[HN Gopher] Varda Capsule Reentry - Five Minutes from LEO to Ear...
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       Varda Capsule Reentry - Five Minutes from LEO to Earth [video]
        
       Author : enderfusion
       Score  : 412 points
       Date   : 2024-02-28 15:01 UTC (7 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.youtube.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.youtube.com)
        
       | enderfusion wrote:
       | This is what filming hypersonic plasma with a gopro from a
       | reentry capsule looks like.
       | 
       | For the true space nerds, here is the 27min uncut version.
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWxl921rMgM
        
         | kragen wrote:
         | this is so awesome, thank you
         | 
         | also, congratulations. space is hard, and what you've done is
         | harder than reentry
        
         | bragr wrote:
         | Watching this somehow makes the whole MOOSE concept [1] of a
         | person falling from orbit seem a lot more reasonable. It
         | wouldn't be pleasant obviously
         | 
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOOSE
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | this is great! i think you could make it as pleasant as a
           | typical rush-hour trip on the city bus: louder and more
           | dangerous, but with less people, and perhaps roughly as
           | comfortable, at least if you have the kind of rush hour where
           | you are frequently in danger of fainting from the heat
        
           | lupusreal wrote:
           | Eventually Red Bull is going to sponsor somebody to do this.
        
             | IncreasePosts wrote:
             | No, it's going to be some old, rich tech nerd! (eg Alan
             | Eustace, who broke Felix's balloon record shortly after it
             | was set but without anywhere near as mich fanfare)
        
           | myself248 wrote:
           | You kidding? I'd pay to try that. Suck it, Baumgartner!
        
           | enderfusion wrote:
           | Maaaaaaybe. But we did pull like 20g+ on descent, so that's a
           | bit problematic
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | Grabbed the wrong link, that's the 5min version.
        
         | notso411 wrote:
         | Looks identical
        
       | logtempo wrote:
       | I find the most crazy thing is not the reentry, but the number of
       | objects (satellites) visible at the beginning of the video.
       | 
       | And maybe the most worrying part is that there is more and more
       | unidentified objects:
       | https://sdup.esoc.esa.int/discosweb/statistics/
       | 
       | Also the number of payload really rised after 2020 (because of
       | spaceX I guess).
       | 
       | 1980: less than 1000 objects Today: Almost 10000 objects,
       | including approx. 4000 in LEO only.
        
         | causal wrote:
         | Pretty sure that's just debris from the separation, most likely
         | to end burning up in the atmosphere too.
        
           | enderfusion wrote:
           | Yeah, that's some dust from the heat shield
        
           | pfdietz wrote:
           | If not, their orbits would rapidly decay due to very low
           | ballistic coefficient (mass/area).
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | Those little white specs moving from lower left toward upper
         | right? I think that's just tiny pieces of debris dislodged when
         | the RV separated, shining in the sunlight.
        
           | logtempo wrote:
           | Make sense...still impressive to have x10 more objects
           | floating around in less than half a century.
        
         | teraflop wrote:
         | Those specks are almost certainly not distant satellites, but
         | very nearby specks of dust and debris caused by the separation
         | process.
         | 
         | One dead giveaway is that they don't appear to be moving in
         | perfectly straight lines. If they were distant, this would
         | imply they were not free-falling but under powered flight, at
         | an implausibly high acceleration.
         | 
         | You can see the same phenomenon in e.g. film footage of Apollo
         | stage separation: https://youtu.be/9DNnZ82Kg3w
        
       | wkat4242 wrote:
       | So we know what dropping from hyperspace looks like? Area 51
       | confirmed!!
        
       | isx726552 wrote:
       | Was there a jump cut at the end or was the person collecting the
       | chute really mere steps away from where it landed?
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | Jump cut. We helicoptered in, but it took about 20 minutes.
        
           | athenot wrote:
           | That is still an impressive aim that y'all achieved.
           | Congrats!
        
           | focusedone wrote:
           | IDK what your job title is, but 'helicoptered in to collect a
           | recently landed spacecraft from the desert' sounds like an
           | awesome day at work.
        
             | bombcar wrote:
             | Seriously muddy sneakers tho.
        
               | marssaxman wrote:
               | I laughed - looks exactly like the "playa stilts" you see
               | after rainfall at Burning Man.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | Reminded me of
               | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrxPuk0JefA
        
             | enderfusion wrote:
             | I don't really have a job description, I just solve
             | problems.
        
         | alias_neo wrote:
         | You can tell it was a cut, by the way the person faded into
         | view.
        
       | baerrie wrote:
       | Can anyone explain the random bright flashes at the apex of its
       | velocity?
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | Tiny pieces of the heatshield debonding from the craft and
         | interacting with the plasma.
        
           | danesparza wrote:
           | "...and interacting with the plasma"
           | 
           | That sounds like an exciting day at work. ;-)
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | Rapid unscheduled dismantling happening at the molecular
             | level.
             | 
             | In this case, it wasn't really unscheduled.
        
       | BryanLegend wrote:
       | That's what a several miles per second wind looks like!
       | 
       | The heat is not from the friction, but from the compression of
       | the gasses.
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | All those little molecules trying to get out of the way.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | They are screaming, first in infrared, then red, orange,
           | white...
        
             | enderfusion wrote:
             | They were not expecting this....
        
             | pfdietz wrote:
             | They're so excited, and they just can't hide it.
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | I often see that claim, but I don't like it.
         | 
         | The implication is that the heating is like when one compresses
         | air in a bicycle pump, the increase in temperature that comes
         | from adiabatic (reversible, isentropic) compression of a gas.
         | And some compression does occur, so there is _some_ necessary
         | heating from that source (as required by the second law).
         | 
         | But entry heating is not reversible. It's fundamentally
         | irreversible, in fact. The gas is going through a shock. Shocks
         | fundamentally cause an increase in entropy as fast gas slams
         | into slow gas over a region whose thickness is on the order of
         | a mean free path of molecules in the gas. And, in fact, the
         | increase in density of gas going through a shock approaches a
         | limit (around 4, IIRC, for air) regardless of the Mach number.
         | So at sufficiently high speed most of the heating is coming
         | from dissipation at the shock (a process akin to friction),
         | over and above the heating implied by adiabatic compression.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | I prefer to say it's the molecules screaming in agony as they
           | are violently compressed and forced to hit each other at
           | speeds they are mostly uncomfortable with.
        
             | TeMPOraL wrote:
             | A molecular equivalent of a massive, high-gee car pileup on
             | a highway.
             | 
             | (Hope that never actually happens.)
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | Shock wave dynamics are observed in the flow of traffic
               | on sufficiently crowded highways.
               | 
               | https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportat
               | ion...
        
               | pixl97 wrote:
               | I see you've never seen people drive in Texas when
               | there's ice on the road.
        
           | mindfulmark wrote:
           | Seems like the gases are getting compressed either way and
           | it's just different ways of wording the same effect. As for
           | it being reversible or not, is it not just a matter of
           | whether the energy was actually transferred somewhere? Like
           | you could technically undo the shock the same as you could
           | depressurise air in a pump no? I don't really know what I'm
           | talking about though, fyi.
        
