[HN Gopher] The invisible seafaring industry that keeps the inte...
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       The invisible seafaring industry that keeps the internet afloat
        
       Author : vinnyglennon
       Score  : 221 points
       Date   : 2024-04-18 12:16 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.theverge.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.theverge.com)
        
       | TrailMixRaisin wrote:
       | I think I would love the article but the presentation makes it
       | necessary hard to enjoy.
        
         | cfn wrote:
         | Yes, you run the risk of sea sickness with all the unexpected
         | screen scrolling direction changes.
         | 
         | Still a good and interesting article.
        
         | jc_811 wrote:
         | I actually loved the presentation of it, kudos to whichever
         | team collaborated on it!
        
           | arthens wrote:
           | You probably used a well supported device.
           | 
           | I read the article over 3 devices and scrolling can get
           | pretty buggy.
        
         | balou23 wrote:
         | Yes, absolutely impossible to read
        
         | kwhitefoot wrote:
         | I just used Reader mode, didn't even need JavaScript.
         | 
         | Do read it. It's a well written and also very affecting insight
         | into the lives of people doing essential work under difficult
         | conditions.
        
       | khuey wrote:
       | For those who have never seen it, Neal Stephenson's "Mother Earth
       | Mother Board" for Wired in 1996 is the must-read classic of this
       | genre. Wired seems to have paywalled it recently but it's
       | available on archive.org
       | 
       | https://web.archive.org/web/20151107094324/https://www.wired...
        
         | gabcoh wrote:
         | And if you're craving even more telecoms history after that (as
         | I was when I read it a few years ago) Arthur C Clarke's "How
         | the World Was One" goes into the history of undersea cables and
         | other telecoms technologies
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_World_Was_One
        
         | davidw wrote:
         | That immediately came to mind when I saw this article.
        
       | Ajay-p wrote:
       | The article is fascinating but the website is a disaster.
       | 
       | This makes it marginally easier to read: https://archive.is/IpfNq
        
       | ChrisArchitect wrote:
       | Isn't the title of this "The Cloud Under The Sea"?
       | 
       | Or at least it was on the other submissions days ago
        
         | RicoElectrico wrote:
         | Some news outlets A/B test their headlines.
        
       | dfc wrote:
       | ABC.au had a similarly named show on the topic back in December.
       | I have to imagine they are related:
       | 
       | https://iview.abc.net.au/show/cloud-under-the-sea/video/NS23...
        
       | underseacables wrote:
       | If you find this interesting, I highly recommend the book "Blind
       | Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage".
       | 
       | The book discusses "Operation Ivy Bells" whose mission was to tap
       | the underwater Soviet communication lines during the Cold War.
       | The submarine installed a recording pod onto Soviet cables and
       | recorded everything.
       | 
       |  _How did they find the cables?_
       | 
       | A technician told a story about growing up on the Mississippi
       | river, and how you could often find a sign on the bank, telling
       | you that there were underwater cables. He hypothesized that the
       | same thing might exist in the Soviet union.
       | 
       | Sure enough, the submarine secretly crept into Soviet water,
       | popped the periscope, and found a sign in Russian on the bank,
       | saying be careful, underwater cables.
       | 
       | It's rumored that when the Soviets learned of this, they went
       | down and found the pods. During disassembly, they found a stamped
       | plate deep inside which read "Made in the USA."
        
       | SAS24 wrote:
       | Telegeography (cited in the article) publishes an interactive
       | submarine cable map: https://www.submarinecablemap.com
       | 
       | You can even buy printed versions:
       | https://shop.telegeography.com/collections/telecom-maps/
        
         | manmal wrote:
         | Interestingly, I can't see a single line from the US to Russia
         | or China (not sure about the latter).
        
           | khuey wrote:
           | Not much reason to have direct cables. The parts of Russia
           | and the US that are close to each other are very empty, and
           | it makes sense to land transpacific cables in Japan or Taiwan
           | and pick up traffic there rather than going non-stop to
           | China.
        
         | el_benhameen wrote:
         | The submarine cable map has long been on my want-to-splurge-
         | but-can't-justify list. Would make great office art.
        
       | riffic wrote:
       | afloat, more like sunken
        
       | ctenb wrote:
       | I stopped after the first 3 slides, since the information density
       | is too low and the animation too slow.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _the information density is too low_
         | 
         | You failed the marshmallow test [1]. There is a traditional,
         | long-form article that presents a rewarding read.
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experim...
        
