[HN Gopher] New cancer drug kinder than chemotherapy
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       New cancer drug kinder than chemotherapy
        
       Author : pella
       Score  : 157 points
       Date   : 2024-01-18 17:54 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.bbc.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.bbc.com)
        
       | Traubenfuchs wrote:
       | From wikipedia:
       | 
       | > When blinatumomab was approved, Amgen announced that the price
       | for the drug would be US$178,000 per year, which made it the most
       | expensive cancer drug on the market. Merck's pembrolizumab was
       | priced at US$150,000 per year when it launched (in September
       | 2014).[14] At the time of initial approval, only about 1,000
       | patients in the US had an indication for blinatumomab.
       | 
       | I take it they prefer to pump chemotherapy poison ito patients
       | for financial reasons?
        
         | ceejayoz wrote:
         | It'll be substantially cheaper in the UK.
        
           | teamonkey wrote:
           | For those who need it will be free - but not to the health
           | service, who do have to pay the sticker price.
        
             | ben_w wrote:
             | NHS is approximately a monopsony, which probably has some
             | advantages for price negotiation.
        
               | teamonkey wrote:
               | A family member has had immunotherapy on the NHS and it
               | was disclosed to them (not sure how reliable or accurate
               | this is) that a single dose cost the NHS 4 figures. It
               | needed several layers of approval for it to be
               | administered.
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | For one of the same drugs discussed above by
               | Traubenfuchs? If so, unless I've misread the discussion,
               | that looks like 12-140 times cheaper depending on which
               | drug and exactly where in the 1000-9999 GPB it was?
        
               | wlesieutre wrote:
               | Prices in earlier comment are per year, prices the NHS
               | paid were per dose. Do we know how many doses per year?
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | Thanks! That means I did misread.
        
               | teamonkey wrote:
               | Indeed it was per dose, and IIRC the figure was over
               | PS5000. It wasn't intended to be public knowledge, I
               | don't think the patient was supposed to be shown it. The
               | various supporting chemos ranged from below PS100 to
               | about PS250/dose IIRC.
               | 
               | I mention it because in the UK people don't really
               | understand that drugs can be really expensive. The
               | assumption is that due to the scale of the NHS they're
               | heavily discounted or even free, and that the high prices
               | mentioned by US folk is due to the unusual healthcare
               | situation there.
               | 
               | But there's real money being paid by taxes, as well as
               | procedures that determine whether you're worth the
               | expenditure.
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | I'm sure some (many) make that kind of mistake, so it is
               | worth pointing out.
               | 
               | But also:
               | 
               | > and that the high prices mentioned by US folk is due to
               | the unusual healthcare situation there.
               | 
               | Are they wrong? I keep hearing that the US government
               | spends more per person on healthcare than the UK
               | government, even though the US also has mostly private
               | insurance on top of that and the UK mostly doesn't?
        
               | teamonkey wrote:
               | Not wrong at all.
               | 
               | The NHS probably does barter discounts. But consider that
               | a discount of 50% off $150k/yr would be incredible, yet
               | still be a vast amount of money for a single treatment.
        
             | mft_ wrote:
             | I understand your cynicism, but let's inject some actual
             | data.
             | 
             | The price that the manufacturer charges for a course of
             | blinatumomab (in a different indication for adults, not
             | that this is especially relevant in this discussion) is
             | ~PS56k [0] - so significantly lower than the price quoted
             | from the US.
             | 
             | NICE (the organisation which published the document
             | referenced) exists to achieve value for money for the NHS
             | for higher-priced and specialist treatments. If, following
             | a thorough assessment, a medicine does not achieve the
             | required value for money standard at the price proposed by
             | the manufacturer, they are presented with two options: to
             | not have the drug reimbursed in the UK at all, or to lower
             | the effective price, so that the drug becomes cost-
             | effective.
             | 
             | [0] https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta589/documents/final-
             | appra...
        
