[HN Gopher] The 1988 shooting down of Flight 655 as a user inter...
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       The 1988 shooting down of Flight 655 as a user interface disaster
        
       Author : srijan4
       Score  : 700 points
       Date   : 2023-11-29 08:57 UTC (14 hours ago)
        
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 (TXT) w3m dump (octodon.social)
        
       | mattszaszko wrote:
       | I'm so conflicted reading this story. On one hand, yes, there
       | were choices made during the design of the system that directly
       | contributed to this tragedy. And a lot of innocent lives were
       | lost, so saying that's "shit happens, it's an edge case" rings
       | very hollow.
       | 
       | On the other hand, this was a very peculiar set of circumstances,
       | very much an edge case. Is it reasonable to expect designers of
       | combat systems to triple check their choices and run more test
       | scenarios to identify and address such edge cases? I'd say yes.
       | However, I think it's unreasonable to expect them to design a
       | perfect system for a highly volatile and chaotic use case such as
       | war.
        
         | gpderetta wrote:
         | Sorry, I don't see where's the edge case. In a given area there
         | are going to be lots of planes. If there is risk of confusing
         | them and making decisions based on non-reconciled information,
         | it seems a pretty critical flaw.
        
           | Maxion wrote:
           | Hard agree here. There are so many small things there that
           | could be improved.
           | 
           | One simple one is identifier re-use, if it is necessary for
           | some reason, then at the very least it shouldn't happen
           | within a specific time frame, so that you may have the same
           | identifier used again as in the scenario.
        
           | quickthrower2 wrote:
           | I agree, the described scenario could just be another day at
           | any airport and surrounding airspace (I guess any airport
           | that is dual purpose military and civilian).
        
         | rkagerer wrote:
         | Reusing identifiers after such a short time was a pretty
         | galactic design cockup. I'm a consultant and if I came across
         | that in a design doc or while analyzing a system to form an
         | understanding in my head of how it works, it would have
         | immediately screamed out to me as asking for this kind of
         | trouble. Operator punched the ID in for (civilian) aircraft A,
         | and unknowingly got the trajectory data for (military) aircraft
         | B.
         | 
         | Coding for the 90% common conditions are easy, it's the edge
         | cases where things get hard and true engineering talent shines
         | through. Ignoring them is simply incomplete design.
         | 
         | It's not tolerated in other fields of engineering (eg. civil)
         | and it shouldn't be in ours either.
        
         | helsinkiandrew wrote:
         | Yes - but the implications of reassigning the number
         | immediately to another contact seems something that should have
         | been noticed in the design phase.
         | 
         | > Vincennes assigned her the tracking number 4474; Sides
         | assigned her 4131. Aegis unified the contacts under the number
         | 4131. 4474 was then available for re-use, so Aegis assigned it
         | to a US A-6 bomber, which happened to be descending.
         | 
         | > But he didn't realize that its tracking number had changed.
         | He thought it was still tracking number 4474,
        
           | tlb wrote:
           | Global commercial flight traffic averages around 100k flights
           | per day. I don't know what fraction is within the radar range
           | of a big ship in a busy area, but maybe 10k? So it's not
           | trivial to avoid reuse within a day while still having
           | 4-digit numbers. Especially when contacts are assigned
           | numbers independently by multiple ships and then reconciled.
        
             | helsinkiandrew wrote:
             | > I don't know what fraction is within the radar range of a
             | big ship in a busy area maybe 10k? So it's not trivial to
             | avoid reuse within a day while still having 4-digit numbers
             | 
             | So in the design phase that should come up as an issue and
             | you would surely use 5 digit numbers
        
         | ZephyrBlu wrote:
         | This was not an edge case, it was a swiss cheese failure that
         | was just waiting to happen.
         | 
         | In a tech company this would correctly be thought of as a
         | systemic failure as opposed to a personal one.
         | 
         | There are so many questionable design choices here for a system
         | that is supposed to be used in high-stress situations. A lot of
         | it reads as someone thinking "ooh yeah it would be cool if it
         | did X" instead of "what's the simplest and dumbest possible way
         | to do this".
        
         | ughitsaaron wrote:
         | Given the stakes of an "edge case" in a war machine, not to
         | mention their cost, it doesn't seem unreasonable to expect the
         | number of such cases to be zero.
        
         | amadeuspagel wrote:
         | There was no war.
        
           | ben0x539 wrote:
           | Wikipedia says "The attack occurred during the Iran-Iraq War,
           | which had been continuing for nearly eight years." I guess it
           | wasn't supposed to be a war that the US was involved in
           | directly? But they were apparently getting their helicopter
           | shot at and were doing things in Iranian territorial waters,
           | so I guess they weren't just hanging out.
        
           | eastern wrote:
           | Well, apart from the fact that the Iran-Iraq war had been on
           | right there for eight years, there's all this on the referred
           | Wikipedia page, including the fact that the Vincennes was
           | actually in Iranian territorial waters at the time:
           | 
           | > The Flight 655 incident occurred a year after the USS Stark
           | incident, during which the Iraqi Air Force attacked the U.S.
           | Navy guided missile frigate USS Stark on 17 May 1987, killing
           | 37 American sailors.
           | 
           | > U.S. naval forces had also exchanged gunfire with Iranian
           | gunboats in late 1987, and the guided missile frigate USS
           | Samuel B. Roberts had struck an Iranian sea mine in April
           | 1988.
           | 
           | > Two months before the incident, the U.S. had engaged in
           | Operation Praying Mantis, resulting in the sinkings of the
           | Iranian frigate Sahand, the Iranian fast attack craft Joshan,
           | and three Iranian speedboats.
           | 
           | > Also, the Iranian frigate Sabalan was crippled, two Iranian
           | platforms were destroyed, and an Iranian fighter was damaged.
           | A total of at least 56 Iranian crew were killed, while the
           | U.S. suffered the loss of only one helicopter, which crashed
           | apparently by accident, killing its two pilots.
           | 
           | > On the morning of 3 July 1988, USS Vincennes was passing
           | through the Strait of Hormuz returning from an escort duty. A
           | helicopter deployed from the cruiser reportedly received
           | small arms fire from Iranian patrol vessels as it observed
           | from high altitude. Vincennes moved to engage the Iranian
           | vessels, in the course of which they all violated Omani
           | waters and left after being challenged and ordered to leave
           | by a Royal Navy of Oman warship.
           | 
           | > Vincennes then pursued the Iranian gunboats, entering
           | Iranian territorial waters.
           | 
           | So yeah, you are right, there was no actual war. But everyone
           | was pretty war-ish
        
         | h0l0cube wrote:
         | > However, I think it's unreasonable to expect them to design a
         | perfect system for a highly volatile and chaotic use case such
         | as war.
         | 
         | When it comes to safety-critical systems, the right engineering
         | choice is to lean towards a 'safe' default. For example, the
         | safe default would be to _always_ slave the cursor:
         | 
         | > Once "hooked," the contact would be tracked by Aegis. But
         | critically, unless the operator took the additional step of
         | "slaving" the cursor to that contact, as the contact moved away
         | the cursor would not follow it.
         | 
         | And here, don't reassign a tracking number, at least not within
         | in a short timeframe:
         | 
         | > Vincennes assigned her the tracking number 4474; Sides
         | assigned her 4131. Aegis unified the contacts under the number
         | 4131. 4474 was then available for re-use, so Aegis assigned it
         | to a US A-6 bomber, which happened to be descending.
        
           | Ferret7446 wrote:
           | > the safe default would be to always slave the cursor
           | 
           | I don't think so, I imagine that behavior could be
           | frustrating, e.g. if you're cursoring over many contacts.
           | Admittedly I am not an expert either, but that suggestion
           | smells like a classic case of armchair design that would
           | actually cause more problems, because I imagine that the two
           | modes exist for a reason and the designers intentionally
           | chose which default to use, but they didn't anticipate this
           | user error.
           | 
           | Thus, I'd suggest that the UI should have made it extremely
           | obvious whether the cursor was slaved and when a contact gets
           | hooked/unhooked under the cursor.
           | 
           | If I had to make an analogy, I'd compare it to normal and
           | insert mode in Vi(m). The fact that the default is normal
           | mode actually makes sense even though new users may suggest
           | otherwise, but the real problem is that by default it's hard
           | to tell which mode you are in.
        
             | h0l0cube wrote:
             | It might help to read the incident further.
             | 
             | > The next aircraft taking off on that runway was an
             | Iranian military F-14 fighter. The cursor was only left on
             | the runway for around 90 seconds, but that was long enough
             | for the Vincennes to get an IFF response corresponding to a
             | military fighter. So Flight 655 was reclassified from an
             | unknown contact to a potentially hostile one.
             | 
             | The default was that the automated system conflated two
             | completely distinct aircraft. The IFF ("identification
             | friend or foe") for a military aircraft was attributed to a
             | civilian airliner
        
         | ben0x539 wrote:
         | I think a highly volatile and chaotic use case is _exactly_
         | where I 'd expect them to design a perfect, or at least orders
         | of magnitude less susceptible to operator error, system.
         | 
         | Of course it's hard for me, a spoiled millennial who got into
         | programming via online games, to imagine what war computers
         | were capable of in 1988, but as described in the thread, this
         | scenario sounds so utterly routine that I am surprised that it
         | basically involved a game of telephone to confirm basic facts
         | about a plane.
         | 
         | "A tracked entity gets confused with another tracked entity" or
         | "an entity's status of hostile-or-not gets lost" sounds like
         | _exactly_ the cases that should be impossible to get wrong as a
         | fundamental goal of this kind of operation.
        
         | CogitoCogito wrote:
         | > On the other hand, this was a very peculiar set of
         | circumstances, very much an edge case. Is it reasonable to
         | expect designers of combat systems to triple check their
         | choices and run more test scenarios to identify and address
         | such edge cases? I'd say yes. However, I think it's
         | unreasonable to expect them to design a perfect system for a
         | highly volatile and chaotic use case such as war.
         | 
         | Even if this is your position, it doesn't excuse the Navy's
         | blaming of the crew after it happens. Even if the design issues
         | could be written off as a reasonable mistake, the mistake still
         | lies with the design and not with the crew.
        