             | pfdietz wrote:
             | Gas is being compressed, but that doesn't mean the heating
             | is from compression.
             | 
             | There's a gas heater on the market that works by using
             | rapidly moving vanes to induce shock waves in the gas. The
             | outflow has the nearly the same pressure as the inflow, but
             | the gas has been heated, potentially to a temperature
             | higher than could be achieved by resistive heating
             | elements. EDIT: I mistated this; see below for link.
             | 
             | Consider also that once the shock heated air around the
             | reentry vehicle has expanded back to ambient pressure, it
             | will be hotter than it initially was.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | resistive heating elements made of carborundum can heat
               | air to 1625deg
               | https://www.kanthal.com/en/products/furnace-
               | products/electri... and molybdenum disilicide to 1800deg
               | https://zircarceramics.com/wp-
               | content/uploads/2017/02/Design.... while graphite heating
               | elements can go to 2200deg
               | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA329681.pdf but not in
               | air. what are these vanes made of?
        
               | Tuna-Fish wrote:
               | The point is that the shock isn't the air hitting the
               | vanes, it's the air hitting other air.
               | 
               | Similar to re-entry heating: the specific kinetic energy
               | of the returning capsule is many times greater than would
               | be required to melt and vaporize any material. So why do
               | things survive re-entry? Because most of the energy is
               | dissipated in the bow shock, significant distance away
               | from from the capsule, where air gets heated to
               | temperatures higher than the surface of the sun when
               | other air slams into it. The purpose of the heatshield is
               | to protect from radiative heating from the bow shock, not
               | convective heating. Ablative heatshields do not work
               | because ablation consumes energy which removes heat
               | (again, there is sufficient energy going around to ablate
               | the entire craft), but because they place a shade (made
               | of ablated carbon particles) between the bow shock and
               | the craft, which shields it from the radiative heating.
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | > The purpose of the heatshield is to protect from
               | radiative heating from the bow shock, not convective
               | heating.
               | 
               | In this case the entry regime was such that convective
               | heating far outweighed radiative heating.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | i'm interested to hear more about these heaters. do you
               | know what they are called or what they are made of?
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | See link in a comment below.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | got it, thanks!
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39540283
               | https://coolbrook.com/wp-
               | content/uploads/2023/06/REPRINT-202...
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | hmm, that's a good point; so if you run coolant through
               | the vanes they can operate without damage while producing
               | temperatures that would vaporize them?
        
               | ballenf wrote:
               | Do you have a link or company/product name? Sounds
               | fascinating.
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | https://coolbrook.com/wp-
               | content/uploads/2023/06/REPRINT-202...
               | 
               | I mistated slightly: the gas is accelerated to supersonic
               | speed then slowed in a diffuser, where shock waves heat
               | it.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | thank you, this is great! it sounds like they're only
               | targeting 1700deg, though, which is a temperature that
               | exotic resistive heating elements can reach. it's too bad
               | they didn't include any kind of diagram
        
             | BryanLegend wrote:
             | The gasses get so hot they give off a lot of black body
             | radiation. Heat shield is mostly beat up with infrared.
             | 
             | When the gases decompress they'll be a lot cooler, just
             | like your AC.
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | I believe for entry from LEO, and particularly for small
               | RVs like this one, convective heating is orders of
               | magnitude higher than radiative heating.
               | 
               | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20140012475/downloads
               | /20... (see slide 7)
        
               | BryanLegend wrote:
               | From Slide 7: "Radiation dominates convection at
               | ~11.5km/s for 1m radius * Radiation dominates convection
               | at ~10km/s for 5m radius"
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | Since this is reentering from LEO, it's maybe 8km/s (and
               | dropping). And the radius of curvature on the nose of
               | that shield was maybe 20 cm?
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | thank you, this is very illuminating. i'm very weak on
           | thermodynamics
        
       | imjonse wrote:
       | Is the bright body visible from 0:25 to 0:35 the Sun? It looks
       | much brighter already at 4:04.
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | The moon!
        
       | mholt wrote:
       | This footage is amazing. And I love how the microphone just gave
       | up as the plasma formed xD
       | 
       | EDIT: As commenters noted, it fades out so it probably was edited
       | in post.
        
         | alias_neo wrote:
         | I was curious at this point; did the mic actually give up (it
         | was working again later), or was it muted because of lots of
         | noise?
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | But it came back later! Frankly we're all surprised and a
         | little confused how much audio we got while at 500km altitude
         | before reentry.
        
           | mik3y wrote:
           | It sounds like it indeed was a GoPro, neat! Were you not
           | surprised to get video back, then? What steps were taken? I
           | don't know much about Space Stuff but seems like even with
           | shielding, you would expect off-the-shelf consumer hardware
           | to fail somehow..
        
             | enderfusion wrote:
             | Heavily modified. But it's the Gopro sensor and board.
        
           | bohanker wrote:
           | How interesting... the anacoustic zone apparently begins at
           | about 160km altitude.
        
             | pfdietz wrote:
             | What's the maximum voltage in a GoPro? In some ranges of
             | air pressure, if the voltage is sufficiently high a
             | discharge could occur, perhaps shorting out something
             | temporarily.
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | maybe a lot of that audio is electromagnetic interference?
           | that's what it sounds like, and audio amplifiers can be
           | pretty sensitive
           | 
           | also, sometimes audio amplifiers oscillate on their own
           | (though i think the single-jfet preamp in an electret mic is
           | unconditionally stable); an amplifier that oscillates in
           | space in a way that physically vibrates the microphone might
           | be damped by air so that you don't notice it when air is
           | present
           | 
           | interestingly, microphone amplifiers oscillating and
           | producing physical vibrations is not a phenomenon restricted
           | to electronic systems:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoacoustic_emission
           | 
           | pfdietz seems to be suggesting corona discharge encouraged by
           | the lowered paschen voltage in low vacuum, and of course the
           | negative-resistance characteristic of gas discharges can
           | easily set up a parasitic relaxation oscillator; all you need
           | is some parallel capacitance or series inductance, plus some
           | kind of ballast that quenches the discharge
           | http://tinyurl.com/23dt3d5e http://tinyurl.com/2de5uaog https
           | ://www.physics.purdue.edu/demos/display_page.php?item=6...
        
       | spdustin wrote:
       | The audio (in both videos) sounds like it was ring modulated. And
       | later, cut out entirely. Is that an attempt to stretch audio that
       | was sampled periodically from another system, or an artifact of
       | the GoPro's own audio circuitry?
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | Entirely from the Gopro internal mic
        
       | ordu wrote:
       | Could video camera be damaged by a direct imaging of Sun?
        
         | mnw21cam wrote:
         | Just like from the surface of the Earth. The atmosphere doesn't
         | really diminish the brightness that much.
         | 
         | So, while you should be careful including the sun in a photo
         | from a camera, it really depends on the focal length and
         | aperture of the lens used. Lenses with long focal lengths will
         | create a larger sun image on the sensor leading to greater
         | heating. The camera should automatically shrink the aperture
         | when the sun appears in frame to adjust the brightness, but if
         | it doesn't and the aperture is sufficiently large then you
         | could end up with enough heating on the sensor to damage it.
         | With a very wide-angle lens like the one used for this video,
         | it's not likely to be a problem.
        