           | generalizations wrote:
           | Marshmallow test assumes the payoff exists and is worth it.
           | Does it? Is it? IDK and I don't want to waste time finding
           | out. I'm far more interested in information-dense sources
           | that let me find out if I want to know what it's offering.
           | That's why journal articles have abstracts.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _Does it? Is it? IDK and I don 't want to waste time
             | finding out_
             | 
             | This is what goes through the toddlers' heads too! Gauging
             | credibility is inextricably entangled with patience and
             | Kahmeman's System 2 thinking [1][2].
             | 
             | If this were a random article, sure, you shouldn't trust.
             | But it's not. It's on _HN_ 's front page.
             | 
             | [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730121/
             | 
             | [2] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow
        
               | 01HNNWZ0MV43FF wrote:
               | The Internet is full of non-marshmallows though, I'm not
               | gonna wait around forever for a haribo
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | Given how many non-marshmallow articles are out there on
               | the internet, and your apparent risk-reward ratio, I
               | wonder if you're the one failing the test. And you
               | haven't really justified your original claim that GP
               | failed the marshmallow test.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _how many non-marshmallow articles are out there on the
               | internet_
               | 
               | Most of the _HN_ front page aren't marshmallows. If you
               | believe they are, it's irrational to be here, let alone
               | waste time commenting about it.
        
               | generalizations wrote:
               | The contents of the HN front page is determined by the HN
               | readers, and is not uniformly interesting to all of them.
               | It is up to the article presented to the users to prove
               | that it is worth the time to read and deserves to be on
               | the front page, and this one doesn't to a great job of
               | that.
               | 
               | The marshmallow test should have a follow up, where the
               | person offering the marshmallow has to prove credibility,
               | and the person receiving it has to decide if it's worth
               | waiting. Would be an interesting view of human
               | interactions.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _marshmallow test should have a follow up, where the
               | person offering the marshmallow has to prove credibility_
               | 
               | This thread is becoming a parody of itself. I linked to
               | literally this study above [1][2].
               | 
               | [1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40076494
               | 
               | [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730121/
        
               | thefz wrote:
               | I agree with OP that this presentation is very
               | irritating.
        
           | flybrand wrote:
           | The kid can see the marshmallow. I can't see the payoff from
           | this article.
           | 
           | The kid knows what the payoff is.
           | 
           | The payoff here is unknown.
        
           | Kalium wrote:
           | The _article_ fails the marshmallow test - it needs to
           | convince people that there is a traditional, long-form
           | article that will be a rewarding read from the start.
           | 
           | Only then is the test relevant to humans. Otherwise, all
           | that's really being tested is the reader's trust in the
           | publisher.
        
           | ajdude wrote:
           | I really hate how articles are starting with full page slides
           | and animations now. This is the third article that I've seen
           | this week following the format. I suppose since two of those
           | three were on the HN front page it's a format that works, but
           | I guess I'm not the target audience.
        
             | kwhitefoot wrote:
             | This one is different from most. The visual design is
             | consistent, engaging, and well done. The pictures are
             | relevant and interesting and complement the text.
             | 
             | I agree that most articles that start with slides are just
             | dross, this one is an exception.
        
           | jasode wrote:
           | _> You failed the marshmallow test [1]. There is a
           | traditional, long-form article that presents a rewarding
           | read._
           | 
           | I didn't downvote but reading an _unknown article with
           | unknown or non-existent payoff_ is not the same premise as
           | The Marshmallow Test because the Stanford experiment
           | explicitly specifies the  "reward" upfront: _" >, a child was
           | offered a choice between one small but immediate reward, or
           | two small rewards if they waited for a period of time."_
           | 
           | In contrast, reading unfamiliar articles to _maybe_ get a
           | "reward" is a Bayesian Probability. As the one reads each
           | sentence that's not engaging, the expectation that there
           | might be a "reward" at the end is tainted by the fact that
           | most long articles in the past that reader forced themselves
           | to finish didn't present a worthwhile reward at the end.
           | 
           | Now, if JumpCrisscross explicitly told the reader that there
           | would be a guaranteed mind-blowing insight payoff at the end
           | of the long article _before the reader started it_ , then the
           | test of that patience would be closer to The Marshmallow
           | test.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | It's not a random article. It's been upvoted to the _HN_
             | front page.
             | 
             | > _if JumpCrisscross explicitly told the reader that there
             | would be a guaranteed mind-blowing insight payoff at the
             | end_
             | 
             | I literally said it's "a rewarding read."
        
