote:
           | It continues to fascinate me that music can sound/be
           | perceived so differently. The flute was almost painful to
           | listen to, with my ears. The chorus kinda rough as well, but
           | I think that might just be the recording.
        
           | genman wrote:
           | The same here, but I also listen to variety of music.
        
         | awfulneutral wrote:
         | From this video it seems like there's no record of timing or
         | emphasis, like you'd get with music transcribed today. So I
         | wonder how close this was to how it sounded...if you take a
         | familiar song, and just play the notes strung together with
         | none of the right timing it might sound pretty unrecognizable.
        
           | John23832 wrote:
           | That's how I feel, it felt jumbled. No structure, either in
           | tempo or between the instruments. I'm not sure that that
           | would be recorded, so I'm pretty sure this couldn't be how
           | this was actually performed.
           | 
           | This really just seems that its just how it "sounded".
        
           | coliveira wrote:
           | From what we know, greek music followed the rhythm of the
           | language, which had specific accentuation and different
           | lengths for each syllable. From this one can reconstruct the
           | rhythm, especially from ancient poetry such as the Iliad for
           | example. Now, the tempo is another story, it is difficult to
           | know why they decided on this.
        
             | awfulneutral wrote:
             | Ah, that's interesting, thanks for the info!
        
         | poulsbohemian wrote:
         | While I enjoyed it, perhaps use this as a device... imagine
         | you'd never heard Bach, or Led Zeppelin, or whatever the kids
         | are listening to these days. Imagine days ruled by the weather
         | and timed by the sun. Where you aren't quite sure how we all
         | got here but you certainly aren't going to do anything to anger
         | the gods. Now imagine that music in context.
        
           | somenameforme wrote:
           | I have a taste for folk music from just about every culture,
           | and I wouldn't say much of it's an acquired taste. Most of it
           | can sound alien, but still almost immediately pleasant. For
           | instance the Chinese guqin [1] in China is basically nothing
           | like anything else. The sound is quite unique but the style
           | of play is just completely alien. Yet I think most would find
           | it relaxing. Put yourself in the mindset of listening to that
           | somewhere in nature, perhaps in front of a nice flowing
           | stream.
           | 
           | The music from this topic sounded odd to me for a somewhat
           | ironic reason - it felt far too contemporarily chorial, for
           | me to imagine this is what Ancient Greek music would have
           | sounded like. For contrast here [2] is Wardruna, a very
           | popular Norwegian band that's driven by classical Norwegian
           | traditions. So that would not only have been in an era like
           | the one you're describing, but the song itself is also
           | chorial in nature - yet the sound is extremely distinct.
           | 
           | [1] - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmEHN82admY
           | 
           | [2] - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6RCY-G-NlA
        
         | mock-possum wrote:
         | I think there are some intentional reasons it sounds that way,
         | but I think there are also some incidental reasons: The reverb
         | in that venue is crazy - it really jumps out at me how much it
         | sort of resolves to a tone of its own, which has to sometimes
         | be dissonant with what's being by played / sung. So what you're
         | hearing isn't always in tune. Additionally, this is an
         | expressive performance, so between the echo and the
         | interpretative approach to the meter, what you're hearing isn't
         | always in time either.
        
         | 082349872349872 wrote:
         | If you prefer your ancient greek eurovision style: Ma Ton Dia
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5fA6dTnyrE
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | The vocals definitely did not inspire me to want to find more.
         | However, the guy playing the pipes toward the end was very
         | impressive. The first person got short changed in showcasing
         | his abilities. As someone that only played a woodwind
         | instrument in middle school through high school, I never was
         | able to do the circular breathing. This guy was impressive to
         | me with his ability, and I did like the song as well. Then
         | there was the conductor, but I always laugh at the mime-like
         | performances they put on.
        
         | giantrobot wrote:
         | At least to my ears the actual recording of the flute sounded
         | terrible as if the venue did not have a great mic set up. On my
         | phone I had to blast the audio just to hear the flute but then
         | the applause was super loud.
         | 
         | It certainly seems like the performance sounded much better
         | live than it was recorded. The venue looks like it would have
         | awesome acoustics for that type of performance. I don't know
         | how much the (seemingly) poor recording quality affects your
         | perception of the music.
        
         | samirillian wrote:
         | Yeah, seems like they're all scholars of music, they need some
         | real musicians/composers.
        
         | taway789aaa6 wrote:
         | These are not trained singers. They're off-rhythm, and off-key
         | in ways that sheet music would not be able to convey.
         | 
         | "This is what ancient Greek music sounds like" is kind of like
         | recording a restaurant version of happy birthday and saying
         | that's what "modern Western music sounds like"
        
         | oersted wrote:
         | They don't sound like professionals, especially the singers.
         | Fair enough, this is quite a niche research project, they are
         | probably all academics that do this as a hobby.
         | 
         | Although I really enjoyed this part:
         | https://youtu.be/4hOK7bU0S1Y?si=4ImysYmjramsxsKX&t=498
        
           | oersted wrote:
           | Found a clean cut of the cool double flute performance:
           | https://youtu.be/6JFa8BZt2B0?si=h3cugZ5KtyNGZXTG
        
         | hindsightbias wrote:
         | Perhaps the one case where autotune might be appropriate.
        