         | ninkendo wrote:
         | It really peeves me to hear the phrase "edge case" used as a
         | defense of incorrect software. As if software should not be
         | expected to deal with edge cases.
         | 
         | Edge cases are not rare. If you have a lot of people using your
         | system, or people who use it a long time, hitting an edge case
         | increases in likelihood to the point that it becomes
         | inevitable. It's a fallacy to think that an edge case being
         | mathematically unlikely implies that it is unlikely to ever
         | happen. See also murphy's law.
        
       | mike503 wrote:
       | I came here wondering if it was iTunes. Or every timesheet webapp
       | I've been forced to use.
        
         | harha wrote:
         | Nothing beats concur - the app made so only people with an
         | assistant can file expenses
        
           | throwaway290 wrote:
           | Nothing beats it, really? Not even the tragedy that cut 290
           | human lives on which you are commenting?
        
           | zaphar wrote:
           | Deltek timekeeping is worse. By a long, long mile. I _wish_
           | Deltek was as good as Concur.
        
         | girishso wrote:
         | and I was wondering if it was Digg
        
       | quickthrower2 wrote:
       | I wonder how this compared to plain air traffic control
       | technology of that era? Were ATC doing it better? (Obviously
       | there are a lot of ATC-driven disasters of that era too).
        
       | locallost wrote:
       | Everything's possible, but there would be no debate about UI
       | mistakes if it was Iran shooting down a US plane. They would've
       | done because they are evil by nature, or at least perceived as
       | such. In that case the media and the public buys into its own
       | reality, but of course the UI discussion could be a distraction
       | from the public maybe starting to question if that's actually the
       | reality.
       | 
       | Also from the Wiki page about this shootdown:
       | 
       | In 1991, political scientist Robert Entman of George Washington
       | University compared U.S. media coverage of the incident with the
       | similar shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 by the Soviet
       | Union five years earlier by studying material from Time,
       | Newsweek, The New York Times, The Washington Post and CBS Evening
       | News. According to Entman, framing techniques were used to frame
       | the Korean Airlines incident as sabotage while framing the Iran
       | Air incident as a tragic mistake,[67] stating "the angle taken by
       | the U.S. media emphasized the moral bankruptcy and guilt of the
       | perpetrating nation. With Iran Air 655, the frame de-emphasised
       | guilt and focused on the complex problems of operating military
       | high technology."[68][a] By "de-emphasizing the agency and the
       | victims and by the choice of graphics and adjectives, the news
       | stories about the U.S. downing of an Iranian plane called it a
       | technical problem while the Soviet downing of a Korean jet was
       | portrayed as a moral outrage."
        
         | CrzyLngPwd wrote:
         | One only has to see the differences between NATO bombing of
         | serbian power stations vs the russians doing the same with
         | Ukraine, or Israel killing children in gaza vs russian killing
         | children vs the US killing afghan or Iraqi children.
         | 
         | https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/25/us/crew-of-cruiser-that-d...
        
           | tpm wrote:
           | NATO bombing of serbian power stations was done in response
           | of Serbian ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, after the horrible
           | crimes against humanity perpetrated by serbian forces in
           | Bosnia. "russians doing the same" is a blatant lie. What the
           | russians are doing is a genocide.
        
           | nojvek wrote:
           | In my eyes, once Israel started dropping air bombs on
           | civilian buildings killing 1000s of civilians, Israel had
           | given up on its morals. And so had US to fund the operation.
           | 
           | Israel is killing more civilians than Hamas is. Blockade of
           | water, gas, electricity is just inhumane.
           | 
           | Ukraine on the other hand I support. They are defending their
           | territory and neutralizing the attack. Although it seems they
           | may run out of steam, it's been more than 2 years.
        
             | scotty79 wrote:
             | Isreal has been trying to keep their morals for decades
             | using defensive measures. They constructed probaby best in
             | the world air defense systems to protect their civilians
             | daily. They could just send one rocket for one they were
             | targetted by instead and Gaza would be inhabitable decades
             | ago. So when they were rewarded for their restraint on 7
             | Oct with savagery I'm not really surprised that huge part
             | of the world gives them now blank checkque to do what they
             | believe they need to. Not to mention that what Putin did to
             | Ukrainie softened the morals of people to "it's ok if it's
             | for the right reasons".
        
               | Ma8ee wrote:
               | Missing from your narrative is the treatment of the
               | Palestinians by the Israeli settlers. The settlers are
               | harassing and seizing land from Palestinians. Those
               | settlers are protected by the Israeli Defense Forces. All
               | of this is well documented and are repeatedly criticised
               | by many well reputable human rights organisations.
               | 
               | So, no, it's not restrain that is rewarded by these
               | savage attacks.
               | 
               | And while I condemn the terrorist attacks on innocent
               | civilians by Hamas, we should not pretend they came out
               | of a vacuum, or that the state of Israel is a pure peace
               | loving innocent victim in all this.
        
               | grumple wrote:
               | Hamas and Gaza were settler and occupation-free since
               | 2005. The settlers are in the West Bank, which is
               | controlled by Fatah.
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | Well that appears to demonstrate that Hamas works and
               | prevents even greater harm than the harm carried out by
               | Hamas. Probably not a message Israel wants to send.
        
               | shilgapira wrote:
               | Is there any state in the world that has neighboring
               | enemies who would pass your test of being "a pure peace
               | loving innocent victim"?
               | 
               | If not, then is October 7th style terrorism legitimate
               | against all states? Against yours?
        
               | Ma8ee wrote:
               | Don't be ridiculous! If you actually bothered to read my
               | comment, you'd see that I condemn the attack. The world
               | isn't black and white, and criticising Israel isn't the
               | same as supporting its enemies.
        
               | hn_go_brrrrr wrote:
               | It's not ridiculous. Your statement reads as "I condemn
               | it, but they really had it coming", which a reasonable
               | person could understand to mean "I don't really condemn
               | it".
        
               | red75prime wrote:
               | > we should not pretend they came out of a vacuum
               | 
               | And we shouldn't pretend that organized terrorism is
               | justified by the things you've mentioned.
        
               | toyg wrote:
               | _> They could just send one rocket _
               | 
               | Putin could do the same to half of Europe, eh. The fact
               | that he doesn't, doesn't mean his actions are justified.
               | Not applying overwhelming force doesn't mean that
               | applying any other type of force is justified.
               | 
               |  _> Isreal has been trying to keep their morals for
               | decades_
               | 
               | There are no morals left, in that conflict, since the
               | 1982 mass murder of thousands of Lebanese civilians in
               | Beirut at the very least - if not earlier. Both sides
               | have happily displayed the worst in human nature,
               | multiple times, over the last 70 years.
               | 
               |  _> what Putin did to Ukrainie softened the morals of
               | people to  "it's ok if it's for the right reasons"._
               | 
               | Again, that's hardly new. From Vietnam to _Desert Storm_
               | to Afghanistan, significant chunks of any public opinion
               | will determine it 's ok to apply violence. That doesn't
               | mean it's morally justified - morals are determined in
               | ways that go beyond counting how many individuals are pro
               | or against something.
        
               | mlrtime wrote:
               | This is not a "both sides" issue. Thought experiment for
               | you.
               | 
               | Q: What would happen today if Hamas and supporters
               | permanently gave up all their weapons and surrendered? A:
               | Israel would immediately stop any wartime action.
               | 
               | Q: What would happen today if Israel gave up it's
               | defenses and military, took down the borders? A: Iran and
               | Hamas would kill every last Jew in Israel. They have to,
               | it is their charter.
               | 
               | Also, how many Jews and Christians are living in Gaza
               | openly vs Israel? What would happen to them in the above?
        
               | toyg wrote:
               | Those answers are preposterous and your argument is
               | laughable. This is indeed a "both sides" issue, because
               | otherwise it wouldn't have remained a hot conflict after
               | 70 years. There are legitimate and now multi-generational
               | grievances on both sides, that are really difficult to
               | recompose. You can't engage with simplistic attitudes if
               | you want to be intellectually honest.
        
               | raxxorraxor wrote:
               | You don't like the argument because you know it to be
               | true. The exception is the settlements in the West Bank,
               | but those began after extremism in Israel rose
               | considerably. That is a severe problem, but if people
               | excuse terrorism as resistance, the same would apply
               | here.
        
               | mardifoufs wrote:
               | That's one hell of an exception lol. The only exception
               | being a blatant disregard for Palestinian sovereignty,
               | and proof that Palestinians will never be left alone even
               | if they'd stop fighting (which is mostly the case in the
               | west bank, compared to Gaza) as Israel is clearly seeking
               | their entire territory, if it is is an exception, still
               | disproves your entire point.
        
               | toyg wrote:
               | As others mentioned, your argument is fundamentally
               | contradicted by facts.
               | 
               | The problem is that, without serious ideological
               | engagement, neither side will ever stop. The current
               | state of play is the failure of the non-solution that is
               | "Two States", aka "Israel and bantustans". Bantustans
               | have historically been unsustainable for any government
               | that tried to implement them.
        
               | mardifoufs wrote:
               | Yes that's exactly what happened in the west bank. Once
               | they stopped fighting, they were left alone! Oh wait no,
               | it just led to massive colonial projects backed by the
               | Israeli government. Oopsie!
        
               | mahkeiro wrote:
               | Christian have been living in Gaza and West banks for the
               | last 2000 years... (and a Church was bombed in Gaza
               | killing 18 Christians). In fact the number of Christian
               | has only started to decrease for the last 70 years as
               | they suffer the exact same treatment as Muslims.
        
             | oddmiral wrote:
             | Israel is not a state with Christian morale, they are not a
             | part of the "Western world". They have their own religion
             | and morale, which are older than Christianity. Only part of
             | holy books are shared between two.
        
               | gambiting wrote:
               | Who mentioned anything about Christianity??
        
               | totetsu wrote:
               | Some people equate morality with religion.
        
               | oddmiral wrote:
               | Religion shapes morale. Morale shapes religion. They are
               | not equal, but they influence each other.
               | 
               | Moreover, human actions is heavily influenced by
               | circumstances. With low birth rate, it's better to
               | protect children. With high birth rate, it's OK to
               | sacrifice some young man to free some space, like farmers
               | do for their crops, thus we see different messages in
               | different circumstances even in countries with same
               | religion and morale.
               | 
               | Moreover, humans are good at placing arbitrary
               | boundaries, for example Catholics are OK to kill other
               | nations en masse because "they are not Catholics, so they
               | have no soul, so they are not humans, they are like
               | pigs". Some versions of Islam even encourages holy war
               | against non-Muslims. Some other minor religions are even
               | promoting cannibalism. Even atheists are promoting mass
               | killings, for example communists want to kill all
               | rich(-ier than them).
               | 
               | So, while Christianity promotes peace, latest 2 world
               | wars and current greatest war since WWII, are between
               | Christians. Guess who will use nuclear weapon for second
               | time in the history? North Korea? Iran? China? USA?
               | Britain? Russia? Ukraine?
        
