[HN Gopher] Voyager 1 stops communicating with Earth
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Voyager 1 stops communicating with Earth
        
       Author : my12parsecs
       Score  : 1108 points
       Date   : 2023-12-14 13:07 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.cnn.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.cnn.com)
        
       | 29athrowaway wrote:
       | > Voyager 1 is currently the farthest spacecraft from Earth
       | 
       | Voyager 1 is the farthest man-made object from Earth.
        
         | willcipriano wrote:
         | I wonder if we will ever pass Voyager 1. Might be the farthest
         | for a long time.
        
           | detourdog wrote:
           | I remember when the launching of voyager. I would rather be
           | getting bad data than no data.
        
           | SigmundA wrote:
           | I always like it in space simulation games when you can visit
           | them: https://elite-dangerous.fandom.com/wiki/Voyager_1
        
           | floxy wrote:
           | Hopefully in my lifetime we can do something like these
           | lightsails:
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQFqDKRAROI&t=883s
           | 
           | ...which do a swing by the sun to get up to 22 AU/year.
        
           | johndunne wrote:
           | I asked myself this same question when New Horizon sent
           | pictures of Pluto back. I was surprised to learn that NH will
           | never overtake Voyager because of the number of gravity
           | assists Voyager 1 achieved. The planners had to race to
           | achieve the 4 gravity assists in the 70's, the next time the
           | 4 giants line up in such a way isn't until 2145. Perhaps some
           | form of ion engine, one day, will help us overtake Voyager.
           | Or more sci-fi fusion/nuclear rockets. Who knows, but it's
           | interesting to ponder.
           | 
           | https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/voyager-1-solar-
           | syst...
        
         | deely3 wrote:
         | > farthest man-made object
         | 
         | that we know about and actively track
        
           | lagrange77 wrote:
           | wow!
        
           | zamadatix wrote:
           | Are there other candidates outside those criteria or is this
           | a "it's impossible to really know anything" response?
        
           | DrBazza wrote:
           | The manhole cover from Operation Plumbob?
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob
        
             | rubyron wrote:
             | TIL about a 2,000 lb "manhole cover" (big armored plate
             | they welded on the end of a pipe to contain (HA!) the
             | explosion) that got launched into the atmosphere in 1957 by
             | a nuclear explosion test, leaving ground at 150,000 mph
             | (220,000 fps). Spoiler: it probably vaporized.
        
             | fallingknife wrote:
             | Launch velocity was estimated at 66km/s. 11 of that would
             | be burned climbing out of Earth's gravity well leaving us
             | with a velocity of 55 km/s relative to Earth. It will take
             | another 42 km/s to escape the solar system, so that would
             | be a velocity of 13 km/s at escape. Voyager 1 is traveling
             | at 17 km/s, so would either be ahead of it or will catch it
             | eventually.
             | 
             | But this doesn't account for the earth's orbit at 30 km/s.
             | So depending on the launch orientation to orbit, the
             | manhole cover could either still be in orbit around the
             | sun, or have a velocity of up to 43 km/s at escape. So it's
             | possible, if it didn't get vaporized, that is.
        
               | floxy wrote:
               | > So depending on the launch orientation to orbit
               | 
               | The Wikipedia page has the date, time, and location for
               | the Pascal-B test:
               | 
               | August 27, 1957 22:35:00.0, 37.04903degN 116.0347degW
               | 
               | So that would have been 10:35PM local daylight savings
               | time from southern Nevada, so 9:30PM solar time.
               | 
               | Turns out the potential adder from earth's rotation is a
               | negligible ~0.37 km/s at that latitude. With earth tilted
               | by 23.5 degrees, we have it launched 37-23.5 = 13.5
               | degrees away from the orbital plane. That seems smallish,
               | so let's ignore that. Seems like the best time would have
               | been around 6AM to add to the orbital velocity and 6PM to
               | be about the worst, subtracting off the orbital velocity.
               | At 9:30PM, our 55 km/s launch vector is 127.5 degrees
               | (8.5/24*360) away from the 30 km/s orbit vector. For a
               | combined velocity of around 43.8 km/s. Check my math.
        
               | fallingknife wrote:
               | I'm missing something from the initial calculation which
               | is that the solar escape velocity from the current
               | position of Voyager 1 is about 3km/s, so Voyager's
               | velocity at escape would be 14km/s, not 17, which is very
               | close to the 13km/s of plumbob without any earth assist.
               | So basically anything in the direction of orbit beats
               | voyager, and anything the other way loses.
               | 
               | Looking down on the north pole, the earth rotates and
               | orbits counter clockwise. This means that anything from
               | midnight to noon will be aligned with the orbital vector
               | and anything noon to midnight will be offset. 930PM will
               | be about halfway between sunset and midnight, so losing
               | 11 km/s from orbital velocity sounds about right.
        
           | kzrdude wrote:
           | What other object could be further away? I'm curious
        
             | 1970-01-01 wrote:
             | In a nice chart for you:
             | 
             | https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx
        
           | dralley wrote:
           | It's almost certainly the farthest one, period. Voyager
           | utilized multiple "gravity slingshots" to accelerate to a
           | vastly faster velocity than we could achieve with rockets
           | alone.
        
         | bee_rider wrote:
         | True, there are almost certainly alien spacecraft farther from
         | Earth than Voyager.
        
           | echelon wrote:
           | I hope so!
        
             | deadbabe wrote:
             | I doubt it more and more these days. So many improbable
             | things need to line up perfectly for this to happen.
             | 
             | There may be alien civilizations, but they might be on
             | worlds without the adequate resources or the right type of
             | gravity to reach escape velocity.
             | 
             | And there simply hasn't been enough time in the universe
             | for many space faring civilizations to have arisen yet. We
             | might be really early.
        
               | squidbeak wrote:
               | So long as it isn't impossible, the improbable becomes
               | inevitable at scales as vast as the universe.
        
               | deadbabe wrote:
               | Not really. Very large improbabilities require a lot more
               | time than what the universe has been around for.
        
               | nerdbert wrote:
               | From our limited sampling, it happens with some
               | measurable frequency.
               | 
               | Going from zero to one of something tends to be a lot
               | less likely than going from one to two or more.
        
               | deadbabe wrote:
               | Yea but we don't know how many failed attempts there were
               | that got stuck at zero. We only know our one existence.
               | Could be trillions of dead universes before ours.
        
               | squidbeak wrote:
               | Yes really. These improbabilities are guesswork, and
               | their size is unknown. We know a spacefaring civilization
               | has happened once, so the probability is far greater than
               | you allow, and time obviously sufficient.
        
               | bee_rider wrote:
               | I think the only real quibble I'd have here is:
               | 
               | It is clearly possible to have a space-faring
               | civilization, we've seen one. But the density could be
               | extremely low. Fine, in infinite space we'll get an
               | infinite number of spacefaring civilizations whatever the
               | odds. They exist, we just might never interact if the
               | density is low enough.
               | 
               | But, I'm not sure, maybe it is a philosophical question
               | or maybe it is a physics one (I only had an engineering
               | education so at the extremes these get hard to
               | distinguish sometimes). Does the universe outside of our
               | light cone "exist" in some sense? If not, then I guess
               | the universe is not quite so big.
               | 
               | Further, you might suppose that the planet needs to be in
               | some reasonable band, in terms of power being absorbed
               | from the star, to be amenable to life. And that, in order
               | to hit spaceflight, you'll need to have accumulated a
               | certain amount of energy (for rocket fuel). This could
               | bound the beginning of space-flight-viable planets to
               | those which have already had a good amount of life for a
               | couple hundred million years.
               | 
               | So this would seem, to me at least, to limit our universe
               | of possible planets to those that are more than a couple
               | hundred million years old, at least, in our frame of
               | reference, right? (and this is assuming most of the
               | Precambrian was a waste of time that could be skipped
               | through lucky evolution).
        
       | smitty1110 wrote:
       | A less alarmist and clickbait article can be found here:
       | https://www.popsci.com/science/voyager-computer-issue/
       | 
       | NASA press release here:
       | https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2023/12/12/engineers-working-...
       | 
       | TL;DR - Voyager is sending back bad data, they're working on it.
        
         | passwordoops wrote:
         | Thank you. Didn't want to tap a CNN link for anything involving
         | science
         | 
         | P.s. I also wouldn't go to Fox, before you think this is
         | left/right bias. My bias is against regular media reporting on
         | anything scientific. It's either rendered alarmist, so
         | simplified it's wrong, or some combination of the two
        
           | leptons wrote:
           | CNN is now owned by a right-wing nut, so CNN and Fox news are
           | about the same now.
        
             | pengaru wrote:
             | > CNN is now owned by a right-wing nut
             | 
             | Who's that in a "Warner Bros. Discovery" world? Glancing at
             | the wikipedia page I see no clear single owner anymore.
             | 
             | Edit: not intending to come to CNN's defense in any way
             | here, just genuine curious who's pulling the strings now in
             | the new ownership structure.
        
               | passwordoops wrote:
               | First, I think you got it right already. The "person"
               | pulling the strings is the same "person" pulling the
               | strings at every other quasi-monopolist multinational.
               | Just another Senior VP, likely Ivy League MBA doing
               | whatever they can to ensure they hit this quarter's
               | financial goals.
               | 
               | Second, I just stop engaging when someone says a
               | company/org is run by a right-wing nut/left-wing
               | Communist
        
         | brucethemoose2 wrote:
         | Wow.
         | 
         | Popsci can be kinda clickbaity too, but CNN's title is just
         | shameless.
        
         | unethical_ban wrote:
         | Honestly, until the headline says "permanently" or "destroyed"
         | I just assume it's a glitch they'll spend a few weeks 24/7
         | investigating.
        
         | whoopdedo wrote:
         | There was another incident recently with garbled data[1]. The
         | issue then was Voyager was trying to use a processor that was
         | supposed to have been turned off. It either turned the
         | malfunctioning unit or thought that the disabled unit was
         | turned on when it wasn't. But the flaw is similar to the
         | current problem which a malfunction in managing its internal
         | state.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-
         | program/voyager-2/engi...
        
         | NooneAtAll3 wrote:
         | > NASA press release here
         | 
         | > Editor's note: A previous version of this post identified the
         | TMU as the telecommunications unit. It is the telemetry
         | modulation unit.
         | 
         | since clickbait title was made due to nasa's error that has
         | been fixed ...can the clickbait title also be fixed, please?
        
         | dogtorwoof wrote:
         | Bad data or alien-inputted data?
        
         | pndy wrote:
         | Thank you; wish there would be a pinning comments feature or
         | something that could refute, straighten things up under hot
         | topics.
        
       | palemoonale wrote:
       | Thats so sad... Major Tom to Earth. I hope V1 keeps being a part
       | of life to come.
        
       | pjot wrote:
       | Voyager 1 is so far away that it takes 22.5 hours for commands
       | sent from Earth to reach the spacecraft. Additionally, the team
       | must wait 45 hours to receive a response.
       | 
       | I'm guessing "hotfix" commits don't exist in this domain
        
         | bee_rider wrote:
         | I guess it is nitpicking, but I hate the word choice they've
         | selected there. The "additionally" makes it look like the 22.5
         | and 45 hour problems are two different things, instead of the
         | natural result of a round trip.
        
         | mholt wrote:
         | The use of "additionally" is weird here. A full roundtrip is 45
         | hours. It doesn't take 22.5 + 45 hours to receive a response.
         | 45 = 22.5 + 22.5.
        
           | 83457 wrote:
           | Should it have been additively?
        
             | gwill wrote:
             | 'Therefore' would have worked
        
           | bagels wrote:
           | It's an additional fact.
        
             | orphea wrote:
             | This is why this use of the word, while correct, is weird.
        
             | mortallywounded wrote:
             | Is it though? If it takes 22.5 hours to get there, the
             | response is another 22.5 hours. It's not a new fact, it's a
             | universal limitation.
        
             | ClassyJacket wrote:
             | Then they should start _every_ sentence with  "additional"!
        
           | radicalbyte wrote:
           | There was me thinking that the signal processing took 20 hrs
           | but it turns out that whoever wrote that article has little
           | grasp over physics.
        
           | whoopdedo wrote:
           | The NASA press release is written: "In addition, commands
           | from mission controllers on Earth take 22.5 hours to reach
           | Voyager 1, ... That means the engineering team has to wait 45
           | hours to get a response"
           | 
           | The CNN writing looks uncannily similar but without the same
           | meaning. I'm not saying it's machine generated, but I won't
           | say it isn't.
        
           | mattkrause wrote:
           | Are we all sure the times aren't asymmetric?
           | 
           | The transmitter on Earth can be massive with an enormous
           | power budget. Sending _from_ Voyager might be much more
           | constrained: less compute to compress the payload, less power
           | to send it.
           | 
           | The speed of _light_ is obviously the same either way but
           | it's not obvious to me that the speed of a _byte_ (error
           | corrected, etc) must be.
        
             | Arnavion wrote:
             | >The speed of _light_ is obviously the same either way
             | 
             | It's not obvious that it is :) We don't have any way to
             | prove that it is the same, because every experiment to
             | measure the speed of light going from A to B requires some
             | light to go from B to A which cancels out any difference.
             | We just assume that it is the same because we don't have
             | any reason to believe it's not.
             | 
             | Veritasium video on this topic:
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTn6Ewhb27k
        
           | blahgeek wrote:
           | Maybe it's TCP handshake :)
        
           | bee_rider wrote:
           | I wonder if it was messed with in editing or something, like
           | maybe they have a style guide rule against long sentences.
           | 
           | Anything to merge the ideas together would make it clear that
           | it is just one phenomenon, for example.
           | 
           | > Voyager 1 is so far away that it takes 22.5 hours for
           | commands sent from Earth to reach the spacecraft, and so the
           | team must wait 45 hours to receive a response.
        
         | passwordoops wrote:
         | "Tepidfix" if I were on the team. But that's probably why I'm
         | not on the team...
        
         | quickthrower2 wrote:
         | ping needs to be reconfigured to be tolerant of the higher
         | latency.
        
         | catchnear4321 wrote:
         | and yet likely more than a few people will be sweating for
         | close to two days.
        
         | tills13 wrote:
         | Just SSH into the box. Easy.
        
         | mike_ivanov wrote:
         | > I'm guessing "hotfix" commits don't exist in this domain
         | 
         | well, actually... https://thenewstack.io/nasa-programmer-
         | remembers-debugging-l...
        
       | SN76477 wrote:
       | I would love to see a Voyager 1 simulator.
        
         | NoToP wrote:
         | A real time simulator?
        
           | SN76477 wrote:
           | sure, maybe.
           | 
           | I imagine something more like a video game. Simulating the
           | systems but keeping it engaging.
        
       | malfist wrote:
       | This is an absolutely terrible headline. Voyager is communicating
       | with Earth, full stop. The data from it's scientific instruments
       | is coming back in a fixed, repeating pattern, meaning we aren't
       | getting anything meaningful from it, but it is absolutely still
       | communicating with Earth.
        
         | SkyPuncher wrote:
         | No, it's an accurate headline for the general population.
         | 
         | It's sending nothing useful.
        
           | mholt wrote:
           | The headline doesn't say _useful_ though. Just that it
           | stopped communicating, which is false.
        
           | h2odragon wrote:
           | "im still here" is useful.
           | 
           | if it had hit the wall and gone totally silent, that would be
           | a different thing entire.
        
           | disconcision wrote:
           | bad news everybody, grandmas dead
           | 
           | where by dead we mean that the entropy of her current
           | utterances is failing to move extant priors
        
           | lukeschlather wrote:
           | It's the most distant transmitter we're receiving anything
           | from. Just the signal itself is useful and communicates that
           | the probe is still powered.
        
             | JumpCrisscross wrote:
             | > _the signal itself is useful and communicates that the
             | probe is still powered_
             | 
             | It also tells us that ca. 1970s kit can survive past the
             | termination shock, _i.e._ in interstellar space.
        
             | dylan604 wrote:
             | um, it's the most distant man made transmitter we're
             | receiving anything from.
             | 
             | there's lots of things much further away broadcasting
             | information to us. just go outside at night and look up.
             | you'll see a bunch of 'em
        
         | bmitc wrote:
         | Communication means an exchange of information. Receiving a
         | signal does not.
        
           | mongol wrote:
           | We receive information that its radios are still working.
        
             | bmitc wrote:
             | Communication is _exchange of information_.
             | 
             | The sun is not communicating with us, and we know its
             | "radio" is still working.
             | 
             | It's a pedantic, and incorrect, argument against the
             | headline. The guidelines actually say not to do this, even
             | when you're right.
        
               | Jerrrry wrote:
               | >Communication is exchange of information.
               | 
               | exchange actually does too much heavy lifting here. This
               | almost passed, but no; communication is the
               | transfer/movement of information.
               | 
               | One-way communication can convey (even if requiring a
               | previously agreed upon compression mechanism) information
               | - even a single bit or even the existence of a signal at
               | all can be used - think about using the time between
               | signals as a medium, etc.
               | 
               | Heartbeat signals (inverted dead-man switches) exchange
               | information; it doesn't have to be the same type. The
               | beat source explicitly proclaims it's existence in space-
               | time and the receiving end can infer it's existence at a
               | certain time.
               | 
               | Like natives' smoke patterns of Morse code of radio
               | waves, using periodicity to convey bit value
        
               | leptons wrote:
               | >Communication is exchange of information.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication#:~:
               | tex....
               | 
               | One-way communication is a valid type of "communication".
        
               | bmitc wrote:
               | Not in this context. They are sending commands. The
               | spacecraft is not responding to them. This is exactly a
               | breakdown of the communication, which is exactly what's
               | mentioned in the first paragraph of the article.
        
               | leptons wrote:
               | Sorry but you're still wrong. You're assuming the
               | spacecraft isn't receiving the commands. You don't know
               | that. Nobody really does. All that is necessary for this
               | to be "communication" is for the transmitter to send and
               | the receiver to receive, and the receiver may well be
               | working but the transmitter on the spacecraft may not be
               | working, making that scenario _one-way communication_. It
               | takes far less power to receive than it does to transmit,
               | so it would be no wonder if the spacecraft were still
               | receiving commands but unable to send responses.
               | 
               | If the spacecraft is known to not be receiving, I think
               | the term "broadcasting" would apply.
        
               | bmitc wrote:
               | > You're assuming the spacecraft isn't receiving the
               | commands.
               | 
               | I didn't say that. The article even mentions that they
               | feel the spacecraft is receiving and processing the
               | commands. There's just no response.
               | 
               | The article title and intro are correct. For all intents
               | and purposes, the spacecraft has stopped communicating.
               | Broke down, used in the intro, is better than stopped.
               | Discussing this is pedantic and pointless, which is why
               | the guidelines state not to make comments like the
               | original one. As we can all see. It has led nowhere
               | interesting.
               | 
               | And you and everyone keep bouncing around all these side
               | definitions. The definition of communication between
               | earth and a spacecraft like Voyager 1 and 2 is implied
               | and assumed to be standard two-way communication.
               | 
               | > It takes far less power to receive than it does to
               | transmit, so it would be no wonder if the spacecraft were
               | still receiving commands but unable to send responses.
               | 
               | I don't follow. The spacecraft is known to still be
               | transmitting a signal.
        
               | leptons wrote:
               | >The article even mentions that they feel the spacecraft
               | is receiving and processing the commands. There's just no
               | response.
               | 
               | That is by definition "one way communication".
               | 
               | You're saying it's not communication, but it absolutely
               | is. I'm not sure why you can't accept that.
        
               | bmitc wrote:
               | Jesus christ. I'm not not accepting that.
               | 
               | So just to end this, what would you and the others like
               | the title to be given the article is perfectly clear and
               | with a title that is substantively different? So we don't
               | have to non-discuss this anymore.
        
               | malfist wrote:
               | It's really quite simple. The headline should tell us
               | what happened.
               | 
               | Voyager 1 is sending repeated data back to Earth.
               | 
               | I think I saw an article on tech dirt saying the
               | spacecraft was sending stuck in "groundhog's day" that I
               | thought was clever
        
               | bmitc wrote:
               | Is it repeated data? Or is it repeated gibberish? I
               | thought they weren't able to interpret the data as
               | anything.
        