         | nicklecompte wrote:
         | Beyond the bad acoustics, I think the real issue may have
         | ultimately been the conductor. Those movements are more
         | confusing than helpful, and seemed out of sync with the song.
         | 
         | But like everyone else, I don't want to be mean to researchers
         | moonlighting as musicians. She did the job in terms of
         | depicting what they think the music basically sounded like, and
         | it's not reasonable to study conduction techniques for 4 years
         | just so your team can make a better YouTube video.
        
         | 60secs wrote:
         | > How did Ancient Greek music sound?
         | 
         | Like ass. Ass and kazoo.
        
       | soneca wrote:
       | Interesting anecdote that I am not entirely sure is true, is that
       | "classical music" genre got its name because music was the only
       | art that we didn't know how it was in Ancient Greece and Rome,
       | where the term "classic" is usually applied to.
       | 
       | So, by the time people were rediscovering the music of Bach and
       | that type of music was growing in popularity, people decided to
       | use "classical" for that sort of music.
        
       | asfodelsu wrote:
       | Look at Greek composer and researcher Halaris also
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3AbylWGjog&list=PL-7hwegJPk...
        
       | divbzero wrote:
       | Reminds me of what my friend who studied classics said: that we
       | don't know for sure how Greek and Latin actually sounded like in
       | ancient times.
        
         | nescioquid wrote:
         | Giving your friend the benefit of the doubt, sometimes one gets
         | the wrong perspective from a careful, qualified statement.
         | 
         | W. Sidney Allen wrote Vox Graeca[1] and Vox Latina which are
         | well-known works which detail both what we know about
         | pronunciation as well as explaining how we came to know these
         | things. We surely don't know everything and scholarship
         | evolves, but it is hardly like what you seem to be suggesting.
         | 
         | It is interesting to know about some of the sources: ancient
         | grammarians wrote about pronunciation, people poked fun at how
         | other people talked in letters, epigraphers sometimes made
         | mistakes on the order of "could of".
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://www.cambridge.org/us/universitypress/subjects/classi...
        
       | primitivesuave wrote:
       | Related: Sid Meier used a modern rendition of the First Delphic
       | Hymns to Apollo (the earliest known instance of recorded sheet
       | music) as the background music in Civilization 3.
       | 
       | https://youtu.be/0iwPolnMXEc?si=ZlVPcClhT_aOK4tu&t=55
        
       | TheRealPomax wrote:
       | Title should be "Rediscovering Ancient Greek Music (2017)"
        
       | enriquto wrote:
       | I'm really confused by the aulos... How does such a short pipe
       | produce these low notes? By the looks of it I would expect it to
       | sound two octaves higher.
        
         | alamortsubite wrote:
         | Indeed. The first aulete touches on this. He mentions the bore
         | of his deer-bone pipes is larger than that of later double-
         | pipes, which were made of wood, and when the second aulete
         | plays the latter, the pitch is notably sharper. Not a thorough
         | explanation of the perceived disparity, but the instruments
         | might also seem a bit shorter on video than they actually are.
        
       | kubeia wrote:
       | For another take on reconstructing ancient greek music, you
       | should look at the work of Annie Belis (mostly in french but she
       | has a wikipedia page
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_B%C3%A9lis) and the musical
       | ensemble - Kerylos - that she created
       | https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHzK2yVKDmpWEC-igDSeOYg
       | 
       | "Founded at the beginning of the 90s, the Ensemble Kerylos,
       | directed by Annie Belis, is dedicated to Ancient Greek and Roman
       | Music. It plays only authentic scores as accurately as possible,
       | using instruments that are faithfully reconstructed."
        
       | Oarch wrote:
       | Also check out modern recreations of the hydraulis.
       | 
       | A unique Ancient Greek instrument that was apparently the early
       | forerunner of the organ.
        
       | pcthrowaway wrote:
       | That performance around the 8m40s mark is truly impressive.
        
       | openrisk wrote:
       | An interesting question is how much of ancient greek music might
       | be still with us (without being explicitly identified as such).
       | 
       | With the collapse of the ancient world and the spread of
       | Christianity in the Eastern Med various elements of the
       | Grecoroman civilization were actively supressed, but evidently
       | not all (e.g. the language survived and evolved).
       | 
       | Some terminology around musical modes that developed in medieval
       | Europe is attributed to ancient Greece but its not clear how
       | close the musical connection between these two worlds.
       | 
       | On the other hand, Byzantine chant and a rich collection of folk
       | musics are still practiced in the broader region and may be
       | echoes of that earlier musical universe.
        
       ___________________________________________________________________
       (page generated 2024-05-02 23:00 UTC)