               | Tao3300 wrote:
               | From a Western perspective, there's no denying at least
               | _some_ Christian influence. We inherit a morality and
               | philosophical tradition and that was shaped by a
               | Christian-dominated culture for a large chunk of its
               | history.
               | 
               | Highly recommend (not Spider-Man) Tom Holland's book
               | _Dominion_ for more on how that all played out.
        
             | scythe wrote:
             | The hot phase of the Russo-Ukrainian War has been going on
             | for one year and nine months.
        
             | raxxorraxor wrote:
             | War is rarely about morals. But if they did drop them, we
             | would be talking about casualties 20-30 times higher.
             | 
             | This isn't about morals, since that would demand that every
             | death is one too many. Killing just as many Palestinians as
             | Jews were killed would be a fundamentally unmoral
             | justification as well.
             | 
             | I think there is different expectation towards Israel,
             | every country would have reacted to an attack like it
             | happend to it and I don't see an alternative to topple the
             | regime in Gaza.
             | 
             | The blockade of essentials is questionable, if done for an
             | extended time. The previous blockade of goods wasn't
             | though, it was requested by the PA and Egypt as well.
             | Arguably it wasn't thorough enough.
        
               | mardifoufs wrote:
               | That's funny because to me, there's so much more leniency
               | towards Israel. Blockading an entire city for almost two
               | decades, and controlling almost every external aspect of
               | its life while also openly and proudly colonizing the
               | west bank with 0 repercussions is something only Israel
               | can get away with. Bombing a city into rubbles with 0
               | official international condemnation from the west is also
               | a thing only Israel can do.
        
               | vdqtp3 wrote:
               | > Bombing a city into rubbles with 0 official
               | international condemnation from the west is also a thing
               | only Israel can do.
               | 
               | There's plenty to criticize Israel for, but this isn't
               | one of them. If Tijuana started sending terrorists over
               | the border to San Diego, Mexico elected members of a
               | known terrorist organization to public office and started
               | a campaign to kick the US out of California "from the
               | colorado to the sea?" and staged an attack on civilians
               | the US would suddenly have a couple more territories and
               | LockMart Grumman Atomics stock would skyrocket. The same
               | applies for any other neighbor.
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | Okay, bombing a city into rubbles with 0 official
               | international condemnation from the west is a thing only
               | Israel and the USA can do.
        
               | mardifoufs wrote:
               | I think if Tijuana was under military and civilian
               | blockade for 2 decades, with a nominal "autonomy" that
               | involves anything but actually allowing any meaningful
               | development (a port, electricity etc), and with the
               | American navy openly attacking and murdering anyone who
               | tries to help (like with the flotilla attack)... even
               | Americans would probably not be surprised if said city
               | wouldn't be super peaceful. And even America would've
               | been condemned by Europe or something for even doing all
               | of those things I listed above.
               | 
               | Especially if the US was already promoting and military
               | enforcing colonization of more peaceful mexican territory
               | around Tijuana lol
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | You say that every country would have reacted to the
               | attacks Palestine did on Israel the way Israel did.
               | 
               | Would every country have reacted to the attacks Israel
               | did to Palestine the way Palestine did? Or does it only
               | work one way?
        
             | immibis wrote:
             | Even Germany seems to have given up its claimed "never
             | again!" morals.
        
         | raverbashing wrote:
         | Except the Soviets had visual confirmation of the target
         | 
         | Vincennes did not (which to be fair should have done - and not
         | excusing their actions here)
        
           | dsego wrote:
           | That's a good point, why didn't they seek visual confirmation
           | first?
        
             | gpderetta wrote:
             | Another US ship was attacked by Iraqi Exocet missiles
             | beyond visual range on the same region just one year
             | before. US had also attacked Iran assets in the year before
             | after one US ship was damaged by Iranian mines. Tensions
             | were very high.
        
               | modo_mario wrote:
               | >US had also attacked Iran assets in the year before
               | after one US ship was damaged by Iranian mines.
               | 
               | Wasn't this in Iranian territorial waters. I don't quite
               | see how that held up as a justification for the
               | retaliations.
        
               | areyousure wrote:
               | > Wasn't this in Iranian territorial waters.
               | 
               | In case anyone is curious, the topic of discussion
               | appears to be https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Samuel_B.
               | _Roberts_(FFG-58)...
               | 
               | All sources appear to indicate that the mine was in
               | international waters.
        
             | metabagel wrote:
             | They probably would have, if they would have had the
             | capability.
        
         | knallfrosch wrote:
         | It's not really a UX error when your helicopter-carrier invades
         | Iran after one of your helicopters invaded Iran. In wartime.
         | What were these warships even doing in the PERSIAN gulf? And
         | why do they shoot Iranian airplanes in Iranian airspace while
         | they themselves are in Iran?
         | 
         | I image "UX error" wouldn't cut it if a chinese missile cruiser
         | shot down an US airliner while steaming up the Hudson.
        
           | bonzini wrote:
           | Presumably some mission during the Iran-Iraq war? Iraq was an
           | ally of the US at the time.
        
           | kortilla wrote:
           | They were in wartime, you answered your own question.
           | 
           | >I image "UX error" wouldn't cut it if a chinese missile
           | cruiser shot down an US airliner while steaming up the
           | Hudson.
           | 
           | Yes, that would be up for debate if the US were in an active
           | war with China.
        
             | knallfrosch wrote:
             | Iran was at war with Iraq, not the US with Iran.
        
               | AdamN wrote:
               | The US and Iran had been in a cold war since 1979 with
               | flareups the entire time all the way through to the
               | current day.
        
           | throwawayqqq11 wrote:
           | The mentioned iran-iraq war was conducted by then us-ally
           | saddam husein on behalf of the us. The us where the
           | aggressor.
           | 
           | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=n4H_E8b-qmo
        
           | nova22033 wrote:
           | _these warships even doing in the PERSIAN gulf_
           | 
           | Iran doesn't own the PERSIAN gulf any more than India owns
           | the INDIAN ocean.
        
             | naasking wrote:
             | Sure, so if a Iranian helicopter carrier parked itself in
             | international waters near New York City, everyone would be
             | totally chill with that right?
        
               | nova22033 wrote:
               | _international waters near New York City, everyone would
               | be totally chill with that right?_
               | 
               | I don't know why you think this is a gotcha...The USN
               | would probably sniff around but that's it..They're
               | international waters
        
               | naasking wrote:
               | Yes, but it's also _Iran_. What you 're not getting is
               | the "mortal enemy moving a war machine right at your
               | gates" bit.
        
               | r2_pilot wrote:
               | What you are failing to comprehend is that the United
               | States has a policy of enforcing international naval
               | freedom, and routinely transits international waters near
               | many nations. The US has no issue with any vessel's
               | location in international waters, regardless of what
               | nation.
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | Would the US have any issue if Iran had more and more
               | powerful vessels than the US Navy, all encircling NYC in
               | international waters?
        
               | r2_pilot wrote:
               | Not a policy maker but probably still nope. International
               | means international, and America is a part of the
               | international community and these waters are vital for
               | trade. It's not like you can conquer a nation of millions
               | with a couple of ships 12 miles from the coast.
        
               | datadrivenangel wrote:
               | It would be surrounded and hounded by the Navy, just like
               | the soviet fishing trawlers.
        
         | formerly_proven wrote:
         | A not so subtle difference is that the pilot shooting down KAL
         | 007 identified it as a civilian airliner and proceeded to shoot
         | it down anyway.
         | 
         | Another more subtle difference is that in the Iranian Airlines
         | shootdown, the US took responsibility and at least apologized.
         | Meanwhile the Soviets denied anything happening until they
         | couldn't and then claimed it was a spy plane (legitimate
         | target).
        
           | p_l wrote:
           | Identified it as a Boeing 747, but not as a _civilian
           | airliner_.
           | 
           | The same types of planes as civilian airliners are often used
           | as platforms for military and spy planes.
           | 
           | FWIW, they would have ended up better off if the original
           | TASS press release was not cancelled just before publication
           | (the one where it was claimed a mistaken shooting due to
           | misidentification).
        
             | ceejayoz wrote:
             | "It's a Boeing" could be waved away this way. 747s aren't
             | used as military or spy planes with the exception of Air
             | Force One and the E-4, neither of which would ever be there
             | unescorted and unannounced.
        
               | thereddaikon wrote:
               | They also don't have a large an obvious "Korean Air"
               | livery on them. Military aircraft are marked
               | appropriately. I wouldn't necessarily expect a soviet
               | fighter pilot to read english but I would expect him to
               | recognize what a civil airliner looks like. The USSR had
               | their own and also wore colorful liveries.
        
               | Tangurena2 wrote:
               | It was shot down at night. There's no way to view the
               | livery on a dark plane at just before 2 AM.
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | Yes there is; we call them "lights".
               | 
               | The logo on the tail was lit up.
               | 
               | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KAL007747-2.png
               | 
               | The pilot of the fighter also reported seeing "two rows
               | of windows", which can only be a 747 at the time.
               | https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/31/us/kal-
               | fight-007-anniversary/...
               | 
               | > "I could see two rows of windows, which were lit up,"
               | Soviet pilot Col. Gennadi Osipovitch told CNN in 1998,
               | describing the 747's telltale double-deck configuration.
               | "I wondered if it was a civilian aircraft. Military cargo
               | planes don't have such windows."
        