               | leptons wrote:
               | You're entitled to be as obstinate as you want to be, and
               | as wrong as you want to be - I don't really care what you
               | do. The fact is, sending information to a receiver that
               | is receiving is in fact the definition of _one-way
               | communication_ , whether you want to refute it or not.
               | You're dying on this hill.
        
               | bmitc wrote:
               | I'm not dying on any hill or refuting anything. The point
               | is the title is fine, could be mildly improved, though
               | isn't outright incorrect, and that this entire
               | conversation has been a waste of all of our time. Haha.
               | 
               | If I'm talking to a person, and then they just start
               | repeating a nonsense sound no matter what I say to them,
               | is it really inaccurate to say communication has stopped,
               | especially when it's immediately followed up with by
               | saying communication has broken down and explained
               | further? No, not really. Certainly isn't wrong enough to
               | have this long, fruitless discussion that I feel
               | embarassed I participated in.
        
               | leptons wrote:
               | You wrote:
               | 
               | >Communication means an exchange of information.
               | Receiving a signal does not.
               | 
               | You were wrong. Communication does not explicitly require
               | response.
               | 
               | The definition of "communication":
               | 
               | > _" means of sending or receiving information, such as
               | phone lines or computers."_
               | 
               | It says "Sending _or_ receiving information ". It does
               | not say "sending _and_ receiving ".
               | 
               | The spacecraft can be receiving perfectly fine, and that
               | is communication from earth to the spacecraft. We may not
               | be getting a valid response, but that does not mean we
               | haven't communicated information to the spacecraft.
               | 
               | This is the obtuse hill you chose to keep dying on.
        
               | mongol wrote:
               | That is information. Without the radios working we would
               | know less. To say stating that is against site guidelines
               | is ridiculous.
        
               | thowawatp302 wrote:
               | The Sun doesn't have a radio, it may produce RF energy,
               | but doesn't modulate the RF energy it sends to Earth,
               | Voyager still is.
        
           | efitz wrote:
           | Communication does not have to be bidirectional, but is has
           | to carry information (meaning). Cosmic background radiation
           | is not communication; your local FM station _is_.
        
       | lordnacho wrote:
       | How is it possible to still be able to get a signal from a
       | spacecraft that's so far away? How can the antenna be directional
       | enough while still being pointed right at the Earth? How do we
       | remove the noise?
        
         | munificent wrote:
         | Voyager 1 has a large 12-foot diameter directional radio
         | antenna that it keeps pointed at Earth. If you look at photos
         | of Voyager, the antenna (the big dish) basically _is_ most of
         | what you see: it 's bigger than everything else on craft.
         | 
         | There are radio antennas across the Earth listening to its very
         | weak signal.
         | 
         | More details:
         | https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/24338/how-to-calcu...
        
           | freeqaz wrote:
           | That post is awesome. Thank you for sharing! There are some
           | truly brilliant humans on this planet with us.
        
         | WJW wrote:
         | Signal processing algorithms can pull out a signal from well
         | below the noise floor these days. Even the small and
         | nondirectional antennas on your phone are good enough to
         | receive GPS signals even all the way down at -125 dBm, which is
         | WAY less than your phone receives in interference from random
         | radio stations and faulty LED bulbs nearby.
         | 
         | The tech used to receive Voyager signals is not really
         | different, just more sensitive and sophisticated (and
         | expensive).
        
           | lima wrote:
           | Slightly larger antennas, too.
        
             | kQq9oHeAz6wLLS wrote:
             | You mean you don't have a 70 meter dish attached to your
             | iPhone?
        
               | I_Am_Nous wrote:
               | I did but the FCC had some words to say to me
        
               | jamala1 wrote:
               | Do you really need to be certified if you only use it for
               | receiving?
        
               | I_Am_Nous wrote:
               | I think that would fall under the "must accept
               | interference" portion of FCC Part 15, my phone
               | communicating back to the tower might raise some alarms
               | if I tried amplifying it at all though!
        
               | giantrobot wrote:
               | For that you'll need the iPhone 16 Pro Plus Max.
        
           | lagrange77 wrote:
           | Interesting! Why faulty LED bulbs in particular, does it have
           | to do with their PWM frequency?
        
             | unnouinceput wrote:
             | Because their power supply is shitty and it's easy to
             | transform the chopper that is used in the switching power
             | supply to behave as an oscillator instead, which will start
             | to emit harmonics (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched-
             | mode_power_supply)
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Electromagnetic radiation power roughly equivalent to the
             | amount of light they output. I wished I was kidding, some
             | of them are so bad they should qualify as jammers.
        
         | TrackerFF wrote:
         | The communication bands (X- and S-band, which are the microwave
         | range) are pretty well regulated, so they aren't that noisy,
         | relative to other bands.
         | 
         | And on the receiving end, we have decent arrays of antennas to
         | pick up the signals.
         | 
         | Here's a nifty document detailing the coms of Voyager:
         | https://voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Library/DeepCommo_Chapter3--14...
         | 
         | Fig 3-4 on page 46 (page 10 in the document) shows the signal
         | flow.
        
         | calamari4065 wrote:
         | A ridiculously huge and powerful array of antennas spread
         | across the planet.
         | 
         | NASA has a dashboard online for the Deep Space Network and you
         | can see live which spacecraft we're communicating with. The
         | Voyagers are usually active any time I look.
        
           | maccam912 wrote:
           | How live is it? Voyager 1 seemed to be shown there just now.
        
             | skissane wrote:
             | According to the article, they can send commands to Voyager
             | 1, and it executes them, and it is still sending data back
             | - the problem is the data coming back is gibberish
             | (repeated patterns of 0s and 1s). They are still hoping
             | they can work out a sequence of commands to reset its
             | computers and resolve the problem. So it makes sense the
             | DSN is currently talking to it.
        
               | oneshtein wrote:
               | For me, it looks like it computer damaged by interstellar
               | radiation, which is much more energetic than solar
               | radiation, so it's unlikely that reset will help.
        
               | skissane wrote:
               | According to NASA's blog [0] they believe the problem is
               | between the FDS computer and the TMU (the outbound radio
               | modulator). The other two onboard computer systems, CCS
               | and AACS, they believe are still working. All three
               | systems are dual redundant pairs of computers. So, even
               | if one FDS was damaged, in theory they should be able to
               | switch to the other. The blog post is vague on what
               | exactly they tried - "the team tried to restart the FDS
               | and return it to the state it was in before the issue
               | began, but the spacecraft still isn't returning useable
               | data" - so I don't think we can rule out there are other
               | things they can still try.
               | 
               | [0] https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2023/12/12/engineers-
               | working-...
        
           | skissane wrote:
           | > NASA has a dashboard online for the Deep Space Network and
           | you can see live which spacecraft we're communicating with
           | 
           | https://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html
        
         | basementcat wrote:
         | Voyager's X-band carrier is pretty "loud" by radio astronomy
         | standards.
         | 
         | https://www.space.com/22787-voyager-1-signal-interstellar-sp...
        
       | squarefoot wrote:
       | Alternate link if you get a "browser blocked" error message.
       | https://archive.is/YnzAR
        
       | ssl232 wrote:
       | Obligatory: https://what-if.xkcd.com/38/
        
         | _air wrote:
         | Also: https://xkcd.com/1189/
        
       | gmuslera wrote:
       | Vger will come back, eventually.
        
         | WJW wrote:
         | It would be cool if we eventually develop the technology to
         | send out a probe to go out there and fetch the Voyager probes,
         | so that we can put them in a museum.
         | 
         | (Presumably with one of the siblings of the fetching probe
         | going further and faster than the Voyager probes ever managed)
        
           | snuxoll wrote:
           | That would be rather defeating their purpose. We put golden
           | records on the Voyager probes, which included instructions
           | for reading them, so that should another intelligent
           | civilization be in their flight path they can learn of our
           | existence and some of our culture.
        
             | renewiltord wrote:
             | A time when we were too young to conceive of the Dark
             | Forest.
        
               | giantrobot wrote:
               | If aliens are sending a battle fleet to destroy Earth
               | because there's life here, they were on the way long
               | before we emitted and radio waves. Earth has been
               | broadcasting the existence of life for a billion years.
        
               | renewiltord wrote:
               | I knew there was a reason to hate cyanobacteria. Those
               | fuckers gave it away with the O2 in the first place.
        
             | eichin wrote:
             | Alternatively, preserve the _mission_ and build a museum
             | in-place around it :-)
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | We must not allow humans to jeopardize the mission.
        
             | lmm wrote:
             | That was hardly their primary purpose, and presumably long
             | before we were in a position to retrieve the Voyagers we
             | would have sent faster probes that would have already
             | overtaken them.
        
           | eichin wrote:
           | Reminds me of ... I think it was All Your Bridges Rusting?
           | (Niven) Mostly about teleportation, but it's basically the
           | whole "if you bring a 747 back to 1912, can you do anything
           | at all for the Titanic" thought experiment.
           | 
           | (So this could be surprisingly difficult even with major
           | propulsion leaps...)
        
         | 725686 wrote:
         | I don't think it will. What makes you say so?
         | 
         | https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/54983/154333
        
           | snuxoll wrote:
           | It's a reference to Star Trek: The Motion Picture, nothing to
           | do with physics.
        
             | 725686 wrote:
             | Oh, sorry. I'm a Star Wars guy.
        
               | utopcell wrote:
               | Apology accepted. It's never too late to convert.
        
               | dekhn wrote:
               | It wasn't a good documentary anyway- at least compared to
               | the sequel, which explores the implications of large
               | scale weapons (planet-scale), ship battles in hostile
               | environment, genetic engineering, reincarnation, and
               | brain-controlling mindworms.
               | 
               | Plus Ricardo Montalban!
        
               | olyjohn wrote:
               | Do Star Wars people not like Star Trek too?
        
           | kQq9oHeAz6wLLS wrote:
           | There was a 1979 documentary about it
        
         | treebeard901 wrote:
         | Ah, so this must be when it encountered the early borg that
         | created Vger.
         | 
         | EDIT: Maybe Aliens picked it up last night and they are on
         | their way here now because we forgot to include a golden record
         | player.
        
           | nly wrote:
           | There is actually a record player needle onboard alongside
           | the gold record.
        
         | whatrocks wrote:
         | Last year I wrote a weird short story about a top-secret
         | "Voyager 3" mission (and the probe's unexpected return to
         | Earth): https://f52.charlieharrington.com/stories/voyager-3/
        
         | throwbadubadu wrote:
         | "Nooooooo, V'Ger" was exactly what was my first thought. ( and
         | just realizing
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Pictur...
         | was only two years after launch! Wow.)
        
       | liampulles wrote:
       | Maybe our simulation has not been implemented so robustly at that
       | distance...
        
         | jvm___ wrote:
         | The 13the floor is a movie for you.
        
           | I_Am_Nous wrote:
           | In the Black Mirror episode U.S.S Callister, the game
           | development firm is located on the 13th floor :)
        
           | jasongill wrote:
           | That movie was so good but was entirely overshadowed by the
           | release of The Matrix, which released just 2 months earlier -
           | I think people assumed that The 13th Floor was just a Matrix
           | knock-off, which it wasn't. Both were great, of course, but
           | 13th Floor just got a bum deal with it's release date I
           | think.
        
         | 15457345234 wrote:
         | There are limits to floating point precision; should have used
         | FP64
        
           | doubloon wrote:
           | once it starts skipping the integers you can really see the
           | glitch in the matrix
        
         | jacknews wrote:
         | The simulation is fine, we just hit the 'Truman sphere'
         | surrounding the solar system.
        
           | oobuffet wrote:
           | Stars are just breathing holes.
        
           | shagie wrote:
           | The Crystal Spheres by David Brin -
           | https://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/fiction/the-crystal-
           | spher...
        
       | uticus wrote:
       | Tangentially related, just watched Star Trek the Motion Picture
       | (director's cut) for first time as an adult. One of the best tie-
       | ins between NASA and scifi I can think of.
       | 
       | https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_P...
        
       | efitz wrote:
       | I was just a tad young to care when the voyager spacecraft were
       | first launched, but I have followed the adventures of these
       | spacecraft since the mid 80s. I remember being a little
       | disappointed in the "Neptune all night" TV special during the
       | flyby as the whole night they only received one photo and didn't
       | have time to colorize it :-D
       | 
       | But I have always been inspired by the ingenuity of the engineers
       | in first designing spacecraft that have lasted so long and gone
       | so far beyond their original mission parameters, and secondly
       | keeping these two machines operational across so much time and
       | distance in such a hostile environment.
       | 
       | Thank you Voyager team present and past; you've helped inspire so
       | many young people to STEM careers, and you've done so with a
       | project that shows the very best of the curious and inventive
       | side of humanity.
        
         | gedy wrote:
         | > I remember being a little disappointed in the "Neptune all
         | night" TV special during the flyby as the whole night they only
         | received one photo
         | 
         | I remember waiting for the next month's National Geographic to
         | include the next planet Voyager visited. Joys of the pre
         | Internet era.
        
         | palijer wrote:
         | Here is my favorite article about the engineers and team behind
         | the mission still.
         | 
         | https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/magazine/the-loyal-engine...
        
           | efitz wrote:
           | That was a great article. Archive here:
           | https://archive.ph/QftwM
        
       | andrewstuart wrote:
       | You'd think they'd build them to be more reliable. Planned
       | obsolescence that's the problem with today's engineering.
        
         | rudolph9 wrote:
         | You're making a joke, right?
        
           | mofosyne wrote:
           | In context of this article, it's most definitely a joke.
        
       | voytec wrote:
       | I always have a sense of pride and a feeling of respect for us as
       | a human race when reading about V'ger. It's astonishing that we
       | were able to send a space probe, designed and built to be so
       | robust that it's still doing its thing and sending us postcards
       | after 46 years(!!!) of flying away from us in an extremely
       | harmful environment, while we still fuck simple stuff up back
       | home.
        
         | dimator wrote:
         | So true. NASA's achievements are the highest of human
         | accomplishments, imo. Sometimes I picture being on the team
         | that built these triumphs, I think I would be overtaken with
         | pride forever.
        
           | mycologos wrote:
           | There's a nice 2017 documentary about Voyager called _The
           | Farthest_ [1]. It includes interviews with many of the now
           | very old team members, and they do exude (deserved) pride,
           | and a still fresh sense of wonder that they pulled it off.
           | 
           | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farthest
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | That was the pinnacle. Now we're too busy with wealth
         | extraction and making a couple of dudes ever richer.
        
           | brandly wrote:
           | Eh, the future of space travel and exploration is very
           | bright.
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | I'm not so sure about that. Humanity is turning ever more
             | inward and education is getting worse and worse with the
             | peak somewhere in the 1950's. _If_ we have a bright future
             | in space travel none of the countries with launch
             | capability today look like they will be the ones driving
             | it.
        
               | manicennui wrote:
               | There are many, many unmanned missions happening now
               | making amazing discoveries. Cassini was nothing short of
               | mind blowing.
               | 
               | I'm somewhat sympathetic to your claims, and I wish more
               | people were intellectually curious, but there are very
               | likely more people in absolute numbers performing
               | scientific research now than ever.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | I'll believe it when I see it. For now the Voyagers are
               | the only thing out there that are expanding our envelope
               | of influence, everything else is just data and will
               | eventually evaporate.
               | 
               | Think about it from a non-solar system perspective.
               | Nothing we've done since Voyager has had any effect
               | outside of our solar system and if we don't change our
               | attitude it is quite likely that nothing ever will.
               | Everything else we've done will long term only be a
               | little bit of radiation, some of it structured but so far
               | below the noise floor it will be unrecoverable.
        
               | yreg wrote:
               | That's a strangely high bar. As if Voyager had some
               | nonnegligible effect outside of the Solar system.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | If something like Voyager would arrive from outside our
               | Solar system it would be the event of the millenium.
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | There's every possibility that neither Voyager will ever
               | arrive anywhere ever again. If they do, it's going to be
               | after our galaxy collides with another, and the place
               | they arrive at may not even exist yet.
               | 
               | https://www.space.com/predicting-voyager-golden-records-
               | dist...
        
               | lIl-IIIl wrote:
               | While the Milky Way galaxy is on course to collide with
               | Andromeda galaxy in 4.5 billion years, that will not make
               | Voyager's arrival anywhere more likely, since the stars
               | are far enough apart that they will not be affected.
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_W
               | ay_...
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | My understanding is that it just makes it less
               | predictable once that happens. We don't know exactly
               | where all those stars are, and it gets chaotic once they
               | start interacting.
               | 
               | It probably is a _bit_ more likely as well, you suddenly
               | have ~2x the stars near you and some of them are moving
               | much faster relative to you, it's just not a sure thing
               | by any means.
        
               | yreg wrote:
               | Well so would be picking up radio signals like the ones
               | we emit.
               | 
               | And while the probability that someone will be able to
               | pick these signals up is low, it is still almost
               | infinitely greater than that of someone finding one of
               | the Voyagers out there.
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | New Horizons is also on its way out of the solar system,
               | and it is still potentially encountering celestial bodies
               | out there.
        
               | matwood wrote:
               | IMO, throwing out more Voyager like probes is not really
               | the next step in humanities evolution towards space. It
               | was a good step in the 70s, but now we're working to the
               | lay the foundation and hope that one day space travel can
               | be nearly routine as air travel is today. Higher volume
               | of launches, bringing down the costs, etc... will allow
               | hundreds and thousands of Voyagers to be sent out aimed
               | at specific, distant locations.
               | 
               | You may dislike Musk, but SpaceX is pushing getting to
               | space forward.
        
               | telotortium wrote:
               | Launching more Voyagers is like tossing heavy metal disks
               | into a random deep-sea part of the ocean and hoping one
               | of them lands next to a benthic creature that can
               | miraculously appreciate its significance. Not only is God
               | more plausible, so is the Flying Spaghetti Monster.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | God and the Flying Spaghetti Monster aren't real. But
               | Voyager is.
        
               | mlrtime wrote:
               | You missed the pun.
        
               | fsmv wrote:
               | It's not the countries anymore. The future is starship.
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | I don't see where you're getting this from?
               | 
               | It's so blatant that things are only improving, the US is
               | running so many high profile missions, SpaceX alone has
               | launched almost 100 times this year, Starship testing is
               | proceeding well, we're reasonably on track for a long
               | term human presence on the Moon, we're gradually
               | preparing for Mars, China is managing to maintain its own
               | space station, India is closing in on its own crewed
               | spaceflight capability, South Korea achieved orbit last
               | year and so on.
               | 
               | The only people saying that the countries with launch
               | capability right now will not be the ones driving space
               | travel are those who have (ironically) paid zero
               | attention to the developments in progress.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | What I'm getting this from? Reading the news for the last
               | 40 years or so. Watching the new generation and their
               | education levels. Seeing how science is now 'the enemy'
               | rather than the future.
               | 
               | > SpaceX alone has launched almost 100 times this year,
               | Starship testing is proceeding well, we're reasonably on
               | track for a long term human presence on the Moon, we're
               | gradually preparing for Mars, China is managing to
               | maintain its own space station, India is closing in on
               | its own crewed spaceflight capability, South Korea
               | achieved orbit last year and so on.
               | 
               | Yes, we had all that and then some. Somewhere between the
               | 60's and the 80's we took a detour and since then we've
               | been losing momentum ever faster. I'm not one of the
               | believers in Elon Musk, his Mars Colony is just a way to
               | get people to do what he wants them to do. China has so
               | many internal issues that I highly doubt they will be
               | able to sustain any long term efforts and India _may_
               | well be the future, though it would have to deal with a
               | lot of internal problems as well if it is to happen.
               | South Korea  'achieved orbit' on a SpaceX rocket, not by
               | their own power.
               | 
               | You can label all of this as progress and in terms of
               | volume launched into space it is impressive, but it
               | doesn't move the needle in terms of actual progress
               | towards anything much larger. It's like the software
               | people with 30 times one year of experience, we're
               | getting _really_ good at redoing the years between 1939
               | and 1969. But we haven 't progressed to 1990 even once.
               | 1977: peak humanity.
        