             | ceejayoz wrote:
             | Sticker price varies by country, and national health
             | systems can negotiate those prices with quite a bit of
             | market power.
             | 
             | https://www.pgpf.org/blog/2022/11/how-much-does-the-
             | united-s...
             | 
             | > According to a 2021 study by the RAND Corporation, a non-
             | profit global policy think tank, prices of prescription
             | drugs in the U.S. are 2.4 times higher than the average
             | prices of nine other nations (Austria, Australia, Belgium,
             | Canada, Germany, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland and the United
             | Kingdom). That higher cost is largely related to brand-name
             | drugs, which are 4.9 times more expensive in the U.S. than
             | in those countries. In fact, brand-name drugs are
             | responsible for 84 percent of total drug costs in the
             | United States despite accounting for only 8 percent of
             | drugs dispensed.
             | 
             | The US is _just_ starting to negotiate pricing, beginning
             | with ten specific drugs. Until 2022, it was _illegal_ for
             | Medicare to do so.
             | 
             | https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/10/03/biden-harris-
             | admin...
        
         | teamonkey wrote:
         | Literally, yes. On the NHS, they will exhaust cheaper solutions
         | that have a fair probability of working before trying more
         | expensive ones. Age, long term prognosis, whether they have
         | dependents, and some other factors are also considered.
        
           | Traubenfuchs wrote:
           | > dependants
           | 
           | You mean ones life is valued more if one has children?
        
             | teamonkey wrote:
             | If you have young children that depend on you, yes.
        
               | copperx wrote:
               | Do they look up records? Is this ethical? Does this also
               | happen in the US or other countries?
        
             | dekhn wrote:
             | There's an entire subfield dedicated to calculating life
             | values for making difficult decisions.
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_of_life
             | 
             | I don't recall seeing having children as a variable in that
             | valuation, it's typically more about how many years of work
             | you continue to do, cast back into current dollars
             | ("present value lifetime earnings", see https://escholarshi
             | p.org/content/qt82d0550k/qt82d0550k.pdf?t...) and
             | normalized for base rates.
        
             | BobaFloutist wrote:
             | I mean, yeah. Of course it is.
        
               | copperx wrote:
               | No, I wouldn't say a life with dependents has more value.
               | However, I do think it should be prioritized over those
               | without dependents.
               | 
               | But that has nothing to do with inherent value.
        
         | andy_xor_andrew wrote:
         | dumb question... is it _purely_ the demand that makes it this
         | expensive? The  "you need this or you die" aspect? Or is the
         | cost of research and manufacturing for this stuff so
         | astronomical that it warrants such a high price?
         | 
         | I almost don't want to even know... if I find out it costs only
         | ~$5 to develop a dose, and they're charging $200k to dying
         | people... ugh
        
           | seventytwo wrote:
           | The research, development, approval process, and production
           | all absolutely cost money that needs to be recouped from the
           | sale, but we shouldn't ever forget the _reason_ why the
           | company exists: to make profit.
        
             | wahnfrieden wrote:
             | In other words, no it is not only supply and demand - it's
             | the desire to maximize profit as far as the market will
             | bear
        
               | daedrdev wrote:
               | Or like the other response to your parent comment said,
               | it could cost a ton to make, which lowers the number of
               | people who can get it, driving costs even higher due to
               | low volume.
        
             | konschubert wrote:
             | You also need to pay for all the other research projects
             | that did NOT yield a successful drug.
        
