[HN Gopher] Moderna's mRNA cancer vaccine works better than thought
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       Moderna's mRNA cancer vaccine works better than thought
        
       Author : nateb2022
       Score  : 219 points
       Date   : 2023-12-26 19:58 UTC (3 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.freethink.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.freethink.com)
        
       | squarefoot wrote:
       | If this turns out to work as promised, in a idealistic universe,
       | Moderna gets a big influx of money from all countries in the
       | world and they immediately publish details and surrender any
       | patent allowing the treatment to be produced worldwide and be
       | affordable for everyone.
        
         | DoubleDerper wrote:
         | i love this idea. worldbank or imf or gates or thiel foundation
         | compensates the company for opening the patent for the benefit
         | of humanity.
        
           | lawlessone wrote:
           | imagine the conspiracy theories though...
           | 
           | "No you can't just fight cancer this way, that's cheating,
           | drink this completely natural juice made from pulped fruits
           | and vegetables that have been growing separately for 80
           | million years."
        
           | treyd wrote:
           | What incentive do Gates or Thiel have for doing that?
        
             | lawlessone wrote:
             | I could see Gates doing it.
        
         | bawolff wrote:
         | I imagine an individually customized vaccine would still be
         | expensive even if produced at-cost. Things get cheap when they
         | can be mass produced.
        
         | dragonelite wrote:
         | We have seen how that went during covid, so dont i wouldn't
         | hold your breath on it. The only hope is competition from China
         | and others initiating a race to the bottom.
        
           | amelius wrote:
           | Maybe in 30 years when all the patents have expired.
        
           | bawolff wrote:
           | I mean, it seemed like it worked pretty well with covid.
           | Vaccine was produced very quickly, and in most countries was
           | free.
        
             | noduerme wrote:
             | Not free enough for anticapitalists!
        
             | satchlj wrote:
             | If by "free" you mean that taxpayers payed huge amounts of
             | money then sure...
        
               | maxerickson wrote:
               | It was like $30 a dose or less. Super cheap. Egad.
        
             | croes wrote:
             | It wasn't free, just paid by the government means tax money
             | means money that's now missing for other things in
             | countries like Germany because they still are fixated on
             | the 60% debt ceiling based on an Excel error.
        
             | oldgradstudent wrote:
             | It was a bit expensive, and it took some time to ramp up
             | production. Still impressive, though.
             | 
             | The problem was that almost everyone who got the vaccine
             | also caught the disease.
        
             | TheBlight wrote:
             | Just that pesky problem of them not actually preventing
             | infection.
        
         | lawlessone wrote:
         | It's not a general vaccine , but a tailored one aimed at people
         | being treated for cancers that have a high risk of it coming
         | back. So it's not something that can just be handed out to
         | everyone.
         | 
         | I agree though if a general vaccine is created.
         | 
         | I'm really looking forward to a future where this and heart
         | disease or just merely annoying.
        
           | kurthr wrote:
           | In particular:                  The vaccine works by
           | instructing the body to make up to 34 "neoantigens." These
           | are proteins found only on the cancer cells, and Moderna
           | personalizes the         vaccine for each recipient so that
           | it carries instructions for the neoantigens         on their
           | cancer cells.
        
             | loceng wrote:
             | And let me guess - there's a massive lobbying effort to be
             | able to patent each of these neoantigens, if they're not
             | already getting patents approved for them?
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _a big influx of money from all countries_
         | 
         | We don't know how valuable this tech is. It could be worth
         | trillions. It could be niche. Risk sharing, not cost, is the
         | currency of deal making.
         | 
         | > _immediately publish details and surrender any patent_
         | 
         | mRNA vaccine production methods are tough, _e.g._ Moderna's
         | encapsulation technology. Add to that the personalisation
         | required for these treatments, and we're still far from
         | economies of scale.
        
           | bugglebeetle wrote:
           | > mRNA vaccine production methods are tough, e.g. Moderna's
           | encapsulation technology
           | 
           | ...and were invented with publicly-funded research that
           | they've now privatized, resulting in large death tolls from
           | vaccine inequity in poor countries.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _were invented with publicly-funded research that they've
             | now privatized, resulting in large death tolls from vaccine
             | inequity in poor countries_
             | 
             | This is an odd complaint for this circumstance.
             | 
             | Those poor countries didn't materially fund these vaccines'
             | development. And production was fundamentally constrained;
             | nations entered into bidding wars to secure them. In the
             | end, geopolitics dictated which vaccines--if any--poor
             | people got. Covid vaccines were distributed through non-
             | market channels.
        