               | kortilla wrote:
               | So, Musk Derangement Syndrome?
               | 
               | You didn't present anything against spacex to indicate
               | why it's trajectory is on the wrong course other than
               | "I'm not a believer".
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | No, indeed, I'm not a believer. When I see someone that
               | lies with abandon and who regularly behaves in absolutely
               | horrible ways towards others _and_ that person happens to
               | want to establish a colony on another planet my first
               | thought is  'nutcase' not 'savior of humanity'.
               | 
               | I marked Musk very early (long before his name became a
               | household item) as someone with a ton of potential and he
               | has definitely realized some of it. But along the way
               | he's become a horrible human being who will now
               | potentially undo any good that he's done and then some.
               | If you are a believer than I'm perfectly ok with that and
               | I hope that you will be strengthened in your belief and
               | that you are right.
               | 
               | In the meantime I'll just take what I see and extrapolate
               | from there and it doesn't look good.
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | Thanks for clarifying that you really no idea what you're
               | talking about.
               | 
               | South Korea achieved orbit by their own power, on their
               | own rocket: https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-tests-
               | space-rocket-/66...
               | 
               | It actually does move the needle because the key feature
               | of many upcoming vehicles is significant private
               | investment, focus on higher cadences, lower costs and in
               | some cases, partial or full reusability. All of which are
               | factors indicative of increasing expansion into space as
               | it starts increasingly becoming commercialized. That
               | isn't just "getting really good at redoing 1939 to 1969",
               | that's taking the latest in materials science,
               | electronics and so on to push the line in what we are
               | capable of doing in space. These capabilities were simply
               | not realistic even in the 90s. Both American lunar
               | landers under development are near scifi in terms of
               | their capabilities, a far cry from the Apollo era's
               | closet sized tin can.
               | 
               | Saying we're only redoing things is like saying that the
               | latest x86 CPUs are just redoing what the original 8086
               | did.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Ah sorry for being out of the loop on that one, thanks
               | for the correction. But: it's nothing that hasn't been
               | done many times before, it isn't a space program so much
               | as it is an arms race between NK and SK.
               | 
               | I'm fine with SK getting some satellites into orbit to
               | keep an eye on their neighbor but at the same time I
               | don't see it as a breakthrough of sorts. Starship, if and
               | when it works and if and when it is used to get stuff out
               | of the Earth-Moon system would be a step. For now I don't
               | see that happening any time soon, if at all. But I'm
               | prepared to be amazed, and Gwynne Shotwell has a history
               | of delivering the goods.
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | We never had the launch rate in the 1960s that we do
               | today. It really doesn't matter if you believe Musk or
               | not, NASA is contracting with SpaceX to use Starship (and
               | others) for lunar surface missions of far greater
               | capability than Apollo. Our missions to Mars also _far_
               | exceed what we did in the 60s and 70s, both the US and
               | China are funding and planning sample return missions, in
               | addition to lunar surface bases. And Starship is so
               | capable, it's launching more for a single Artemis mission
               | than all Apollo combined or all the mass needed for
               | NASA's Crewed Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0. And
               | Starship is just one of half a dozen RLVs being developed
               | as we speak (with metal bent, engines test firing). We
               | will soon leave the high water mark of Apollo far behind.
        
               | matwood wrote:
               | > 1977: peak humanity
               | 
               | I think the LGBTQ and minority communities would like to
               | have a word. Don't get sucked into the golden age
               | fallacy.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | I thought the context was science, subject space.
        
               | ajmurmann wrote:
               | Well you said "1977: peak humanity" and not "1977: peak
               | space exploration and science"
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Ah I see. Ok.
        
               | ajmurmann wrote:
               | You don't have to go that narrow to refute this nonsense.
               | Pretty much nothing was better back then. Many countries
               | experienced regular famines. Much higher infant
               | mortality. Much lower literacy rates. Wanna get surgery
               | in the 70s or now? Medicine might as well be from another
               | planet today. Even just looking at the US many of these
               | statistics are worse and the "a single income could get
               | you a house for a family of four"-BS is also not covered
               | by fact, but by thinking the 70s were accurately depicted
               | by tv shows. Much smaller houses and lower home ownership
               | rates and families statistically had one car, not two as
               | today. On top of that we have people fuming now because
               | we are giving a few billion USD worth of equipment to
               | Ukraine instead of paying for the expensive disposal off
               | that hardware. Back then we paid enormous amounts on
               | preparing for a war to end all wars against the Soviet
               | Union. Things are so much better, it's insane!
        
               | coldpie wrote:
               | > What I'm getting this from? Reading the news for the
               | last 40 years or so. Watching the new generation and
               | their education levels. Seeing how science is now 'the
               | enemy' rather than the future.
               | 
               | You're in a pit, friend. Yes, there is some backsliding
               | in a few spots, but overall education levels are higher
               | than ever and amazing science is happening right freakin'
               | now (JWST, asteroid sample return missions, a real shot
               | at putting humans on the moon again, MRNA vaccines,
               | CRISPR...). Nothing is ever perfect and it's good to
               | recognize that fact, but don't focus only on the bad
               | things or you'll miss all the good things that are
               | happening all around you.
        
               | eastern wrote:
               | Also, there's that other country, which cannot be named,
               | which can do this rocket shit reasonably well.
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | I tend to generally ignore Russia in the context of
               | development nowadays in spaceflight because I don't see
               | them having the spare resources or talent to do any
               | meaningful new development. They're good at reusing and
               | iterating what they inherited from the USSR, but they've
               | promised so much new stuff over the years and have
               | delivered on basically nothing. The countries I mentioned
               | have all at least managed to bring online modern "from
               | scratch" designs in reasonable timeframes.
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | China?
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | I did mention China as an example of humanity
               | increasingly reaching for the stars :)
               | 
               | I don't like them politically, but they are clearly a
               | very capable spacefaring nation, with the capability to
               | develop new space-related technologies.
        
               | akokanka wrote:
               | China Will. Their education is mint. Current US education
               | model is too soft and weak. Perfect for war meatballs not
               | enough for space travel.
        
               | nonethewiser wrote:
               | Just a reminder that the department of education did not
               | exist until 1980. Disagree on the trajectory of space
               | travel though.
        
               | sharma-arjun wrote:
               | This is only true in the western world. Globally,
               | education has been trending upwards, at least until the
               | pandemic.
               | 
               | What is happening is a noticeable decline in the levels
               | of trust in education and science. Generally, in the rich
               | world, education used to be assumed to be a necessarily
               | good allocation of resources, and whether you accessed it
               | or not was largely a function of your wealth. Now, in
               | some pockets of the world, this is no longer true.
               | 
               | I also think that space travel will only see a revival in
               | public interest if it provides viable economic value or
               | becomes a renewed front for competing nationalism,
               | neither of which appear to be extremely likely in the
               | short term. Up to that point, I think it'll continue to
               | be a playground for billionaires.
        
             | AndrewKemendo wrote:
             | For who but the gilded?
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | You could've said the same for air travel in the early
               | days.
        
               | AndrewKemendo wrote:
               | Well, we don't have great figures on this but there are
               | some estimates that only 20% of the human population has
               | ever flown on an airplane.
               | 
               | That seems like it's a pretty heavily "gilded only" type
               | of thing especially if you look at percentage
               | distributions of flight frequency and by class.
        
               | tobyjsullivan wrote:
               | Where are you setting the bar for something to be
               | commonly accessible?
               | 
               | Only about 60% of the world's population has reliable
               | access to clean drinking water. 18% of people own a car.
               | 
               | Compared to those numbers, 20% of people flying seems
               | downright common - especially considering many people
               | likely never fly simply because they have nowhere worth
               | going (relative to cost).
        
               | AndrewKemendo wrote:
               | Yeah, it's unconscionable that that such a small
               | percentage of the population have access to clean,
               | drinking water, given its triviality and creating
               | 
               | So yes 100% of the population having clean water seems
               | like the low bar
               | 
               | As to flying, it's probably good there aren't more flyers
        
             | BizarreByte wrote:
             | There remains a fairly good chance that Voyager will be the
             | last surviving thing in the universe made by humans. It may
             | not be our pinnacle, but it might be our legacy.
        
               | basementcat wrote:
               | Pioneer 10, 11, New Horizons and some upper stages would
               | like to have a word.
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_object
               | s_l...
        
             | dclowd9901 wrote:
             | Where do you find your optimism? Looks to be turning into
             | yet another cynical cash grab to me.
        
           | nonethewiser wrote:
           | Even if your cynical doom porn is true you're wrong because
           | both of those people, 1 in particular, are pushing space
           | exploration forward.
        
             | iAMkenough wrote:
             | I think you're both right. They're cornering a market with
             | little competition because of the high cost barrier, with
             | the hopes of personally owning/controlling space travel and
             | any future colonization of other planets. I believe their
             | primary motivation is monopolization and money, even if the
             | science community experiences a benefit.
        
               | mlrtime wrote:
               | I disagree, I think it's the opposite. Men have lofty
               | dreams, they're also realists. How can you realistically
               | get a man on Mars? Use all their talents to work with a
               | government? Or use it to create enough capital to do it
               | yourself (And piss off some people at the same time for
               | fun)?
        
               | phatfish wrote:
               | It's just the whims of the rich and powerful, sometimes
               | we are lucky and their mood aligns with needs of society
               | as a whole.
               | 
               | Sometimes the only way to for a billionaire to
               | differentiate themselves from your run-of-the-mill
               | middle-eastern oil billionaire is a vanity project to
               | Mars.
        
               | kjkjadksj wrote:
               | Why do you even want to put a human on mars? What would
               | you have them do that you can't do with a probe or
               | robot?. Its extremely risky to put people in space with
               | our present technology. Even if nothing goes "wrong" they
               | are dealing with microgravity and radiation. We aren't
               | adapted for it at all.
        
               | fasterik wrote:
               | There are a few reasons. You could say that putting
               | humans on Mars has intrinsic value. In other words,
               | "because it's cool". The other main argument for putting
               | humans on Mars is that the grand projects of humanity
               | push our technology forward. Putting humans on Mars
               | requires solving a larger class of problems than sending
               | probes does. The first space race accelerated the
               | development of rocketry, integrated circuits, computers,
               | satellite communications, and materials science. There's
               | reason to believe that sending humans to Mars will cause
               | similar advances in our capabilities, possibly in novel
               | ways that we can't anticipate. A third argument is
               | existential risk. If something catastrophic happens on
               | Earth, there is some probability that having independent
               | colonies on other planets would prevent extinction of the
               | species. This is definitely true in the long term if we
               | truly master the technology of surviving and thriving in
               | space, but it's less realistic in the near term.
               | 
               | That said, I don't think Musk and others working on this
               | problem are taking the challenges of creating a colony on
               | Mars seriously. We know very little about the long-term
               | effects on the human body, reproductive cycle, and
               | psychology. If they're serious about this, one of their
               | top priorities should be funding research to create
               | isolated self-sustaining human colonies closer to Earth
               | as a proof of concept. If we can't survive for decades at
               | the bottom of the ocean or on the moon, we probably can't
               | survive for decades on Mars. We would also need high
               | confidence that generations of humans born on Mars
               | wouldn't accumulate severe genetic damage and birth
               | defects. This is a whole research program in itself that
               | we're nowhere close to solving.
        
             | camillomiller wrote:
             | If you really believe that's what they are doing, well, I
             | really wish I could live with the same ability of ignoring
             | reality. Elon Musk is not a force of good. He is a
             | sociopathic lunatic that was lucky enough to live at a
             | fruitful intersection between his Messiah complex and a
             | specific deranged state of capitalism.
        
             | dns_snek wrote:
             | The fact that you think that in 2023 we have to rely on
             | "benevolent" billionaires to push space exploration forward
             | just proves their point.
        
             | preisschild wrote:
             | That one guy also took money from his space exploration
             | company to buy a social media site so that he can be even
             | more of an online edgelord.
             | 
             | Not really trustworthy...
        
               | mlrtime wrote:
               | But why do YOU need to trust him? Someone can be crazy on
               | twitter AND be the the first (possible) person to get a
               | man on Mars.
        
         | btach wrote:
         | I appreciate the Star Trek reference (V'ger incase somebody
         | doesn't know what I'm talking about - Star Trek, The Motion
         | Picture). That movie awed me as a kid.
        
           | jjeaff wrote:
           | ah, I didn't remember the reference. I did think that was a
           | weird place to create an abbreviation.
        
           | ineptech wrote:
           | That's kind of a spoiler.
        
         | userbinator wrote:
         | Back then, more people were hired not for who they are, but
         | what they could do.
        
         | LAC-Tech wrote:
         | What the US accomplished from 1950-1980 is incredible.
        
           | nemo44x wrote:
           | Indeed. A group of people went through 15 years of financial
           | hardship and horrific war and it made them so strong willed
           | and determined to do something with surviving that. I'm
           | grateful to not have to have gone through all that but also
           | accept that they formed a certain wisdom we can't appreciate
           | fully.
           | 
           | That era should be looked on like we do the renaissance, etc.
           | Just a remarkable era that we still are building on today.
           | The springboard.
        
           | layer8 wrote:
           | The atomic bomb triggering large investments in physics
           | education and research has a lot to do with it.
        
       | atq2119 wrote:
       | In a nice coincidence: The end of vger.kernel.org
       | (https://lwn.net/Articles/954783/)
        
       | Dig1t wrote:
       | >The last time Voyager 1 experienced a similar, but not
       | identical, issue with the flight data system was in 1981
       | 
       | I would love to read about specifically what went wrong in 1981.
       | 
       | The closest I could find was this old article from 1981:
       | https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/28/us/swivel-on-voyager-stil...
       | 
       | But there isn't nearly enough detail in it. Is there an analysis
       | anywhere online of that event?
        
         | sho_hn wrote:
         | I don't know if the 1981 issue is covered, but you can read
         | some very fun examples of bugfixing and OTA updates on the
         | Voyager spacecraft in this article:
         | 
         | https://csclub.uwaterloo.ca/~pbarfuss/VIMChallenges.pdf
         | 
         | Including a 20 year wait for a pro-active fix to pay off in
         | prod!
         | 
         | "A CCS FSW patch was developed and implemented in 1995, and
         | linked on the spacecraft in 2006 for V1 and 2005 for V2 to
         | automatically restart some of the critical functions in the
         | event of an Error entry. This patch was exercised in flight in
         | 2014, nearly 20 years after it was installed, when one of the
         | CCS processors went into an error entry on V1; the patch worked
         | as designed."
        
       | anonymous_sorry wrote:
       | > Initially designed to last five years
       | 
       | NASA tech often seems to outlive its initial mission length by a
       | massive margin. The Mars rovers spring to mind. It's incredibly
       | impressive, and almost embarrassing! Surely this isn't
       | accidental. Is the kit massively over-specced? Do the
       | uncertainties and risks necessitate such a depth of redundancy
       | that when stuff goes kinda smoothly the thing lasts 9 times
       | longer than it was designed to? Is it a political thing: they set
       | their success criteria low just in case something goes wrong, but
       | actually intend a much longer lifespan?
       | 
       | Sorry if this seems an incredibly cynical way of looking at the
       | world. I actually love all this stuff - I'm just curious if there
       | is a pattern here and what the reason is if so.
        
         | gutnor wrote:
         | I guess the problem is lead time. You want overspecced because
         | you get one shot every 10-20 years between design, launch
         | windows and the all too present political angle.
        
         | sebzim4500 wrote:
         | There is certainly a political element, when they tried doing
         | cheaper missions they had two failures in a row which was
         | really embarassing, even though probably if they had stuck with
         | it it would have still worked out cheaper than using the low
         | risk approach.
         | 
         | Mainly though if you design a spacecraft to have a 99% chance
         | of lasting five years it ends up with a pretty high chance of
         | lasting 30 years.
        
         | photonbucket wrote:
         | I think the intended lifespan specification is quite real in
         | that they advertise success as A, B, and C when they initially
         | asked for funding.
         | 
         | It looks really really bad for NASA when it's a mission failure
         | in terms of what its was funded for, the politicians start
         | talking about budget cuts.
        
         | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
         | If you design so that it has a 99.9999% chance of working for 5
         | years it's going to work for much longer. It'd be very hard to
         | design it in a way that it didn't.
        
           | hinkley wrote:
           | Overengineering is building in buffers that you didn't
           | actually need. But it may be much later when anyone can prove
           | it.
           | 
           | See also the roman aqueducts. Today we would have used about
           | half as much stone, and they'd be falling apart in our
           | lifetimes. Instead, lucky chunks of them have lasted 20 times
           | as long as anyone ever could have expected to need them.
        
             | beerandt wrote:
             | Designing things such that they don't require/ use steel
             | reinforcement goes a long way towards having a
             | (potentially) indefinite lifespan.
             | 
             | Reinforced concrete and masonry design are underappreciated
             | disciplines of modern engineering, but their Achilles heel
             | is that reinforcement rusts, rust expands, and expansion
             | ruptures. All at relatively accelerated speeds.
             | 
             | Things like the aqueducts weren't necessarily
             | overengineered, they were just designed (mostly) without
             | quickly deteriorating elements, like steel.
             | 
             | Which is to say, 2000 yrs ago, the design of an aqueduct
             | with a 10yr lifespan didn't differ much compared to a
             | hypothetical one with a 100yr or even 1000yr lifespan. At
             | least compared to how things would be done today.
             | 
             | Much of space design seems to be similar, where the minimum
             | requirements aren't that far off from what seems like
             | excessive engineering. But that doesn't necessarily mean
             | anything was "overengineered".
        
           | interstice wrote:
           | Would it be cheaper/equally effective to go for one less
           | decimal place and make 10 of them?
        
             | szundi wrote:
             | Probably all of them would die for the same reason fast
        
             | lumens wrote:
             | Given the costs of launching, almost assuredly not.
        
             | pavel_lishin wrote:
             | To quote S.R. Hadden from Contact: "First rule in
             | government spending: why build one when you can have two at
             | twice the price?"
        
             | dredmorbius wrote:
             | That's actually part of the thinking behind the "faster,
             | better, cheaper" (FBC) policy of NASA in the late 1990s /
             | early 2000s:
             | 
             |  _The intent of FBC was to decrease the amount of time and
             | cost for each mission and to increase the number of
             | missions and overall scientific results obtained on each
             | mission_
             | 
             | That was something of a mixed bag: numerous missions _did_
             | succeed and returned phenomenal science, but there were
             | also some spectacular and humiliating failures:
             | 
             |  _In 1999, after the failure of four missions that used the
             | FBC approach for project management, you commissioned
             | several independent reviews to examine FBC and mission
             | failures, search for root causes, and recommend changes._
             | 
             | (Both quotes from the transmittal letter for NASA's 2001
             | report on the policy, as subsequent sentences.)
             | 
             | <https://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY01/ig-01-009.pdf>
             | 
             | It turns out that space is an unbelievably unforgiving
             | environment, and attempting to perform repairs,
             | maintenance, tune-ups, and/or mitigations at distances of
             | hundreds of millions or billions of kilometers, often at
             | the end of hours-long round-trip speed-of-light lags, is
             | challenging at best.
             | 
             | At the same time, FBC mitigated risks, and some of the
             | problem may well have been a failure to manage
             | expectations: with FBC, _some_ missions would succeed,
             | whilst others would not. But even in that context, gambling
             | losses on $150 million bets remain painful. (It 's worth
             | considering that there have since been numerous failures by
             | other nations attempting various space missions, this isn't
             | a failing of the US alone.)
             | 
             | It's also worth considering that earlier missions, notably
             | Apollo & Skylab, suffered numerous critical incidents, one
             | fatally catastrophic (and that on the ground), but _any one
             | of which_ could have resulted in total mission losses,
             | including lighting strikes on launch, computer failures on
             | Lunar landing (Apollo 11), wiring-induced oxygen tank
             | explosion (Apollo 13, resulting in abort of the planned
             | landing), and failure to deploy Skylab 's solar panel and
             | sunsheild. People tend to remember the major incidents of
             | Apollos 1 and 13, but not the numerous other close calls.
             | The US Space Shuttle programme similarly had two
             | catastrophic failures but each occurred within the context
             | of numerous other close calls. The envelope for both error
             | and deviance is _vanishingly_ thin.
             | 
             | Since the early 2000s, NASA have modulated their approach
             | to FBC. Some missions, such as the JWST, are absolute
             | monoliths and relied on extensive and expensive testing and
             | development, which has paid off with absolutely flawless
             | execution of launch and deployment and truly universe-
             | expanding insights. Others, such as the Mars rover
             | programs, have iterated on concepts starting with small,
             | cheap, and simple rovers of limited range to incorporating
             | a "technology demonstrator" in the form of the _Ingenuity_
             | heliocopter which accompanies the SUV-sized _Perseverance_
             | rover. The _Huygans_ lander (part of the Saturn-based
             | _Cassini_ mission, landing on the moon Titan), and
             | _Galileo_ probe (part of the _Galileo_ orbiter mission)
             | both rode along with and extended orbiter-probe missions to
             | provide actual contact with planetary or lunar atmosphere
             | and /or surfaces.
             | 
             | More on FBC:
             | 
             | "'Faster, better, and cheaper' at NASA: Lessons learned in
             | managing and accepting risk"
             | 
             | <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009
             | 45...>
             | 
             | "Faster, Better, Cheaper: A maligned era of NASA's history"
             | 
             | <https://www.elizabethafrank.com/colliding-worlds/fbc>
        
             | magicalhippo wrote:
             | Making them yes.
             | 
             | But a large part of the cost is not just construction but
             | testing and verification. Not only that it does what it
             | needs to do, but that it survives launch without destroying
             | itself, survives being in a vacuum etc.
             | 
             | Most of that testing is specific to how each individual
             | item was manufactured, so there's little cost saving if any
             | to be had there.
             | 
             | Then there's the price of the launch, and the time on the
             | radio dishes to follow them.
        