           | throwup238 wrote:
           | There is zero chance it costs $5 per dose because
           | blinatumomab is a bi-specific T cell engager which is a
           | monoclonal antibody made by extracting it from a cloned white
           | blood cell created from recombinant DNA. The yield for this
           | process is extremely low and it's really complicated in the
           | best of times. The cost of the pipette tips and other
           | consumables used by the lab automation alone probably costs
           | more.
           | 
           | The flip side is that it treats a rare form of leukemia so
           | the market isn't very big and since they can't lower the
           | price enough to compete with chemo, they have to actually
           | charge _more_ to get their money back. For example chemo
           | might cost $10k, but their drug costs $10k to make per person
           | so if they charged $50k they might not even get enough
           | customers to break even. So instead they charge $200k to get
           | the most from the patients they _can_ capture like the X% of
           | patients who are allergic to the chemo drugs and have no
           | choice (Just an example, I don 't know the specifics for
           | blinatumomab)
        
         | anatnom wrote:
         | I took blinatumomab in 2015 (in my late 20s). It literally
         | saved my life. However, the risks of blinatumomab were seen as
         | much riskier than chemotherapy. Most notably, blinatumomab has
         | a significant risk of triggering a cytokine storm[0], a
         | frequently-fatal immune reaction cascade. When starting a cycle
         | of blinatumomab, the hospital required that I be inpatient for
         | 7 days and they checked my vitals at least once every two
         | hours. (This was _miserable_ for my sleep schedule, which is
         | already a mess when in the hospital.) My regimen was 7 days in
         | the hospital, then 21 days at home constantly connected to the
         | pump, then 7 days of recovery time before starting another
         | cycle.
         | 
         | At the time I took blinatumomab, I had already had unsuccessful
         | treatments with two different chemo regimens. At the hospital
         | system I was at, at least one failed chemo regimen was a pre-
         | requisite for blinatumomab, as it was only indicated for
         | "refractory" or "recurrent" cancers. I assume this is more
         | related to the chance of acute death and (at the time) relative
         | newness of blinatumomab compared to established chemotherapy
         | regimens. (B-cell ALL is sadly very common in children, but
         | this fortunately means that there is a LOT of funding research
         | into the disease.)
         | 
         | After going through 3 one-month cycles of blinatumomab, it was
         | becoming less effective, but I was able to line up a allogenic
         | stem cell transplant which has (knock on a thousand woods) kept
         | me clean for the 8 years since.
         | 
         | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_storm
        
           | pama wrote:
           | Amazing story. Thanks for sharing. For all of us who work in
           | drug discovery the hope is to hear cases like yours become
           | more common and hopefully one day we can push cancer out of
           | the range of common causes of death. There is still a ton of
           | work to do.
        
         | dogman144 wrote:
         | That poison chemo was and is a vast improvement on puberty-
         | killing radiation, for instance. It's a spectrum
        
       | mdp2021 wrote:
       | Coincidentally, physicist Sabine Hossenfelder published on YT
       | just hours ago about a new treatment - "proton flashes".
       | 
       | > _one of the most common ways to treat cancer is radiation
       | therapy with x-rays ... You can use these highly energetic
       | photons to kill off cancer cells. The difficulty really is ...
       | killing the cancer cells without killing the patient - but the
       | problem with using x-rays is that you can 't shoot them at tumors
       | inside the body without also burning some of the tissue on the
       | way to the tumor and behind it... But you can use beams of other
       | particles instead and this is where particle physics enters ... A
       | beam of protons is far less likely to interact with tissue on
       | short distances_
       | 
       | And it is still part of the "kinder" set (protons are "kinder"
       | than x-rays).
       | 
       |  _New Cancer Treatment With Proton Flashes Goes on Trial_
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K515uMQQzV4
        
         | dekhn wrote:
         | I downvoted you mainly because Sabine is a font of
         | misinformation in areas outside her direct expertise.
         | 
         | Particle beams for cancer therapy aren't new; shortly after the
         | invention of the cyclotrone, EO Lawrence did this with neutrons
         | in the late 1940s and proton beams were being used successfully
         | in the 50's. She leaves out these details and only mentions
         | trials from the 1990s.
        
           | blashyrk wrote:
           | > I downvoted you mainly because Sabine is a font of
           | misinformation in areas outside her direct expertise.
           | 
           | Just curious, since I've run into her channel recently and
           | found her generally pleasant and informative (minus the
           | unfunny jokes part), do you have any specific examples of
           | this?
        