               | logifail wrote:
               | > It's not a random article. It's been upvoted to the HN
               | front page.
               | 
               | Time is precious, and I choose not to waste mine on the
               | unnecessarily slow consumption of annoyingly-formatted
               | articles.
               | 
               | I came across this hypothesis recently:
               | 
               | "A lot of the magic of ChatGPT is nothing to do with AI,
               | it's just nice to consume high-quality internet content
               | without ads or whacky custom formatting."[0]
               | 
               | [0] https://x.com/maiab/status/1723784023619895489
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Time is precious, and I choose not to waste mine_
               | 
               | We're both commenting on a thread about the value of time
               | against about three seconds of scrolling. It's safe to
               | say _nobody_ here, myself included, is particularly
               | constrained in terms of time and energy.
        
               | nottorp wrote:
               | > Time is precious, and I choose not to waste mine on the
               | unnecessarily slow consumption of annoyingly-formatted
               | articles.
               | 
               | It's also longer than 160 characters, so no matter how
               | it's presented it would still be a waste of time innit?
        
               | jasode wrote:
               | EDIT reply to your EDIT:
               | 
               |  _> I literally said it's "a rewarding read."_
               | 
               | At the risk of stating the obvious, you wrote that reply
               | to gp ctenb's comment __after__ he already gave up on the
               | article and not __before__. You 'd have to tell him
               | _before_ he considered reading the article for it to be
               | more analogous to The Marshmallow Test. In other words,
               | he can 't "fail" your Marshmallow Test if you never set
               | up the proper conditions for the test.
               | 
               |  _> It's not a random article. It's been upvoted to the
               | HN front page._
               | 
               | Yes, being on the front page is one _potential_ signal of
               | quality but HN audience is diverse in reading
               | preferences.
               | 
               | Because you happen to like this article and the front
               | page upvotes confirms your bias, I just want to go meta
               | and point out how some others on HN would dislike this
               | type of "long-form human interest" article. My previous
               | comments about that
               | 
               | - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24270673
               | 
               | - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26698153
               | 
               | This thread's article is not a fast-moving explanation
               | about undersea cable logistics (e.g. Wendover Productions
               | style). Instead, it frames the narrative around people
               | such as Mitsuyoshi Hirai with long biographical sentences
               | such as this:
               | 
               |  _> , Hirai's mind leapt to what would come next: a
               | tsunami. Hirai feared these waves more than most people.
               | He had grown up hearing the story of how one afternoon in
               | 1923, his aunt felt the ground shake, swept up her two-
               | year-old brother, and sprinted uphill to the cemetery,
               | narrowly escaping floods and fires that killed over
               | 100,000 people. That child became Hirai's father, so he
               | owed his existence to his aunt's quick thinking.
               | 
               | [...] Hirai's career path is characteristic in its
               | circuitousness. Growing up in the 1960s in the industrial
               | city of Yokosuka, just down the Miura Peninsula from the
               | Ocean Link's port in Yokohama, he worked at his parents'
               | fish market from the age of 12. A teenage love of
               | American rock 'n' roll led to a desire to learn English,
               | which led him to take a job at 18 as a switchboard
               | operator at the telecom company KDDI as a means to
               | practice. When he was 26, he transferred to a cable
               | landing station in Okinawa because working on the beach
               | would let him perfect his windsurfing. This was his
               | introduction to cable maintenance and also where he met
               | his wife. Six years later, his English proficiency got
               | him called back to KDDI headquarters to help design Ocean
               | Link for KCS, a KDDI subsidiary. _
               | 
               | A lot of readers prefer not to slog through text like
               | that if they're really just interested in the undersea
               | cables. It's not just the dynamic sliding photos that
               | would dissuade potential readers to finish the article
               | but the style of writing itself.
               | 
               | EDIT reply to _> Lots of people don't like dense books
               | either._
               | 
               | Well, this subthread you replied to was literally
               | complaining, " _> , since the information density is too
               | low_"
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _lot of readers prefer not to slog through text like
               | that_
               | 
               | Sure? Lots of people don't like dense books either.
               | That's fine. It's weird that it prompts long-form
               | complaint comments, but I admit that's more fun than
               | reading.
        