       | kragen wrote:
       | for people using non-medieval units of measure, [?](GM/r) is a
       | fairly precise approximation to circular orbital speed, and
       | units(1) is good at calculating things like this:
       | You have: (G earthmass / earthradius)**.5         You want:
       | Definition: 7909.7861 m / s
       | 
       | it was amusing when the sound cut out at 2'59" (sumerian units of
       | measure). for a while i thought the microphone had been destroyed
       | by the sound at that point
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | I am ashamed, I misread the room.
        
           | enderfusion wrote:
           | Everything in mission control is typically m/sec, we're not
           | animals :P
        
             | kragen wrote:
             | well i am, which is why unit conversion is difficult for me
        
             | pfdietz wrote:
             | Statistically, it wouldn't be too surprising if at least
             | one of you was a furry. :)
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | probably a lot of them; every high-tech field is _full_
               | of furries
               | 
               | also though the humans are animals, not stable
               | configurations of plasma currents in the chromosphere or
               | something
        
         | coder543 wrote:
         | Sound came back later in the video, so I'm pretty sure they
         | just turned the volume way down. The sound was probably very
         | annoying for that period of time, but they actually wanted
         | people to be able to enjoy the beauty of that scene.
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | thanks for the correction; incorporated
        
         | fnordpiglet wrote:
         | I find it interesting people are pretty hardcore that meters is
         | a superior measure based on its lack of human foot reference,
         | but still hold onto Celsius. Basing a unit on the temperatures
         | water phase changes at 1atm is as barbaric and anthropomorphic.
         | That's why I only measure with a zero based on actually zero.
         | Negative heat?? Wtf.
        
           | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
           | Your argument doesn't make that much sense to me when
           | Kelvins, while 0=absolute 0, have the same magnitude as a
           | degree Celsius. I.e. they're still based on water phase
           | changes at 1 atm.
        
             | fnordpiglet wrote:
             | The language defining the Celsius unit originally was: "The
             | arbitrary points which coincide on the two scales are 0deg
             | and 100deg"
             | 
             | Those distances are arbitrary, and not specifically moored
             | on the anchors of 0 and 100. Kelvin units are moored
             | however on a fundamental anchor of zero heat energy, with
             | arbitrary sized units above. It happens they were later
             | calibrated to the Boltzmann constant, which itself is
             | anchored on the triple point of water. None of this is
             | based on human experience.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | it's water because the humans are mostly made of water.
               | rumor has it that on  they use the triple point of what
               | the humans call 'phosphoric acid' (it's a toasty place)
               | and in  they use the triple point of the ammonia-methane
               | eutectic
        
               | nuancebydefault wrote:
               | It's funny that I can't even accomplish an emoticon in
               | these comments while some people manage to draw complete
               | scenes or algebraic formulas interleaved with the text.
               | 
               | I must admit that, unlike a lot of HN'ers, I'm using a
               | virtual keyboard on a heldheld device to type comments; I
               | never took the effort of looking up how it is done though
               | it must have to do with extended char sets.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | most emoji are banned, as are nonstandard space symbols
               | like thin space and some other things. emoticons (things
               | like :-) and XD) are allowed. generally alphabetic
               | characters and digits are allowed, and some other things,
               | but i think unknown unicode is forbidden by default.
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23440551 has some
               | investigation and results which are probably still
               | accurate
               | 
               | i do most of my algebraic formulas with the compose key
               | and a custom compose map mostly written by mark shoulson
               | https://github.com/kragen/xcompose
               | 
               | for the above, after a false start picking random unicode
               | characters, i realized that maybe i shouldn't use a
               | modern language because someone who actually uses the
               | language might feel like i was calling them an
               | extraterrestrial, so i switched to googling archaic
               | scripts. i pasted part of the old permic table from
               | wikipedia                   >>> s = '''
               | ... U+1036x
               | ... U+1037x                                        '''
               | >>> print(''.join(c for c in s if ord(c) >= 0x10350))
               | >>> len(''.join(c for c in s if ord(c) >= 0x10350))
               | 38         >>> permic = (''.join(c for c in s if ord(c)
               | >= 0x10350))         >>> ''.join(random.choice(permic)
               | for i in range(5))         ''
               | 
               | and then i tried out the hieroglyphs range
               | >>> print(''.join(chr(i) for i in range(0x13000,
               | 0x14000)))         ...
               | 
               | but realized that most of them were unassigned, at least
               | in my font and probably in the current unicode standard
               | (in case someone discovers a new hieroglyph), so i just
               | did this                   >>> hiero = (''.join(chr(i)
               | for i in range(0x13000, 0x13100)))         >>>
               | ''.join(random.choice(hiero) for i in range(4))
               | ''
               | 
               | you can do all this in python in termux on your phone too
               | (you'll probably have to install it from f-droid) but
               | it's a bit clumsier
               | 
               | it's funny how this conversation has swung from the
               | extreme of universal constants of the universe to the
               | opposite extreme of completely arbitrary and historically
               | contingent things like which ideograms (themselves
               | completely arbitrary) are prevented from being posted by
               | implementation bugs in hacker news
        
               | nuancebydefault wrote:
               | Exactly a good reason why I love HN comments so much. The
               | off-topic reply is frowned upon.
               | 
               | Thanks so much for this, let's see if copy paste works on
               | this unix derived os.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | i'm glad you liked it!
        
               | jtvjan wrote:
               | Oh, they were just random hieroglyphs? I thought you made
               | a tiny cartoon of a man flipping a table.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | hahaha, that's awesome! i hadn't even noticed that it
               | sort of looks like that
        
               | fnordpiglet wrote:
               | That's why we picked water, but water exists everywhere.
               | Earth, the kings foot, 1atm, are specific to the human
               | experience.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | most of the non-dark-matter non-dark-energy mass of the
               | universe finds itself in conditions that prevent the
               | existence of water: black holes, degenerate-matter stars,
               | conventional plasma stars, things like that. almost all
               | of the rest is hydrogen and helium, so water exists there
               | in the same sense that uranium exists here. but, although
               | almost all of the universe is cold enough to freeze
               | hydrogen, its vapor pressure is high enough at the cbr
               | that most of it is vapor, so basically none of that is
               | solid. solid objects do have a substantial amount of
               | water in them, although if our solar system is typical,
               | many of them don't
               | 
               | but sure, if it turns out that there are electron-
               | degenerate-gas vortex intelligences on the surface of
               | white-dwarf stars, they could very likely work out some
               | way to launch robotic probes out of the star into places
               | where water could exist, so that they could measure its
               | triple point. and the folks on  use trace amounts of
               | water in their biology (it's a reasonably powerful base)
               | and have isolated it in liquid form in their cryogenic
               | laboratories. it's accessible in a way that the artifact
               | kilogram and artifact meter and the circumference of the
               | earth aren't
        
               | cyberax wrote:
               | > triple point of the ammonia-methane eutectic
               | 
               | Which is a shame that the temperature scale is still
               | anchored in that arbitrary mix, picked by a lazy
               | apprentice. It's also historically base-10, not like the
               | modern systematic base-8 units.
               | 
               | (Can ammonia actually alloy with methane? Their
               | crystalline lattices don't seem to be compatible, and
               | they don't react together.)
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | guilty as charged. it gets worse, though: meters are
           | originally based on the size of the earth, but humboldt's
           | expedition (?) fucked up the measurement and now we're stuck
           | with a meter that's significantly too short, nominally
           | defined as the distance light travels in 9192631770/299792458
           | cycles of the hyperfine transition radiation frequency of
           | cesium-133. you probably think this is a goddamned joke but
           | it's not
           | 
           | i ask you, what the fuck kind of number is 9192631770? is
           | that a hexadecimal encoding of linus torvalds's first child's
           | birthdate? no, it's just a random fucking number derived from
           | the sumerian base 60 numbering system and the average
           | rotational speed of the earth in the 20th century. the kelvin
           | has a similarly filthy history; it's when the thermal energy
           | changes by 1.380649e-23 joules, because that makes the triple
           | point of water come out to 273.16 kelvins. so now we have to
           | preserve those numbers for all eternity like they're the
           | fucking holy writ of the priestesses at delphi in order to
           | interpret scientific papers from the 19th and 20th century.
           | (and don't get me started on the motherfucking calendar.
           | jesus jumping blue christ.)
           | 
           | you will be pleased to learn about
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_units (which i used in
           | https://dercuano.github.io/notes/2017-sap-allocation.html
           | because i'm uncreative) and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duo
           | decimal#Systematic_Dozenal_...
        