               | bugglebeetle wrote:
               | It's not at all odd because we learned the disastrous
               | political, social, and economic costs, including
               | widespread international consequences, of privatization
               | of HIV/AIDS treatments in the 90s and 2000s. Treatments
               | were developed with publicly-funded research in rich
               | western countries, hoarded for profit at the cost of mass
               | death in the developing world, which led to increased
               | severity of the disease from unchecked spread, which then
               | spread back into the countries that hoarded them. There
               | is nothing more fundamentally stupid than trying to
               | manage global pandemics with nationalism and IP
               | restrictions in a world with interconnected economies and
               | constant international travel.
        
         | loceng wrote:
         | Free market would automatically cause a big influx of money.
         | 
         | A "big influx of money from all countries in the world" - if
         | from governments themselves and not individual citizens buying
         | - would in fact be a proof point against its claimed
         | effectiveness, if forcing the otherwise free market (via
         | easily-commonly captured political-government-institutional
         | channels) is what's required to drive funding towards it, e.g.
         | regulatory capture to provide profits when they may not
         | actually be deserved-warranted - say by trying to get approval
         | for a fraudulently approved product, e.g. "... the 26
         | pharmaceutical companies paid some $33 billion in fines during
         | the 13-year period. The top 11 alone accounted for $28.8
         | billion" - https://www.pharmaceuticalprocessingworld.com/gsk-
         | pfizer-and...
         | 
         | And arguably this is just the tip of the iceberg and the
         | industry hasn't been held accountable for most of their fraud
         | since the industrial complex formed.
         | 
         | This isn't just a problem with the pharmaceutical industry but
         | with clearly corrupt-captured regulators like the FDA - who
         | allowed this fraud to happen to begin with, missing or not
         | checking into whatever lies were presented for the fraud to
         | occur and the products to make it to market.
         | 
         | And that's why headlines like "Moderna's mRNA cancer vaccine
         | works better than expected" should be taken with extreme
         | skepticism.
        
       | pclmulqdq wrote:
       | Past mRNA cancer vaccines haven't failed to get through trials
       | because of ineffectiveness. They failed clinical trials in the
       | 2000s and 2010s due to their side effects being too bad. The side
       | effects of mRNA vaccines are getting less and less severe over
       | the years, but the proof of the pudding will come in phase III
       | for this vaccine, as with all the other ones.
        
         | tmountain wrote:
         | What kind of side effects?
        
           | neverrroot wrote:
           | I don't know about the ones for this vaccine, but the ones
           | for the CV vaccine were listed on many pages of tiny text
           | (both from Pfizer and from Moderna). Then there are the long
           | term consequences, many studies keep coming out with
           | surprises (recent buzzword "Ribosomal frameshift").
           | 
           | mRNA will eventually save the day for everyone, including for
           | perfectly healthy individuals, but to me as a healthy 40yo
           | person, with no known immunity issues, not overweight etc.
           | etc. it is in my opinion still too risky to take just like
           | that.
        
             | _Microft wrote:
             | What does ,,CV" in ,,CV vaccine" mean?
        
               | m0llusk wrote:
               | CV: Corona Virus
        
               | croisillon wrote:
               | that might explain why i never receive an answer to all
               | the CV i sent
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | Good one!
        