           | tshaddox wrote:
           | And even if you design everything so it has a 75% chance of
           | working for 5 years, some of the things won't last 5 years,
           | but you'll still only hear about and remember the ones that
           | work for much longer.
        
           | cf1241290841 wrote:
           | Thats actually a real life metric for the two years of
           | standard return policy in the parts of the EU. You achieve it
           | with planed obsolesce.
        
           | Grimblewald wrote:
           | Planned obsolescence has entered the chat.
           | 
           | On a real note, it is hard to do accidentally, but very much
           | possible to do on purpose - so much so that it is currrently
           | a driving factor of our evonomies.
        
         | pkaye wrote:
         | Based on some JPL documentary videos, I recall the engineers
         | involved intentionally over-specced the components on the hopes
         | that the mission would be later extended to go further out into
         | the solar system. Check out the JPL channel on YouTube. There
         | is a video series about the different missions throughout NASA
         | history. Its really worthwhile watching.
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTiv_XWHnOZqFnWQs393R...
        
         | Rebelgecko wrote:
         | In addition to what other people mentioned (if you design
         | something to have a 99.99% chance of lasting x years, it'll
         | probably last some multiple of x), a lot of failures follow
         | what's called a bathtub curve (visual depiction: https://en.m.w
         | ikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub_curve#/media/File%3A...).
         | 
         | Once you can make something work for 1 day, you're past the
         | most dangerous phase.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | It's the same with people. If you can make it past gestation,
           | birth, and age 10, you're pretty good to go until 80, when
           | everything falls apart.
        
         | jjk166 wrote:
         | NASA definitely does overengineer things at the beginning, but
         | it's worth noting that an incredible amount of work goes into
         | keeping these things alive past their end date. For example
         | regularly updating the software to be more efficient so probes
         | can keep functioning and communicating despite having less and
         | less power and being further and further away.
         | 
         | There's also lessons learned once a mission is in progress,
         | like "if we move in this weird pattern we can shake some dust
         | off the solar panels."
         | 
         | Finally, a lot of these missions that continue long past the
         | predicted end date do so with some limitations - maybe going
         | forward a particular sensor is unavailable or certain maneuvers
         | can't be done anymore - but there's still enough to justify
         | keeping the mission going.
        
         | sfifs wrote:
         | Organizations always react to incentives and all of the above
         | and more are probably at play.
         | 
         | The funding incentives are probably such that failure means
         | leadership is hauled before political theatre and accused of
         | wasting people's taxes Vs say SpaceX where it's let's blow up
         | one more rocket.
         | 
         | The political situation also probably makes it infeasible to
         | ask for or rely on long term program commitments (which is tied
         | to scientist & engineer employment) but once the hardware is
         | already in place, getting extensions is probably quite cheap
         | and non controversial
         | 
         | All these probably incentivize a risk averse and over
         | engineering culture. Of course that benefits science fans, so
         | I'd say more power to them :-)
        
         | drivebyadvice wrote:
         | Trick I learned from an old wrench: overestimate time and cost,
         | then when you deliver something in half the time and half the
         | cost they'll think you're twice the mechanic.
         | 
         | I'm not sure that's what NASA does, but it certainly doesn't
         | hurt their PR.
        
         | iambateman wrote:
         | I think it's political. It's untenable to tell the public that
         | it will work for "15 years with a 95% confidence interval" and
         | have it fail after 14 years. There would be congressional
         | hearings.
         | 
         | But you must give a number, so sandbagging makes sense.
         | 
         | It's the same thing with telling your wife when you'll be
         | home...if you say 7pm and it's 7:05, you're late and dinner is
         | cold. But if you say 8:30 and it's 7:05, you're a hero.
         | 
         | Today, Voyager 1 leaves a hero.
        
           | nonrandomstring wrote:
           | Tomorrow Voyager 1 shaves its head, now identifies as Vega,
           | and is coming home.
        
         | mhandley wrote:
         | I think it's not so much a question of deliberate overspeccing,
         | but more that each of these missions is its own prototype.
         | You're asked to design something to do a small part of the
         | task, but you won't get a chance to try again if it goes wrong.
         | You really really don't want your part to be the reason the
         | mission fails. And you don't get to test your part in the real
         | deployment environment and find out everything you need to know
         | before your design the production part. So you have to design
         | for every eventuality you can foresee, and then add some margin
         | for the events you cannot foresee. So even if the spec is
         | exactly right, to ensure you satisfy the spec first time with
         | the uncertainties of the production environment, you end up
         | producing a part that has as much margin for error as you can
         | get away with in the mass and financial budget. Everyone
         | involved does the same thing, because no-one really knows what
         | the production environment will be like, and no-one wants to be
         | the reason the mission fails. And so you end up with a
         | spacecraft that is as overengineered as possible given the
         | budget, even if it isn't specced that way.
        
         | omgJustTest wrote:
         | You'd be surprised what abstract science missions will propel
         | smart people to do.
         | 
         | When everyone isn't focused on salary but is motivated by an
         | idea to solve the problem there are massive gains.
        
         | jtriangle wrote:
         | The game is, if you get funding for X years, but you can remain
         | on mission for X+N years, you have an opportunity to get easy
         | funding after your initial funding runs out.
         | 
         | That's a major incentive to over build things. Engineers also
         | love making things better, so, your workforce is defacto
         | onboard with that mission.
         | 
         | And then, there's the issue that, basically every long term
         | mission to space requires bespoke spacecraft. That makes things
         | very, very expensive, but also, presents a requirement to
         | engineer your way around unknown mission requirements. They
         | know what they want to do, but, they don't really know how
         | it'll work in reality. They can test some things, sure, but
         | it's impossible to know every variable.
         | 
         | For instance, you're building a bridge with a 100ft span that's
         | 50ft above the ground at the highest, in an area with a maximum
         | wind speed of 50mph, and a maximum load capacity of 2000 tons
         | of traffic moving 65mph. Now, that's basically enough
         | information to build that bridge. Now imagine that, you're
         | asked to build that same bridge, but, you don't know how fast
         | the traffic is moving, that's more difficult. Now, in addition
         | to that, you don't know how much wind loading you have to deal
         | with, more difficult still. Now imagine that, your load
         | capacity isn't certain either.
         | 
         | Could you still build the bridge? Of course you could, but,
         | you'll have to build it with what you think are reasonable
         | requirements. You might do some research into those
         | requirements, but you also might not be able to. Where you end
         | up is, the bridge you build is going to be over built, likely
         | by a significant margin, if you desire to build a successful
         | bridge.
         | 
         | This is the issue with designing spacecraft, you have more
         | questions about requirements than you have answers, and sure,
         | we have more answers than we used to, and the available pool of
         | knowledge has only increased, but many points of uncertainty
         | still remain. Not an unusual engineering problem, we'll get
         | there eventually. It was about 100 years of thinking for us to
         | learn to fly at all, another 100 years to learn how to do it
         | well, and there's still plenty of room for improvement. Space
         | flight will be much the same, and eventually we'll have the
         | space equivalent of the honda civic
        
         | ekianjo wrote:
         | > NASA tech often seems to outlive its initial mission length
         | by a massive margin
         | 
         | NASA tech from the 60s 70s
         | 
         | Ftfy
        
           | anonymous_sorry wrote:
           | I mentioned the Mars rovers as well.
        
         | demondemidi wrote:
         | And people slam nasa constantly then whine to the stars about
         | "planned obsolescence" when capitalism can't make an appliance
         | that lasts.
         | 
         | Go figure.
        
         | pjdemers wrote:
         | Some missions blow up on the launch pad, or fail to reach
         | orbit, or are lost mid-flight, or crash on landing. I wonder if
         | the average actual mission length exceeds the average expected
         | mission length.
        
       | mulhoon wrote:
       | I find it interesting how they use "aging spacecraft" and
       | "exceptionally long lifespans" of these devices. In terms of the
       | age of the universe, or the time that light from a star has
       | travelled to us, it's minute. Aging in relation to human life
       | maybe.
        
         | xcv123 wrote:
         | In terms of expected mission duration and the durability of its
         | components.
        
       | ciroduran wrote:
       | LOL @ CNN blocking Firefox! "Browser Blocked
       | 
       | We apologize, but your web browser is configured in such a way
       | that it is preventing this site from implementing required
       | components that protect your privacy and allow you to view and
       | change your privacy settings. This functionality is required for
       | privacy legislation in your region.
       | 
       | We recommend you use a different browser or disable the "EasyList
       | Cookie" filter from your "Content Filtering" settings (found
       | under "Settings" -> "Shields" in the Brave Browser)."
        
         | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
         | I thought it was just me. What is causing that?
        
         | gsa wrote:
         | If I had to guess, it's phrased like this since it's blocking
         | their third-party cookie banner.
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | Which they do not need.
        
         | xyproto wrote:
         | Yeah, that's silly.
         | 
         | Passing it through Google Translate works, though:
         | 
         | https://www-cnn-com.translate.goog/2023/12/13/world/voyager-...
        
         | Udo wrote:
         | I suspect you're using some plugin that's blocking cookies
         | (whether they correctly detect that as EasyList or not). Due to
         | that, it's possible that CNN can't store your response to their
         | privacy popup and so they have decided to limit their liability
         | by preventing access.
         | 
         | If this turns out true, it would be quite ironic: they can't
         | show you a legally mandated cookie selector intended to
         | increase your privacy because you're running a piece of
         | blocking software that's intended to increase your privacy.
        
           | heyoni wrote:
           | I guess that means they have to break reader mode as well.
        
             | Udo wrote:
             | Not necessarily. If reader mode skips their ads, they'd
             | probably be in the clear.
        
           | ChrisSD wrote:
           | The opt-in is only required if they collect your information.
           | If they take the default as opt-out then they don't have to
           | show you any prompt and have no liability.
        
         | nilslindemann wrote:
         | I have this too in Ungoogled Chromium with add-on "I still
         | don't care about cookies". They seem to be keen to show me
         | their beautiful cookie pop up.
        
         | timeon wrote:
         | Same for Safari. Disabling Javascript worked.
        
         | citrus1330 wrote:
         | They aren't blocking Firefox, it's one of your add-ons
        
       | Legion wrote:
       | > While the spacecraft can still receive and carry out commands
       | transmitted from the mission team, a problem with that
       | telecommunications unit means no science or engineering data from
       | Voyager 1 is being returned to Earth.
       | 
       | A probe going further in space than any other that suddenly
       | starts sending back incomprehensible science data is a pretty
       | killer start to a sci-fi movie if you ask me.
        
         | giantrobot wrote:
         | Between this and the occultation of Betelgeuse, 2023 is ending
         | with very Cthulhu-y vibes.
        
       | sho_hn wrote:
       | There's a nice recent documentary about the team that keeps these
       | spacecraft working and developing software updates, "It's Quieter
       | in the Twilight" (2022):
       | 
       | https://m.imdb.com/title/tt17658964/
        
       | dekhn wrote:
       | I mean, even if they can't recover it at this point, it's still
       | been far more reliable and useful than any program I've ever
       | written or hobby electronics project I've built. Along with
       | Apollo it's really a testament to the phenomenal productivity of
       | American science in the 50s, 60s, and 70s.
        
       | smudgy wrote:
       | If NASA can't contact it again and it has bravely gone into the
       | great darkness alone with a piece of us, let's hope it's
       | eventually found by a race capable of understanding the fragment
       | of memory it carries.
       | 
       | If you're lost V'ger, safe travels.
        
         | miah_ wrote:
         | The Voyagers also carry the Golden Records, which are full of
         | information about Earth, its species, humans, samples of
         | different languages, and music. It also has a description of
         | our solar system, and details how to listen to the record.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
        
           | saalweachter wrote:
           | So we're going to end up in an _Awesome Mix Tape_ situation,
           | with our lost V 'ger rocking out to the music of its
           | homeworld?
        
         | nonethewiser wrote:
         | > If NASA can't contact it again and it has bravely gone into
         | the great darkness alone
         | 
         | Perhaps not now, but this is definitely the case.
        
         | shiroiuma wrote:
         | >let's hope it's eventually found by a race capable of
         | understanding the fragment of memory it carries.
         | 
         | Star Trek: The Motion Picture showed the danger posed by your
         | wish.
        
           | devnullbrain wrote:
           | Movies aren't real
        
         | infinitedata wrote:
         | A race?
        
           | peebeebee wrote:
           | I think the Asians would be able to do it.
        
         | moffkalast wrote:
         | Should be a few hundred years until the Borg upgrade it I
         | think.
        
       | Pigalowda wrote:
       | In case anyone was curious
       | 
       | Both Voyager probes power themselves with radioisotope
       | thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which convert heat from
       | decaying plutonium into electricity. The continual decay process
       | means the generator produces slightly less power each year
       | 
       | https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-voyager-will-do-more-sci...
        
       | kristianp wrote:
       | The time to think of replacements has long passed, not to fly by
       | the outer planets, but to achieve a greater velocity than the
       | Voyagers and continue exploring the interstellar medium.
       | 
       | Some other comments here mentioned the tech to do that:
       | 
       | - ion propulsion
       | 
       | - light sail
       | 
       | And also nuclear fission might be an option, I like the fission
       | fragment idea for its simplicity. [1][2]
       | 
       | [1] https://www.nasa.gov/general/aerogel-core-fission-
       | fragment-r...
       | 
       | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission-fragment_rocket
        
         | svachalek wrote:
         | This is a fun option too:
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot
        
           | praveen9920 wrote:
           | I guess this is what started "space laser weapon" conspiracy.
        
         | science4sail wrote:
         | A nuclear salt-water rocket[3] made using weapons-grade uranium
         | should easily have a delta-V of 1.5% lightspeed and an
         | acceleration above 10G; it would be great for exploring the
         | Kuiper belt and/or performing another Grand Tour on a human
         | timescale.
         | 
         | [3]
         | https://www.projectrho.com/public_html/rocket/enginelist2.ph...
        
         | kibwen wrote:
         | _> The time to think of replacements has long passed, not to
         | fly by the outer planets, but to achieve a greater velocity_
         | 
         | I wouldn't quite go that far, we'll have another chance at the
         | grand tour in another 129 years, and those planetary flybys
         | (and the associated gravity assists) are precisely what gave
         | the Voyagers all that speed to begin with.
        
         | schiffern wrote:
         | The new hotness right now is dynamic soaring across the
         | heliopause with a solar ion 'wing.'[0] Supposedly this can
         | achieve 2% _c_ , in the same way RC gliders use dynamic soaring
         | to achieve speeds far in excess of the wind speed.[1]
         | 
         | [0]
         | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frspt.2022.1017...
         | 
         | [1] (headphone warning)
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eFD_Wj6dhk
        
       | Waterluvian wrote:
       | I imagine being born, growing up, falling in love with science
       | and engineering and space, going to college, getting a job at
       | NASA, joining the Voyager team, and remotely troubleshooting a
       | spacecraft that had left the Earth before being born.
        
       | japhyr wrote:
       | My favorite graph of all time is the one that demonstrate Voyager
       | 1 had left the solar system. I was a high school math and science
       | teacher at the time, and I spent the whole day sharing this graph
       | with students. It was so much fun watching everyone's faces and
       | seeing the moment they realized what it really meant.
       | 
       | https://phys.org/news/2012-10-voyager-left-solar.html
        
         | alain94040 wrote:
         | Why isn't it linear?
        
           | monocasa wrote:
           | There's a relatively hard boundary at the heliopause.
        
             | idontwantthis wrote:
             | But why are there hard boundaries before that bounced back?
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Gravity. The suns gravity field is in theory infinite but
               | there is a pretty precise boundary where it stops to have
               | an immediate effect on the things around it and orbits
               | around the sun are no longer possible.
        
               | pdonis wrote:
               | _> The suns gravity field is in theory infinite but there
               | is a pretty precise boundary where it stops to have an
               | immediate effect on the things around it and orbits
               | around the sun are no longer a thing._
               | 
               | This is not correct. The particles are not in orbit about
               | the Sun, they're _coming from_ the Sun--they 're the
               | solar wind. The heliopause is where the solar wind
               | particles are stopped by the pressure of the surrounding
               | interstellar medium. When Voyager passed that point (the
               | heliopause), the number of particles hitting it dropped
               | drastically.
        
               | fnordpiglet wrote:
               | Correct:
               | 
               | The heliopause is the theoretical boundary where the
               | Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium;
               | where the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough
               | to push back the stellar winds of the surrounding stars.
               | This is the boundary where the interstellar medium and
               | solar wind pressures balance. The crossing of the
               | heliopause should be signaled by a sharp drop in the
               | temperature of solar wind-charged particles,[30] a change
               | in the direction of the magnetic field, and an increase
               | in the number of galactic cosmic rays.[34]
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere#Heliopause
        
               | emchammer wrote:
               | Why don't particles from surrounding interstellar medium
               | show up in the graph as matching the pressure of the
               | solar wind?
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | Presumably simply because there isn't as much density.
               | The interstellar medium particles must be less dense but
               | more energetic, thus producing the pressure that causes
               | the heliosphere to be restricted.
        
               | pdonis wrote:
               | As I understand it, the much smaller number of particles
               | hitting Voyager now _are_ the interstellar medium. The
               | rate of particles hitting Voyager is not a measure of the
               | pressure of the ambient plasma.
        
               | colanderman wrote:
               | Presumably the exact location of the heliopause
               | fluctuates due to perturbations in the sun's emissions.
        
             | manicennui wrote:
             | This entire concept is wild to me as someone who is
             | incredibly ignorant about space.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere#Heliopause
        
           | Macha wrote:
           | Best guess: You get particles orbiting the sun, until you
           | pass a point where the sun's gravity is too weak to hold
           | them, and from that point you basically only see things who's
           | escape trajectory intersects with yours
        
             | pdonis wrote:
             | _> You get particles orbiting the sun_
             | 
             | The particles hitting Voyager aren't orbiting the Sun;
             | they're _from_ the Sun, the solar wind. The heliopause is
             | the point where they are stopped by the interstellar
             | medium. That point is what Voyager passed as shown in the
             | graph.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | They are still, indeed, orbiting the sun. In the same way
               | the earths atmosphere is orbiting the earth.
        
               | cshimmin wrote:
               | No, they are traveling at velocities far exceeding the
               | gravitational escape velocity of the sun. There is no
               | meaningful sense in which they are orbiting.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | Except they aren't, which is why they are there and there
               | is a heliopause instead of them being in interstellar
               | space and there not being a heliopause.
               | 
               | If they had greater than escape velocity, they'd be
               | escaping and we'd not see the graph we see.
        