             | lupusreal wrote:
             | It all gets the job done, no reason to let any of it bother
             | you.
        
             | nuancebydefault wrote:
             | You probably know all this, but it is fun to write. Units
             | are parts of models. Used Models were the best in class, at
             | the time they were derived or adopted. Models are wrong and
             | get replaced by less wrong models over time.
             | 
             | That said I think meters and Kelvins are doing their job
             | just fine even for use with rocket science. I'm glad I
             | learned the SI units at school, they reduced the number of
             | constants a lot in physical formulas.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | yeah, but there are still a lot of constants even with
               | the si units, which is because they predate the
               | discoveries of many of the constants. more constants
               | generally means more arithmetic operations you can
               | accidentally leave out of your program and constants you
               | can get wrong. this was a bigger concern in the slide-
               | rule era, but the humans are still infallible, so it
               | hasn't gone away entirely
               | 
               | i don't think it makes sense to describe miles or meters
               | or stoney lengths as 'wrong' or 'right'; you can express
               | the fitzgerald contraction or orbital speed or whatever
               | equally well with any of the three, but one of them
               | simplifies the fitzgerald contraction somewhat
        
               | fnordpiglet wrote:
               | I think a key tho in a measurement unit that's desirable
               | is its relationship to something consistent everywhere in
               | the universe, such that the reference unit is
               | reproducible by anyone. This doesn't matter much day to
               | day but as a system we should converge to one that anyone
               | anywhere can agree how long a distance may be without a
               | mutually agreed upon calibration but can calibrate
               | without access any specific reference unit. The triple
               | point of water is always what it is, and a colony on mars
               | without easy access to something locked in a room in
               | Paris or whatever can create their own reference
               | measurements from whole cloth and they'll be the same as
               | the colony at Alpha Centauri now and in 20,000 years.
        
               | kragen wrote:
               | yes, even before alpha centauri, a big problem with the
               | kilogram artifact locked in a room in paris was that it
               | keeps changing its mass and nobody knows why or exactly
               | how much or in which direction, although the best
               | estimates are that it's a fair fraction of a part per
               | million by now
               | 
               | agreeing on distances with a faraway colony is actually a
               | considerably easier problem than the kilogram; if we
               | transmit them a radio or laser message, they can measure
               | its length to within parts per billion, and we can do
               | that with 01950s technology, while kibble didn't invent
               | the kibble balance (previously known as the watt balance)
               | until the 01970s
               | 
               | (you do have to worry about redshift: one part per
               | billion of redshift is 300 millimeters per second, so you
               | have to know the relative velocity of alpha centauri to
               | within meters per second to correct for it--and, while
               | that's also the 01950s technology of measuring spectral
               | line frequencies to that precision, that same technology
               | is what allows you to do without the radio message
               | entirely)
               | 
               | transmitting or storing the number "9192631770/299792458"
               | can be done with significantly higher exactitude, of
               | course, and can be done over twenty millennia more easily
               | than transmitting a radio message can
        
             | kragen wrote:
             | it wasn't humboldt's expedition https://en.wikipedia.org/wi
             | ki/Alexander_von_Humboldt#Spanish... which had nothing to
             | do with the decades-earlier meter-measuring expedition http
             | s://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Geodesic_Mission_to_the...
             | (except for being inspired by it) and the contemporary
             | calculations of the paris meridian https://en.wikipedia.org
             | /wiki/History_of_the_metre#M%C3%A8tr...
        
           | thfuran wrote:
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_temperature
        
             | fnordpiglet wrote:
             | Quantum and their oppositionally defiant exceptions.
        
       | TeMPOraL wrote:
       | Beautiful, thank you for posting!
       | 
       | I predict new reentry shaders being made for Kerbal Space Program
       | by modders in short order.
        
       | kraig911 wrote:
       | The mud on those shoes at the end man. Still impressive footage!
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | It's been rainy lately out west, I think. Kayaking in Death
         | Valley!
         | 
         | They needed it.
        
         | taway789aaa6 wrote:
         | I was very confused about the shoes. I was watching on low res
         | (bad internet) and I thought it was some sort of weird ghillie
         | suit! Thx
        
       | SenHeng wrote:
       | I'm surprised it took only around 2-ish minutes from somewhere
       | above the clouds to on the ground.
        
         | thejohnconway wrote:
         | There's a cut at 5:10, after the parachute opens:
         | https://youtu.be/qw4DseiPu7E?si=QZFAnKYfVnQc92TD&t=305
         | 
         | There's another cut earlier when still outside the atmosphere
         | as well.
        
         | SiempreViernes wrote:
         | Yeah, I think it would have been nicer if they used wipes or
         | some other more obvious transition when hey cut out bits. Some
         | of the cuts you almost don't notice tricking you into thinking
         | things happens much faster than they really did.
        
           | enderfusion wrote:
           | Full 27min uncut video here.
           | https://youtu.be/BWxl921rMgM?si=q50ewZw4ARRU-hG0
        
       | next_xibalba wrote:
       | This is definitely not dropping out of "hyperspace". Title should
       | be changed.
       | 
       | Very cool video though.
        
         | elliotbnvl wrote:
         | I mean it definitely _looks_ like it.
        
       | bennyp101 wrote:
       | That meringue got toasted!
       | 
       | Pretty neat the way it went from crazy hyperspace to a gentle,
       | peaceful floating in the air!
        
       | krisoft wrote:
       | On the other hand a reentering ICBM warhead (test) looks like
       | from the ground as if the gods are angry with you and your
       | general vicinity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a1acYZ93yc
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | Notice the two that impacted at almost exactly the same spot, a
         | few second apart (around 1:00). What precision!
        