             | mewpmewp2 wrote:
             | For coronavirus maybe, because it's not much of danger for
             | you in the first place, but those risks would be thousands
             | of times more acceptable for cancer.
             | 
             | There are no side effects observed from mRNA CV vaccines
             | that could be worse when compared to cancers with 1%+
             | mortality rate.
             | 
             | As a reminder you won't be taking it before the cancer, you
             | would be taking it after the fact.
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | There are maybe no effects that we know about right now.
               | Different people have different opinions on what their
               | risk tolerance is, so there could be people that may
               | outright disagree with your statement.
               | 
               | And there were even fewer such effects when the vaccines
               | have rolled out back in 2020 with emergency approval, but
               | without being used "in production" beforehand.
               | 
               | Now we know much more about the mRNA platform, but I
               | still can't exclude the possibility entirely for me. So I
               | will take my chances and focus much more on quality of
               | food, on staying fit, reducing stress etc. etc.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | You should do the healthy things to avoid cancer in the
               | first place, but once you are diagnosed with a cancer
               | with high mortality rate, it's a whole different
               | calculation in terms of risks vs benefits compared to
               | Covid-19.
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | Indeed. My view on vaccines is that they are not a cure
               | but act as prevention agents.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | There's multiple vaccines that can also work after you've
               | been exposed to a pathogen. In many such cases risks vs
               | benefits will change by the event.
               | 
               | For example rabies vaccines is not given to everyone,
               | however after you get rabies you will be given that
               | vaccine.
               | 
               | Vaccine in this case is a less harmful training tool to
               | prepare you for the more harmful pathogen that may still
               | be reaching its peak strength.
               | 
               | You can think of vaccines as a training tool. In some
               | cases it might provide you with a response that can
               | completely throw the pathogen out, in other cases it will
               | just be able to fight it better.
        
               | lawlessone wrote:
               | >You should do the healthy things to avoid cancer in the
               | first place
               | 
               | What are those?
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | There's a certain set of healthy recommendations, but to
               | clarify none of them will absolve the risk completely.
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | Nothing can absolve the risk completely, it's all about
               | probabilities. And even if the odds are for something,
               | there are outliers and the genes.
        
               | lawlessone wrote:
               | >There's a certain set of healthy recommendations
               | 
               | But they are all very general and very vague. Eat right.
               | Exercise. Avoiding smoking and alcohol, unless it's red
               | wine. Be wealthy Drink Coffee.
               | 
               | Sorry just when I see people suggesting healthy lifestyle
               | under this and other articles for things like heart
               | disease mRNA treatments, it generally betrays that they
               | view being sick as a personal failing.
               | 
               | 1 in 2 people will contract cancer according to the NHS.
               | https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer/
               | 
               | The biggest factor with cancer is age.
               | https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-
               | professional/cancer-...
        
               | bluGill wrote:
               | Many cancers are caused by random chance, not factors you
               | can do something about. sure, don't smoke and all, but
               | odds are still high cancer gets you.
        
               | azan_ wrote:
               | Can you completely exclude that there are some awful
               | long-term consequences of Covid-19 we do not know about
               | and that could be prevented by vaccine?
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | No, I can't. Nobody can at this stage unfortunately.
        
               | hammock wrote:
               | >those risks would be thousands of times more acceptable
               | for cancer.
               | 
               | This might be true if the treatment was thousands of
               | times more effective than the best available alternative
               | treatment. I don't know enough about this treatment to
               | know if that's the case or not
        
             | azan_ wrote:
             | _mRNA will eventually save the day for everyone, including
             | for perfectly healthy individuals, but to me as a healthy
             | 40yo person, with no known immunity issues, not overweight
             | etc. etc. it is in my opinion still too risky to take just
             | like that._
             | 
             | It's an interesting take. From what we know so far, the
             | risk from taking vaccine is much smaller than from covid
             | infection. You might counter this with highlighting the "so
             | far" part, but keep in mind that many studies keep coming
             | out with surprises not only regarding vaccine side effects,
             | but also negative long term effects of covid.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | There's a key difference here that cancer mRNA vaccine
               | you are taking after you've been diagnosed with cancer.
               | 
               | Otherwise for Coronavirus vaccines you couldn't argue
               | that risks are much smaller for any given person under
               | any given conditions. E.g. a person could be completely
               | isolated for the next 10 years and have virtually 0%
               | chance of getting Covid-19, so in this case there's no
               | calculation that could show a vaccine being with more
               | favourable benefits/risks.
               | 
               | If there's a 1/10,000 chance of giving you a sore
               | shoulder that would be worse in the calculations if you
               | are for sure to be isolated from being anywhere near the
               | virus.
        