               | grey-area wrote:
               | Orbit means going very fast around something in a
               | circular motion. These particles are heading directly
               | streaming out from the sun, not going round it.
               | 
               | As I understand it it's where these particles reach
               | equilibrium with the stellar medium. The sun is like a
               | comet at a large enough scale, with a long tail of
               | particles as it moves through the galaxy.
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | The particles don't meaningfully interact, they aren't
               | dense enough.
        
               | adwn wrote:
               | They interact via the electromagnetic force.
        
               | pdonis wrote:
               | They are plenty dense enough to interact given that it's
               | plasma.
        
               | pdonis wrote:
               | _> If they had greater than escape velocity, they'd be
               | escaping_
               | 
               | Only if the space they were escaping into were vacuum.
               | Which it isn't. What stops them is not the Sun's gravity
               | but the plasma in the interstellar medium.
        
               | pdonis wrote:
               | The earth's atmosphere is not orbiting the Earth. It is
               | in hydrostatic equilibrium in the earth's gravitational
               | field. Big difference.
        
           | Aperocky wrote:
           | It could be a 3D porous boundary.
           | 
           | A solar eruption may impose 10~ AU of continued heliosphere
           | at this distance.
        
           | japhyr wrote:
           | Assuming you're talking about the overall sharp drop-off and
           | not the bounce-backs, this was my favorite way to explain it
           | to students:
           | 
           | We live near the ocean, and we have a rocky shoreline. We
           | have a couple coves nearby. One cove is about the a half-mile
           | across, but the opening to the larger bay nearby is just a
           | couple hundred feet. On most days, the cove is really calm
           | and the bay has roughly two foot waves.
           | 
           | So, you can go out to the cove, pick up the biggest rock you
           | can lift, and heave it into the water. You'll make a giant
           | splash that amazes young kids, and then you can watch the
           | ripples fan out over the bay. But you also see those ripples
           | stop as soon as they reach the bay, where the larger waves
           | absorb the smaller ripples from the rock. The rock represents
           | the sun, the ripples represent solar wind, and the waves on
           | the bay represents interstellar space.
           | 
           | I believe that's a reasonable way of explaining it; if I was
           | wrong after all this time I'd love to know it.
        
             | RheingoldRiver wrote:
             | That makes sense as far as explaining another situation
             | where you would see a similar pattern, but it doesn't
             | really explain why. What's the equivalent of the land
             | surrounding the cove here? The sun's gravity well? But
             | that's a gradual drop-off, are we looking at the distance
             | where the gravitational pull on particles is canceled out
             | by some other force?
        
               | ikiris wrote:
               | Hydraulic Jump on interstellar scale.
               | 
               | Heliopause. The heliopause is the theoretical boundary
               | where the Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar
               | medium; where the solar wind's strength is no longer
               | great enough to push back the stellar winds of the
               | surrounding stars. This is the boundary where the
               | interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance.
        
               | ryanjshaw wrote:
               | But again, why is it a sudden cut-off and not a gradual
               | one?
        
               | danbruc wrote:
               | Have look at your sink [1], it is called termination
               | shock. [2]
               | 
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere#/media/File
               | :Helios...
               | 
               | [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere#Termination
               | _shock
        
               | sanderjd wrote:
               | Interesting! What is the interstellar medium? Is it
               | entirely the combined stellar winds of all the other
               | stars, or are there other components?
               | 
               | My initial intuition was to wonder why the vectors of all
               | the other stellar winds wouldn't be expected to nearly
               | cancel each other out, but then it seems like the ones
               | that would be pushing in the same direction as the sun's
               | would have been blocked on the other side of the sphere,
               | so it does seem to make sense that the net direction
               | would be to point inward. But then I realized that I have
               | no idea if any of that reflects an accurate mental model
               | of what's going on :)
        
               | ineptech wrote:
               | AIUI, the solar wind does attenuate gradually; the
               | relatively sharp drop-off is the transition from the "I
               | feel the solar wind more than the interstellar medium"
               | region to the "I feel the ISM more than solar wind"
               | region.
        
             | IshKebab wrote:
             | This is a terrible explanation. It's about a completely
             | different thing, it's fundamentally wrong, and it doesn't
             | even make sense! Space is not shaped like a bay and Voyager
             | is measuring a _decrease_ in particles not an increase.
        
           | zeven7 wrote:
           | I didn't understand it either but the pictures and graphs on
           | this Wikipedia entry actually helped make a lot more sense of
           | it to me, especially the analogy of the water faucet
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliosphere
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | That was a good page. At first I thought "But what is out
             | there, outside the solar system?" under the assumption that
             | there was nothing there. And there is nothing there, but
             | nothing in galactic terms: the entire galaxy is there! And
             | apparently it behaves like a gas, despite its low density.
             | 
             | So although solar wind sounds hardcore, at that distance
             | its pressure about matches that of the nothingness that
             | makes up most of the galaxy. Interesting!
        
           | anon_cow1111 wrote:
           | Wow yes, that was also my main question and it looks like the
           | answer everyone is agreeing on is "interstellar wind pushing
           | back against the solar wind"
           | 
           | BUT- The graph says 2-3 particles/sec hitting the detector,
           | which in sub-atomic terms is like 2 drops of water in an
           | ocean's worth of volume. How much meaningful particle
           | interaction is happening when everything is so close to a
           | true vaccuum? Is this another one of those weird quantum-
           | field-theory things? (Asking as a layman not a physicist
           | obviously)
        
             | thriftwy wrote:
             | It is certainly not vacuum. Vacuum is when a gas particle
             | is more likely to hit a wall (or other solid object) than
             | other gas particle. It is absolutely not so on the edge of
             | solar system, where low density is compensated by the
             | vastness of space.
        
           | taylorius wrote:
           | According to Wikipedia, the abrupt change occurs at the point
           | when the solar wind's speed decreases into the subsonic range
           | (speed of sound in the interstellar medium is approximately
           | 100km/s and the sun emits the particles that makeup the solar
           | wind at approximately 400km/s). This transition to a subsonic
           | regime causes compression waves to form, and causes the rapid
           | drop off.
        
             | simonjgreen wrote:
             | That's fascinating, and going to send me down a learning
             | hole! I had never before considered speed of sound in
             | space.
        
             | puzzledobserver wrote:
             | I didn't know that the speed of sound in the interstellar
             | medium is 100 km/s. That seems surprisingly high, given
             | that there's more atmospheric material here on the surface
             | of Earth, and the speed of sound is only about 330 m/s.
             | 
             | How can sound travel so fast in the interstellar medium?
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | In an ideal gas, speed of sound depends on the
               | temperature and molar mass, but not density as the
               | density terms cancel out:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas#Speed_of_sound
               | 
               | It's hot, so the speed of sound is high.
        
               | mcv wrote:
               | Can you use it to transmit actual sound? Would it be
               | possible to use this for short-range communication in
               | space? Or is this only a very theoretical kind of sound?
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | Given the supersonic flow, one directional communication
               | only.
               | 
               | Given the impedance mismatch[0], even the parts of the
               | solar system outside Karman lines where the
               | interplanetary medium can support pressure levels
               | equivalent to normal speaking (including low Earth
               | orbit), I'm told human ears can't respond to that
               | pressure change properly.
               | 
               | Sensors can be built to pick it up, but that may not be
               | in scope for your question as we can also do that for
               | acoustic waves in the CMB.
               | 
               | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching#Acou
               | stics
        
               | mcv wrote:
               | I wouldn't expect human ears to be able to pick it up,
               | because human ears would have far more serious problems
               | just being exposed to the vacuum of space. But if it's
               | possible to make sensors that can detect this sound, and
               | devices that can generate it, and communication between
               | the two would be accurate and really this fast, well,
               | that would certainly be interesting.
               | 
               | Not sure if it would actually be useful, because I'm sure
               | radio waves would be much more practical, but sound in
               | space is a fascinating idea.
        
               | Aerbil313 wrote:
               | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/162184/what-
               | is-t...
        
               | explaininjs wrote:
               | Basically, since there's so little atmospheric material,
               | any particles that you do set in motion will travel very
               | far in a straight line before they hit another, which is
               | a lot faster than hitting a bunch of particles
               | erratically.
               | 
               | The catch is that you can only transmit very low
               | frequency sounds - ti can be thought of like the
               | variations in travel time for any individual particle
               | drown out any high frequency signal.
        
           | Otek wrote:
           | My favourite analogy: Heliosphere is like water flowing from
           | a faucet into a sink: the water represents the solar wind
           | emanating from the Sun, and the point where it meets the
           | sink's surface illustrates the heliosphere's boundary with
           | the interstellar medium. Just as water changes direction and
           | slows down upon hitting the sink, the solar wind decelerates
           | and changes direction at the heliospheric boundary, where it
           | interacts with the gases and particles of interstellar space.
           | 
           | Photo to illustrate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliospher
           | e#/media/File:Helios...
        
           | zaik wrote:
           | Inverse quadratic would have been my guess.
        
         | lttlrck wrote:
         | I need an eink display on my office wall showing the current
         | location/status. I always get a tremendous sense of wonder and
         | wellbeing thinking about these probes/achievements, maybe it'd
         | help keep me centered before the daily onslaught.
        
           | hackernewds wrote:
           | the current status is that we do not know where it has fared
           | to, according to the title
        
             | fnordpiglet wrote:
             | Unless aliens grabbed it or something hit it, I'm pretty
             | sure we know precisely where it is. What we don't know is
             | what it's experiencing there.
        
               | Vecr wrote:
               | Not exactly, the model for the various slowing/drag
               | effects are not known along even its near future course.
               | 
               | Edit: disregard, I think it's probably still measurable,
               | just not as well.
        
               | ant6n wrote:
               | Nono, it's Voyager _6_ that gets destroyed by the
               | Klingons.
        
               | soylentcola wrote:
               | I thought 6 was the one that became V'Ger.
        
           | hawski wrote:
           | I think you could get away with just printing a status page
           | once every few months.
        
         | dotancohen wrote:
         | Maybe you're the right person to ask. How do we know that the
         | sun-particle-sensor or its wiring harness or one of its
         | connectors simply hadn't failed?
        
           | NhanH wrote:
           | I am guessing the number comes from multiple systems of
           | independent sensors. So the assumption is that they won't all
           | fail at the same period in the same way
        
           | cshimmin wrote:
           | A very valid question. In this case IIRC this drop-off in
           | low-energy solar wind particles was correlated with observed
           | changes in the magnetic field and also an increase in higher-
           | energy cosmogenic particles all around the same time. These
           | three phenomena (observed by different instruments) were
           | theoretically predicted to occur at the heliopause
           | transition. So it lends much more confidence to the
           | interpretation of the data.
        
             | ferw wrote:
             | I believe that the direction of the magnetic filed didn't
             | change, contrary to expectations. The explanation was that
             | the galaxy's magnetic field is aligned with the magnetic
             | field of our sun.
             | 
             | https://web.archive.org/web/20130913162459/http://news.nati
             | o...
        
             | superjan wrote:
             | And hopefully Voyager 2's measurements will confirm this. I
             | don't know how long we need to wait though.
        
         | Tommstein wrote:
         | The Voyagers leaving the solar system is so popular that
         | they've done it like 10 times!
        
           | wongarsu wrote:
           | And in another 300 years or so they will leave the solar
           | system again when they reach the Oort cloud, and in another
           | 30000 years or so they will finally leave the solar system
           | for the last time when they leave the Oort cloud
        
       | dredmorbius wrote:
       | Among my increasingly prized possessions is an original copy of
       | Nasa's "Voyager Encounters Jupiter* report, detailing mission
       | findings, and featuring some of the image highlights.
       | 
       | Internet Archive, bless them, have this online:
       | 
       | <https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19800025809/mo...>
        
         | manicennui wrote:
         | Looks like NASA provides it too:
         | https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19800025809
        
           | dredmorbius wrote:
           | Thanks!
           | 
           | Just noting: the Nasa download appears to be a scan of the
           | same original as IA are offering, based on stamps and
           | pencilled notations on the cover.
        
         | jsrcout wrote:
         | I have the same one, from way back in like 7th grade! Someone
         | from NASA gave a talk about the agency's work including
         | planetary science and Voyager at our school. They also did a
         | memorable demo involving heating a handheld Space Shuttle
         | thermal tile with a blowtorch :-)
         | 
         | The booklet on Jupiter was outstanding. I had it pretty much
         | memorized.
        
       | WalterBright wrote:
       | Criminy. Why aren't we launching more of these probes? With
       | Musk's cheap rockets, we could launch a fleet of them.
        
         | coding123 wrote:
         | Wise words here
        
         | MeImCounting wrote:
         | Voyager took advantage of a specific alignment of planets that
         | allowed it to make many consecutive gravity assists.
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | I know. But still, just flying around the solar system can be
           | endlessly productive. Does anyone think we've learned all we
           | can about the solar system?
        
             | refulgentis wrote:
             | There's plenty of things flying around the solar system :)
             | though: ear hear, I second the sentiment
        
               | bagels wrote:
               | Intentional eggcorn?
        
             | MeImCounting wrote:
             | "To provide a comprehensive and precise list of space
             | probes launched in the past 10 years (from 2013 to 2023),
             | it's essential to highlight that space probes are designed
             | for various missions, including planetary exploration,
             | solar observation, and astrophysical studies. Here's a
             | structured overview of notable space probes launched during
             | this period:
             | 
             | 2013
             | 
             | MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution): Launched by
             | NASA, this probe is aimed at studying the Martian
             | atmosphere to understand how it lost its water and
             | atmosphere over time.
             | 
             | 2014
             | 
             | Hayabusa2: Launched by JAXA, the Japanese space agency,
             | this asteroid sample-return mission targeted the asteroid
             | Ryugu.
             | 
             | 2015
             | 
             | DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory): A joint mission by
             | NASA, NOAA, and the U.S. Air Force, DSCOVR studies the
             | solar wind and its impact on Earth.
             | 
             | 2016
             | 
             | OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource
             | Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer): NASA's
             | mission to asteroid Bennu for a sample return to Earth.
             | 
             | 2017
             | 
             | Parker Solar Probe: Launched by NASA to study the outer
             | corona of the Sun.
             | 
             | 2018
             | 
             | BepiColombo: A joint mission by the European Space Agency
             | (ESA) and JAXA to Mercury. InSight (Interior Exploration
             | using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport):
             | A NASA lander to study Mars' interior.
             | 
             | 2019
             | 
             | Chang'e 4: A Chinese lunar exploration mission that
             | achieved the first soft landing on the far side of the
             | Moon.
             | 
             | 2020
             | 
             | Mars 2020 (Perseverance Rover): NASA's rover to explore
             | Mars, seeking signs of past life and collecting samples for
             | possible return to Earth. Tianwen-1: China's mission that
             | includes an orbiter, lander, and rover to Mars. Hope Probe:
             | The United Arab Emirates' mission to study the Martian
             | atmosphere.
             | 
             | 2021
             | 
             | James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): An international
             | collaboration led by NASA, with significant contributions
             | from ESA and the Canadian Space Agency, JWST is designed to
             | observe the earliest galaxies and stars formed after the
             | Big Bang."
             | 
             | -ChatGPT
             | 
             | Space exploration is definitely still a thing.
        
           | Teever wrote:
           | I was under the impression that it took advantage of a rare
           | alignment of planets to not only get a speed boost but also
           | pass by all the planets to get photos of them.
           | 
           | In theory we could just do an arbitrary number of consecutive
           | gravity assists between say earth and mars to get the speed
           | to travel past a single planet to exmaine it and then travel
           | on out of the solar system.
           | 
           | With the cost savings of the new Starship rocket, the
           | increased scale of probes that it would enable, the increase
           | in processing and sensing technology, and the lowered cost
           | that would come from mass production of many probes we could
           | probably end up with a more cost effective solution this way,
           | even if we're sending more probes.
        
             | bagels wrote:
             | Venus and Earth are more often used compared to Mars. The
             | window is more frequent, it's more massive, and takes less
             | delta-v to get to.
        
         | mardifoufs wrote:
         | I think launching stuff with nuclear RTGs would probably be met
         | with red tape :(. Even if they are basically impossible to
         | destroy even with a failed launch. I'm sure it will happen
         | again but sadly not as fast or as often as I wish we would.
        
           | fotta wrote:
           | Uhhh lots of stuff is launched with RTGs still. Curiosity is
           | powered by an RTG.
        
           | swagempire wrote:
           | Almost everything uses RTGs now if it's going to be far from
           | the sun (like past mars).
        
             | mardifoufs wrote:
             | Ahhh I heard there was controversy for some launches. I'm
             | very glad I'm wrong, I think RTGs are so awesome and the
             | closest we have to sci Fi energy generation in space.
        
         | CSMastermind wrote:
         | If I remember correctly Voyager benefitted from a particular
         | alignment of the planets to get multiple slingshot boosts from
         | gravity wells.
         | 
         | Part of the appeal of the mission was that it will be a very
         | long time before we could possibly do this again because the
         | planets won't line up correctly and we have no technology to
         | speed the probes up to the velocities that the voyager probes
         | achieved.
        
           | nonethewiser wrote:
           | > Voyager benefitted from a particular alignment of the
           | planets to get multiple slingshot boosts from gravity wells.
           | 
           | What exactly does that get us? It gets further into space
           | faster? It travels faster? Cheaper to launch?
           | 
           | I mean if it just means it leaves the solar system 20 years
           | faster or something then it seems like cheaper launches far
           | outweigh those favorable conditions.
        
             | Abekkus wrote:
             | Looks like once you escape earths orbit at 11km/s, you
             | still need another 30km/s delta-v to then escape the solar
             | system
        
               | fnordpiglet wrote:
               | I thought it was 12 km/s. 30km/s is what's required to
               | fall into the sun, which is considerably more than
               | escaping the solar system.
        
               | p1esk wrote:
               | Why do we need any additional speed to escape the solar
               | system?
        
               | CSMastermind wrote:
               | Because the Sun has its own gravity well you need to get
               | out of. Lots of things could be fast enough to escape the
               | pull of the Earth but not the Sun (like all the other
               | things besides Earth that orbit it)
        
               | eimrine wrote:
               | I love the fact that one of them has launched radially
               | and another tangentially, it will be interesting to look
               | at the orbit of each Voyager when they finish a full
               | rotation around the Sun.
        
             | hatsunearu wrote:
             | You need a lot of speed to go into space really fast.
             | 
             | When you fly your spacecraft really close to a planet and
             | let it get influenced by its gravity, you let the planet
             | transfer some of its massive amounts of kinetic energy into
             | your spacecraft, which can add to its kinetic energy (and
             | also help the spacecraft change direction)
             | 
             | You're essentially stealing some kinetic energy from
             | planets to sling your spacecraft faster.
        
             | imoverclocked wrote:
             | The delta-v for a mission like this is pretty incredible.
             | Voyager 1 is still traveling at about 17km/s away from the
             | sun. That's not much less than when it left Earth despite
             | traveling so far away from the Sun... only because of the
             | special gravity assists it did on the way out. There are
             | some things that even money can't solve :)
             | 
             | Compared to a planet, a spacecraft is almost negligible in
             | both weight and capability to accelerate in space. Ion
             | engines are pretty cool though; Maybe we _can_ do it today
             | but it will take a lot longer to get there. Of course, if
             | it takes too long, we may not have a viable spacecraft by
             | the time it gets there. Furthermore, even if do have a
             | viable spacecraft, we might not have the knowhow to work
             | with the technology that we sent in the first place.
        
               | drivers99 wrote:
               | Trying to wrap my head around that speed. It could go the
               | distance of the Earth to the moon in a little less than 6
               | hours and 20 minutes.
        