           | krisoft wrote:
           | Yeah. To understand why this is quite a flex: nearly no
           | structure survives when they are directly hit with a nuclear
           | weapon. The way hardened structures are designed is that the
           | designers guestimate how big of a boom they have to survive
           | and at what distance. They do this based on your intelligence
           | sources of course.
           | 
           | So let's say your spies are telling you that the enemy can
           | deliver 60 kiloton device with 200m circular error probable
           | (CEP). Then your engineers can calculate how likely is that
           | your bunker/silo will survive that (and can do something like
           | a counter attack.)
           | 
           | And you build the number of silos you think you need based on
           | that calculation. You put a lot of concrete and lot of work
           | literally in the ground based on those numbers. And then
           | suddenly your enemy just improves their guidance system and
           | they drop (figuratively) such a video on you. That tends to
           | cause jitters.
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | Yeah, that was the first thing that popped into my mind as
           | well when I saw that. Horse shoes and hand grenades, and
           | atomic weapons was what we always joked about being close
           | enough
        
         | ericbarrett wrote:
         | Awesome link. Reminds me that one of my biggest gripes with
         | movies is that when they show meteors (or whatever) entering
         | Earth, it's never at realistic speeds. They're always super
         | slow and floaty, hovering in the sky to menacing effect. Great,
         | that's the artist's choice. But the real thing is so much
         | scarier, like this footage! And it's still a fraction of the
         | speed of an interstellar object.
        
           | marcosdumay wrote:
           | On movies those are usually very large objects. Very large
           | objects do hoover menacingly for a very long time before they
           | finally appear to fall for a few seconds.
           | 
           | The larger it is, the longer it will stay hoovering and only
           | slowly growing in size.
        
             | ericbarrett wrote:
             | Nah, even the big ones are shown sauntering through the
             | atmosphere at _maybe_ Mach 3, trailing smoke and flames
             | like lit pitch.
             | 
             | A city-sized asteroid wouldn't be more than a bright dot
             | until the last seconds before entry, and at interstellar
             | speeds it would take about three seconds to go from the
             | vacuum of space to ground impact unless it had a very
             | shallow vector.
        
               | pfdietz wrote:
               | At relativistic speeds it would take about 1 millisecond
               | to go from LEO altitude to the ground.
        
               | buildbot wrote:
               | A relativistic asteroid would not be a good time for
               | earth. Apparently according to gpt4 (so big grain of
               | salt), a 1km asteroid going 0.9c is roughly 4.37x10^16
               | megatons of TNT worth of energy.
        
               | szundi wrote:
               | Or a grain of TNT
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | that's one of those too big to comprehend type numbers.
               | that's fine when talking about number of atoms, or the
               | distances to another galaxy. trying to have my brain
               | apply that to explosion just immediately goes to BSOD
        
               | buildbot wrote:
               | Yeah same haha - for a slightly more relevant number, if
               | every nuclear weapon yielded 50MT of TNT, the asteroid
               | impact is approx 63 Billion times the entire worlds
               | nuclear arsenal in terms of power.
        
               | short_sells_poo wrote:
               | And that is still impossible to comprehend, so how about
               | this, the Sun's energy output is about 10^10 megatons of
               | tnt per second, so this impact would release 1 million
               | second's worth of the Sun's output, or about 12 days. In
               | other words, it would instantly vaporize the entire
               | planet.
        
               | buildbot wrote:
               | For the ultimate nerd snipe, how far would the light from
               | that explosion be visible?
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | using what to "see"? naked eye? binocular aided?
               | telescopes?
               | 
               | also, seen by who/what? for the only known living things
               | that could see it, it would be the last thing they did
               | see. so maybe as far away as a couple of inches?
        
               | pineaux wrote:
               | This is in the correct ballpark. But 0.9c is crazy fast.
               | [Expanse spoiler alert]
               | 
               | I love how they use this mechanic for storytelling in
               | "The Expanse". The rebels of the belt threaten earth by
               | slinging rocks at it at really high speed. Seems a very
               | realistic way of interplanetary war. Why not bend some
               | fast moving rocks to your enemy?
        
               | aurelwu wrote:
               | I don't know if it's been the first time in fiction where
               | that concept was described but in Heinleins "The Moon is
               | a harsh Mistress" this was what the Moon Colonists did.
        
               | Terr_ wrote:
               | > according to gpt4 (so big grain of salt) [...]
               | 4.37x10^16 megatons
               | 
               | I decided to challenge the glorified-autocorrect machine
               | with some more-manual napkin math, and I get 5.56x10^13
               | megatons, which is smaller by a factor of ~786x.
               | 
               | That discrepancy is too big to explain just in terms of
               | asteroid composition: Even an impactor of _pure Osmium_
               | would only be ~12x more energetic.
               | 
               | Here's my work, if anyone wants to check for errors:
               | Asteroid volume                        1    km3
               | Asteroid density 1                     2    grams / cm3 h
               | ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_asteroid_physical_c
               | haracteristics         Volume conversion
               | 1E+15    cm3 / km3            Asteroid density 2
               | 2E+15    grams / km3          Asteroid mass
               | 2E+15    grams            Asteroid velocity
               | 0.9    c            Relativistic kinetic energy
               | 2.33E+29    joules
               | https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/relativistic-ke
               | TNT energy                      4.18E+03    joules/gram
               | TNT mass equivalent 1           5.56E+25    grams
               | Mass conversion                 1.00E+12    grams per
               | megaton            TNT mass equivalent 2
               | 5.56E+13    megatons
        
             | sushisource wrote:
             | >stay hoovering
             | 
             | Hehe, I too love vacuuming.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | No, that's Hoovering. case sensitivity is important /s
               | 
               | Edit: added /s for those unable
        
               | wongarsu wrote:
               | I've never seen anyone capitalize googling or
               | astroturfing, though my dictionary seems to want to
               | capitalize Xeroxing.
        
               | kwhitefoot wrote:
               | No one does that. Except perhaps the PR and legal
               | departments of the Hoover company.
               | 
               | I suppose you capitalise aspirin as well.
        
           | pfdietz wrote:
           | The other problem with movies showing large meteors is how
           | dim they are. In reality you would be blinded, even lethally
           | burned, before the thing even hit the ground.
        
           | sdflhasjd wrote:
           | Hollywood does slow explosions too. Its kind of a funny meta-
           | anachronism when CGI uses the slow firey explosions that I
           | suppose are inherited from the limitations of practical
           | effects using gasoline deflagrations.
           | 
           | YouTube has shown people real big explosions (Beirut,
           | Tianjin, etc) and how vicious they are, but you rarely see a
           | CGI shock wave.
           | 
           | Rockets too, RPGs are fast but movies have them sauntering
           | through the air.
        
             | ajuc wrote:
             | I mean just look at laser beams in sci-fi :)
        
           | abecedarius wrote:
           | Imagine if _Don 't Look Up_ had tried for a realistic comet
           | impact. It could make a much greater _artistic_ impact, the
           | contrast to the surrealistic spin games up to that point.
        
         | wutwutwat wrote:
         | "Peacekeeper" ICBM... the irony
        
           | krisoft wrote:
           | How many did it kill?
        
             | wutwutwat wrote:
             | I'm not talking about the test. I'm talking about an entire
             | missile system designed to deliver nuclear payloads to
             | anywhere in the world being dubbed "Peacekeeper", but you
             | already knew that.
        
               | krisoft wrote:
               | > I'm talking about an entire missile system designed to
               | deliver nuclear payloads to anywhere in the world being
               | dubbed "Peacekeeper"
               | 
               | I'm also talking about the LGM-118 Peacekeeper missile
               | system. It was in service from 1986 to 2005. Did it ever
               | needed to be used in anger or not? During that time did
               | any military attack the nation which fielded it?
               | 
               | If not I would say it lived up to its name.
        
           | runjake wrote:
           | Seeing as the Peacekeeper hasn't killed anyone, the name
           | seems pretty apt.
           | 
           | The US nuclear program is about deterrence after all. Well,
           | after 1945, anyway.
        