               | azan_ wrote:
               | _Otherwise for Coronavirus vaccines you couldn 't argue
               | that risks are much smaller for any given person under
               | any given conditions. E.g. a person could be completely
               | isolated for the next 10 years and have virtually 0%
               | chance of getting Covid-19, so in this case there's no
               | calculation that could show a vaccine being with more
               | favourable benefits/risks._
               | 
               | Well yes, in completely absurd and unrealistic situation
               | the risk of taking vaccine might be larger than that of
               | Covid-19.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | > Well yes, in completely absurd and unrealistic
               | situation the risk of taking vaccine might be larger than
               | that of Covid-19.
               | 
               | What about a person living in simple solitude who works
               | remotely and orders everything in? This is a realistic,
               | non-absurd scenario and they would possibly risk getting
               | Covid-19 on their way to the appointment of getting the
               | vaccine.
        
               | ethanbond wrote:
               | I don't think anyone would care about such a person
               | opting not to get a vaccine. But this describes, pretty
               | much by definition, a _very_ small portion of a society.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | It's not about what anyone cares, but about making
               | calculated decisions.
        
               | ethanbond wrote:
               | What
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | For an individual it is a formula of should_vaccinate =
               | (risk_of_getting_covid_19 * bad_outcomes) -
               | (bad_outcomes_from_vaccines +
               | risk_of_getting_covid_19_after_vaccine *
               | bad_outcomes_of_covid_19_after_vaccine) > 0
               | 
               | On the group level you would have to consider the damage
               | on the group level as well from not getting vaccinated
               | due to increase of covid-19 spread, and increased
               | hospitalisation levels.
               | 
               | On the global communication and messaging level I agree
               | you should tell everyone to vaccinate as you can't easily
               | provide everyone with those calculators. And not to
               | mention people not being able to come up with correct
               | values for those factors themselves.
        
               | lawlessone wrote:
               | > What about a person living in simple solitude who works
               | remotely and orders everything in? This is a realistic,
               | non-absurd scenario and they would possibly risk getting
               | Covid-19 on their way to the appointment of getting the
               | vaccine.
               | 
               | The biggest whine from anti-vaxers was that they were
               | being told they needed a vaccine to do social things they
               | enjoyed , like air travel or coughing on the elderly.
               | 
               | I don't think you're hypothetical neo-hermit would being
               | doing either of these, so itseems unlikely they'll be
               | "forced" to get a vaccine.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | If you do a lot of social events I agree that
               | calculations will show that you should likely get
               | vaccinated.
               | 
               | None the less doesn't mean that calculations show that to
               | every one.
               | 
               | Whatever "anti-vaxers" think doesn't change the
               | calculations.
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | I would argue that any person isolating for 10 years will
               | for sure have very significant health drawbacks, so that
               | would also have to be factored in.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | You mean in terms of immune system not having been
               | exposed to enough pathogens?
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | Not only, psychological consequences, lack of
               | socialization, potentially lack of sun exposure, lack of
               | getting medical checkups or adequate treatment etc.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | Would depend on the individual right. Not everyone
               | requires socialisation.
               | 
               | Isolation doesn't mean lack of sun exposure.
               | 
               | Medical checkups would depend on the age and healthiness
               | of the person.
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | I was talking about risks in general population, those
               | are not zero, in spite of some individuals who post
               | factum may turn out just fine after 10 years of
               | isolation.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | General population wouldn't strive for being isolated in
               | the first place though.
        
               | ryukafalz wrote:
               | Along with the health drawbacks of a sedentary lifestyle,
               | unless you're vigilant about getting enough intentional
               | exercise to replace the walking around we do over the
               | course of a typical day outside the house.
        
               | mewpmewp2 wrote:
               | That's also a weird assumption. The sedentary part. My
               | dream life is owning large amount of land with a house
               | where I can be completely self sustainable, including
               | various automations and this includes having an in-built
               | gym.
        
               | hammock wrote:
               | >the risk from taking vaccine is much smaller than from
               | covid infection
               | 
               | Does that matter if you get covid anyway?
        
               | RoyalHenOil wrote:
               | Yes. The vaccine trains your immune system to create
               | antibodies used to fight off the disease. Already having
               | those antibodies when the virus appears means that it
               | will not last as long and the symptoms will not be as
               | severe.
               | 
               | Without the vaccine, your body has to create those
               | antibodies while you are already sick, and that takes
               | time. This gives the virus a huge head start.
        