               | p_l wrote:
               | Cargo don't. Converted intelligence/C4I planes? Often do.
               | 
               | Also, logos like that aren't that well readable
               | especially at speed, and the actual shootdown happened in
               | a way that _could_ be mistaken for evasive maneuveurs.
               | 
               | Essentially, I feel that if we're going to let UX take
               | part of the blame for Iran Air 655, we have to allow
               | wider narrative for KAL007 as well (Personally I think
               | humans are directly at fault for both cases)
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | The only converted 747s with the distinctive _double_ row
               | of windows in military use are the Air Force One and E-4
               | aircraft I already mentioned. Neither of which is going
               | to be anywhere near Soviet airspace without the Soviets
               | knowing long, long in advance.
               | 
               | I also quoted _the pilot himself_. Further from him:
               | 
               | https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-
               | xpm-1996-12-09-19963440...
               | 
               | > "I was just next to him, on the same altitude, 150
               | meters to 200 meters away," he recalled in conversations
               | with a reporter during the weekend. From the flashing
               | lights and the configuration of the windows, he
               | recognized the aircraft as a civilian type of plane, he
               | said. "I saw two rows of windows and knew that this was a
               | Boeing," he said. "I knew this was a civilian plane. But
               | for me this meant nothing. It is easy to turn a civilian
               | type of plane into one for military use."
               | 
               | It wasn't a "oops we thought it was an RC-135" scenario.
        
           | Tangurena2 wrote:
           | No. The shootdown of KAL 007 took place at night. There was
           | no possible way to identify the aircraft other than via the
           | lights coming out of the windows. A militarized 747 is called
           | an E-4[0]. A militarized 707 is variously called an E-3 (some
           | are AWACS) [1], KC-135 (a now-retired refueling aircraft)
           | [2], or an EC-135 (electronic warfare equipped 707) [3].
           | 
           | The wikipedia page for the shootdown incident [4] lists the
           | time as 1349 GMT. Most readers will go "they shot it down
           | just before 2PM" instead of realizing that the location was
           | 12 hours ahead of GMT. During the time of the USSR,
           | Vladivostok used Moscow time, even though they are 11
           | timezones ahead.
           | 
           | 0 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-4
           | 
           | 1 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry
           | 
           | 2 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker
           | 
           | 3 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_EC-135
           | 
           | 4 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007
        
             | areyousure wrote:
             | > The wikipedia page for the shootdown incident [4] lists
             | the time as 1349 GMT.
             | 
             | In case anyone is curious, the Wikipedia page mention of
             | this time is as follows: "at 13:49 UTC (49 minutes after
             | take-off), KAL 007 reported that it had reached its Bethel
             | waypoint". Bethel is a city in the U.S. state of Alaska.
        
         | dontlaugh wrote:
         | Also, what was the US navy even doing there? The Persian Gulf
         | is nowhere near the US.
         | 
         | It's as if Iran had their navy parked on the US east coast, it
         | would be seen as an outrage immediately.
        
           | umanwizard wrote:
           | The Persian Gulf, despite the name, is not Iranian
           | territorial waters. Anybody can go there. Iran would be well
           | within its rights to send its warships into the Atlantic
           | Ocean, yes.
        
             | dontlaugh wrote:
             | And what do you think the reaction of Americans would be if
             | that happened? And especially if those warships were
             | prepared to shoot?
        
               | umanwizard wrote:
               | It would be a minor news article that most people would
               | not care about, just like when China/Russia sail near US
               | territory in the Pacific (which actually does happen).
        
               | switch007 wrote:
               | American foreign policy is fully subscribed to the idea
               | of American exceptionalism, as are many of their citizens
               | and media outlets. Hypocrisy means nothing to them and
               | won't shame them in to not doing something
        
               | t0mas88 wrote:
               | This happens all the time. There is a documentary for
               | example on the HMS Elizabeth carrier from the UK and how
               | they deliberately navigated through Crimea waters
               | (together with the Dutch navy) to make a point that
               | they're allowed to do so because that water is Ukrainian
               | and not Russian.
               | 
               | In the same documentary you also see Chinese ships follow
               | around the British group, and Russian jets overflying it.
               | All in international waters, all legal, both not
               | appreciated by the UK side of things.
        
               | Tangurena2 wrote:
               | The Montreux Convention[0] prohibits large warships from
               | transiting the Bosporous Strait. That carrier displaces
               | 65,000 tons, the upper limit of the treaty only permits
               | warships of 15,000 tons or less. The UK is one of the
               | signatories to that treaty.
               | 
               | 0 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Reg
               | arding_...
               | 
               | 1 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-
               | class_aircraft...
        
               | metabagel wrote:
               | It was actually the HMS Defender, a destroyer, which
               | sailed into the Black Sea, and the Royal Netherlands
               | Navy's HNLMS Evertsen, a frigate.
        
             | cherryteastain wrote:
             | US seizes Iranian cargo on even non Iranian vessels [1]
             | with impunity. Iran sending warships would be as harshly
             | responded to as the Cuban Missile Crisis.
             | 
             | [1] https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-
             | confiscates-ira...
        
           | Tangurena2 wrote:
           | 25% of the world's crude oil was shipped out of the Gulf at
           | that time. The Iran-Iraq war had caused the prices of crude
           | to skyrocket as many insurance companies refused to cover any
           | shipping in the region. So the US felt compelled to protect
           | the exports of crude oil from "friendly" nations. While
           | continuing to blockade Iranian imports/exports.
           | 
           | For more details on the political situation at that time, I
           | recommend reading _The Persian Puzzle_ by Pollack.
           | 
           | https://www.amazon.com/Persian-Puzzle-Conflict-Between-
           | Ameri...
           | 
           | Additionally, to help explain how messed up the shoot-down
           | was, _Sources of Power_ by Klein.
           | 
           | https://www.amazon.com/Sources-Power-20th-Anniversary-
           | Decisi...
        
           | thereddaikon wrote:
           | One of the main jobs of the USN is to protect commercial
           | shipping lanes. This is of US national interest because a lot
           | of commerce flows through international shipping lanes. Its
           | not unique to the US either. Its a historical duty of most
           | nation's blue water navies. The persian gulf does not belong
           | to Iran. Its international waters. But they have a history of
           | using piracy in the persian gulf as a tool of the state and
           | generally acting a destabilizing force in the area. So the
           | US, and other nations often patrol the region to protect
           | civilian shipping.
        
             | dontlaugh wrote:
             | Maybe the US shouldn't have invaded several countries in
             | the region and encircled Iran.
        
               | thereddaikon wrote:
               | This was in the 1980's. Who had the US invaded in the
               | middle east?
        
               | dontlaugh wrote:
               | The US orchestrated a coup in Iran and later helped Iraq
               | invade. All for oil money.
        
               | thereddaikon wrote:
               | >Claims the US was invading countries in the middle east
               | >Lists things that isn't invading the middle east.
        
               | dontlaugh wrote:
               | I'm describing the beginning of a process that later
               | included direct invasion. Arming and goading Iraq is more
               | covert, but still ends up with an invasion.
        
         | da_chicken wrote:
         | You can't really compare how a nation judges being a victim of
         | it's own mistakes directly to how a nation would judge being a
         | victim of its enemy's mistakes. Obviously there's going to be a
         | whole lot more skepticism and distrust.
        
           | mistermann wrote:
           | Which is not the same as whether it can be done at all, it's
           | more so that accuracy and epistemic humility are currently
           | low priorities for early 21st century humanity.
        
         | gpderetta wrote:
         | To be fair, Iran mistakenly shot down an Ukrainian civilian
         | plane only a few years ago, again on a period of heightened
         | tension. They admitted to the mistake a few days later and I
         | don't remember there was a widespread suggestion of second
         | motives.
        
         | mistermann wrote:
         | > According to Entman, framing techniques were used to frame
         | the Korean Airlines incident as...
         | 
         | Framing is a major problem in almost every single problem
         | Humans have, yet it gets almost no attention....which I suspect
         | may not be accidental especially considering how useful it is
         | (it's getting heavy usage in this very thread, _wow how
         | surprising_ ).
        
         | kortilla wrote:
         | That's a stupid comparison because the USSR intentionally shot
         | down a plane without trying to contact it and then didn't
         | cooperate at all on search efforts.
         | 
         | Additionally, the pilot positively identified it was a
         | passenger jet due to the double decker windows but shot anyway
         | because they were shooting down "spy planes", not anything that
         | was an actual threat.
         | 
         | This is in contrast to the US incident where they tried to
         | contact the plane on 10 different frequencies (3 civil
         | aviation) and were operating under the understanding the plane
         | was a fighter carrying missiles.
         | 
         | There is obviously going to be some media bias, but
         | equivocating these two events is terrible from a "moral
         | outrage" perspective.
        
           | itsoktocry wrote:
           | > _That's a stupid comparison because the USSR intentionally
           | shot down a plane without trying to contact it and then
           | didn't cooperate at all on search efforts._
           | 
           | I don't know much about either incident, but your summary
           | sounds exactly what the OP is saying: "Here are the reasons
           | the Russians did it. It's different, because they're evil".
           | 
           | One side was lying about thinking it was a spy plane, but the
           | other side legitimately thought the plane had missiles on it?
           | 
           | It's actually astonishing that anyone who's been on this
           | planet for more than a couple decades can take _any_ of these
           | narratives seriously.
        
             | addicted wrote:
             | It's "Russia made no efforts to contact" and "Russia made
             | no efforts to search" both of which indicate it was because
             | Russia was up to no good.
             | 
             | Funny how you ignore the reasons the commenter you're
             | replying to gives to indicate Russia did it because it was
             | evil, reasons which do not apply to the U.S. case, and
             | pretend they never gave those explanations at all.
        
               | naasking wrote:
               | The point is that 1) those reasons are themselves
               | assuming a particular value system in order to judge evil
               | (for someone who believes national sovereignty is
               | absolute, neither country need give any reason to justify
               | such decisions), and 2) those reasons are simply the
               | propaganda you've heard, not necessarily what actually
               | happened.
        
               | twixfel wrote:
               | I mean it looks like the private internal memos regarding
               | the Soviet incident were released in 1992, so this is not
               | propaganda. Or if it were it'd make the USSR look better,
               | not really bad.
        
               | zaphar wrote:
               | You can't judge evil without a backing value system to do
               | so. Not assuming a value system presumes there is no such
               | thing as evil. Which sure, if that's what you want to
               | advocate for then go for it.
               | 
               | But for those of us who _do_ have a value system we 'll
               | continue to use it in deciding whether something is evil
               | or not.
        