             | wutwutwat wrote:
             | Weapon designed for use in a war or otherwise some sort of
             | conflict requiring the use of lethal force, which would be
             | the exact opposite of peace, is named peacekeeper
             | 
             | These comments are being obtuse on purpose. Look at the
             | name and look at what the name is on. The name peacekeeper
             | is on a weapon that will only be used in times of no peace.
             | Not a hard thing to see the irony in.
        
               | runjake wrote:
               | I'm not being obtuse, I think we just have different
               | views on how the world works.
               | 
               | In my view, violence, or hopefully, just the threat of
               | violence, maintains order.
               | 
               | There are certain classes of people where diplomacy and
               | pacifism just isn't going to work.
               | 
               | Again, the post-1945 US nuclear program is about
               | deterrence ("peace through superior firepower"). So, in
               | that perspective, the Peacekeeper's threat of violence...
               | kept the peace.
               | 
               | The US and the Soviet Union/Russia both do not want to
               | use nuclear weapons.
               | 
               | Citation: Self. Was in the nuclear program during the
               | latter days of the Cold War and shortly thereafter.
        
               | pasabagi wrote:
               | If you look at the rich history of nuclear near-misses
               | through the cold war, I don't think there's any reason to
               | feel secure in the idea that nuclear deterrence _ensures_
               | peace. What it does do, is ensures that the consequences
               | of war will be catastrophic, likely civilization-ending.
               | 
               | Which, you know, is the dice we're going to be rolling
               | from now on. Maybe we'll survive the next century, then
               | maybe the next, but in the long term? Humans just don't
               | have that good judgement.
        
               | computerfriend wrote:
               | Is it any different to "peacekeepers" being soldiers?
        
               | krisoft wrote:
               | > will only be used in times of no peace
               | 
               | It is indeed a deadly weapon system. But it is used every
               | second during peacetime too. Every second it is fielded
               | it maintains a situation where the preferable choice of
               | action is to not attack the one fielding it. In other
               | words it is keeping the peace.
        
               | jandrewrogers wrote:
               | You are being obtuse to the fact that this missile's
               | primary and explicit purpose was to be a compelling and
               | credible strategic deterrent. The entire point of
               | building it is was so that it would never need to be
               | used. This is not a contradiction. Strategic deterrence
               | is an effective way of keeping the peace as has been
               | demonstrated throughout history.
               | 
               | The name "peacekeeper" is a formal acknowledgement of its
               | purpose in the military arsenal. It has no other role.
        
               | Sohcahtoa82 wrote:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_vis_pacem,_para_bellum
               | 
               | If you want peace, prepare for war.
               | 
               | Or as Roosevelt put it, speak softly and carry a big
               | stick.
               | 
               | Building an incredibly powerful weapon and calling it
               | "Peacekeeper" is meant to strongly imply that we don't
               | plan on using it, but rather, it's symbolic as a
               | preemptive threat against any would-be attackers. Peace
               | is kept by showing that any attack would be retaliated
               | with overwhelming force.
        
               | PKop wrote:
               | If you can't conceive of some adversary being aggressive
               | if they perceive you as weak, then you don't understand
               | geopolitics or history. So yes, credible deterrence by
               | means of a powerful destructive weapon can prevent war
               | and maintain some level of peace particularly in
               | preventing large scale war between large industrial
               | powers.
               | 
               | What else _does_ maintain peace besides power?
               | 
               | The strong do what they can, the weak suffer what they
               | must. If you want peace prepare for war. Do you think
               | these are just famous slogans or they really do reflect
               | some hard earned wisdom?
        
               | lupusreal wrote:
               | The weapon is used by not being used. It's purpose is to
               | be a threat. It has been in continuous use ever since it
               | entered service.
        
             | kraquepype wrote:
             | I was just thinking about what the alternatives to nuclear
             | would have been, had it not been created. (Purely
             | hypothetical, as I know it would require a vastly different
             | timeline of scientific discovery to avoid nuclear
             | entirely.)
             | 
             | Would we still have an equivalent war deterrent today
             | without nuclear? What would it look like?
             | 
             | My guess is something biological. My tongue-in-cheek guess
             | would be something zoological (laser sharks anyone? pigeon
             | pirahna hybrids?)
        
               | runjake wrote:
               | My guess is biological, too.
               | 
               | And in the short-term future, I think synthetic biology
               | will represent an even greater threat than nuclear.
               | 
               | Why? Lethality, ease of manufacture once figured out,
               | mishandling of process or materials, lack of regulation,
               | ethnic/DNA targeting, etc.
        
               | qup wrote:
               | Hard to pinpoint origin in the case of bad actors...
        
               | wongarsu wrote:
               | The only reason nuclear weapons are easy to pinpoint is
               | because so few actors are capable of making them. If you
               | had one you could load it onto a semi truck, drive into
               | the middle of New York or Moscow and detonate it, with
               | all evidence conveniently destroyed in the blast.
        
               | runjake wrote:
               | Keep in mind that there are nuclear detection sensors
               | deployed throughout the US and if you tried to roll a
               | nuke-containing semi into New York, there would be a
               | heavily-armed team trying to intercept you[1].
               | 
               | Supposedly[2], they are sensitive enough that it's
               | untenable to transport enough lead around to shield it.
               | 
               | 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nuclear_Securit
               | y_Admi...
               | 
               | 2. I have no inside info.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | Biological has the advantage of not destroying the
               | infrastructure of the place you are attacking nor making
               | it inhabitable for thousands of years. So if you're
               | wanting to take over the land after you remove the pesky
               | opponents currently occupying it, nuclear is a really bad
               | choice. Biological and chemical can be cleaned up and or
               | inoculated against depending on method used.
        
               | runjake wrote:
               | From what I remember, the US's nuclear weapons make a
               | place uninhabitable in terms of weeks, not years. But,
               | point still noted.
        
               | jandrewrogers wrote:
               | A strategic deterrent needs to be targetable and
               | scalable. Biological and chemical weapons don't have this
               | property. Before nuclear, strategic deterrence meant
               | maintaining a massive standing army and navy. This was
               | very expensive and also difficult to scale due to the
               | logistical footprint, so most countries could not
               | maintain it very long. There is also the issue that the
               | economic cost of strategic deterrence is relatively much
               | higher for smaller countries.
               | 
               | What changed with nuclear is that you could maintain a
               | credible and scalable strategic deterrent indefinitely at
               | a tiny cost compared to maintaining conventional forces
               | at an equivalent level of deterrence effect.
        
               | wongarsu wrote:
               | Scalability is a bit of an issue, but a biological weapon
               | like weaponized anthrax or chemical weapon like a powder
               | that converts to 4highly effective nerve gas could
               | conceivably delivered by methods similar to the nuclear
               | triad. Strategic bombers could airdrop them over
               | population centers, and with enough engineering we could
               | probably make ballistic missiles with payloads that
               | disperse such agents in an air burst, using a small
               | amount of explosives to scatter it over an area the size
               | of Manhattan
        
               | lupusreal wrote:
               | WW2 showed that strategic deterrence with chemical and
               | biological weapons doesn't work. Both sides feared gas
               | particularly and therefore didn't use war gas on each
               | other (civilians is another matter.) Germany had very
               | potent nerve gasses and had reason to believe the allies
               | did as well, and didn't dare use them. But the threat of
               | these gasses wasn't strong enough to deter the rest of
               | the war.
        