               | tertius wrote:
               | Level of annoyance = level of complaint. It's not weird,
               | it's to be expected.
        
               | astura wrote:
               | >It's not a random article. It's been upvoted to the HN
               | front page.
               | 
               | Lol, So? HN front page has plenty of garbage.
        
           | rjmill wrote:
           | This article is ADHD-walled. The long load time, the weird
           | slide show. Then the first page has a jittery animation that
           | makes it impossible for me to actually focus on reading the
           | article.
           | 
           | It's less of a marshmallow thing (though I often fail that
           | test) and more of an overwhelming impression that the article
           | does not want me to read it.
        
             | z_zetetic_z wrote:
             | Halfway down the downward scroll is subverted into a left
             | -> right scroll.
             | 
             | No - just, no.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _This article is ADHD-walled_
             | 
             | I mean yes, folks with untreated ADHD would fail a
             | marshmallow test. Marshmallow test failure doesn't mean
             | you're a bad person. It simply signifies impatience and
             | trust issues.
        
           | thefz wrote:
           | Rather the article failed him.
           | 
           | I closed the page at "from banks to government to TikTok", of
           | all the glorious applications of a world wide network, the
           | most glaring is teenagers making dance videos.
        
           | IncreasePosts wrote:
           | That's not failing the marshmallow test, because the reward
           | is obvious at the start of the test.
           | 
           | Is the reward obvious for reading any random article? No, but
           | it may be there. But I sincerely doubt that you, or anyone,
           | devotes themselves to consuming 100% of the content they come
           | across on the internet, in hopes for a payoff(which may never
           | come) in the end.
        
         | 98codes wrote:
         | This article definitely wins my award for the most unnecessary
         | scrolljacking -- the animations add no value, are too short,
         | and only serve to delay being to read further in the article.
        
       | JumpCrisscross wrote:
       | "The first submarine cable, strung across the English Channel in
       | 1850, survived for a single day before -- in what may be
       | apocryphal cable industry slander -- a French eel fisherman
       | accidentally hooked it, sliced off a piece, and came ashore
       | bragging about his discovery of a new type of metal seaweed."
        
         | acomjean wrote:
         | It's amazing it worked. Especially "electrical" non fiber optic
         | cables.
         | 
         | There is a museum on cape cod which was the end point of some
         | early electrical cables (1891). It's kind of interesting.
         | 
         | https://www.frenchcablestationmuseum.org/
         | 
         | Of course eclipsed by the wireless Marconi station..
        
       | voidUpdate wrote:
       | I'm sorry, but I hate the recent web trend of scrolling not
       | making you scroll, and it instead advances some flashy animation
        
       | Octokiddie wrote:
       | For those complaining about the presentation, Safari's "Show
       | Reader View" works well. Also supported on Firefox. On Chrome,
       | it's complicated.
        
         | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
         | However, you will miss a couple of rather cool transitions from
         | line-drawn images to moving photographic images. It is
         | reminscent of rotoscoping, but not the same. I sense a new art
         | form, similar to when those GIFs with only a single moving
         | object appeared some years ago.
        
       | htrp wrote:
       | TLDR: They're telling the story of the boat crews that lay and
       | repair all of the submarine fiber optic cable and puts a human
       | face behind it all.
       | 
       | It's actually a very good read.
        