             | peppermint_gum wrote:
             | Russia has declassified documents that confirm what the GP
             | said:
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007#S
             | o...
             | 
             | > It's actually astonishing that anyone who's been on this
             | planet for more than a couple decades can take any of these
             | narratives seriously.
             | 
             | The only astonishing thing is that you reflexively rushed
             | to Russia's defense instead of looking up the facts.
        
               | berdario wrote:
               | These are two separate incidents, with similarities but
               | also important differences.
               | 
               | We don't know how the US military would've reacted if
               | Iran Air 655 would've overflown restricted airspace above
               | the US.
               | 
               | For sure the Soviets fucked up by not trying to call on
               | 121.5 MHz, but is that worse than the US fucking up by
               | being so close (arguably intruding) another country
               | space, and yet not having equipment to monitor civilian
               | air traffic control in the area? I'm not sure.
        
               | dmix wrote:
               | > and yet not having equipment to monitor civilian air
               | traffic control in the area? I'm not sure.
               | 
               | Did you not read the linked article in the thread you're
               | replying to? The US did have an IFF detection system, it
               | was a core part of how it worked. The issue was a UI
               | failure which confused identification by mixing up two
               | different (real) IFF indicators one from military and one
               | from civilian and made it seem to the captain that the
               | military one was flying towards them. That's a legit
               | honest mistake.
               | 
               | They had 4 minutes from the "take off" to when it was
               | almost overhead. Navigating Iranian air traffic control
               | radio isn't exactly a solution in tense situations.
               | 
               | > We don't know how the US military would've reacted if
               | Iran Air 655 would've overflown restricted airspace above
               | the US.
               | 
               | Restricted US airspace has been violated many times in
               | history. As have Russians. And many other countries.
        
               | angiosperm wrote:
               | Yet, the USS Sides steaming nearby identified it
               | correctly as a civilian flight with no difficulty.
        
               | hn_go_brrrrr wrote:
               | Presumably because their operator did not make the same
               | mistake as the one on the Vincennes?
        
             | quietbritishjim wrote:
             | > "Here are the reasons the Russians did it. It's
             | different, because they're evil"
             | 
             | No. The OP was talking about generally thinking that the
             | Russians are evil and the US is great. Whereas the comment
             | you're replying to gave specific malicious things that
             | happened in the Russian case and didn't in the US case. The
             | difference between the way people acted in the two cases is
             | clear and doesn't require any particular political
             | persuation to understand.
        
               | locallost wrote:
               | actually I agree with itsoktocry. You assume all those
               | things to be facts, but nobody discussing here was
               | personally present in any of those events. I can assure
               | you that the version of "Russians knew it was a civilian
               | airplane" is not recognized as true in Russia. This even
               | without being able to speak Russian, nor ever being in
               | Russia. But of course, they are bad people :-).
        
               | peppermint_gum wrote:
               | Indeed, if you ignore all the evidence, including _the
               | declassified Russian documents_ [1], you can conclude
               | that Russia did nothing wrong with regard to the KE007
               | flight.
               | 
               | To be honest, the persistent blind contrarianism of this
               | community is really tiring.
               | 
               | [1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flig
               | ht_007#So...
        
               | locallost wrote:
               | I didn't say they didn't do anything wrong, it's really
               | not about that. The comment was on the coverage of the
               | incident that happened in 1983. Nobody in 1983 knew
               | anything about what will be declassified in 1992. You're
               | stuck in a good vs bad box which is what my comment was
               | actually about.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | > To be honest, the persistent blind contrarianism of
               | this community is really tiring.
               | 
               | s/this community/a small faction that is very active on
               | this community/
               | 
               | It's not a lot of them but they are really doing
               | overtime.
        
             | sixQuarks wrote:
             | Exactly, you would think people would start seeing the
             | games being played.
             | 
             | Look up "mass control hypnosis" if you've never heard the
             | term.
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | Are you trying to quietly introduce the term? It brings
               | up some music videos, some fringe conspiracy theorists,
               | and TV Tropes.
        
               | sixQuarks wrote:
               | sorry, it's Mass Formation Hypnosis
        
           | matheusmoreira wrote:
           | It's not stupid. All governments and militaries use
           | propaganda. You'd be a fool to believe anything they say, no
           | matter which country it is. The absolute truth of what
           | happened is unreachable to us, we can only try to piece
           | together a coherent version of the events after the fact.
           | Government narratives are notoriously unreliable sources to
           | base such an understanding upon.
        
             | thereddaikon wrote:
             | Propaganda doesn't mean its necessarily a lie or
             | misleading. Its just government marketing. It can be
             | truthful or deceitful.
             | 
             | Back to the core issue of accidental shootdowns. I think
             | its important to note that while these tragedies have
             | continued to happen after the US incident in the 80's, none
             | of them involved the US military since. That does lead
             | credibility to their claim it was a UI and procedural
             | problem that was fixed. Both Iran and Russia have shot down
             | civilian air liners in the 21st century. In Russia's case
             | it was 2014 in Ukraine and was judged a war crime by the
             | courts. The man responsible, Igor Girkin, is wanted and
             | likely will never leave Russia for fear of arrest. In
             | Iran's case they accidentally shot down their own airliner
             | in their own air space a few years back. I don't know what
             | became of that.
        
               | matheusmoreira wrote:
               | > Propaganda doesn't mean its necessarily a lie or
               | misleading.
               | 
               | > Its just government marketing.
               | 
               | All marketing is inherently a lie or misleading due to
               | inescapable conflicts of interest. They have every reason
               | in the world to want you to believe certain stuff.
               | Therefore you should be skeptical and disbelieve them by
               | default.
               | 
               | > That does lead credibility to their claim it was a UI
               | and procedural problem that was fixed.
               | 
               | I don't doubt it was. The author of the mastodon posts
               | this thread is about made very convincing arguments as
               | far as I'm concerned.
        
               | thereddaikon wrote:
               | >All marketing is inherently a lie or misleading due to
               | inescapable conflicts of interest. They have every reason
               | in the world to want you to believe certain stuff.
               | Therefore you should be skeptical and disbelieve them by
               | default.
               | 
               | What? No it isn't. The easiest marketing is when you
               | don't have to because the good act stands on its own.
               | Marketing is often a lie but it doesn't have to be.
               | 
               | >I don't doubt it was. The author of the mastodon posts
               | this thread is about made very convincing arguments as
               | far as I'm concerned.
               | 
               | Yeah I was familiar with the incident before this post
               | and it seems pretty open and shut to me. These things
               | have happened a few times in the past but this is as far
               | as I know the only case of a US air defense system
               | accidentally shooting down a civilian aircraft. It was
               | taken serious at the time and hasn't happened since. What
               | I find more troublesome is that the details of the
               | investigation and the actions taken were made public yet
               | other nations didn't take similar steps so similar
               | mistakes have been made by other parties since. Notably,
               | Iran themselves.
        
           | modo_mario wrote:
           | >10 different frequencies (3 civil aviation)
           | 
           | Those 7 others they couldn't receive. For the 3 cilivian ones
           | they couldn't even know which aircraft it was directed at.
           | 
           | > and were operating under the understanding the plane was a
           | fighter carrying missiles.
           | 
           | If they said they thought it was squawking on military mode
           | II instead of mode III i'd believe em. The recordings say
           | otherwise but few people making a mistake or the like
           | happens. If they on top of that say they saw it dive whilst
           | their equipment recorded the plane as climbing as well as
           | other discrepancies that don't match up....
           | 
           | Sorry, I don't tend to believe it anymore. I'd assume it much
           | more likely they were covering their asses with lies.
        
           | Kim_Bruning wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007
           | 
           | So steelmanning...
           | 
           | To the commanders, shooting the plane down was somewhat
           | defensible at the time. It was well off course and -due to
           | that- happened to enter soviet airspace not once but twice!
           | 
           | The pilot who actually visually identified the plane did
           | actually see it was a passenger airliner, but passenger
           | airliners are sometimes converted to military configuration.
           | And seeing the flight profile, it could totally have been
           | converted for a MASINT mission or something.
           | 
           | But the behavior of the soviet union during the search and
           | rescue operation afterwards? I'm not sure how that can be
           | excused quite so easily.
        
         | contravariant wrote:
         | I mean that's the fundamental attribution error isn't it? If we
         | do it it's because of external factors, if they do it it's
         | because they're inherently bad people.
        
           | brabel wrote:
           | We see this in much smaller scale everywhere. When someone
           | you don't like does something wrong , it's surely because
           | they're such an idiot... when it's someone you really like,
           | it's definitely due to external causes. Not to mention simple
           | discrimination, which is rampant, seemingly no matter how
           | much we try to make that go away.
        
         | CogitoCogito wrote:
         | We judge others by their actions and ourselves by our
         | intentions.
        
         | chadash wrote:
         | > * there would be no debate about UI mistakes if it was Iran
         | shooting down a US plane*
         | 
         | If Iran shot down a US plane and then immediately admitted it
         | was a mistake and helped investigate, I don't think this is
         | true. People would still be angry and a UI mistake doesn't
         | really exonerate you from that anger.
        
           | fmajid wrote:
           | Iran actually shot down a Ukrainian plane by mistake. They
           | took their sweet time admitting it, but did eventually:
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines.
           | ..
        
       | rglullis wrote:
       | Aside: it is the second day in a row that a thread from Mastodon
       | ends up on the frontpage of HN. When was the last time I Twitter
       | thread did the same, and does anyone else doubts that Twitter is
       | no longer at the center of tech-related conversation?
        
         | chrismorgan wrote:
         | Based on https://news.ycombinator.com/front for the last ten
         | days: one today, one five days ago, three seven days ago, two
         | nine days ago.
        
         | JimDabell wrote:
         | A lot of the recent OpenAI events that were posted here were
         | links to Twitter and I've seen plenty of people point this out
         | as evidence that Twitter still is at the centre.
        
           | rglullis wrote:
           | The OpenAI saga was such an outlier in the usual news cycle,
           | it is hard to use it as a measure of anything.
        
             | subtra3t wrote:
             | You can't call any piece of evidence that happens to not
             | support your theory as being an outlier. And even then the
             | OpenAI saga is probably the most important development in
             | tech in the last 10 years (conservatively).
        