             | ryandrake wrote:
             | There have been many wars since 1945, and also since the
             | development of this so-called "peacekeeper." Its existence
             | is not doing a great job of keeping general peace.
             | 
             | The only thing nuclear weapons seem to do is ensure their
             | owners are always the aggressors in war and not defenders.
             | Nobody wants to attack a country with nuclear weapons, so
             | it enables them to pick and choose which wars to start.
        
           | floatrock wrote:
           | you'd have to be MAD to have it make sense
        
           | a_gnostic wrote:
           | "It keeps the peace, in a dominating, intimidating sort of
           | way."
        
           | drno123 wrote:
           | Americans call their ICBM "peacekeeper", while renaming
           | Russian ICBM to "Satan"
        
             | lupusreal wrote:
             | NATO reporting names use common starting letters for
             | different categories of weapons. For surface-to-surface
             | missiles all begin with the letter S. Most of the names
             | chosen wouldn't raise eyebrows: Sapwood, Sasin, Sibling,
             | Stone... Some of them seem to have an appreciative "cool
             | factor": Skyfall, Saber, Stiletto... But generally there
             | isn't a derogatory theme to these code names. For instance,
             | codenames for fighter jets include Foxhound, Firebird,
             | Fencer, and Felon. Some of these are really cool names that
             | could have been given to western jets by marketting while
             | others seem derogatory. There's not much of a pattern here.
        
             | jamiek88 wrote:
             | I've always thought the worst thing about ICBM's is the
             | _hypocrisy_ of the name too!
             | 
             | But seriously these names are pretty much random, sometimes
             | 'cool' sometimes not, just sequential NATO designations
             | like Falcon, Felon, etc.
        
           | moffkalast wrote:
           | Nothing ironic about it, nukes have made their owning
           | countries impervious to invasion. Peace through superior
           | firepower as they say.
        
           | ajuc wrote:
           | It literally kept the peace?
        
         | tomcam wrote:
         | TIL the shockwave effect so popular in movies the last 20 years
         | is 100% accurate
        
         | Terr_ wrote:
         | On the subject of impressive old missile footage, I recommend
         | the Nike-X program's Sprint interceptor-missile. Not hot
         | glowing plasma on re-entry, but instead _going up_.
         | 
         | As a short-range interceptor, Sprints were slammed up out of
         | their silos via an explosively-driven piston, then they would
         | ignite and reorient in midair, accelerating at 100g to reach
         | Mach 10. The missile itself couldn't see very much, but would
         | be remotely guided with strong signals from the launch
         | installation.
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSFIkGfbLxs&t=23m37s
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lWDbwmsz9E&t=7m15s
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dl9Ovwmnxw&t=2m44s
        
         | runlevel1 wrote:
         | Here's footage of several MIRVs entering the atmosphere at
         | night: https://youtu.be/3ZM3y5qpMgY?t=68
         | 
         | On a more scientific note, here's a video from the Space
         | Shuttle boosters as they reenter (2005):
         | https://youtu.be/527fb3-UZGo?t=70
        
       | Mistletoe wrote:
       | https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/02/vardas-drug-cooking-wi...
        
       | tra3 wrote:
       | So I have a question about the audio at the beginning of the
       | video. How low is LEO and how much atmosphere is there? You know,
       | the whole sci-fi movie trope with lasers making noise in space?
        
       | bombcar wrote:
       | > This marks the first time a commercial company has landed a
       | spacecraft on United States soil.
       | 
       | I'm assuming SpaceX doesn't count somehow? Boosters have landed
       | on soil for sure (well, technically on landing pads), but maybe
       | they didn't become spacecraft.
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | Those reentered from suborbital trajectories. If reaching space
         | (> 100 km) was necessary, I think even amateur rocket people
         | have achieved that.
        
           | davedx wrote:
           | Come on LOL.
           | 
           | Falcon 9 is an orbital booster that's landed dozens of times
           | on US soil. Suggesting this spacecraft has achieved some kind
           | of world first is totally ridiculous and diminishes the
           | actual achievement.
        
             | peeters wrote:
             | I mean sure, there's ambiguity around the word
             | "spacecraft". But Falcon 9's booster isn't orbital, its
             | payload is. So it might still be a first for an orbital
             | spacecraft.
             | 
             | The gravitational potential energy of a 100kg payload in
             | 100km orbit is 98 MJ. The kinetic energy of a 100kg payload
             | in 100km orbit is 3042 MJ, over 30x more. So surviving
             | reentry from orbit is orders of magnitude more difficult
             | than surviving a straight up/down shot.
             | 
             | Now F9 boosters obviously have a horizontal velocity as
             | well that they need to cancel out, but suborbital and
             | orbital spacecrafts are _very_ different beasts and it 's
             | absolutely noteworthy. It's the difference between
             | surviving a car crash at 20 mph vs 95 mph. One is trivial,
             | the other requires a heck of a lot of engineering.
        
               | davedx wrote:
               | F9 landing is not trivial, and despite all the comments
               | on this thread trying to back up the claim this is the
               | "first commercial spacecraft to land on US soil"
               | ludicrous.
        
             | Tuna-Fish wrote:
             | I disagree. Falcon 9 is an orbital booster, but only the
             | second stage goes to orbit. The hard part is surviving re-
             | entry, the first stage only barely requires a heat shield.
             | 
             | Dragon would qualify, except it lands on the ocean, so not
             | "US soil".
        
             | ianburrell wrote:
             | Falcon 9 boosters are not orbital. The point of first stage
             | booster is to get rocket part of the way to orbit and the
             | second stage gets it into orbit. The boosters don't have
             | the heat shield to return from orbit.
        
             | myself248 wrote:
             | Umm, no. It's a booster of an orbital rocket, the booster
             | itself is not orbital. Falcon 9 stages super early even
             | compared to other rockets, specifically so the booster can
             | come back _before_ it gains anywhere near a significant
             | fraction of orbital energy.
             | 
             | This is great because it does make it practical to recover
             | the booster, but it's only possible by making the second
             | stage significantly larger and more powerful than
             | comparable rockets that stage later.
             | 
             | If the booster got up to orbital velocity, it would burn up
             | just like the Rocket Lab "mothership" host satellite that
             | accompanied the Varda capsule. They were coupled together,
             | the mothership performed the braking burn to adjust their
             | orbit into a reentry trajectory before the two separated.
             | Only a minuscule amount of drift separated the two as they
             | hit the atmosphere, but while the mothership burned up, the
             | capsule survived.
             | 
             | If Falcon's booster achieved orbit, it would burn up just
             | the same. The only reason it doesn't, is that it's only
             | going a tiny fraction of orbital velocity when it comes
             | home.
        
               | davedx wrote:
               | How was the spacecraft in this video "more orbital"? Did
               | it reach orbit itself?
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | It was a capsule sitting in orbit for a few months
               | waiting for bureaucratic processes before being allowed
               | to come back down.
        