       | eggy wrote:
       | I guess I am biased to like the article including it's
       | presentation, since I spent 6 years as a technical diver fixing
       | underwater hydraulics and electrical systems, but at much
       | shallower depths than the undersea cables. A buddy of mine is an
       | ROV operator for pipe-laying ships. Cool stuff, big stuff, and
       | lots of crazy stuff involved (seeing weird, unidentifiable living
       | creatures quickly and blurrily cross in front of the ROV's
       | camera, etc.).
       | 
       | I remained hidden below water as a technical show diver, while
       | 1800 to 2000 audience members topside were getting impatient with
       | a "technical delay" show pause. Typically, we were checking for
       | faults in safety systems on underwater lifts, or for a potential
       | hydraulics leak. We'd exit under the audience seating and go back
       | to work after clearing the issue.
       | 
       | In a world filled with high-tech desk jobs, finance, and non-
       | tangible products, and having grown up working class, I have
       | great respect for all the people behind the scenes physically
       | keeping our tenuous world together. Some of this became readily
       | apparent with once invisible food delivery and restaurant workers
       | during COVID. Healthcare workers obviously came into their own
       | too, but so many other workers were still taken for granted.
       | 
       | I visualize a person huffing when their internet is slow or
       | intermittent with a guy out to sea working during a storm or
       | under difficult conditions and I laugh at the juxtaposition and
       | perspective of both. I also do rope work and had to resort to
       | doing more of it during COVID because my 'desk work' dried up a
       | bit. Hanging 300ft off of a building with a black balaclava and
       | mask with all-black rigging equipment in NJ doing a facade
       | inspection across from the FBI building was certainly a memorable
       | one. (Note: all-black equipment is standard for theater and
       | entertainment work to stay hidden. I did confirm the FBI building
       | people were informed there would be 4 guys on ropes that day. You
       | never know!). I have been programming since 1978, but I have
       | always had to have some physicality to my work in order to be
       | satisfied. I guess it's having a more tangible connection to the
       | world not abstracted away several layers.
        
         | pimlottc wrote:
         | What sort of shows were these that you worked on as a technical
         | diver? Is this a Seaworld-type of situation? But not sure why
         | they would need underwater lifts.
        
           | eiginn wrote:
           | O by Cirque du Soleil has underwater lifts not sure about
           | other shows
        
           | eggy wrote:
           | The House of Dancing Water in Macau. There is O at Bellagio,
           | LV, NV, Le Reve closed at Wynn Las Vegas, The House of
           | Dancing Water, Macau (where I worked), and there's another
           | one in Wuhan, China (yes, Wuhan). The lifts had 8m hydraulic
           | actuators to allow them to go down 7m and rise above pool
           | level +1m. There were 11 stage lifts. The high-dive act was
           | from 24m up. 17m liters of water.
           | 
           | Here's a video during construction:
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35WJDSoA8Ag&t=13s
           | 
           | And you can check YouTube out for more of the motorcycle act,
           | Russian Swings, high-dive, and other acts.
        
         | HeyLaughingBoy wrote:
         | > I have always had to have some physicality to my work in
         | order to be satisfied
         | 
         | This also describes me pretty well. I was trained as a merchant
         | ship's deck officer but opted to not go to sea as a career.
         | Instead, I've spent my career building embedded systems. Every
         | so often, I build a desktop app or a web application, but it
         | lacks the satisfaction of being able to touch the hardware and
         | actually watch my code affect something in the physical world.
        
           | nojvek wrote:
           | > affect something in the physical world.
           | 
           | This is satisfying. Especially anything electromechanical.
           | 
           | In a similar tangent, I believe social media isn't really
           | social since you don't have people face to face talking to
           | each other. The physical touch and facial expressions are
           | quite important.
        
             | eggy wrote:
             | Even though I started programming in 1978 (Commodore PET
             | 2001), I avoided doing full-time IT or software work. It's
             | always been adjacent to my work - embedded systems, CNC
             | machines, robotics, animatronics - but I lost any appetite
             | for going all-in after being an assistant DBA full-time for
             | a couple of years. Computers and programming were always
             | tools for me to use for other purposes. Troubleshooting
             | code or wiring on a 45-ton underwater lift and then moving
             | it just has a great payoff for me. I was a pressure junkie
             | too. The show would have a technical fault, and it meant I
             | was either jumping into a wetsuit and gear for a dive, or I
             | was in the basement in front of a cabinet with thousands of
             | wires trying to isolate and fix the fault while the
             | audience grew understandably frustrated. Fortunately, we
             | honed the system and these happened less frequently, but I
             | have to admit in hindsight it really got my juices flowing.
        