             | dekhn wrote:
             | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskPhysics/comments/15o0fx7/i_just
             | _...
             | 
             | To be fair, her criticism isn't that LIGO itself was fake,
             | but it's really hard to tell, from the video and from
             | https://backreaction.blogspot.com/2019/09/whats-up-with-
             | ligo... If you read that blog, you can see she is using a
             | collection of rhetorical techniques to cast down on the
             | LIGO results (for example, using the term retraction out of
             | context).
             | 
             | But it's mainly her videos about health-related stuff that
             | doesn't have good support. She approaches most of these
             | things with a "assume a spherical cow" approach, common
             | when physics folks try to do biology.
        
           | mdp2021 wrote:
           | Thank you for the warning about Dr. Hossenfelder and for the
           | information about the technology,
           | 
           | but we have not effected any blind endorsement. Just informed
           | of a consistent parallel piece, esp. after the coincidence,
           | which may be useful in itself - or just interesting.
        
         | bearjaws wrote:
         | I actually worked with MGH on their first proton treatment
         | software for non cyberknife proton treatment. Later scaled it
         | into AWS so their dosimetrists could iterate on treatment plans
         | much faster. The initial treatments were incredibly successful
         | and much easier on the patient, but theres no miracle either.
         | 
         | Patients still suffer adverse reactions, and you will have
         | margins of error, not to mention you do not have unlimited time
         | to develop a treatment plan that is perfect. It's a
         | time/efficacy trade off and the goal is to hit as much of the
         | cancer as possible, while maintaining a SAFE dose of radiation,
         | not a zero dose. What is a safe dose? Well, the more aggressive
         | your cancer the higher that number gets too.
         | 
         | Some patients still receive high dose radiation while on proton
         | treatment simply because their cancer is that aggressive,
         | typically suffering the same grade 1-2 diarrhea and vomiting as
         | any other form of radiation.
         | 
         | Proton treatment is far superior for most cancers, especially
         | deeper cancers like colon and prostate.
         | 
         | It's a living example of how tragic a new treatment option is,
         | unfortunately proton centers are expensive to build and take
         | years. So many people are still passing away from treatable
         | disease and having to endure high dose chemotherapy in other
         | cases.
        
           | rdedev wrote:
           | My theory is that cancer is a precision recall problem. Our
           | body has the tools to fight cancer but they need to be
           | precise otherwise they would end up attacking normal cells.
           | Our cells do not have as much high level view that we do. On
           | the other hand if we see a skin cell inside the brain we know
           | that's cancer. Hopefully we can build some treatments that
           | lets us light up cancer cells and have our own cells take
           | care of it. That being said it's easier said than done
        
         | pgalvin wrote:
         | On the topic of interesting Physics contributing to new cancer
         | therapies, there is also Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
         | (https://www.neutrontherapeutics.com/about-bnct/). I gather the
         | gist of it is that it builds up boron isotopes around a tumour,
         | then bombards it with neutrons that mostly pass through the
         | body but interact far more with the boron isotopes. Energetic
         | particles are emitted, have a low range, and hopefully kill
         | just the cancer cells. Apparently all in less sessions than
         | with X-ray or proton therapy.
         | 
         | Disclaimer: I am not a doctor or medical physicist, I'm just
         | fortunate enough to briefly use a machine intended for this
         | purpose in separate nuclear physics studies. I believe BNCT has
         | been done before with reactor sources of neutrons, but for some
         | reason not as a standard treatment and there's only one left in
         | Taiwan for this purpose. The new development, afaik, is the
         | ability to use accelerator neutron sources for this. Would love
         | it if anybody knows more!
        
         | rngname22 wrote:
         | Is there a way to like emit energy in a narrow beam from a
         | bunch of different angles around a central target such that
         | they only overlap in the center/target and the frequencies
         | resonate in that location in such a way to reach a higher
         | frequency past which there is a destructive effect but below
         | which is safe and non-destructive?
         | 
         | /knows nothing about physics
        
           | csdvrx wrote:
           | Yes, there is beam forming.
           | 
           | Do a websearch about MIMO and beamforming, or ask Bing
           | chatgpt to explain it.
        