               | wizzwizz4 wrote:
               | Perhaps, in terms of how much it's affecting Silicon
               | Valley; though I'd say iPhone adoption, the tail-end of
               | Flash, the death of ActiveX, the destruction of
               | libraries, and the growth of Amazon were all more
               | impactful, there.
               | 
               | Probably not, in terms of how much 2040s tech will be
               | based on this stuff. Language models are good for machine
               | translation, and real-time image transcription, but
               | everything else I've seen them do has better solutions
               | (which have been around for decades in many cases, but
               | don't have much funding).
        
             | tambourine_man wrote:
             | Also, lots of OpenAI fans and venture capital/crypto people
             | are still on Xitter. It's a special demography that makes
             | it more an outlier.
        
           | ImaCake wrote:
           | This is part of the current cycle of fragmentation. Twitter
           | is no longer the centre, but it still holds certain cultural
           | niches. Other niches have migrated to Mastodon or elsewhere.
           | 
           | I am personally pretty excited to see this diversification
           | and fragmentation as it should help provide more niches for
           | more people.
        
             | sixQuarks wrote:
             | Mastodon... lol. Is that even still alive? Are you gonna
             | say that Threads is thriving as well?
        
               | ImaCake wrote:
               | The OP link is to a very much alive mastodon instance...
               | so yes its doing fine. No idea about Threads but
               | apparently some people use it.
        
               | sixQuarks wrote:
               | But your claim is that twitter is no longer the center
               | and many niches have migrated to Mastodon. I highly doubt
               | this, unless you can point out an actual niche where
               | Mastodon has more active discussions than twitter.
        
               | rglullis wrote:
               | My claim is not "many niches migrated to Mastodon", but
               | "Twitter is not at the center of _tech_ discussion ". At
               | least, not for the hacker types. Even here, the majority
               | of HN links that show up as a Twitter thread are about
               | technology "businesses", not tech itself.
        
               | sixQuarks wrote:
               | I don't know how you can say that. The whole fiasco with
               | open AI recently was a good example of how Twitter was
               | the place where you could really stay up-to-date with
               | everything going on. All the main players were posting
               | there.
               | 
               | I love HN, but just because there wasn't a lot of links
               | to Twitter doesn't mean it's not the center of tech
               | discussion
        
               | rglullis wrote:
               | Do you care about the channels used by the "main players"
               | to broadcast their message, or where the _conversation
               | about the events_ were happening?
        
             | graphe wrote:
             | Which niches have migrated? The only people that use
             | mastodon hate Twitter/Elon if you count that as a niche,
             | there are no notable groups on mastodon.
             | 
             | Substack is significantly more threatening and interesting
             | to Twitter.
        
         | jansan wrote:
         | What you are experiencing is a great example of confirmation
         | bias.
        
         | dpkirchner wrote:
         | I'm just glad to see the entire thread of conversation without
         | having to switch to nitter or whatever.
        
           | marssaxman wrote:
           | Are you familiar with the libredirect plugin? It can
           | automatically rewrite all twitter links to point at nitter
           | instead.
        
             | dpkirchner wrote:
             | I'm not, but I'm on mobile Safari 99% of the time. I see
             | there is an extension that does something similar, which
             | I'll check out. Thanks for the nudge.
        
         | georgehotelling wrote:
         | One difference is that Twitter no longer shows threads to
         | logged-out users, while Mastodon does. If someone posted the
         | same thread to both sites, the Mastodon one would be better to
         | link to.
        
           | rootusrootus wrote:
           | I think this is a misfeature that will hurt Twitter going
           | forward. I don't bother clicking a link to a Twitter thread
           | any more because I know I'm just going to get prompted to log
           | into the account I don't have. And I don't care enough to use
           | an alternate tool, so I just move on. I expect I'm not alone.
        
             | rainworld wrote:
             | But it is a feature. Musk's takeover of BLUEBIRD is a
             | deliberate act of transmutation, possibly even demolition.
        
       | Aissen wrote:
       | Pro-tip to those unused to mastodon web-ui: you can click the eye
       | on the top right of the center column (next to Back) to expand
       | all posts at once.
        
         | 4gotunameagain wrote:
         | How ironic, a post about a user interface disaster needing an
         | explanatory pro-tip for its UI.
        
           | Aissen wrote:
           | Luckily, this one will have less dire consequences.
        
           | dsego wrote:
           | That's objectively terrible UX.
        
         | gpderetta wrote:
         | Maybe my expectations are very very low at this point. But I
         | thought it was ok.
        
           | metabagel wrote:
           | At least there was no popup a few seconds after starting to
           | read the article.
        
         | CogitoCogito wrote:
         | Does anyone know the reasoning for not having the posts
         | expanded by default?
        
           | neffo wrote:
           | Posts aren't limited to an arbitrary length in activity pub,
           | this is the same UI logic for showing a thread in the main
           | feed. Twitter does something similar for bluecheck long
           | posts.
        
             | oneeyedpigeon wrote:
             | Wouldn't it be better handled by people following accounts
             | they want to and unfollowing bad actors?
        
               | SiempreViernes wrote:
               | How does this apply to a discussion about the logged out
               | view?
        
             | CogitoCogito wrote:
             | It's hard for me to understand the advantages of this
             | setup. Given the confusion in this thread, it's clearly
             | poorly implemented.
        
               | sjsdaiuasgdia wrote:
               | If you want to jump to the conversation/replies to the
               | OP's multi-post, this is a lot less scrolling than if
               | each part of the OP's multi-post was automatically
               | expanded. There's an advantage of the setup for you. This
               | might be desirable as it could encourage participating in
               | the conversation, though an argument can be made that it
               | comes with a risk of people skipping the content and
               | joining the conversation with incomplete context.
               | 
               | The fade effect on the line of text shown is in line with
               | how "click to show more" is done in many places all over
               | the web. It took me a thoroughly minimal amount of mental
               | capacity to realize there was more. I clicked, and got
               | more. It's really not that confusing.
        
           | isodev wrote:
           | Not sure but the good news is, that's just one of many UIs to
           | pick from in Mastodon and the fedivers in general. There are
           | also countless apps with various takes on threads, so I'm
           | sure one can find something they like.
        
         | oneeyedpigeon wrote:
         | Is there a way, as either the reader or the writer, to set that
         | as a default? Or do you need to remember it and manually do it
         | every time you read a thread like this?
        
       | vkaku wrote:
       | I first thought this was a post about flat design, then went and
       | read the whole toot. Man, who'd expect UI to be bad enough for
       | life and death operations.
       | 
       | Someone should post more details about the actually confusing UI
       | that lead to this event. Would be a good lesson to most of us.
       | 
       | It also appears that Lockheed won a contract for using this
       | system in 2023 [1]. Can someone share if they actually fixed the
       | UI issues with it recently?
       | 
       | 1 - https://news.clearancejobs.com/2023/03/13/lockheed-martin-
       | wi...
        
         | jansan wrote:
         | I thought it was about Chrome's new sidebar by just reading the
         | title.
        
           | vkaku wrote:
           | I actually had to Google what that looked like. It's been a
           | while.
           | 
           | Haha.
        
         | jgilias wrote:
         | The details are in the posted thread.
         | 
         | Basically, heading and location came from one plane,
         | identification from another plane, and altitude yet from
         | another one for reasons.
        
           | vkaku wrote:
           | Thank you. Did go through the whole thing. Talk about
           | complicated systems, lack of documentation, work stress and
           | then branding it a personnel failure. Totally unlike most
           | systems today (not!)
        
       | wruza wrote:
       | Tl;dr
       | 
       | - some friend/foe "cursor" was not locked to a jet trajectory
       | 
       | - a fighter jet flew through it later, classifying it as a threat
       | 
       | - dashboard shows no altitudes
       | 
       | - identifier reuse led to invalid ascent/descent check
       | 
       | - captain decided it's a classic attack profile
        
       | squirrel23 wrote:
       | What an insane story. Crazy to think that some of these
       | engineering errors led to such a disastrous outcome...
       | 
       | I do resonate with someone's comments in the above sections
       | reflecting on whether or not such a narrative would be given if
       | it was say, a UI mistake from an enemy country.
        
       | cies wrote:
       | Very impactful mistake, but apparently not a mistake worth
       | apologizing for.
       | 
       | From Wikipedia: "the U.S. government did not admit legal
       | liability or formally apologize to Iran"
       | 
       | Pinnacle arrogance/exceptionalism. Disgusting.
       | 
       | Oh, and the US back then supported Iraq in its horrific attack on
       | Iran.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq...
        
         | gifvenut wrote:
         | You forgot to mention that Ronald Reagan apologized to the
         | Iranian government and the US paid $60 Mil in compensation to
         | the families.
        
           | ben0x539 wrote:
           | After having become an expert on the incident from having
           | skimmed half of the wikipedia article, I note that it
           | mentions both Reagan considering his letter an apology and
           | the US government not having made a formal apology, so I
           | imagine there is some clever political distinction between
           | the two.
        
             | cies wrote:
             | There also has been no apology for US' use of agent orange
             | in Vietnam, nor has there been a payment of compensation.
             | 
             | Why not formally apologize for such a fuck up (Iran
             | aircraft), except for arrogance/exceptionalism?
        
               | ben0x539 wrote:
               | I guess because they think it doesn't benefit them and
               | will make future diplomacy harder? I don't know if that
               | falls under arrogance, but I also don't know how to
               | ascribe comprehensible motivations to the state
               | department or whoever is in charge of that.
        
               | sitkack wrote:
               | The US is still pressuring Vietnam to "pay it back for
               | the Vietnam war".
        
               | badcppdev wrote:
               | Interesting: " April 7, 1997
               | 
               | Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin and Vietnamese Finance
               | Minister Nguyen Sinh Hung agreed today that Vietnam will
               | repay the United States approximately $145 million in
               | economic debts owed by the former Republic of Vietnam. "
               | 
               | https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/rr1587
        
       | xkbarkar wrote:
       | What a terrible platform to present an interesting story. What
       | wrong with a good old fashioned article style blog ?
       | 
       | I admit I am so turned off by the format I only made it hlf way
       | throught the thread.
        
         | lgrapenthin wrote:
         | I gave up when I realized that I have to click on each "tweet"
         | to read more
        
           | athesyn wrote:
           | the horror
        
           | emsixteen wrote:
           | Likewise.
           | 
           | There is apparently an extremely unintuitive "Show more for
           | all"[1] button at the top of the initial post.
           | 
           | [1] https://i.imgur.com/5l15SM8.png
        
             | degenerate wrote:
             | navigate the UI disaster to read about the UI disaster...
             | 
             | I don't consider this story a UI disaster. Generating
             | different 4-digit codes across terminals for _the same
             | object_ , and recycling those codes regularly... that's a
             | data handling disaster.
        