           | eggy wrote:
           | I am currently working on a control system from low-level,
           | bare metal to high-level HMI/GUI for a cool, new hoist
           | primarily for shows, but with applications in other
           | industries. Shooting for high-integrity, safety-critical
           | certifications above and beyond similar machines. I have been
           | doing electromechanical stuff since the late 80s/early 90s.
           | Hydraulic, pneumatic, electro-mechanical, air muscles, etc. I
           | did animatronics (Christmas windows back in the day in NYC).
           | Before Arduino, I went from purely relay logic circuits to
           | the Parallax Basic Stamp in the 90s to Pic chips, to other
           | 8-16-32-bit chips. I am, we are, looking for an Ada/SPARK2014
           | software engineer/developer for this control system. Any
           | HN'ers with SPARK2014 experience? I've reached out to AdaCore
           | too. I have been a CNC and manual machinist (built my own CNC
           | router table machine in 2002), welder, technical diver,
           | industrial rope access tech (SPRAT certified). I am currently
           | enamored with Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) as something more
           | than mechatronics. I have been riding motorcycles since the
           | 80s, but now the highly integrated software on motos is next
           | level. My current bike (2021 KTM Duke 890R) has power
           | throughout the gears/rpms and amazing ride modes with
           | supermoto ABS settings, and I am looking at the new Ducati
           | 698 Hypermotard. The Ducati's software uses inputs and
           | inertial motion sensors are integrated to allow
           | beginner/intermediate riders to more confidently wheelie or
           | do supermoto slide outs of the rear tire. Human-Machine
           | Interface taking on a whole new meaning without the cyborg
           | trope.
        
       | alistairjudson wrote:
       | My Dad was an ROV technician for a brief period in the early
       | 2000s, he got made redundant in early 2002 just after 9/11, and
       | the dot com bubble bursting.
       | 
       | On his last of the only two trips he made, he was based in Recife
       | in northern Brazil. The ship was just there, on call, ready to
       | respond to any breakages.
       | 
       | My Mum, sister, and I were lucky enough to be flown out to Brazil
       | for Christmas 2001, and it's something I'll never forget. I got
       | to fuse bits of fibre-optic cable together under a microscope,
       | drive an ROV about in the harbour a bit, and stand in some
       | massive cable drums (all incredibly exciting for an eight year
       | old child). It was the first time I went abroad, and the first
       | time my Mum flew on a plane.
       | 
       | It's amazing how much damage the dot com bubble bursting did to
       | the industry, and the people who worked in it (I don't think my
       | Dad ever really recovered from it). I believe until very recently
       | there was so much fibre laid during the dot com boom, that we
       | didn't really need to lay much more.
        
         | ed_blackburn wrote:
         | Hi, ex Nortel Networks employee here.
        
           | zikduruqe wrote:
           | I used to run them DMS switches. (Divorce Made Simple, or
           | Days Midnights and Sundays)
        
         | khuey wrote:
         | > I believe until very recently there was so much fibre laid
         | during the dot com boom, that we didn't really need to lay much
         | more.
         | 
         | My understanding is that there was a one-two punch of the dot
         | com boom laying a huge amount of fiber followed by wave
         | division multiplexing shortly afterwards massively increasing
         | the capacity of existing fiber that resulted in an oversupply
         | that lasted a decade or more.
        
           | NortySpock wrote:
           | Wave Division Multiplexing being substantially enabled by
           | all-optical amplifiers in the late 1990's it seems, because
           | otherwise you have to convert optical to electrical signal,
           | amplifiy that, and reconvert that back into an optical signal
           | in order to travel down the next length of fiber-optic.
           | 
           | With optical amplifiers you can amplifiy every color of the
           | rainbow at once, without breaking the chain.
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_amplifier
        
         | croisillon wrote:
         | hi, i spent christmas 2001 in brazil too :)
        
       | badbart14 wrote:
       | Great read about a often overlooked part of global
       | infrastructure. I personally liked the presentation style but get
       | its not for everyone. Highly recommend the latest episode of the
       | Vergecast where they talk more about the undersea cable world:
       | https://youtu.be/bJnt87JgKMU
        
       | ryanmarsh wrote:
       | Nothing will compare to standing in a book store as a teen
       | reading Mother Earth Mother Board, published in wired, while my
       | Coke got warm.
       | 
       | https://www.wired.com/1996/12/ffglass/
        
       | rob74 wrote:
       | Right from the start, the tone of the presentation struck a wrong
       | kind of chord with me. "The world's most important
       | infrastructure"? Dear author, try living without electricity or
       | fresh water for a few days, then I'll ask you again...
        
         | TimTheTinker wrote:
         | It's an interesting, well-written article written in good
         | faith.
         | 
         | I think small semantic issues like this should be ignored so we
         | can enjoy worthwhile discussion.
        
         | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
         | I thought the same, but then, after a few pages, was this:
         | 
         | > If, hypothetically, all these cables were to simultaneously
         | break, modern civilization would cease to function. The
         | financial system would immediately freeze. Currency trading
         | would stop; stock exchanges would close. Banks and governments
         | would be unable to move funds between countries because the
         | Swift and US interbank systems both rely on submarine cables to
         | settle over $10 trillion in transactions each day. In large
         | swaths of the world, people would discover their credit cards
         | no longer worked and ATMs would dispense no cash. As US Federal
         | Reserve staff director Steve Malphrus said at a 2009 cable
         | security conference, "When communications networks go down, the
         | financial services sector does not grind to a halt. It snaps to
         | a halt."
         | 
         | > Corporations would lose the ability to coordinate overseas
         | manufacturing and logistics. Seemingly local institutions would
         | be paralyzed as outsourced accounting, personnel, and customer
         | service departments went dark. Governments, which rely on the
         | same cables as everyone else for the vast majority of their
         | communications, would be largely cut off from their overseas
         | outposts and each other. Satellites would not be able to pick
         | up even half a percent of the traffic. Contemplating the
         | prospect of a mass cable cut to the UK, then-MP Rishi Sunak
         | concluded, "Short of nuclear or biological warfare, it is
         | difficult to think of a threat that could be more justifiably
         | described as existential."
         | 
         | You could still argue with "the world's most important" claim,
         | but this makes it clear that it is at least somewhat
         | defensible.
        
           | AnimalMuppet wrote:
           | But that's rather overstating the case, isn't it? If all
           | these cables simultaneously break, we'd switch to Starlink
           | (at much lower total bandwidth), and international
           | communication would drop in volume, with the most valuable
           | uses winning.
           | 
           | Millisecond-level currency trading would cease, but second-
           | or minute-level trading would continue, and that would not
           | dramatically destroy economies.
           | 
           | ATMs of foreign banks might stop working; local banks should
           | continue.
           | 
           | Watching video from a foreign server would no longer be
           | possible, but that's not the end of the world.
           | 
           | And so on. It would slow many things down, some things would
           | stop, but it wouldn't be the end of modern civilization.
        
             | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
             | > we'd switch to Starlink (at much lower total bandwidth)
             | 
             | That's some kind of understatement, assuming that TFA is
             | correct:
             | 
             | > Satellites would not be able to pick up even half a
             | percent of the traffic.
             | 
             | I very much doubt that the trading systems that today rely
             | on international data cables can be run via phones and
             | voice communications, and I also wonder just how much of
             | the phone system (even domestically within the USA)
             | paradoxically relies in submarine cables.
        
               | AnimalMuppet wrote:
               | > Satellites would not be able to pick up even half a
               | percent of the traffic.
               | 
               | So? How much of that traffic is video? If you eliminate
               | that, what percentage of the rest can satellite pick up?
               | 
               | I was not proposing that trading systems run via phones
               | and voice. No, those are much less bandwidth-efficient
               | than data. I was proposing that they continue to be run
               | by data, just with lower frequency. (Will the global
               | economy _really_ collapse without HFT on currencies?)
        
       | billfor wrote:
       | Also https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40071540
        
       | FireBeyond wrote:
       | Simple, but perhaps silly, question. If a fiber optic cable
       | breaks underwater, the crew brings it up to the boat. But what if
       | there is water contamination? Like if a fiber strand is broken or
       | exposed, what's to prevent water particles entering the fiber?
        
       | PaulDavisThe1st wrote:
       | If you read the article, and didn't think to get a little more
       | information the SS Great Eastern, mentioned early on as the first
       | cable repair vessel, here you go:
       | 
       | https://historicaldigression.com/2011/03/28/the-great-easter...
        
       | renewiltord wrote:
       | Not that quickly fixed. EAC has been out for months. But it is a
       | cool industry.
        
       | m463 wrote:
       | Something about the look of that orange lifeboat makes me think
       | back to my childhood, watching my share of japanese cartoons.
        
       | nektro wrote:
       | excellent article
        
       | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
       | The opening section, which felt like it was trying to build
       | tension around the 2011 tsunami, seemed a bit weird to me. I
       | thought tsunamis were only a problem close to shore or in
       | relatively shallow water. The boat mentioned in the beginning was
       | in _500 feet deep_ water, and indeed the article said the tsunami
       | passed imperceptibly.
       | 
       | Anyway, otherwise I thought this was an enjoyable read.
        
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