           | thfuran wrote:
           | They're generally delivered sequentially rather than
           | simultaneously, but that is standard practice. It means you
           | can concentrate the dose in the target area, but constructive
           | interference affects only intensity, not frequency. And
           | photons will still interact pretty evenly along the whole
           | path.
        
           | dekhn wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosurgery there is a subtype
           | called Gamma Knife which uses a large collection of emitters
           | to effectively target a location while keeping other
           | locations under a specific radiation threshold.
        
         | meindnoch wrote:
         | Let me guess without looking at the video. Is it about the
         | Bragg curve?
        
         | i_cannot_hack wrote:
         | Worth noting here is that "proton flash therapy" is a new
         | therapy, but "proton therapy" is not. Proton therapy is a lot
         | more recent than x-ray therapy, but still a conventional
         | therapy.
         | 
         | Flash therapy is the part is which just now entering clinical
         | trials, where you treat the patient with ultra-high dose rates
         | (so you deliver the same dose of radiation, but in maybe 90 ms
         | instead of 90 seconds). There are indications that healthy
         | cells are better at recovering from the ulra-high dose rate
         | than tumor cells are, which means it would have a protective
         | effect on healthy tissue, but the mechanism behind it is not
         | known. The type of radiation is not specified, it can be
         | protons, electrons, x-rays, etc.
         | 
         | So "proton flash therapy" is a Flash therapy that uses protons.
         | Other clinical trials are using electrons instead, i.e.
         | "electron flash therapy".
         | 
         | Edit: If anyone thinks this is interesting and is looking for
         | work in Stockholm, my workplace develops simulation / treatment
         | planning tools for radiation therapy (including proton therapy
         | and flash therapy) and is currently recruiting C++ and C#
         | developers: https://www.raysearchlabs.com/career/
        
       | mjfl wrote:
       | Any chemotherapy that damages the immune system should be
       | avoided.
        
         | SpaceNoodled wrote:
         | It can be preferable to having your body slowly town apart by
         | its own immune system.
        
         | kepoly wrote:
         | As I sit here getting chemo for B-Cell ALL, most of us don't
         | have any other option, it's chemo or death.
        
           | Kognito wrote:
           | From one internet stranger to another, I wish you a speedy
           | recovery friend!
        
           | navigate8310 wrote:
           | I hope for your speedy recovery. Be strong.
        
         | bearjaws wrote:
         | Theres a field of auto-immune disorders, where patients suffer
         | from their own immune system. I believe they would disagree
         | with you.
        
         | sgift wrote:
         | Yeah okay. I could have chosen to die instead. Think that would
         | have been better?
        
         | josefresco wrote:
         | My own immune system is attacking my joints. Without treatment
         | I'll be disabled within 10 years. What's your advice doc?
        
       | narrator wrote:
       | Most cancer papers in the literature: "We found a new way to kill
       | cells. Maybe it will kill cancer cells better than normal cells!"
        
       | mmaunder wrote:
       | We need to see a much faster ramp in the pace of innovation in
       | this space. We're eeking out tiny wins over decades, like
       | Rituximab and this agent. Feels like there's an ossification of
       | this entire sector that happened years ago and there's no sense
       | of urgency - just businesses as usual with the occasional modest
       | win to show. 80 years since chemo was discovered, our most
       | successful treatment across the board continues to be poison that
       | kills fast growing cells faster than it kills the host. We are
       | oncological troglodytes.
        