             | joneholland wrote:
             | You haven't written anything of substance but antivax
             | fearmongering.
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | I have to disagree with this, clearly visible under my
               | profile. In general I try to stay clear of any vaccine
               | debates, in general because of being labeled in certain
               | ways I don't identify myself with at all.
        
             | lukeck wrote:
             | > the ones for the CV vaccine were listed on many pages of
             | tiny text (both from Pfizer and from Moderna)
             | 
             | The size of the pages side effects were written on says
             | absolutely nothing about what the side effects are or their
             | severity.
             | 
             | > Then there are the long term consequences, many studies
             | keep coming out with surprises (recent buzzword "Ribosomal
             | frameshift"
             | 
             | Ribosomal frameshift is in itself not a "long term
             | consequence." It is simply that depending on where
             | translational of a piece of mRNA starts, different proteins
             | can be produced. This is an essential part of how our own
             | (or any other organism's mRNA) is translated into proteins.
             | other proteins present in a cell can regulate which
             | proteins can be produced - again an essential part of how
             | our cells function. This has been known about for decades.
             | 
             | It is one of the main potential areas that could lead to
             | side effects of an mRNA vaccine so understanding what other
             | proteins might be translated and under what circumstances
             | is important.
             | 
             | Please don't fear monger without any actual evidence to
             | back it.
        
               | cscurmudgeon wrote:
               | > The size of the pages side effects were written on says
               | absolutely nothing about what the side effects are or
               | their severity.
               | 
               | Naive question: Do they say what the side effects are and
               | their severity in an easily accessible manner somewhere?
        
               | hammock wrote:
               | The official package insert can be read here:
               | https://www.drugs.com/pro/moderna-covid-19-vaccine.html
        
               | oezi wrote:
               | From the sibling comment link I would say, yes:
               | 
               | 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
               | 
               | 5.1 Management of Acute Allergic Reactions
               | 
               | Appropriate medical treatment to manage immediate
               | allergic reactions must be immediately available in the
               | event an acute anaphylactic reaction occurs following
               | administration of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine.
               | 
               | Monitor Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine recipients for the
               | occurrence of immediate adverse reactions according to
               | the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
               | guidelines
               | (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-
               | consideration...).
               | 
               | 5.2 Myocarditis and Pericarditis
               | 
               | Postmarketing data with authorized or approved mRNA
               | COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate increased risks of
               | myocarditis and pericarditis, particularly within the
               | first week following vaccination. For Moderna COVID-19
               | Vaccine, the observed risk is highest in males 18 years
               | through 24 years of age. Although some cases required
               | intensive care support, available data from short-term
               | follow-up suggest that most individuals have had
               | resolution of symptoms with conservative management.
               | Information is not yet available about potential long-
               | term sequelae.
               | 
               | The CDC has published considerations related to
               | myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination, including
               | for vaccination of individuals with a history of
               | myocarditis or pericarditis
               | (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-
               | consideration...).
               | 
               | 5.3 Syncope
               | 
               | Syncope (fainting) may occur in association with
               | administration of injectable vaccines. Procedures should
               | be in place to avoid injury from fainting.
               | 
               | 5.4 Altered Immunocompetence
               | 
               | Immunocompromised persons, including individuals
               | receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may have a
               | diminished response to Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine.
               | 
               | 5.5 Limitations of Vaccine Effectiveness
               | 
               | Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may not protect all vaccine
               | recipients.
        
             | robbiep wrote:
             | Where, exactly, are the long term consequences of mRNA
             | vaccination for SARS-CoV-2? Compared with, say, actually
             | developing COVID? (Please note I'm not arguing that
             | receiving a COVID mRNA vaccine is entirely risk free,
             | however on a risk weighted basis receiving a COVID vaccine
             | is much safer than having COVID)
        
               | neverrroot wrote:
               | To me the biggest risk is still the unknown, as in not
               | enough experience. They have never been used "in
               | production" until 2020.
               | 
               | I saved this post as a favorite and set up a reminder in
               | 2 years and in 5 years about it. Hope there will be
               | nothing to add, and we just got ourselves a mighty
               | vaccines platform at zero long term consequences.
        