             | pndy wrote:
             | This is the Project Lyra [1], where a UK-registered not-
             | for-profit company suggest sending a spacecraft to catch-up
             | with `Oumuamua object that pass thru solar system in 2017,
             | by using orbital mechanic. Spacecraft set off at right
             | window would speed up using gravity assist maneuver [2]
             | around objects in the solar system and save a _lot_ of fuel
             | to hopefully reach  'Oumuamua in 26 years
             | 
             | [1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Lyra
             | 
             | [2] - https://vid.pr0gramm.com/2023/12/11/99b60d87a3679fe0-
             | vp9.mp4
        
               | mitsu_at wrote:
               | related thread:
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38598284
        
         | johnwalkr wrote:
         | The trajectory was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity based on
         | the dynamics of our solar system, and surely the relevant
         | experts will take advantage of the next similar opportunities.
         | It's also almost a miracle that the probes have lasted this
         | long. They used analogue electronics and if they launched ten
         | years later, they would have more modern electronics and would
         | probably have failed by now. And it's not possible to simply
         | argue to use older designs to last longer in a new mission,
         | because you would give up multiple orders of magnitude of data
         | collection.
         | 
         | It's not a simple matter of any current launcher being cheaper
         | so we should launch a bunch more.
        
           | saalweachter wrote:
           | > And it's not possible to simply argue to use older designs
           | to last longer in a new mission, because you would give up
           | multiple orders of magnitude of data collection.
           | 
           | Why not both?
           | 
           | The heavy parts of the probe, then or now, were presumably
           | not the electronics themselves so much as the physical
           | structure, the power system, etc etc.
           | 
           | If you were designing a probe to last fifty, a hundred years,
           | why not include series of fallbacks of the electronics to
           | simpler and more basic systems, so that you could still get
           | _something_ out of it, after the primary state-of-the-art
           | electronics fail?
        
         | manicennui wrote:
         | While I fully support more craft being sent out of the solar
         | system, we are making some mind blowing discoveries in the
         | solar system itself. I recommend watching a good video (or
         | article with images) about what we discovered with Cassini.
        
         | Racing0461 wrote:
         | Moore's law of progress, co-incendentally this also relates to
         | Musk's cheap rockets also.
         | 
         | Should we do science now or wait 18 months for innovation to
         | double and try then.
        
       | vimr wrote:
       | If someone is wondering about this, it has taken 46 years for
       | voyager 1 to travel 22 light hours. fascinating.
        
         | omeid2 wrote:
         | I wonder in how many years from now, we can do the 46 years in
         | 22 months? 22 days? 22 hours?
        
           | fshafique wrote:
           | FYI, 22hrs would be about light speed, or a little over.
           | Voyager 1 is at 162AU distance from Earth. 1AU takes about
           | 8.3mins. 162AU would take about 1344.6mins, which is
           | 22.41hrs.
           | 
           | So yeah, I'm eagerly looking forward to that day.
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | to do it in 22 hours means moving at the speed of light, so
           | never.
        
           | fl7305 wrote:
           | You can theoretically do the 22 light-hour trip in 1 hour of
           | subjective time if you travel at 99.9% of light speed.
           | 
           | At least if my math is correct (?)
           | 
           | Now, if the time is measured from standing still, it will
           | take a lot longer. At least at accelerations that a human can
           | survive.
        
         | zmgsabst wrote:
         | I think that's roughly 0.00005c, which at least to me sounds
         | pretty fast.
        
           | rkagerer wrote:
           | ~16,000 m/s (mean) is pretty fast
        
         | rkagerer wrote:
         | So it takes about 22 hours for a signal to get from or to it?
        
           | Faaak wrote:
           | Yes
        
       | slackfan wrote:
       | ALIENS.
        
       | manicennui wrote:
       | I was curious how Voyager 1 is powered. The answer is
       | radioisotope thermoelectric generators (nuclear batteries):
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_ge...
       | 
       | Seems we believe that they will last until 2025:
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1#Power
        
       | luxuryballs wrote:
       | Ok so it says online it's going at almost 40,000 mph so what is
       | stopping us from sending one at say 400,000 mph, then couldn't we
       | catch up with it eventually? and travel the same distance in like
       | 5 years?
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | and do what? at that speed, all you'll be able to do is wave as
         | it sails by. you're not stopping at anything at that speed.
         | however, even at 400k mph, that will not reach the next
         | anything of interest before humans are extinct.
         | 
         | here's some logic on why even getting to the closest star isn't
         | likely: https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/33274/how-
         | long-cou...
        
       | nb_key wrote:
       | Phenomenal things like Voyager, always reminds me of how far we
       | humans have come and where we will be in the future.
        
       | 1-6 wrote:
       | It'll come back online. There's probably some geomagnetic storm.
        
       | nocoder wrote:
       | This is one of the things that makes me full of wonder and awe!
       | When we humans put our heads to something we can kick ass.
       | Unfortunately, off late our heads have been into kicking each
       | other instead of building something.
        
       | gzer0 wrote:
       | One of my favorite facts ever is that Voyager 1 contains
       | something called the Voyager Golden Record [1]. It has the
       | following quote written:
       | 
       |  _This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our
       | sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and our
       | feelings. We are attempting to survive our time so we may live
       | into yours._
       | 
       | I get chills everytime I think about this. I hope we can recover
       | from this event and restablish communication.
       | 
       | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
        
         | ddingus wrote:
         | I like the simple, humble message.
         | 
         | My own take is similar. Truth is, we are young, we shit where
         | we eat, we spend considerable resources killing one another, we
         | do not take good care of our own, and we reproduce like
         | rabbits.
         | 
         | For all we know there is a signpost some parsecs out there that
         | reads: Do not yet approach. These things have not yet become
         | ready for what contact could likely mean. We must pass tests to
         | come. Tests that arise as an artifact of our current human
         | condition.
         | 
         | Trying to survive our time is so damn spot on too! Real as it
         | gets, and for that record, real as it needs to be.
         | 
         | Once we do get to really living, thriving on a scale we imagine
         | others farther along in their journey as beings could maybe be,
         | we might look back in awe that we managed it! Others may look
         | toward us with some hope and anticipation of a meeting being
         | worth it one day, should we succeed.
         | 
         | Maybe, just maybe that scrappy little world and it's people
         | some how grow enlightened enough to endure through and become
         | peers of a sort, likely young, but maybe ready sort.
         | 
         | A whole lot went into those short phrases. Damn good stuff.
        
           | vasco wrote:
           | We don't even have a world government yet! It's very
           | disorganized still at home to receive guests, I agree.
        
             | mtsr wrote:
             | Human diversity being what it is, I doubt a world
             | government is desirable at all.
             | 
             | But maybe we can agree on some basics around fairly sharing
             | food and toys and not trying to steal the other kids toys
             | (or even half their yard).
        
               | vasco wrote:
               | In my opinion it's just a problem of scale. You could say
               | the same thing about neighbour tribes of the same region
               | 10k years ago - that they would never get along. We share
               | the most important thing of all, the planet, and our
               | humanity. And now the internet connects us all in real
               | time, it's just a matter of letting time pass as our
               | outlooks get more and more similar and what we share
               | becomes bigger than what differentiates us, even if there
               | needs to be some more wars along the way.
               | 
               | One way to picture it is, imagine if there's a planet
               | somewhere in the universe with life. Given enough time,
               | do you expect it to have a unified government that
               | fractally subdivides (like states, regions, city
               | governments), or do you expect it to have multiple heads?
               | I think it's way more likely that a dominant culture at
               | some point appears, itself being a mesh of different
               | cultures from the different regions, but at some point
               | unifies. I just don't see another way.
               | 
               | Even if we look at history, while there's periods of
               | fragmentation after periods of consolidation, in general
               | things trend towards consolidation. We're more
               | consolidated than ever before and I think it only goes in
               | one direction. I'm talking here on the scale of thousands
               | of years by the way. So like, in the year 5000, is there
               | one world government or not? That would be the bet.
               | 
               | I'm not even saying it's desirable or not, just that it's
               | likely to happen. For example if one country suddenly
               | discovers a major technological advance, it's likely to
               | exploit it by starting wars to consolidate, as it has
               | happened all through history. And that only has to happen
               | a few times over the course of thousands of years to get
               | us to a world government. There aren't even 200 countries
               | in the world!
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | One important consideration is that many of the larger
               | countries are technically unified entities, but in
               | reality they consist of many smaller governments with
               | significant power (eg states in the US, Canada and
               | India). They are tolerable because ultimately they still
               | mostly recognize that people would rather be governed by
               | an entity that has your local interests in mind, with the
               | role of higher levels being to manage interactions
               | between them.
               | 
               | Thus, I don't see a world government happening until
               | we're so well into colonizing other worlds that it's more
               | practical to deal in terms of planets than with
               | individual countries. Even at that point though, I'd
               | expect something similar to countries to continue to
               | exist.
               | 
               | Put differently, I think a single entity with governance
               | over the entirety of humanity is never going to happen
               | (assuming we don't suffer some sort of near extinction
               | level collapse).
        
               | ddingus wrote:
               | I agree, and I think our biggest challenge is actually
               | Mutual understanding and respect. We don't need one
               | government to organize as a species and get to where we
               | could become a peer with other advanced ones that we are
               | imagining today. But we need to understand ourselves well
               | enough to get along at a bare minimum.
        
             | somenameforme wrote:
             | Have you noticed this correlation that all the governments
             | people find desirable are of tiny little populations? And
             | that the larger a governed population becomes the more of a
             | mixture of dysfunctional, corrupt, and/or authoritarian the
             | government seems to become?
             | 
             | I don't really think it's a correlation. It's tough for any
             | given entity to truly represent 10 people, let alone 10
             | million. And by the time you start speaking of the hundreds
             | of millions, any meaningful notion of representation is
             | just out the window. And now imagine this on a scale of
             | billions, with countless groups that all have largely
             | mutually exclusive views?
             | 
             | And this will become even more true in the future. Imagine
             | what will happen as we start to be able to reach out and
             | colonize other planets. The cultures, ideals, interests,
             | and even language on those places will tend to constantly
             | diverge from that on Earth. To have somebody try to
             | represent somebody without even sharing the same
             | fundamental values is a system doomed to trend towards
             | authoritarianism at first, and ultimately to complete
             | collapse and failure.
        
               | okasaki wrote:
               | I think you're just making stuff up. Eg.
               | 
               | CCP approval rate: 89%
               | 
               | https://www.statista.com/statistics/1116013/china-trust-
               | in-g...
        
               | someuser2345 wrote:
               | I suspect the number is that high because Chinese people
               | are scared what their government would do to them if they
               | criticized it.
        
               | damiankennedy wrote:
               | You can't have statistics on a website without /s
        
               | somenameforme wrote:
               | China's well into the authoritarian phase, but I think
               | they also have an even more unique issue driving their
               | success. Just 60 years ago you also had tens of millions
               | of Chinese literally starving to death in the Great Leap
               | Forward. Since then they've become the largest (PPP)
               | economy, and continue to grow rapidly with widespread
               | visible quality of life improvements. That's going to
               | drive a tremendous amount of good will. The problem is
               | that while they still have plenty of room to grow, it's
               | completely and absolutely unsustainable. And what happens
               | once it does eventually end?
        
           | opyate wrote:
           | I had a dream a few days ago: our overlords cancelled the
           | experiment (us), nah it's not working, but here's a new
           | specimen with the "tribal" bit switched off. We suspect it
           | might go better this time.
           | 
           | The Futurama meme "I don't want to live on this planet any
           | more" comes to mind way too often these days...
        
         | mike_d wrote:
         | The Golden Record was supposed to include the Beetles "Here
         | Comes The Sun" but the label wanted more in licensing fees than
         | the whole thing cost to produce.
        
           | jzombie wrote:
           | > the label wanted more in licensing fees than the whole
           | thing cost to produce.
           | 
           | Hopefully this message was sent instead.
        
             | nomilk wrote:
             | Humourously and sadly, it would be informative of aspects
             | of human nature.
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | If it was communicated by radio at any point, the message
             | was technically broadcast to pick up by sufficiently
             | advanced receivers...
        
               | zymhan wrote:
               | Approximately 1000 years to get to Omicron Persei 8,
               | according to Futurama
        
               | tgv wrote:
               | Well ahead of the golden disk then.
        
           | k1t wrote:
           | Only the recording industry could take a record that will
           | never be played and make the licensing fees more expensive
           | than the gold record it would be printed on.
           | 
           | (actually it is gold-plated copper)
        
           | wannacboatmovie wrote:
           | Yoko trying to collect royalties from aliens in outerspace
           | was not on my bingo card.
        
             | mlrtime wrote:
             | Any bingo card with Yoko would have alien royalties be the
             | *least* crazy square.
        
         | thrdbndndn wrote:
         | I think the golden record is even more famous than the
         | Voyager(s) themselves.
         | 
         | At least I learned it in my childhood (together with Pioneer
         | plaque -- I just noticed they're not the same thing!)
        
           | DougEiffel wrote:
           | So dumb. It's free publicity _for the rest of human
           | existence_. They should have been begging to have the song
           | included.
           | 
           | Even a small chance of aliens becoming Beatles fans and
           | coming to Earth to trade unimaginable wealth in exchange for
           | licensing rights.
        
         | dorkwood wrote:
         | I was curious to see what music they included. This passage
         | from the Wikipedia page made me smile:
         | 
         | > The inclusion of Berry's "Johnny B. Goode" was controversial,
         | with some claiming that rock music was "adolescent", to which
         | Sagan replied, "There are a lot of adolescents on the planet."
        
         | Fluorescence wrote:
         | I like that we sent unsolicited nudes. An act I could likely be
         | convicted for if I sent it to a neighbour no matter how nice
         | the gold disk or long the journey...
         | 
         | ... but now I look at the pictures on wikipedia and see there
         | are no nudes or even a Vitruvian Man. How strange to have a
         | belief of many decades suddenly corrected. Seems that I have
         | mentally fused the earlier Pioneer plaque with Voyager.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque
         | 
         | > After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the
         | Pioneer plaque (line drawings of a naked man and woman), the
         | agency chose not to allow Sagan and his colleagues to include a
         | photograph of a nude man and woman on the record. Instead, only
         | a silhouette of the couple was included.[15] However, the
         | record does contain "Diagram of vertebrate evolution", by Jon
         | Lomberg, with drawings of an anatomically correct naked male
         | and naked female, showing external organs.[16] The person
         | waving on the diagram was also changed: on the Pioneer plaque,
         | the man is waving, while on the "Vertebrate evolution" image,
         | the woman is waving.
        
           | heresie-dabord wrote:
           | > After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the
           | Pioneer plaque
           | 
           | Let's just think about this for a moment.
           | 
           | Some people were sufficiently prudish and/or puritanical to
           | make a formal objection about an illustration of our species
           | -- an illustration being sent into the Cosmos -- into the
           | Cosmos where there are _no other humans_ -- an illustration,
           | I say, that was destined to leave our Solar System and likely
           | never be seen again.
           | 
           | And 50 years later, in 2023, I am sure that there has been
           | little improvement in the public discourse of the society
           | that somehow produced these great NASA missions. In fact, the
           | social discourse is _worse_ today.
           | 
           | > "According to astronomer Frank Drake, there were many
           | negative reactions to the plaque because the human beings
           | were displayed naked.[19] When images of the final design
           | were published in American newspapers, one newspaper
           | published the image with the man's genitalia removed and
           | another newspaper published the image with both the man's
           | genitalia and the woman's nipples removed.[20] In one letter
           | to a newspaper, a person angrily wrote that they felt that
           | the nudity of the images made the images obscene.
           | 
           | > "Sagan said that the decision to not include the vertical
           | line on the woman's genitalia (pudendal cleft) which would be
           | caused by the intersection of the labia majora was due to two
           | reasons. First, Greek sculptures of women do not include that
           | line. Second, Sagan believed that a design with such an
           | explicit depiction of a woman's genitalia would be considered
           | too obscene to be approved by NASA.[10] According to the
           | memoirs of Robert S. Kraemer, however, the original design
           | that was presented to NASA headquarters included a line which
           | indicated the woman's vulva,[11] and this line was erased as
           | a condition for approval of the design by John Naugle, former
           | head of NASA's Office of Space Science and the agency's
           | former chief scientist.
           | 
           | If humans ever establish a colony beyond Earth, it will not
           | be like Star Trek. It will be Puritans in Space.
        
             | defrost wrote:
             | > If humans ever establish a colony beyond Earth
             | 
             | s/humans/USAians/
             | 
             | I'm pretty sure many parts of the globe are fine with full
             | commando.
             | 
             | Most French, any average Australian, Brazil, etc. very
             | likely sent in zero (0) letters of outrage.
        
             | ordu wrote:
             | _> Some people were sufficiently prudish and /or
             | puritanical to make a formal objection about an
             | illustration of our species -- an illustration being sent
             | into the Cosmos -- into the Cosmos where there are _no
             | other humans_ -- an illustration, I say, that was destined
             | to leave our Solar System and likely never be seen again._
             | 
             | It is not exactly correct. This illustration is widely
             | known now. People look at it, not aliens. I'd say the whole
             | idea to send a picture is directed not at aliens but at
             | humans: it is plainly improbable someone will see the
             | original plaque.
             | 
             | I can imagine that someone finds this plaque, but it will
             | be space archaeologists from Earth. Once again: humans.
             | 
             | This plaque was made for humans. They keep saying that it
             | was made for aliens, but they like to daydream.
        
           | ponector wrote:
           | Wikipedia is full of nudes. From classic pictures with Venus
           | to parts of the body, like labia.
        
             | debo_ wrote:
             | I don't know, photos of labia are really only lip service
             | to nudity. /joke
        
           | mzs wrote:
           | golden record images: https://www.lost-painters.nl/atlas/
           | 
           | greetings: https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-
           | on-the-reco...
           | 
           | sounds: https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/whats-on-
           | the-reco...
           | 
           | music: https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2014/01/alan-lomax-and-
           | the-vo...
        
         | wildekek wrote:
         | I own a box-set with a copy of the golden record, book and
         | other memorabilia. It's an amazing work of art, and if you're a
         | voyager fan, treat yourself to one. The book alone is worth the
         | price. The more I understand the Golden Record, the more I
         | realized it has less to do with what is out there, but about
         | how precious it is what we have right here.
         | https://ozmarecords.com/collections/shop/products/voyager-go...
        
         | DamnInteresting wrote:
         | I made this about 7 years ago:
         | http://voyager.damninteresting.com/
        
           | mzs wrote:
           | thank you for creating this
        
         | HardDaysKnight wrote:
         | I don't understand the Golden Record. Even assuming other
         | advanced civilizations, "there's an infinitesimally small
         | chance that the Golden Record will be picked up."[0] So, at
         | some (considerable?) cost and time, something meaningless and
         | ineffective (from the perspective of its ostensible purpose,
         | communicating with alien civilizations) was undertaken. So what
         | was the point? Why was it done? Note, I'm not questioning
         | sending out probes, gathering data, space exploration, etc.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/voyager-golden-
         | record-...
        
           | uw_rob wrote:
           | The Golden Record acts as a good thought exercise about how
           | we'd go about communicating with an alien species. It's also
           | a good public outreach and educational tool. It inspires awe
           | and encourages taking time to reflect on what we are most
           | proud of as a species.
        
       | boringg wrote:
       | Always enjoyed this bit below about Voyager 1 a good reminder of
       | how vast the universe is not too mention just to the oort cloud!
       | 
       | "Even though Voyager 1 travels about a million miles per day, the
       | spacecraft will take about 300 years to reach the inner boundary
       | of the Oort Cloud and probably another 30,000 years to exit the
       | far side."
       | 
       | I have to hope that in the distant future we will hopefully have
       | spaceships that will pass voyager still traveling along in space,
       | doing its thing as a relic to us early space traveling humans.
        
         | whalesalad wrote:
         | 1 million miles per day is an insane figure
        
           | ta8645 wrote:
           | And yet it's a vanishingly small distance on the scale of the
           | universe. Mind bending.
        
             | boringg wrote:
             | Exactly - that's the part thats truly amazing. 30000 years
             | to the outside of the oort cloud - thats still in our
             | system (border of it) - not even scratching the universe in
             | the faintest.
        
           | zamfi wrote:
           | You do it every day! The Earth itself moves faster than
           | Voyager -- 1.6 million miles per day.
        
             | paxys wrote:
             | The tiny difference here is that _we_ made Voyager.
        