         | echelon wrote:
         | Molecular solutions are punch card science.
         | 
         | I really want to do whole-body clonal work. Our bodies and
         | genes are machines, yet we still haven't put them to work.
         | We're plastering over the breaks with crude tools that feel
         | like modern day bloodletting. The blast radius in the
         | transduction pathways is huge and imprecise.
         | 
         | I've written extensively about this topic on HN. Give me a
         | minute and I'll dig up some references.
         | 
         | Edit:
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=35321368
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32379247
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=30407908
        
           | slibhb wrote:
           | We're nowhere near "head transplants" or "creating braindead
           | clones" (not to mention keeping them alive and healthy for
           | decades). This is science fiction.
           | 
           | Actual cancer treatments are moving forward at a good pace.
           | Immunotherapies are a good example. Cancer treatment is an
           | example of medical research working well.
        
             | Apocryphon wrote:
             | Yeah, if we're going to talk sci-fi, at least nanomachines
             | are much less ghoulish than the implications of legalized
             | human cloning.
        
           | Ralfp wrote:
           | This is not only a morally ambiguous sci-fi, it also skips on
           | issue that we have no 100% proof way to make sure the blood
           | used in the procedures you proposed will not contain cancer
           | cells that will then invade the transplanted organ.
           | 
           | Not to mention issue of patient being weakened by, say, organ
           | failure, to even survive such procedure.
        
           | CyberDildonics wrote:
           | Your comments are basically "what if we had clones guys, why
           | has no one thought of this?"
           | 
           | You didn't "write extensively", you put science fiction plots
           | ideas that have already been done a dozen times into
           | comments.
           | 
           | I'm going to go out on a limb and say that execution might be
           | a bigger factor than ideas here.
        
             | echelon wrote:
             | You remain possibly my single biggest critic on HN,
             | CyberDildonics.
             | 
             | I originally posted a follow-up message, but I revealed to
             | much of the path gradient to build this and so I deleted
             | it. There are so many low-hanging fruit markets, but I have
             | to hold my tongue. It needs the right leadership and angle
             | of attack.
             | 
             | I bet my reputation that none of this is science fiction,
             | though, and I can't wait to prove you wrong about
             | everything you doubt me on. Give me ten years on this one.
             | I'll show you.
             | 
             | The Hollywood thread you keep doubting me on is going to be
             | extremely obvious in about six months. I really want to see
             | you eat your hat on that one. I'm sleeping on the floor
             | every night to make it happen, and we're getting there.
        
         | bglazer wrote:
         | There are a ton of challenges to better oncology treatments.
         | First, as many have noted, cancer is a constellation of
         | diseases. Often a single tumor will contain multiple different,
         | but related groups of cells. So most treatments will only work
         | for a subset of cancers, and then only until the cancer evolves
         | to be resistant. So any advance, will be necessarily "modest",
         | the reality of the situation is that there will never be a
         | silver bullet. The closest we've come is immunotherapies, the
         | class of treatment described in the article. These are a
         | legitimately incredible advance, completely curing many people
         | without the side effects of chemo. That said, theyre limited
         | because cancer can evolve to defeat the immune response, and
         | occasionally the immune system either under or over-reacts.
         | 
         | Also if you think there's no sense of urgency, you haven't
         | talked to anyone actually in the field. Do you really think
         | oncologists (pediatric oncologists!) aren't eager to cure their
         | patients?
        
           | s1artibartfast wrote:
           | Plus there is the existing financial incentive. If an
           | individual or company comes up with a revolutionary
           | treatment, it would be an absolute money printer.
           | 
           | Even historic improvements for large demographics have
           | massive returns. Keytruda (major oncology improvement) had
           | more than $20 billion sales in 2023.
           | 
           | It is hard to think of a stronger market incentive to improve
           | drugs as much as possible.
        
           | mmaunder wrote:
           | > Do you really think oncologists (pediatric oncologists!)
           | aren't eager to cure their patients?
           | 
           | Don't be bloody ridiculous.
        
       | Log_out_ wrote:
       | Why has chemo go through the whole body. Why not ecmo chemo only
       | the combat zone?
        
         | bluGill wrote:
         | Things like that are done where we can figure out how to get
         | the drugs there. Not an easy problem though.
        