           | RheingoldRiver wrote:
           | That kinda seems feature-rather-than-bug honestly - I read
           | the entire thing because I'm fascinated by UI/UX stories like
           | this, and clicking to open each tab is nbd, but if it had
           | been a topic I wasn't that interested in, I wouldn't've read
           | it. Which means I'm less likely to fall into an attention-
           | grabbing rabbit hole on social media.
        
           | brabel wrote:
           | And when you try to scroll down with the keyboard, it moves a
           | full "tweet" down so you can't actually read what you were
           | trying to.
        
         | subpixel wrote:
         | User interface disaster indeed
        
         | ImaCake wrote:
         | As a counterpoint; I really like threaded posts like these.
         | Each post in the thread becomes a kind of sub-heading or meta-
         | paragraph which allows the user to disengage at well defined
         | stops.
         | 
         | At the same time, it's understandable that people don't like
         | it. The format has its problems, but I find I will read less of
         | a blog post than a thread all else being equal.
        
           | hoherd wrote:
           | But it does not allow the reader to quickly skim the article.
           | It requires the user to interact with each paragraph in order
           | to enable the user to skim it for interesting words.
           | 
           | Old fashioned non-interactive subheadings would allow the
           | user to "disengage at well defined steps" and also to quickly
           | scan ahead.
           | 
           | I see no benefit to the added interactivity.
        
         | Hamuko wrote:
         | You made it further than I did, since the UI is absolutely
         | horrendous after the first post.
         | 
         | You can set up a blog on the Internet for free if you want to
         | make longform content.
        
         | pavo-etc wrote:
         | Here is the thread unrolled:
         | 
         | https://unroller.zachmanson.com/threads/https:/octodon.socia...
        
         | moffkalast wrote:
         | tl; dr: They had the wrong contact selected. That's it, that's
         | the whole thing.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | " _Please don 't complain about tangential annoyances--e.g.
         | article or website formats, name collisions, or back-button
         | breakage. They're too common to be interesting._"
         | 
         | (I know these things are indeed annoying--but that's why we
         | have this rule.)
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
       | m463 wrote:
       | I wonder when a tesla will show up in a courtroom with a
       | situation like this.
       | 
       | I'm not talking about autopilot.
       | 
       | I'm talking about the continuous (past ridiculous) removal of
       | physical controls from their vehicles.
       | 
       | For example, the original model S/X had dedicated controls for
       | lots of functions - turn signals, gear shift, wipers, autopilot,
       | steering wheel tilt, etc. On the steering wheel, there were two
       | buttons and a scrollwheel on each side of the steering wheel.
       | Press the center of the steering wheel for the horn. The door had
       | mirror adjustment and windows + lock
       | 
       | Unfortunately a few critical controls were on the touchscreen -
       | defrost front and back were big ones, but all the climate
       | controls, and other nonsense too - all pretty much hidden with
       | multiple taps, or small targets or both.
       | 
       | not all of this is bad - putting lots of detailed but non-
       | critical settings like miles vs km are the perfect thing to have
       | on a touchscreen.
       | 
       | but it needed more dedicated controls.
       | 
       | When the Model 3 came out, it started removing controls. There
       | are two stalks, the turn signal also sort of controls headlights
       | and wipers, the shifter is overloaded with autopilot. It has two
       | scrollwheels without buttons, you have to push them left and
       | right.
       | 
       | all other controls are on the touchscreen.
       | 
       | It really needs dedicated controls for important things.
       | 
       | And then the updated model S/X came out. wow.
       | 
       | there are NO stalks. turn signals are touch areas on the steering
       | wheel. so are high beams, horn, wipers. the scroll wheels do
       | different things at different times.
       | 
       | shifter? nope - it guesses what direction you want to go. many
       | more things involve the touchscreen, like going into park. (there
       | is also a touch drive selector in the center console, but you
       | have to look down and touch it to wake, then to select)
       | 
       | Just a mess. It makes you a worse driver.
        
         | ksjskskskkk wrote:
         | I'm more worried when spacex "pivots" to iron dome like
         | products.
         | 
         | you will get a barrage of missiles raining down from space on
         | top of some kindergartens because the autofire ai correlated a
         | bunch of Toyota suvs moving to the same point with terrorists
        
         | IanHalbwachs wrote:
         | Thanks, you've just cured me of my Tesla envy entirely
        
           | seb1204 wrote:
           | I test drove a Hyundai ionic 6. All the levers and dials that
           | had no use because they were set to 'Auto' made me appreciate
           | my model 3 even more.
        
             | noncoml wrote:
             | With the big difference of AUTO mode working for Hyundai
             | while failing miserably for Tesla, because instead of using
             | tested an proven technology the rely solely on their
             | cameras.
             | 
             | For example look at the complains about the windscreen
             | wipers not firing when they should and firing when they
             | shouldn't:
             | 
             | https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/wipers-dont-work-
             | pro...
             | 
             | https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/v11-4-7-2023-7-30-a
             | u...
             | 
             | and so on..
             | 
             | And that's just for the wipers.
        
         | ImaCake wrote:
         | Its not just Tesla. Recent Jeep models have a digital
         | speedometer with no analog backup. From an engineering
         | perspective these changes just introduce needless risk of
         | complex failure for no real gain. Surely the speedometer is not
         | the make or break cost item on a car?
        
           | macintux wrote:
           | Fortunately I bought my Jeep with a manual; as long as I know
           | what gear I'm in, I know roughly how fast I'm driving by
           | sound.
           | 
           | But I'd be surprised if Jeep is the only example of this
           | (outside Tesla). Surely this is the way all cars have been
           | going for a while.
        
             | mannykannot wrote:
             | Things started going downhill when the physical controls
             | became indistinguishable by touch.
        
           | JumpCrisscross wrote:
           | > _these changes just introduce needless risk of complex
           | failure for no real gain_
           | 
           | Analog speedometers are more complex and can't be patched
           | OTA. Eliminating them from the fleet means one less part to
           | procure and inventory for manufacturing and service. Given
           | the downside is losing precise speed awareness (you should
           | still be able to judge rough speed visually--that's the back-
           | up), this seems like a fair trade-off.
           | 
           | Contrast that with _e.g._ brake lines, where digital systems
           | can add redundancy. (That doesn't mean they always do.) Or
           | physical mirrors, which add critical redundancy to cameras.
        
             | thereddaikon wrote:
             | Why do cars need to be patched OTA? Why isn't the code for
             | something as mission critical as a car not written right
             | before it was shipped? I never needed an ECU update on a
             | car before? And my infotainment rarely needed one to the
             | point where the handful of times it did get a firmware
             | update it was handled during servicing just fine.
        
               | smolder wrote:
               | They don't need to be patched OTA. It's ridiculous. The
               | terrible product design practices from other parts of
               | life have unfortunately seeped into automaking.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _Why isn 't the code for something as mission critical
               | as a car not written right before it was shipped?_
               | 
               | We OTA spacecraft. We update planes' software as part of
               | maintenance. We have never written software once. We just
               | accepted the bugs and defects as part of the product's
               | basket of tradeoffs, marvelling when the occasional
               | manufacturer got it right in the first manufacturing
               | runs.
               | 
               | > _never needed an ECU update on a car before?_
               | 
               | There were always weird bugs associated with models that
               | you learned to deal with, or a tendency towards certain
               | failure modes. In extreme cases we recalled.
        
               | outworlder wrote:
               | > We update planes' software as part of maintenance
               | 
               | We don't OTA plane software updates.
               | 
               | > We OTA spacecraft.
               | 
               | Because we can't realistically bring them back and
               | there's an incredible amount of work that goes into make
               | those updates flawless. Spacecraft are not a mass
               | produced consumer product driven by profits and are less
               | likely to have corners cut.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | Sure. We still update the software. The tool which
               | airlines use to create update blobs is even online [1].
               | 
               | > _Because we can 't realistically bring them back_
               | 
               | We couldn't always OTA spacecraft. Back then we just lost
               | them.
               | 
               | The point is in even high-stakes games we don't write
               | flawless software. Now software in cares is doing more.
               | There will be bugs. Pretending there won't is delusional.
               | 
               | What we _can_ do is minimise safety-critical bugs by
               | forcing standardisation and certifciation in those
               | components, even if that slows down innovation, and
               | ensuring timely patches. That's easier with digital than
               | analog, which in turn makes manufacturers more willing to
               | admit they made a mistake.
               | 
               | [1] https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articl
               | es/2010...
        
               | thereddaikon wrote:
               | None of this is a compelling argument for car OTA
               | software updates.
        
             | m463 wrote:
             | Need car tires patched OTA!
        
           | aqfamnzc wrote:
           | Digital dashes have been a thing for a long, long time.
           | They're objectively better in some ways (imho) and costs add
           | up!
        
           | mannykannot wrote:
           | While it is important for cars to have speedometers so that
           | drivers can learn to judge their speed, with a little bit of
           | caution, a journey during which the speedometer fails can be
           | completed both safely and within speed limits.
        
             | semi-extrinsic wrote:
             | On the Volvo 240, the analog speedometer tends to get
             | sticky after you've done a couple hundred thousand miles.
             | Sometimes it will reset if you just hit the dash hard
             | enough, sometimes you just have to guess the speed based on
             | the RPM and gear and experience.
        
           | bdavbdav wrote:
           | The analog speedometer it replaced has been digital behind
           | the scenes for ages. The cluster is just sat on a CAN (or
           | similar) bus and controlling a servo for the analog gauge.
           | The pure digital speedometer is significantly less failure
           | prone (and indeed when it does fail, it's obvious).
        
             | oldgradstudent wrote:
             | A German professor of mine worked at BMW before grad
             | school. He worked on the firmware of the tachometer.
             | 
             | The behavior of the tachometer needle was dictated by the
             | marketing department.
             | 
             | A BMW engine accelerates smoothly and confidently. The
             | tachometer needle never shakes, it rises smoothly and
             | confidently.
        
               | don-code wrote:
               | This is wholly unsurprising to me - the tachometer on my
               | BMW is audibly out of sync with the engine.
        