             | lawlessone wrote:
             | > but the ones for the CV vaccine were listed on many pages
             | of tiny text (both from Pfizer and from Moderna).
             | 
             | A whole bunch of OTC drugs carry CYA lists like this, it's
             | not the gotcha you think it is.
             | 
             | > but to me as a healthy 40yo person, with no known
             | immunity issues, not overweight etc.
             | 
             | My father is getting a stent put in for a 70% artery
             | blockage. Older of course but skinny, looks after his
             | health, exercises. He had no symptoms like pain or being
             | out of breath. Just high cholesterol.
             | 
             | A friend of mine in his early 30's healthy nearly got taken
             | out by RSV last year because it aggravated a heart
             | condition he was unaware of.
             | 
             | People aren't as healthy as they like to convince
             | themselves they are.
        
               | ethanbond wrote:
               | Yeah you gotta love the people like "COVID is only super
               | dangerous if you have comorbidities!" Yeah dude have you
               | ever walked around and looked at people? Then have you
               | ever talked even to people who _outwardly appear_
               | healthy?
               | 
               | Comorbidities run amok, known and unknown.
        
             | pfisherman wrote:
             | Get ready to see vaccines be used to prevent and cure
             | conditions you that you probably think are outside the
             | scope of what vaccines can address.
             | 
             | Projecting further into the future, the world is going to
             | be divided into those with access to and willingness to use
             | biotechnology and those who don't. Note that I am including
             | things like fitness and health tracking apps under the
             | umbrella of biotech.
        
         | bluGill wrote:
         | The side effects of most cancer treatments are aweful. How do
         | they compare?
        
           | satchlj wrote:
           | The bar for side effects is much stricter for preventative
           | treatments like vaccines.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _bar for side effects is much stricter for preventative
             | treatments like vaccines_
             | 
             | These vaccines are for treatment. They don't prevent
             | cancer. They treat it. They're vaccines because they work
             | by arming your immune system versus doing the fighting
             | themselves.
        
               | satchlj wrote:
               | > The cancer vaccine: Moderna and pharma giant Merck are
               | developing an mRNA-based cancer vaccine, mRNA-4157
               | (V940), for people who've had high-risk melanomas
               | removed.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _for people who've had high-risk melanomas removed_
               | 
               | This is still treatment. They aren't administering the
               | vaccine to healthy adults. The population is melanoma
               | survivors with a high risk of recurrence.
        
               | Terr_ wrote:
               | A comparison with rabies vaccine may be useful here.
               | 
               | On the scope of the entire human body, the virus usually
               | enters first, before the vaccine is used.
               | 
               | However on the scale of individual tissues and cells, the
               | vaccine still helps prep them before the (sneaky, slow)
               | virus gets its chance to make a decisive attack.
        
             | sbelskie wrote:
             | This does not appear to be a preventative treatment. It
             | treats existing melanoma by inducing the body to produce
             | antibodies against it, no?
        
               | satchlj wrote:
               | It is intended for people who've had high-risk melanomas
               | removed, to _prevent_ cancer from coming back.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | You're both right. It's preventative, not prophylactic.
               | 
               | We're strict with the latter because they're administered
               | to healthy adults. That doesn't apply here. If you took
               | every coronavirus mRNA vaccine side effect and multiplied
               | the severity and frequency by two orders of magnitude,
               | this vaccine would still be worth it for many with
               | melanoma.
        
               | ajb wrote:
               | The reason preventative treatments are held to a higher
               | standard is because they are given to a very large number
               | of people who might never get the disease anyway. Hence,
               | a 1 in 1000 risk is significant. If you are treating
               | people who have had cancer, their risk of getting it
               | again in much higher than 1 in 1000.
        
               | Turing_Machine wrote:
               | Right. There's also the fact that the FDA will accept
               | much worse side effects for a cancer treatment than they
               | would for (e.g.) an athlete's foot treatment.
               | 
               | For a bad cancer like some melanomas, just about anything
               | that doesn't kill the patient outright is gonna be on the
               | table.
        