         | s1artibartfast wrote:
         | Usually the cancer cells are throughout the body, even if the
         | tumors themselves have not spread. This is why you might cut
         | out a solid tumor, and then give chemo
        
           | rubberband wrote:
           | For me, they cut out most of a giant tumor, but couldn't get
           | all of it without risking some vital organs. Then I got chemo
           | for the rest. Interesting process.
           | 
           |  _Usually_ the cancer cells are concentrated where the tumor
           | is. One of the first things they may do upon diagnosis of
           | cancer is a PET scan (which shows you where cancerous stuff
           | is throughout your body).
           | 
           | Life advice for all the young folks: don't get cancer.
        
             | s1artibartfast wrote:
             | my understanding is that the word "concentrated" does a lot
             | of heavy lifting, and modern thought is that most cancers
             | started spreading cells all over the body, even at very
             | early stages.
             | 
             | metastatic cancer is a numbers game. for example. at stage
             | 0-1, you might still have millions of cancer cells
             | throughout your body, and there is a good chance your
             | immune system can clean them up. At stages 2 or 3 there
             | might be trillions of non-local cancer cells, with a
             | proportionally greater chance of propagation.
        
         | Johnny555 wrote:
         | When my dog had a subcutaneous form of cancer, one treatment
         | discussed was local injection of a chemotherapy agent in the
         | tumor area along with electrochemotherapy to help make the
         | tumor more susceptible to the chemo treatment.
         | 
         | We opted for surgical removal instead.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemotherapy
        
         | bglazer wrote:
         | Antibody drug conjugates are one attempt at doing this.
         | Basically attach chemotherapy drugs to molecules (antibodies)
         | that bind only to proteins on cancer cells
        
         | smileysteve wrote:
         | In particular, this is a treatment for leukemia; a blood
         | cancer.
        
         | rubberband wrote:
         | There's "topical" chemo for some stuff, but it's uncommon. Most
         | chemo is either in pill form, or (as was for me) delivered
         | intravenously. So it goes through the whole body.
         | 
         | Radiation therapy can target specific areas. It's still used
         | instead of chemo in some cases.
        
       | Johnny555 wrote:
       | I'm hoping that immune therapies for cancer continue to improve.
       | My dog got an experimental immunotherapy for his Hemangiosarcoma
       | tumor (which is incurable). Due to the advanced state of the
       | tumor (he had to have his spleen removed in emergency surgery due
       | to the tumor, plus it had spread to other organs), he was given a
       | 2 - 4 month survival time, he's on month 4 now.
       | 
       | There's not enough data to say if the immune therapy is helping
       | (he's on traditional low-dose chemo as well), but it seems
       | promising. The company (Torigen.com) is focused on animal
       | treatment for now, but sees applications for humans in the
       | future.
        
         | jackblemming wrote:
         | You gave your dog an experimental immunotherapy and emergency
         | surgery for.. an expected 2-4 extra months with a presumably
         | lower quality of life?
        
           | Johnny555 wrote:
           | Well, medical decisions are rarely that clear cut... the
           | source of the bleeding spleen was unknown. All we knew is
           | that he was bleeding out from his spleen and based on the
           | volume of fluid in his abdomen, he wouldn't survive until
           | tomorrow. It was "probably" a tumor, but the ultrasound was
           | not clear and if it was a tumor, there was a 60% chance it
           | was cancer. And we had 30 minutes to decide whether or not to
           | take the surgical slot as they couldn't hold it beyond
           | then... if we didn't opt for surgery we'd need to euthanize
           | the dog.
           | 
           | So the choice was "immediate death or surgery plus a 40%
           | chance of returning to normal".
           | 
           | After the biopsy came back and it was Hemangiosarcoma, then
           | we opted for the experimental treatment coupled with low-dose
           | chemo, which had a low chance of side effects that affect
           | quality of life. The experimental vaccine was both to hedge
           | our bets (it wouldn't hurt, and it could help, especially if
           | he developed side effects to the chemo and we had to stop the
           | treatment), and to give the company a little more data on the
           | effectiveness of their treatment (even if we had to pay for
           | it).
           | 
           | And indeed, he's had a good quality of life - he was fully
           | recovered from the splenectomy in a week (though we had to
           | keep him movement restricted for another week until the
           | stitches came out), and so far he's 100% back to normal,
           | showing no side effects from the chemo and his activity
           | levels are still back to normal.
        