               | isolli wrote:
               | Another difference is that we sent Voyager traveling
               | orthogonally to Earth's orbit. Well, not exactly, but you
               | get the point...
               | 
               | > Voyager 1 is now leaving the solar system, rising above
               | the ecliptic plane at an angle of about 35 degrees at a
               | rate of about 520 million kilometers (about 320 million
               | miles) a year. Voyager 2 is also headed out of the solar
               | system, diving below the ecliptic plane at an angle of
               | about 48 degrees and a rate of about 470 million
               | kilometers (about 290 million miles) a year.
               | 
               | https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequently-asked-
               | questions/fact...
        
         | sillywalk wrote:
         | Reminds me of Monty Python's Galaxy Song
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=buqtdpuZxvk
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Song#Accuracy_of_astron...
        
           | askvictor wrote:
           | I memorised that as a youngster, and still use to get
           | ballpark figures of space distances.
        
         | hughesjj wrote:
         | Wow, so the heliopause is inscribed well, well, well within the
         | port cloud?
         | 
         | Insane
        
           | ThisIsTheWay wrote:
           | This is a helpful image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios
           | phere#/media/File:PIA170...
        
           | sgt wrote:
           | Port cloud? I think you've been working in IT for too long.
        
             | slimginz wrote:
             | Probably just an autocorrect slip
        
         | ryanmentor wrote:
         | There is at least one star trek episode where this happens :)
        
         | sgt wrote:
         | Might happen sooner than we think, if we can just jumpstart a
         | proper space program and a space economy. Once we pass Voyager
         | I (and II) in the future we could always retrofit it with a
         | newer form of battery (perhaps one that works indefinitely,
         | based on antimatter).
        
       | keepamovin wrote:
       | _But Voyager 1's flight data system now appears to be stuck on
       | auto-repeat, in a scenario reminiscent of the film "Groundhog
       | Day."_
       | 
       |  _A long-distance glitch The mission team first noticed the issue
       | November 14, when the flight data system's telecommunications
       | unit began sending back a repeating pattern of ones and zeroes,
       | like it was trapped in a loop_
       | 
       | Poor little guy voyager! must've hit the age of our little
       | historical diorama. Very Truman show.
        
       | drmpeg wrote:
       | For up to the minute information.
       | 
       | https://twitter.com/nascom1
        
       | ck2 wrote:
       | It's a shame deep space probe budgets aren't useful towards war
       | on other countries or population-wide domestic surveillance or
       | we'd have spacecraft at 10% the speed of light already.
        
       | akokanka wrote:
       | Finally found aliens!
        
       | apitman wrote:
       | One of my favorite tech legends is that apparently Voyager 1
       | launched with a Viterbi encoder, even though there was no
       | computer on Earth at the time fast enough to decode it. After a
       | number of years Moore's Law caught up and they remotely switched
       | over to Viterbi for more efficient transmissions.
        
         | nemo44x wrote:
         | I don't know how well it holds today but for some time it was
         | known that running certain computations on existing hardware
         | would take longer than waiting for new hardware and running
         | when available.
        
           | seeknotfind wrote:
           | If hardware next year is X times better (e.g. even 1.01 or 1%
           | better) than this year, and you have a computation that takes
           | T time today, then next year, it'll take T/X time. So waiting
           | will take 1 + T/X years if time unit is years. So the
           | condition you want is 1+T/X < T. This equation has solutions
           | for given X where X is an improvement, so as long as there is
           | any improvement, it's always true waiting to start large
           | enough computations will be faster.
           | 
           | Though even faster will be doing part of the computation now
           | and then switching to new hardware later, so it's a false
           | dichotomy.
        
             | MaulingMonkey wrote:
             | > Though even faster will be doing part of the computation
             | now and then switching to new hardware later
             | 
             | Not necessairly. This still costs:
             | 
             | * Programmer/development time to implement
             | save/restore/transfer
             | 
             | * Time on new hardware, bottlenecked by old hardware,
             | restoring a partial computation from old disks or networks
             | 
             | You're not going to waste time restoring partial
             | calculations for anything from an Amiga cluster for time
             | saving purpouses. Additionally, this scheme ties up
             | hardware that then can't be used for "cost effective to
             | finish on current hardware" calculations.
        
             | LegionMammal978 wrote:
             | > This equation has solutions for given X where X is an
             | improvement, so as long as there is any improvement, it's
             | always true waiting to start large enough computations will
             | be faster.
             | 
             | Though this does assume that X is a constant, or at least
             | bounded below by a constant. If hardware performance
             | improved up to an asymptote, then there would still be
             | nonzero improvement, but it might not be enough for waiting
             | to ever be worth it.
        
               | seeknotfind wrote:
               | As "If hardware next year is X times better (e.g. even
               | 1.01 or 1% better) than this year" highlights X is a
               | constant as a simplifying assumption, I'd have expected
               | you to say "As this assumes that X is a constant" not
               | "Though this does assume that X is a constant". So, I'm
               | not sure what your disagreement is.
               | 
               | If your disagreement is that a constant is not
               | appropriate here, consider the interpretation in this
               | comparison of running a program on a slower computer A
               | and then a faster computer B. There would be a constant
               | difference in performance between these two computers,
               | assuming they are in working order. So, taking the model
               | with a single constant is appropriate for this example.
               | 
               | If you are saying the performance improvement is bounded
               | below by a constant, I would ask you, what is the domain
               | of this function? Time? So we would be talking about
               | continuously moving a computation between different
               | computers? The only line here is a best fit line,
               | emergent data, so I don't understand how this could be a
               | preferred way to talk about the situation (the alternate
               | to an assumption), because this is suggesting the
               | emergent structure with nice continuity features is a
               | preferred fundamental understanding of the situation, but
               | it's not.
               | 
               | Then, where you are talking about hardware performance
               | improving up to a (assuming horizontal) asymptote. I
               | guess this means "If hardware performance increase
               | becomes marginal[1], there is a nonzero improvement." Or
               | in other words, "If hardware performance increase is
               | marginal, there is a marginal [performance] increase".
               | Performance and improvement are both rates of change, so
               | this is tautological.
               | 
               | Finally, you state that waiting for such a marginal near-
               | zero performance increase isn't worth it. I think most
               | people would agree this is obvious if said in simpler
               | terms. However, this is still not disagreeing with me,
               | because I never suggested waiting was worth it.
               | 
               | So, what's the disagreement?
               | 
               | [1] which is well-established not to be the case, so I
               | don't think this is a relevant case to the interesting
               | factoid about waiting to start computation
        
           | gorgoiler wrote:
           | My life archive is available to my heirs and successors as
           | long as they know the LUKS password for any of the numerous
           | storage devices I leave behind. It's risky though -- the
           | passwords aren't known to them yet and one logistical slip up
           | means the disk may be unusable. That is, however, until some
           | point in the future when they will have a computer powerful
           | enough to just break the key and feast upon my cat photos,
           | tax returns, and other exciting ephemera.
           | 
           | Similarly my encrypted internet traffic might be private
           | today but if it's being logged then it's only a matter of
           | time before it will be completely visible to the authorities.
           | I probably average ~10Mbps of traffic which is ~50TB/year, or
           | $100 of storage. You could cut that price by 10% if you
           | blacklisted the Netflix traffic, and drop it to 1% if you
           | whitelisted only the email and IM traffic.
           | 
           | Either way, one day they'll know everything.
        
             | cdchn wrote:
             | Using what kind of media?
        
             | londons_explore wrote:
             | If the contents of your computer is anything like the
             | contents of most old people's attics, there is a good
             | chance your descendants really _don 't_ want to go through
             | all of it. They'll just chuck it in the trash without even
             | opening it.
             | 
             | Turns out the next generation has their own life to worry
             | about, and doesn't care much for their ancestors' stuff
             | (unless it's money... they love money...).
        
               | rytis wrote:
               | What about that long forgotten BTC wallet?
        
               | Mtinie wrote:
               | Without a private key that is readily accessible?
               | Worthless,
        
               | lebed2045 wrote:
               | Wallet by definition has private key within it. Without
               | key is just an address.
        
               | mnd999 wrote:
               | I think 'readily accessible' was the important bit.
        
               | 93po wrote:
               | I don't follow. The wallet _is_ the private key, along
               | with some other info.
        
               | nextlevelwizard wrote:
               | Pretty much. Anecdotes about lives of elderly people are
               | nice when you are sitting an evening with a glass of wine
               | and plate of cheese. Otherwise who cares? Nothing is
               | worse than trying to go through bunch of old faded photos
               | where no one - even the owner - can identify who is
               | actually in the picture.
               | 
               | I guess in our day and age we could write extensive meta
               | data about where and when a picture was taken and who is
               | in the picture, but I don't care to look through my own
               | pictures, why would anyone else?
        
               | dotancohen wrote:
               | > Anecdotes about lives of elderly people are nice when
               | you are sitting an evening with a glass of wine and plate
               | of cheese. Otherwise who cares?
               | 
               | I could imagine a future where DRM and copyright and just
               | the cold fear of ligation could change the recreational
               | screentime for families from being primarily studio-
               | produced content to being primarily ancestor-produced
               | content.
               | 
               | I remember some book I read where the child was
               | constantly hearing about his family's history. Dune,
               | maybe? Maybe a Philip Dick book? Asimov? I'm getting old.
        
               | sumtechguy wrote:
               | I know my carefully curated collections of stuff will be
               | worth pretty much zero to anyone a I leave them to. They
               | may be interested in the pictures. But that would be
               | about it. My massive cd/dvd/bluray/games/books/coins
               | collection that I have amassed and carefully cataloged.
               | At best it will end up at goodwill/ebay or at worst in
               | the trash.
        
               | thih9 wrote:
               | > Otherwise who cares?
               | 
               | People who can profit. And the idea of profit might be
               | different in future.
               | 
               | That attic might contain a priceless vintage synthesizer,
               | that encrypted drive might contain a priceless set of
               | vintage unpublished club penguin screenshots that would
               | make its AI approximation 0.03% more accurate. Etc.
        
               | quailfarmer wrote:
               | Wow, perhaps I'm an exception to the norm, but this isn't
               | my experience at all. My family regularly sends
               | interesting historical records of the lives of our
               | ancestors. My great aunt composed a historical record of
               | my great grandfather, who over his life built dozens of
               | houses by his own hand. Even at university, I read a
               | number of interesting historical letters and documents of
               | the people who lived in the same dormitories in
               | generations past.
               | 
               | I guess I may be ignoring all those documents that
               | weren't interesting enough to be remembered, but I
               | imagine it's hard to predict what will be interesting in
               | the future. The fact that 99% of our lives are stored in
               | computers vs paper would still vastly reduce the number
               | of _interesting_ documents.
        
               | buran77 wrote:
               | The key difference may be in the volume. Old pictures are
               | more important to a family because there are so few of
               | them. I only have one picture of my grandfather because
               | it was taken when cameras were rarer than hen's teeth and
               | 35mm film hadn't been invented yet. Now we have hundreds
               | of thousands of pictures between the family members.
               | Every vacation, every meal, every unimportant moment in
               | time. I don't have time to look at my own pictures and I
               | don't expect anyone else ever will.
               | 
               | Digital assets are a lot more perishable that physical
               | ones. Cloud accounts will expire and be purged before
               | anyone has the chance to retrieve them. Nobody will do
               | "storage wars" with your pictures. Your local storage
               | will fail or become incompatible with future tech before
               | anyone has a chance to care about it.
               | 
               | We generate information at an ever increasing rate so
               | whatever digital collections we have now will probably
               | never be "dug up" by our descendants for a deeper look.
               | 
               | I'm trying to leave a "curated" collection with a few
               | memories in such a way that it's immediately available to
               | my family after I'm no longer around. Some moments in
               | time that were important to my life, and had an influence
               | on theirs.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | Great aunt, great grandfather -- that's more than one
               | generation back. I think it does get interesting when the
               | distance in time increases.
               | 
               | Lets hope our kids and theirs keep our digital archives
               | long enough for the great grandkid's to enjoy.
        
               | CalRobert wrote:
               | Fpr what it's worth my grandfather recorded his memoirs
               | recently and I am very grateful. He's led a very
               | interesting life (much more so than my own!) which is the
               | key component, really.
        
               | jlarocco wrote:
               | Memoirs are one thing, but archives of mundane daily
               | business? No thanks.
        
               | _whiteCaps_ wrote:
               | I agree with you. Right now I'm going through my
               | grandfather's squadron records. Hoping to find the day
               | that he crashed his motorcycle in Normandy to see what
               | the CO thought about that. Apparently the other pilots
               | were unhappy with him because they were banned from
               | riding motorcycles after that.
        
               | blauditore wrote:
               | I don't think this is universally true. Some people
               | actually make an effort to sort the stuff of their
               | grandparents in the attic and figure out what still has
               | some (emotional) value. But it's probably a minority of
               | people.
        
               | lanstin wrote:
               | It's the volume problem - I'm happy to read handwritten
               | pages of my mom's diary from the 1960s, but the reams of
               | laser printer out put from her master's degree in 2000s?
               | Not so much.
        
               | weweersdfsd wrote:
               | But after enough time passes, lots of people do get
               | interested in their ancestors. That's why DNA ancestry
               | services are a big business - people get curious about
               | where their unknown farther relatives came from. I guess
               | there's just less mystery about people you actually knew.
        
               | smcleod wrote:
               | Oh man I'd love to have all the data of my parents,
               | grandparents etc... even just having analogue records is
               | interesting I'd love to know what kinds of hobbies they
               | had like collecting digital music, art, books etc.
        
               | looping8 wrote:
               | I think you and the previous commenter have very
               | different opinions on what "all" means. Connecting to
               | parents and grandparents by knowing what art they like is
               | one thing, but, for example, I have hundreds of photos of
               | random bills and documents that I need to remember for
               | later. None of my descendents would ever want to read
               | through that unless they were investigating my life like
               | in a movie.
        
               | lanstin wrote:
               | My most frequent type of data in my personal archive is
               | screen shots of tumblr posts that my oldest child like to
               | take when they were 12 and we all shared photo saving
               | account.
               | 
               | I do snap bills and white boards to remember but not with
               | the eager enthusiasm of the long since grown up child.
        
               | amelius wrote:
               | The next generation will just run an LLM to mine the
               | interesting parts out of the data.
        
               | guenthert wrote:
               | Or tell an even more interesting story, 'cause that's
               | what they want to hear.
        
               | JKCalhoun wrote:
               | Because I have been interested in my dead relatives, and
               | because I suspect somewhere down the line someone will be
               | interested in my living ones, I have been trying to
               | capture their lives in books I have created (real books
               | -- printed at Lulu.com).
        
             | seanhunter wrote:
             | Only a matter of a really really _really_ long time and an
             | absolutely unimaginably huge amount of energy.
             | 
             | All the energy released by converting all mass in the solar
             | system into energy apparently gives a hard physical limit
             | just above 2^225 elementary computations before you run out
             | of gas so brute forcing a 256-bit symmetric key seems
             | entirely unfeasible even if all of humanities resources
             | were dedicated to the problem. The calculation is presented
             | here
             | https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/6141/amount-
             | of-... . Waaay out of my field though so this calculation
             | could be off or I could be misunderstanding somehow.
        
               | galeaspablo wrote:
               | We will be able to crack today's encryption algorithms in
               | the future because we'll find flaws in them. In other
               | words, one day brute force won't be necessary!
               | 
               | Have a look at this post, which illustrates this reality
               | being true for hash functions (where similar principles
               | as symmetric and asymmetric encryption apply).
               | https://valerieaurora.org/hash.html
               | 
               | Notice Valerie specifically calls out, "Long semi-
               | mathematical posts comparing the complexity of the attack
               | to the number of protons in the universe".
        
               | GTP wrote:
               | > illustrates this reality being true for hash functions
               | (where similar principles as symmetric and asymmetric
               | encryption apply)
               | 
               | I think you're making a bit of confusion. hash functions
               | are part of symmetric key cryptography, while asymmetric
               | cryptography is public key cryptography that is very
               | different from hash functions.
        
               | galeaspablo wrote:
               | No. Hash functions can be used outside of symmetric
               | encryption. Which is the wording I used.
               | 
               | In any case, the overall point remains. Short of the one
               | time pad you can't build a provably flawless scheme.
        
               | GTP wrote:
               | They can be used outside symmetric encryption, e.g. in
               | signature schemes, but the hashing primitives are part of
               | symmetric cryptography.
        
               | segfaultbuserr wrote:
               | > _We will be able to crack today's encryption algorithms
               | in the future because we'll find flaws in them._
               | 
               | Big if.
               | 
               | We already knew how to design good and strong symmetric
               | ciphers way back in the 1970s. One of the standard
               | blocking blocks of modern symmetric cipher is called the
               | _Feistel network_ , which was used to create DES. Despite
               | that it's the first widely used encryption standard, even
               | today there's essentially no known flaw in its basic
               | design. It was broken only because the key was
               | artificially weakened to 56 bits. In the 1980s,
               | cryptographers already knew 128 bit really should be the
               | minimum security standard in spite of what NSA officially
               | claimed. In the 1990s, when faster computers meant more
               | overhead was acceptable, people agreed that symmetric
               | ciphers should have an extra 256-bit option to protect
               | them from any possible future breakthrough.
               | 
               | There are only two possible ways to break them, perhaps
               | people will eventually find a flaw in Feistel network
               | ciphers to enable classical attacks against all security
               | levels, but it would require a groundbreaking
               | mathematical breakthrough unimaginable today, so it's
               | possible but unlikely. Another route is quantum
               | computing. If it's possible to build a large quantum
               | computer, all 128-bit ciphers will eventually be brute-
               | forced by Glover's algorithm. On the other hand, 256-bit
               | ciphers will still be immune (and people already put this
               | defense in place long before post-quantum cryptography
               | became a serious research topic).
               | 
               | Thus, if you want a future archeologist from the 23rd
               | century to decrypt your data, only use 128-bit symmetric
               | ciphers.
        
               | galeaspablo wrote:
               | Placing no time constraints, my gut tells me it's almost
               | inevitable those breakthroughs will eventually come.
               | Either in mathematics or quantum computing. Or both.
               | 
               | Namely I'd ask when not if. My opinion is that short of
               | the one time pad, we won't come up with provably
               | unbreakable schemes.
        
               | segfaultbuserr wrote:
               | > _Namely I'd ask when not if._
               | 
               | The big assumption of cryptography is that, there exists
               | some problems that are not provably unsolvable but
               | difficult enough for almost any practical purposes. To
               | engineers, no assumption can be more reasonable than
               | that. Given unlimited time, it's a provable fact that any
               | (brand new) processor with asynchronous input signal will
               | malfunction due to metastability in digital circuits,
               | it's also a provable fact that metastability is a
               | fundamental flaw in all digital electronics - but
               | computers still work because the MTBF can be made as
               | large as necessary, longer than the lifetime of the Solar
               | system if you really want to.
               | 
               | So the only problem here is, how long is the MTBF of
               | today's building blocks of symmetric ciphers? If it's on
               | the scale of 100 years or so, sure, everything is
               | breakable if you're patient. If it's on the scale of 1000
               | years, well, breaking it is "only" a matter of time. But
               | if it's on the scale of 10000 years, I don't believe it's
               | relevant to the human civilization (as we know it)
               | anymore - your standard may vary.
               | 
               | The problem is that computerized cryptography is a young
               | subject, the best data we have so far is symmetric
               | ciphers tend to be more secure than asymmetric ones. We
               | know that Feistel networks have an excellent safety
               | record and remain unbroken after 50 years. We also know
               | that we can break almost all widely used asymmetric
               | ciphers today with large quantum computers if we can
               | build one, but we can't do the same to symmetric ones -
               | even the ancient DES is unbreakable if it's redesigned to
               | use 256-bit keys. So while nobody knows for sure, but
               | most rational agents will certainly assign higher and
               | higher confidence every year - until a breakthrough
               | occurs.
               | 
               | > _My opinion is that short of the one time pad, we won't
               | come up with provably unbreakable schemes._
               | 
               | Many mathematicians and some physicists may prefer a
               | higher standard of security than "lowly" practical
               | engineers. This is the main motivation behind quantum
               | cryptography - rather than placing security on empirical
               | observations, its slogan is that the security is placed
               | on the laws of physics. Many have pointed that the this
               | slogan is misleading: any practical form of quantum
               | cryptography must exist in the engineering sense, and
               | there will certainly be some forms of security flaws such
               | as sensor imperfection or at least side channels... That
               | being said, I certainly understand why it looks so
               | attractive to many people if you're the kind of person
               | who really worry about provability.
        