           | wongarsu wrote:
           | Then what about Starliner? Here's a video of the landing from
           | OFT-2 [1] two years ago, on the way back from the ISS. It was
           | in orbit and landed on land in New Mexico. And while they are
           | doing this as part of a NASA contract, the spacecraft and
           | mission control were both from Boeing. I don't see how they
           | don't qualify
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPFS8Bp643o
        
         | presentmonkey wrote:
         | This capsule was recovered from orbit, SpaceX boosters are not
         | orbital at all and are just falling basically
        
           | moffkalast wrote:
           | I guess the Dragon capsule doesn't count because it lands in
           | water just slightly offshore, lol
        
             | p_j_w wrote:
             | Water is famously not soil.
        
           | sophacles wrote:
           | To be fair, orbit is also "just falling, basically".
        
         | dotnet00 wrote:
         | The boosters aren't themselves orbital, and while the Dragon
         | capsules have re-entered several dozen times now, they
         | splashdown in water. I think technically Starliner would better
         | fit the case of a commercial company landing a spacecraft on US
         | soil.
        
         | phyzome wrote:
         | They should definitely also add an "intact" qualifier. ;-)
        
         | chrisjc wrote:
         | Others have pointed out why boosters don't count.
         | 
         | But what about Dragon?
        
           | lapetitejort wrote:
           | Dragon capsules (as well as all US-based capsules [could be
           | wrong]) splash down in water, so not soil. Soyuz capsules
           | land on soil.
        
       | lawrenceyan wrote:
       | The experiences of awakening astronauts get when they see Earth
       | for the first time make sense to me now.
        
       | xeromal wrote:
       | This was incredible to me and I'm not even sure why. I was
       | enthralled.
        
       | moribvndvs wrote:
       | Immediately before touchdown, the camera rolls slightly before we
       | hear and see it impact. Why is that?
        
       | enderfusion wrote:
       | 27min full uncut version.
       | https://youtu.be/BWxl921rMgM?si=9lVkkMBd5pAw2hSv
        
       | j-wags wrote:
       | This is the second time Varda's been on my radar in the past
       | year. First time was when their engineer Andrew McCalip
       | livestreamed his replication attempt for LK-99 (using company
       | equipment) just days after the initial announcement [1][2]. I'm
       | not even remotely in the right field, but stuff like this makes
       | me think Varda would be a cool place to work.
       | 
       | [1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36997821 [2]
       | https://www.tomshardware.com/news/engineer-details-messy-lk-...
        
         | enderfusion wrote:
         | Hehe, that was me. The hobbies do occasionally get out of
         | control :P
        
           | vertis wrote:
           | When the hobbies become indistinguishable from the job.
           | Congrats on the reentry.
        
       | diimdeep wrote:
       | This is some serious Deep tech [1] technology, not your average
       | fully remote SAAS.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_tech
        
       | davidw wrote:
       | Can anyone post a timestamp?
        
         | SushiHippie wrote:
         | 2:44
        
       | Centigonal wrote:
       | I have a friend who's at Varda. They manufacture space drugs.
       | SPACE DRUGS!!
       | 
       | https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20240222/hiv-...
        
         | clarle wrote:
         | Out of curiosity, what's the benefit of pharmaceuticals
         | manufacturing in space?
         | 
         | Is there a benefit to manufacturing drugs in low gravity
         | environments, or is it more of an experiment to see if it's
         | feasible, in a future where more people might be living in
         | space?
        
           | ender341341 wrote:
           | I believe last I read about it, some drugs are formed as
           | crystals, and being in 0g (or free fall if your pedantic)
           | meant the formed crystals were much bigger or easier to
           | actually form, can't remember which, the specific drug is
           | related to HIV medications
        
           | cyberax wrote:
           | Perfect crystals. Also, the proof-of-concept drug was
           | ritonavir, and it's nearly impossible to consistently grow
           | large crystals of it on Earth. All of the labs that work with
           | ritonavir are contaminated by a more stable form
           | ("polymorph") that rapidly converts any ritonavir crystals
           | into a less-useful form.
        
       | avalys wrote:
       | What are the "sparklies"? They look like small particles burning
       | up but it's not clear why they're only luminous so briefly within
       | the frame of the video.
        
       | DonnyV wrote:
       | "Landing on the beach Do Do Do Do!"
        
       | brcmthrowaway wrote:
       | What ITAR restrictions do you have for employment?
        
       | OldHunter69X wrote:
       | Helldiver reporting for duty!
        
       | thebiglebrewski wrote:
       | Are the points of light when it first separates Starlink/other
       | satellites moving around up there, or stars?
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | they could be much smaller and much closer from debris from the
         | craft itself. perspective at that altitude is tricky
        
       | a_gnostic wrote:
       | What version of Reentry Particle Effect did you use for this KSP
       | install?
        
       | hasoleju wrote:
       | Only a handful of minutes from a position in space where you can
       | see the whole earth to a small spot in the desert of Utah. Where
       | you see the feet of a human walking towards you.
       | 
       | Amazing what is achievable with the tech of today. Space is not
       | that far away after all. Still very odd to see the two scenes
       | described above in a short video on YouTube.
       | 
       | Having the human walk towards the camera has a tremendous effect.
       | It's something everyone can relate to and it puts a great context
       | to all the scenes that are shown in the video before that.
        
         | mastazi wrote:
         | Just a heads up that the video linked above has been cut, the
         | full length video can be found here:
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWxl921rMgM
         | 
         | What you said is still valid though, since the full video is
         | not much longer.
        
           | enderfusion wrote:
           | Yeah sorry, grabbed the wrong link initially.
        
         | whats_a_quasar wrote:
         | If you live in San Francisco you're closer to LEO than you are
         | to Los Angeles.
         | 
         | Probably also helps that 17,000 mph is really freaking fast.
        
       | aledalgrande wrote:
       | Question, that might be obvious to many but not to me: isn't
       | space supposed to be empty? How is the mic picking up noise (=
       | sound) just after detaching from the other module?
        
         | SushiHippie wrote:
         | I'd say vibrations of the capsule which shake the camera, which
         | then shakes the diaphragm/membrane of the microphone, and maybe
         | electromagnetic inferences
        
         | abeppu wrote:
         | I was confused by the fact that it started off with a little
         | sound, and then there was a crescendo, and then it cut off to
         | silence at about the 3 minute mark ... and then around the 4
         | minute mark sound ramps back up. Was that artificially muted
         | out because that section would have been too loud?
        
       | klohto wrote:
       | I don't know if Andrew is still answering, but how does it work
       | with calculations for reentry?
       | 
       | It's basically ballistic downward, how do you make sure you won't
       | hit anything on your way down over many layers?
        
       | Plasmoid wrote:
       | What I found interesting is the sun is actually white in this
       | camera feed instead of the usual yellow we associated with it.
        
         | SushiHippie wrote:
         | Yeah, the sun is actually white! It's a big star, after all
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun#Sunlight_and_neutrinos
         | 
         | > The Sun emits light across the visible spectrum, so its color
         | is white, [...], when viewed from space or when the Sun is high
         | in the sky.
         | 
         | > When the Sun is very low in the sky, atmospheric scattering
         | renders the Sun yellow, red, orange, or magenta, and in rare
         | occasions even green or blue.
         | 
         | > Despite its typical whiteness [...], some cultures mentally
         | picture the Sun as yellow and some even red; the reasons for
         | this are cultural and exact ones are the subject of debate.
        
         | jasonwatkinspdx wrote:
         | It's a GoPro doing automatic white balance.
        
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