             | m463 wrote:
             | > we had 30 minutes to decide
             | 
             | The older I've gotten the more I've been in these kinds of
             | situations.
             | 
             | As a kid you are shielded from stuff, and it catches people
             | so... unprepared.
        
               | Johnny555 wrote:
               | >As a kid you are shielded from stuff, and it catches
               | people so... unprepared.
               | 
               | Yeah, I still remember my dad going in to the hospital
               | one weekend for what he thought was heartburn, but mom
               | made him go anyway... he didn't come home for 2 weeks
               | after being admitted and receiving triple bypass cardiac
               | surgery.
               | 
               | In the dog's case, we thought he ate something bad, he
               | was a little lethargic but otherwise seemed ok, no fever
               | or anything... we almost decided to wait a couple days to
               | see if he got over it before taking him to the vet. Even
               | the vet seemed shocked when she came back in the room to
               | tell us the diagnosis from the ultrasound. We never
               | expected to be deciding whether he'd live or die that
               | day.
        
             | s1artibartfast wrote:
             | Im not familiar with how animal medicene work. When you say
             | it was an experimental treatment, does that mean your pet
             | participated in a registered study by the manufacturer? If
             | so, did the manufacturer pick up the cost? Alternatively,
             | do you mean that the treatment was experimental because it
             | was off label use, and outside of a study?
        
               | Johnny555 wrote:
               | I encourage you to visit their website to learn more as
               | I'm just interpreting what our oncologist told us about
               | the Torigen vaccine.
               | 
               | It's not part of a funded study so you have to purchase
               | the vaccine and agree to let your vet provide followup
               | information back to the company.
               | 
               | Our dog's oncologist recommended it and said they've seen
               | promising results in other patients, but wouldn't go so
               | far as to say that it would prolong his life. The only
               | published data I've seen from the company is a safety
               | study.
               | 
               | We got the vaccine mostly as a hedge in case the chemo
               | didn't work or he had side effects and we had to
               | discontinue it, but also to provide data back to the
               | company on their vaccine in the hopes that it will help
               | other animals or for future human applications.
        
           | odyssey7 wrote:
           | Two scenarios for testing experimental cancer therapies for
           | dogs. Either you use the experimental therapy to treat
           | cancers when they naturally occur in dogs, or you somehow
           | give cancer to otherwise healthy dogs and then use the
           | therapies to treat the cancer.
        
           | s1artibartfast wrote:
           | It isnt the choice that I would make, but what other people
           | do with their money is their own business, and the science
           | may prove useful.
           | 
           | However, those that call for state funded animal insurance,
           | or mandates truly strike me as unhinged.
        
       | dendrite9 wrote:
       | The class of drugs are Bi-specific T-cell engagers from what I
       | understand. I have a relative going through treatment and the
       | possibility of these treatments was raised so I have been reading
       | some but I'm not claiming to be an expert. The risk of side
       | effects like the Cytokine storm seems to be similar to CAR-T, but
       | this type of treatment doesn't require the blood harvesting, cell
       | modification, and return for reinfusion. It seems like a better
       | (more generic) way of accomplishing something similar.
       | 
       | In the case of the family member in question it sounds like one
       | of these therapies are an option after CAR-T treatment currently.
       | But it might be a preferable option in the future. I'm not sure
       | if that is related to novelty and lack of data or something else.
        
       | google234123 wrote:
       | If you otherwise completely healthy, wouldn't you want to still
       | keep the chemo therapy (even if it's only a small asditional
       | contribution) I'd want the greatest chance of winning
        
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