               | kurthr wrote:
               | It's also personalized, which to me says that it's unique
               | and each could have different likelihood of autoimmune
               | response.                  The vaccine works by
               | instructing the body to make up to 34 "neoantigens."
               | These         are proteins found only on the cancer
               | cells, and Moderna personalizes the         vaccine for
               | each recipient so that it carries instructions for the
               | neoantigens         on their cancer cells.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _failed clinical trials in the 2000s and 2010s_
         | 
         | We didn't start testing neoantigen mRNA cancer vaccines until
         | 2017 [1].
         | 
         | [1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8942458/
        
           | peyton wrote:
           | IIRC from when Moderna started getting hot back in 2012 the
           | preclinical trials weren't going well. I think those were
           | running ca. 2004-2005. Moderna took the infectious disease
           | approach.
        
             | mlyle wrote:
             | This is an oversimplification, but:
             | 
             | Moderna mostly took an initial infectious disease approach
             | because extant mRNA formulations at the time provoked too
             | much of an immune response that neutralized the
             | effectiveness of subsequent dosing. There's a goldilocks
             | amount of immune response you want-- too little and the
             | immune system doesn't learn the antigens you'd like, but
             | too much makes it miss the mark and focus too much on the
             | formulation of the vaccine itself.
             | 
             | For a cancer vaccine that you want to dose multiple times
             | (9 times in this study) to keep up peak immune response
             | this is a problem. For infectious disease, where some early
             | sensitization of the immune system can be enough, it's not
             | so bad.
        
         | frozenport wrote:
         | Do you have any references?
        
       | mberning wrote:
       | Should this really be called a "vaccine"? I feel like that is
       | going to give people the wrong impression about what it does. I
       | think labelling it gene therapy, immune therapy, or something
       | like that would be closer to what it actually does.
       | 
       | Also really interested to see if people will need and/or benefit
       | from periodic re-treatment. I guess they can figure that part out
       | if it makes it to market.
        
         | satchlj wrote:
         | Yes the word 'vaccine' seems misleading to me as well, as
         | people tend to think of vaccinations as ways to prevent
         | contagious illness. I think immune therapy is a much better
         | term.
        
         | jph wrote:
         | Yes this should really be called a vaccine. A vaccine is a
         | preparation that stimulates the body's immune response against
         | diseases. For example, a specific vaccine injection (such as a
         | flu shot) can boost the body's own immune system to help
         | protect against a specific disease (such as the year's flu
         | variant).
        
           | lumb63 wrote:
           | All previous vaccines were aimed at preventing infectious
           | diseases. None of them are (primarily) indicated for
           | preventing recurrence of a non-infectious disease. Whether it
           | meets the technical definition or not, we can probably agree
           | this is fundamentally different to all other vaccines.
           | 
           | Also, since no other vaccines are custom to each patient,
           | using the term "vaccine" could cause confusion. Do we really
           | want to give people the idea that they can be "vaccinated
           | against melanoma" when the reality is that they can receive a
           | treatment to prevent their specific melanoma, which they have
           | to have already had, from recurring? It seems laden with
           | confusion. Personally, I'll just call it immunotherapy.
        
             | chiefalchemist wrote:
             | The idea that marketed vaccines are safe & effective has
             | been well marketed and deeply planted in the minds of the
             | public. It's easier to leverage that familiarity than it is
             | to build awareness and trust for "immunotherapy".
        
         | maxerickson wrote:
         | Why do you wanna call a thing that stimulates an immune
         | response to an antigen a gene therapy?
         | 
         | It's using the same mechanism as vaccines (exposure to the
         | proteins in question), it's utterly bizarre to conflate it with
         | gene therapy.
         | 
         | It's probably reasonable to call it a vaccine based
         | immunotherapy.
        
         | Turing_Machine wrote:
         | It is definitely not a gene therapy.
        
       | cubefox wrote:
       | The headline borders on clickbait. The topic is a skin cancer
       | vaccine, not a cancer vaccine.
        
       | Euphorbium wrote:
       | Do you have to subscribe and get them every month, or they work
       | longer?
        
       | preciz wrote:
       | Last company that I will trust with my health. These kind of
       | articles are pushed very frequently to front page.
        
         | lawlessone wrote:
         | Yeah but you also fall for fake documentaries about how HPV
         | vaccine is dangerous.
        
       | JakeAl wrote:
       | The question to ask is why a traditional protein-based platform
       | isn't being tested next to the mRNA-based platform.
        
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