               | idiotsecant wrote:
               | If, for example, someone has a computer capable of
               | computing with a large number of qbits a lot of
               | cryptography has less substantial break requirements.
        
               | segfaultbuserr wrote:
               | Good idea - If you really do want to encrypt some data
               | with hopes that it's recoverable by future archeologists,
               | just use 128-bit symmetric ciphers (and remember not to
               | use 256-bit ones). Hopefully Glover's algorithm can
               | eventually brute-force it once large quantum computers
               | are invented.
        
             | nemo44x wrote:
             | Why not use a dead man's switch that reveals the password
             | if you don't respond within a year?
        
           | financypants wrote:
           | I wonder if this same law applies to distance satellites like
           | Voyager get away from earth. Like we sent out voyager 46
           | years ago, but in 100 years, we will send out another
           | satellite that will very quickly catch up to Voyager and
           | outpace it
        
             | mcmoor wrote:
             | There's certainly some people who're troubled with this
             | problem https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_travel
             | #Wait_cal...
             | 
             | https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/LightspeedLeapf
             | r...
        
               | financypants wrote:
               | Thanks for this. I've been thinking about "lightspeed
               | leapfrog" for many years but never searched it up!
        
             | a1o wrote:
             | But maybe we can only build this new probe that will
             | outpace it with information with gathered from the original
             | probe.
        
             | idiotsecant wrote:
             | Very long distance spaceflight like this is still basically
             | only power d by gravity slingshot maneuvers where we steal
             | an infinitesimal amount of inertia from planets to give a
             | spacecraft some velocity. Voyager was launched during
             | pretty favorable gravitational assist conditions, so unless
             | we dramatically improve delta v and isp in the spacecraft
             | or get a better configuration, probably not.
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | I don't know about that, but there was also the idea that
           | optimising the code would take longer than waiting for
           | hardware to catch up - this was known as "the free lunch".
        
           | dcminter wrote:
           | I was working with an optimisation problem based around cplex
           | a few years ago that took about 5 minutes to complete - at
           | the time I worked out that if we'd started the optimisation
           | on a machine 10 years prior, it would have been quicker to
           | just wait until the present day (of this story) and then use
           | the code we were writing because improvements in the
           | algorithm and in the hardware added up to a million-fold
           | improvement in performance! If I remember the timelines
           | correctly I think the original version would still have been
           | running today even.
        
           | JKCalhoun wrote:
           | That sounds like the space pioneers that set out for Alpha
           | Centauri on a multi-generational voyage only to be surpassed
           | by faster spacecraft half way there.
        
         | hlehmann wrote:
         | Doesn't seem likely. All data received from the craft is
         | recorded, so it doesn't need to be decoded in real time, and if
         | the spacecraft has the hardware to encode it at some rate then
         | it's quite likely that we would have hardware here on earth
         | that could decode it at that same rate.
        
         | hunter2_ wrote:
         | The notion that encoding/transmitting could be simpler than
         | decoding/receiving is interesting. It reminds me of the way
         | optical drives for many years could write at, say, 48x but read
         | at 8x, such that the majority of time spent was the
         | verification step (if enabled) rather than the burn step. Just
         | speculating, I assume it's because of things like error
         | correction, filtering out noise/degradation. Producing the
         | extra bits that facilitate error correction is one trivial
         | calculation, while actually performing error correction on
         | damaged media is potentially many complex calculations. Yeah?
        
           | murkt wrote:
           | CD drive speeds were written like 48/8/8, which stands for
           | 48x for reading, 8x for writing CD-Rs, and 8x for re-writing
           | CD-RWs.
        
             | zdragnar wrote:
             | I'd always assumed that was due to differences in power
             | levels needed for reading versus writing, and because
             | writing onto disc is more error prone at higher speeds. Not
             | necessarily anything to do with a difference in the
             | algorithm for encoding versus decoding the bits on the disc
             | itself.
        
               | londons_explore wrote:
               | Indeed - a write must be done as one continuous action,
               | whereas a read can be redone if error correction fails
               | for some reason.
        
               | bzzzt wrote:
               | It's more to do with the speed of writing. While the last
               | generations of CD writers got '48x' speeds the quality of
               | the media is less when written at such a high speed. I
               | remember a C!T magazine test years ago where they stated
               | everything written at above 8x speeds would sooner
               | develop reading errors. Maybe it's better now but I
               | wouldn't count on it since investments in optical drives
               | are practically zero these years.
        
               | therealpygon wrote:
               | As best as I understand it, we can start with thinking
               | about it in terms of a music vinyl disc. For the sake of
               | ease, let's say that a vinyl is 60 rpm, or one revolution
               | every second to "read" the song. (It's actually about
               | half that.) This is somewhat similar to how a "music cd"
               | works and is why you can only get around 70-80 minutes of
               | music on a CD that can hold hours of that same music in a
               | compressed data format. The audio is uncompressed,
               | therefore much like a vinyl. This establishes our 1x
               | speed, in this case using one revolution per second.
               | 
               | Now to the speed differences. To read, the laser needs
               | only to see a reflection (or not) at a specific point,
               | while to write, the laser needs time to heat up that same
               | point. It's like the difference between seeing a laser
               | reflect off a balloon, versus the time required for that
               | same laser to pop it. This heating is how CDs are
               | written, quite literally by heating up points on the disc
               | until they are no longer reflective. That's why it is
               | called "burning". While more power might speed up the
               | process, there is still time required. Meanwhile, all
               | that is needed to read faster is an increase in the speed
               | to observe, or the frequency to "read", the light
               | reflection.
               | 
               | With more powerful lasers operating at a faster frequency
               | and with more precision, we can have a laser "see" these
               | differences at 48 times the normal speed, but can only
               | burn at 8 times the normal speed before the reliability
               | of the process suffers.
               | 
               | Bonus: for a rewritable disc, it works slightly
               | different. Instead of destructively burning the CD, you
               | can think of it as being a material that becomes non-
               | reflective at one temperature, and reflective again at
               | another. This allows data to be "erased". Also, when you
               | "close" a disc to prevent rewriting, you aren't actually
               | preventing it from being rewritten. It is more like using
               | a sharpie to put a name on the disc, with the words "do
               | not overwrite" that all drive software/firmware respects.
        
             | slenk wrote:
             | Yes, but WHY can it only write at 8x?
        
               | murkt wrote:
               | As explained in the nearby comments in more details, it
               | needs more time to heat up a spot on the disk, than to
               | see a reflection from said spot.
        
               | slenk wrote:
               | I missed that, thank you
        
           | petters wrote:
           | Interesting. That is not how I remember optical speeds.
        
             | jhoechtl wrote:
             | It is wrong
        
               | Gabrys1 wrote:
               | At some point there were burners with speeds like 48x,
               | and MAX reads at 48x, so the writed were in practice
               | faster than reads (but only marginally)
        
               | hunter2_ wrote:
               | This is the era I'm referring to, and I recall the
               | difference being a bit beyond marginal. Literally the
               | verification (i.e. read) phase of the burning sequence
               | would take several times longer... in practice, not in
               | terms of advertised maximums. Maybe it would read data
               | discs at 48x but it would refuse to read audio discs
               | beyond 8x or something like that. Same goes for ripping
               | software like Exact Audio Copy (EAC); it could not read
               | at high speed. And I don't think Riplock had anything to
               | do with it, as that's a DVD thing whereas my experience
               | dates back to CDs.
               | 
               | Strange hill to die on, I'm aware.
        
               | epcoa wrote:
               | You and the GP are misremembering (also the abundant
               | misinformation sticking around the web is of no help).
               | CD-R are mostly obsolete but some of us still have
               | working equipment and do continue to burn CD-R, so that
               | era hasn't completely ended.
               | 
               | No idea exactly what you're referring to taking several
               | times longer, perhaps software was misconfigured. However
               | what is more likely: The market was flooded with terrible
               | quality media, combined with touting write speeds that
               | were more for marketing than any concern for integrity,
               | it was easy to burn discs just at the edge of
               | readability, with marginal signal and numerous errors.
               | This would cause effective read speed to be terrible, but
               | this was more an indication that the discs were poor
               | quality and/or poorly written then any inherent
               | limitations in the process or how drives worked.
               | 
               | There are 48X "max" CD burners. But that maximum is no
               | different than the maximum for reading. It's MAX because
               | that speed is only attainable at the extreme outside of
               | the disc. These higher speed drives operate with constant
               | angular velocity (essentially a fixed RPM). In order to
               | attain 52X at the inside of the disc would require a
               | speed of around 30k RPM and no CD drive gets anywhere
               | near that (though this was a common misconception). The
               | top RPM for half height drives is around 10k - or about
               | 50x the linear velocity of a CD at the _outside_.
               | 
               | Currently I usually use an Lite-On iHAS124 DVD/CD burner
               | made in the last 6 years. It will write at up-to 48X and
               | this speed is the _maximum_. The average burn speed for
               | an entire disc when using  "48x" is about 25x, or just
               | about 3 minutes for the disc. For supported media it runs
               | at a constant angular velocity around 10k RPM.
               | 
               | Exact Audio Copy / Red Book CD audio ripping is an
               | entirely different subject. It can take longer due to
               | cache busting and other issues that have nothing to do
               | with the physical capabilities of the drive and more to
               | do with the difficulty of directly streaming Red Book
               | Audio, and issues with specific drives and their
               | firmware. You can read at top speed though with a
               | properly configured setup, I do it all the time.
        
           | simonjgreen wrote:
           | You have this backwards. In your example it would have been
           | 48x read and 8x write.
        
           | Someone wrote:
           | The Voyager had an experimental reed-Solomon encoder.
           | Encoding 'just' is a lookup table from a _n_ -bit value to a
           | _m_ -bit one with _m > n_. Such a table takes _2^n x m_ bits.
           | 
           | Decoding also can be table-driven, but then takes _2^m x n_
           | bits, and that's larger.
           | 
           | For example, encoding each byte in 16 bits (picking an
           | example that leads to simple math), the encoding table would
           | be 256 x 16 bits = 512 bytes and the decoding one 65,536 x 8
           | bits = 64kB.
           | 
           | Problem for Voyager was that _2^n x m_ already was large for
           | the time.
        
           | LASR wrote:
           | Yeah. Sorry to tell you this, but the speculation / analysis
           | is on incorrect premises.
           | 
           | It was never faster to write than it was to read.
        
           | TorKlingberg wrote:
           | Others have noted you got the CD-R speeds wrong, but
           | sometimes sending is indeed easier than receiving. I used to
           | work on radio signal processing for phones, and we'd spend
           | far more of both DSP cycles and engineering effort on the
           | receive side. Transmission is basically just implementing a
           | standardized algorithm, but on the receive side you can do
           | all kinds of clever things to extract signal from the noise
           | and distortions.
           | 
           | Video codecs like h264 or VP9 are the opposite: Decoding is
           | just following an algorithm, but an encoder can save bits by
           | spending more effort searching for patterns in the data.
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | > Video codecs like h264 or VP9 are the opposite: Decoding
             | is just following an algorithm, but an encoder can save
             | bits by spending more effort searching for patterns in the
             | data.
             | 
             | This is a more general point about the duality of compact
             | encoding (compressing data to the lowest number of bits
             | e.g. for storage) and redundant encoding (expanding data to
             | allow error detection when transmitted across a noisy
             | medium.)
        
         | Someone wrote:
         | https://voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov/Library/DeepCommo_Chapter3--14...
         | and https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42893533.pdf have some
         | details. (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/57695
         | likely does, too, but is paywalled)
         | 
         | What I don't understand (possibly because I didn't read them
         | fully) is why they didn't use the better one from the start and
         | taped its data. Maybe they didn't trust the Voyager to work
         | yet? (One of those PDFs says this was an experimental system)
         | or didn't Voyager produce enough data to use its full bandwidth
         | (further away, its signal got weaker, so it needed better error
         | correction and/or better receivers on earth) when it still was
         | relatively close to earth?
        
         | guenthert wrote:
         | > even though there was no computer on Earth at the time fast
         | enough to decode it
         | 
         | I'm not sure what is meant by that. Not fast enough to decode
         | in real time? There is/was no need to do that. The
         | transmissions would have gone to tape in any case.
         | 
         | Here is a link describing how to decode such a _tape_ :
         | https://destevez.net/2021/09/decoding-voyager-1/
        
           | throwup238 wrote:
           | TFA: _> I will use a recording that was done back in 30
           | December 2015 with the Green Bank Telescope in the context of
           | the Breakthrough Listen project._
           | 
           | That recording was made in 2015 on a modern radio telescope,
           | it is not from a tape.
           | 
           | The GP has the details wrong though: when the Voyager design
           | was _finalized_ in the early 70s with the Viterbi encoder,
           | there wasn't enough computational power to decode the signal.
           | By the time it launched in '77, there was enough and it
           | launched with the Viterbi encoder enabled.
        
           | apitman wrote:
           | I called it a legend deliberately. One of the things I love
           | about this anecdote is that it makes less sense the older and
           | more experienced I get. It was told to me 12 years ago as a
           | young, starry-eyed junior developer by my supervisor who had
           | a PhD in RF research, while we were working on what we
           | considered to be a world-changing wireless technology at a
           | startup in San Francisco (it wasn't).
           | 
           | Who knows how many of the details I misinterpreted or am
           | misremembering, or that he was. Where did he hear it
           | originally? Maybe a grizzled old professor who worked
           | directly on the project? Maybe a TA who made up the whole
           | thing?
           | 
           | Whether true or not, it inspired me then as it does now to
           | strive to be a better engineer, to think outside the box, to
           | attempt hard things.
           | 
           | I continue sharing it hoping that one day Cunningham's Law
           | will take effect and someone will share the correct details.
           | But there's also a part of me that hopes that never happens.
        
             | thih9 wrote:
             | When I read the earlier comment, seeing "tech legend"
             | didn't make me assume that the story would be false.
             | Grandparent's clarification was helpful for me.
        
         | NohatCoder wrote:
         | This is about error correction. The probes add a redundant
         | convolutional code to their signal. Decoding this is easy as
         | long as the error rate is low, a computer program can simply
         | guess what bits have flipped. The issue becomes harder with a
         | higher error rate, and a Viterbi decoder is computationally
         | expensive, but can correct higher error rates than other
         | constructions.
         | 
         | Since the signal strength degrades with distance to Earth,
         | error correction naturally becomes much more of an issue later
         | in the mission. I guess that the probes may have switched
         | between different levels of redundancy through the mission, as
         | the transmission error rate rises. But there was never a point
         | where the convolutional code wasn't useful, it just became
         | slightly more useful with a better decoder.
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | > a Viterbi decoder is computationally expensive, but can
           | correct higher error rates than other constructions.
           | 
           | Higher than others at the time, or higher than turbo codes or
           | low-density parity checks?
        
         | thih9 wrote:
         | Note, this is false. Details:
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38655026
        
       | eastern wrote:
       | "Mission control on Earth receives that data in binary code, or a
       | series of ones and zeroes."
       | 
       | That's a relief.
        
       | deafpolygon wrote:
       | Maybe it's gone beyond the reach of space-time!
        
       | smm11 wrote:
       | Voyager 2, where are you now?
        
       | beltsazar wrote:
       | > Voyager 1 is so far away that it takes 22.5 hours for commands
       | sent from Earth to reach the spacecraft. Additionally, the team
       | must wait 45 hours to receive a response.
       | 
       | It's like when you write a program and you have to wait for
       | almost two days to compile the code, run the program, and see its
       | output. Meanwhile programmers these days complain when the build
       | time is more than a few minutes.
        
       | FredPret wrote:
       | Is there any chance we can zap its general direction with a radio
       | beam and then listen with a huge radio telescope to get an
       | accurate radar fix on where it is?
        
         | GeorgeTirebiter wrote:
         | No. It's simply too far away for that, because d*4 gets you.
         | 
         | Now, if the zapper were Big Enough, when received it didn't
         | destroy the probe, AND that there was a big enough receiver,
         | they maybe...
        
           | FredPret wrote:
           | According to [0] we can do 0.000012 arc seconds with
           | interferometry.
           | 
           | At 22.5 light minutes, that works out to about half a meter
           | (!) if my trig is correct.
           | 
           | We'd probably have to absolutely blast it with energy though.
           | 
           | [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution#:~:text=T
           | ....]
        
       | ezconnect wrote:
       | The software is running since 1977.
        
       | lmpdev wrote:
       | Vale
        
       | BrianB wrote:
       | > The Voyager team sent commands over the weekend for the
       | spacecraft to restart the flight data system, but no usable data
       | has come back yet, according to NASA.
       | 
       | I like how their attempted solution is to restart it
        
       | natas wrote:
       | "Voyager 1 stops communicating with Earth" -- hollywood is
       | working on a movie
        
       | yawpitch wrote:
       | Oh no! What did we say? Have we apologized?
        
       | piokoch wrote:
       | Voyager is the highest technical achievement of humankind to this
       | day. Amount of knowledge we gained from that shuttle, run by a
       | computer having a power of the computer that we have today in our
       | car keys, is invaluable.
       | 
       | Let it fly in peace, maybe, some day, it will be only
       | reminiscence of our civilization and planet Earth, crossing the
       | universe...
       | 
       | There is a great documentary about Voyager- The Farthest - highly
       | recommended.
        
       | codeulike wrote:
       | Interesting article from the launch in 1977 and some gyroscope
       | problems they had early on
       | 
       | https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/21/archives/voyager-heads-to...
        
       | kar1181 wrote:
       | I feel like the voyager spacecraft are a part of me, growing up
       | in the 80s marvelling at all the images they sent back it was a
       | magical time. The idea of voyager going dark feels like losing a
       | part of myself.
       | 
       | It's proven to be a hardy spacecraft and has defied a lot of
       | seemingly terminal problems before, fingers crossed she can
       | overcome this one too.
       | 
       | God speed Voyager.
        
       | rex_lupi wrote:
       | I was wondering, if at this moment an "alien" probe similar to
       | Voyager passes by our solar system in close proximity to earth,
       | how likely is it that with our radio telescope arrays etc (as
       | they are currently set up), we, a "sufficiently advanced
       | civilization", will be able to detect it? How much radio power do
       | the probes emit? Will our scanning radio telescopes be able to
       | pick up any trace of the signal, given the tx antennas are
       | oriented away from the earth?
        
       | wortelefant wrote:
       | as I am approaching my 46th anniversary, I also experience a
       | desire to stop communicating with earth and fly my own ways
        
       | awestley wrote:
       | RIP little dude
        
       | Vaslo wrote:
       | Oh no, someone is going to be looking for Vger soon
        
       | lelag wrote:
       | > Initially designed to last five years.
       | 
       | I imagine that it was only sold like this in order to be able to
       | call the mission a success after 5 years. I imagine that the
       | engineers that created the probes, designed them to last as long
       | as possible and were targeting a much longer lifespan from the
       | get go.
        
       | dudeinjapan wrote:
       | It hurts to be ghosted, but you just have to remember there are
       | other interstellar space probes in the galaxy.
        
       | frellus wrote:
       | Voyager 1 idea dead. Long live, V'ger!
       | 
       | "V'ger must evolve. Its knowledge has reached the limits of this
       | universe and it must evolve." - Spock
        
       | nullhole wrote:
       | @dang - could you change the title of this? It is factually
       | wrong. The spacecraft is still communicating with Earth.
       | 
       | This gives information (and may be a better link anyway):
       | 
       | "Engineers Working to Resolve Issue With Voyager 1 Computer"
       | (Dec. 12, 2023)
       | 
       | https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2023/12/12/engineers-working-...
        
         | hamdouni wrote:
         | It's the article's title...
        
           | krick wrote:
           | It's still factually wrong. And has over 1000 upvotes...
           | (Obviously, _because_ it 's factually wrong.)
        
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