               | mrpippy wrote:
               | Is that the actual sound of the engine, or fake engine
               | noise being generated through the speakers?
        
             | rootusrootus wrote:
             | > The pure digital speedometer is significantly less
             | failure prone
             | 
             | It sure is. I'm old enough to have had several cars with
             | speedometer malfunctions due to that stupid little plastic
             | gear at the transmission. One more nuisance I'm glad we
             | don't have on newer cars.
        
           | alphager wrote:
           | The analog gauges have been digital for a long time; there's
           | a signal processor that decides how far the gauge should move
           | and a motor that actually moves it.
        
         | hoseja wrote:
         | What sort of "physical control" would be appropriate for a
         | radar-guided beyond-visual-range anti-air missile?
        
           | ceejayoz wrote:
           | https://www.amazon.com/STAPLES-Staples-Easy-
           | Button/dp/B001FV...
        
             | kps wrote:
             | "A left mouse push fires it. We actually asked for a great
             | big red button, but they wouldn't give us one." (British
             | submarine, not the top-level story UI) https://www.theguard
             | ian.com/media/2003/jul/17/tvnews.iraqand...
        
           | dun44 wrote:
           | Typically two different jettison mechanisms, one with a
           | dedicated "emergency jettison" pushbutton.
           | 
           | Also a bunch of physical HOTAS controls, from four-way
           | switches to the small joystick under pilot's left thumb.
        
           | mrguyorama wrote:
           | The commander of the Vincennes actually had to turn at least
           | one key to enable fire of the missile
        
         | dav_Oz wrote:
         | In the near future we will ask ourselves how people back then
         | were doing this virtuoso thing called "driving" and be deeply
         | grateful for the autopilot technology which Tesla was
         | pioneering.
        
           | immibis wrote:
           | More like we'll be deeply thankful for driverless trains.
        
         | MobileVet wrote:
         | This is on point.
         | 
         | I purposely didn't buy a Tesla because I wanted to drive a car,
         | not a toy.
         | 
         | Are touch interfaces all bad? No, but in situations where heavy
         | focus is required and the inputs are dynamically changing, they
         | are a disaster.
        
         | mavhc wrote:
         | The left scroll wheel can: play/pause/next/previous/vol up/down
         | in Normal mode
         | 
         | If you press the wiper button on the steering wheel it can
         | change wiper speed
         | 
         | Long press is a custom function
         | 
         | When there's a call it answers/declines, mute/unmute, and ends
         | a call
         | 
         | The right one actives autosteer/tacc/fsd, adjusts follow
         | distance and max speed
         | 
         | There's 3 buttons for left/right/high beam on the left, and on
         | the right, buttons for wiper mode, voice, rear camera, and in
         | the middle, horn.
         | 
         | Not sure I need a button for steering wheel tilt, should only
         | be when stopped. Also do I change gear so often I need a
         | dedicated stalk? It's not a manual car. Direction/park is only
         | done when stopped too.
         | 
         | Does voice control not work for defrost?
         | 
         | I'd rather have a cheaper car with less parts
        
           | dmix wrote:
           | Yeah I've always been suspect of these critiques of Teslas
           | UI. Besides the climate control you don't really need to tap
           | on the tablet for anything critical to driving WHILE driving.
           | At least that was my experience in my brief experience with a
           | 3.
           | 
           | I'd still add maybe another physical dial for stuff like
           | climate, maybe even make them programmable. But that's for
           | convenience.
           | 
           | I find the rare times you need to use xdrive on BMWs which is
           | a physical dial + a few buttons just as distracting as using
           | a tablet while driving.
        
           | withinboredom wrote:
           | > When there's a call it answers/declines, mute/unmute, and
           | ends a call
           | 
           | Literally do not care about a phone call when it is raining.
           | Hopefully, it at least has coyote time on it so when you
           | adjust the wiper speed it will ignore a phone call.
           | 
           | > Not sure I need a button for steering wheel tilt, should
           | only be when stopped.
           | 
           | I've had to adjust while driving. I don't remember for what
           | reason, but I know I've had to do it a few times in my
           | hundreds of thousands of miles of driving.
           | 
           | > do I change gear so often I need a dedicated stalk? It's
           | not a manual car. Direction/park is only done when stopped
           | too.
           | 
           | When you need it, you need it. I was once driving towards a
           | non-gated, non-indicated railroad crossing in my hometown.
           | There was only a train about once a day that went through
           | there, but that day, there was a train that should not have
           | been there. I slammed on the brakes, pulled the emergency
           | brake, and threw the car into park. I stopped with less than
           | an inch between me and the train.
           | 
           | I also destroyed my transmission by putting it in park at
           | high speed. Worth it.
        
             | leetcrew wrote:
             | > I also destroyed my transmission by putting it in park at
             | high speed. Worth it.
             | 
             | absolutely not worth it. modern cars (ie, anything with abs
             | and disk brakes) achieve maximum deceleration when you mash
             | the brake pedal and allow the car to modulate the clamping
             | force. using the emergency brake and putting the car in
             | park just locks up the wheels. the whole point of abs is to
             | avoid this. you destroyed your transmission to increase
             | your stopping distance.
        
               | withinboredom wrote:
               | This was most certainly not anywhere near a modern car.
               | Further, it was a gravel road, which is a case where I'm
               | not sure ABS brakes work better, but I could be wrong.
        
               | leetcrew wrote:
               | the first key insight here is that brakes can generate
               | much more friction against the wheel than the tire can
               | against any surface you're driving on. this makes the
               | tires the limiting factor for stopping distance, not the
               | brakes. the only exceptions to this rule are very old
               | (like pre-1980s) cars, cars that desperately need new
               | brake pads, and brakes that have overheated from heavy
               | use on a track or riding them down a long hill.
               | 
               | the second key insight is that tires generate the most
               | friction when they are allowed to slip only a small
               | amount. different surfaces have different optimal slip
               | amounts, but you never want to lock up the wheels
               | completely.
               | 
               | gravel does make a difference here. abs is typically
               | tuned for optimal performance on pavement, so it's at
               | least theoretically possible for a skilled human driver
               | to outperform older abs implementations on gravel. the
               | average driver panic stopping is very unlikely to beat
               | abs though. being a lower traction surface, it's also
               | much easier to lock up the wheels on gravel. there's no
               | reason to use the ebrake and _especially_ not to force
               | the transmission into park unless you know for a fact
               | that the main brake pads are failing.
               | 
               | I'm sorry to completely beat you over the head with this
               | explanation, but what you describe is extremely unsafe
               | and I really hope no one reads that and tries it
               | themselves in an emergency. the emergency stop SOP for
               | any abs-equipped car is 1) fully depress the brake pedal,
               | 2) focus on steering the car away from the immediate
               | hazard or at least in a relatively straight line.
        
               | psunavy03 wrote:
               | You don't seem to understand the point of ABS brakes. The
               | way to achieve maximum deceleration in a car IS to lock
               | up the wheels. The reason ABS brakes exist is because
               | when the wheels are locked, the car is sliding as opposed
               | to rolling, which causes the car to skid instead of turn
               | when you turn the steering wheel. Average drivers tend to
               | struggle with this and end up spinning out of control.
               | 
               | So ABS brakes pump the brakes rapidly as a compromise
               | between controllability and stopping distance, which
               | allows the average driver in an emergency to just "stomp
               | and steer" instead of having to learn how to control a
               | skid, which is a more advanced driving skill. But they do
               | this at the expense of stopping distance, which is longer
               | than if you just locked up the brakes.
               | 
               | Putting the transmission in park was still unnecessary
               | and probably useless. It's not designed for that force,
               | so it didn't absorb any energy or help the car stop
               | faster; it just blew up.
        
               | kqr wrote:
               | I'm not sure this is true. Yes, steerability is the main
               | benefit of ABS, but I think bringing wheels from a slight
               | roll to skid absorbs more energy (through deformation of
               | the rubber) then just skidding along would under the same
               | time frame. I.e. ABS does marginally decrease stopping
               | distance -- at least on asphalt -- compared to plain
               | skidding friction.
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | > The way to achieve maximum deceleration in a car IS to
               | lock up the wheels
               | 
               | That isn't true. Dynamic friction for a tire is always
               | less than static friction, as soon as the tires are
               | sliding your stopping distance is going to get longer. A
               | good driver used to be able to threshold brake better
               | than a basic ABS setup, but that hasn't been true now for
               | years. Modern ABS computers are quite advanced.
        
               | outworlder wrote:
               | > The way to achieve maximum deceleration in a car IS to
               | lock up the wheels.
               | 
               | Very much untrue and it's a subject covered by school
               | physics textbooks.
               | 
               | The wheels may not lock up simultaneously(often don't)
               | and that is the reason why ABS will monitor wheels
               | individually. And, if you are doing that, might as well
               | do it all the time, and that's traction control.
               | 
               | ABS decreases stopping distance and increases
               | controllability. It's a win win. These days you can't
               | really do any better than ABS, "average" driver or not.
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | > coyote time
             | 
             | Great term! Hadn't heard that before but it's just the sort
             | of thing I wish more interrupt-driven UI changes had.
        
             | rootusrootus wrote:
             | > I slammed on the brakes, pulled the emergency brake, and
             | threw the car into park. I stopped with less than an inch
             | between me and the train.
             | 
             | Something has to be very wrong with your car if this is
             | required. The emergency brake is just an element of the
             | regular brakes, and the parking pawl is laughably flimsy
             | (it shouldn't engage anyway, it should just skip loudly
             | over the detents if you try to throw the transmission into
             | park while moving).
             | 
             | All you should ever need to do is stand on the brakes. Try
             | to put that pedal through the floor. Don't waste time
             | reaching for transmission levers or emergency brakes, keep
             | both hands on the wheel to maintain control and use your
             | foot to provide maximum stopping power. If your regular
             | brakes are the limit, something is very wrong. Your tires
             | should be the stopping limit.
        
             | WheatMillington wrote:
             | What do you mean when you say the train "should not have
             | been there"?
        
           | eadmund wrote:
           | My God, they've finally made Marcus J. Ranum's comment
           | reality: 'If the designers of X-Windows built cars, there
           | would be no fewer than five steering wheels hidden about the
           | cockpit, none of which followed the same principles -- but
           | you'd be able to shift gears with your car stereo. Useful
           | feature, that.'
        
             | immibis wrote:
             | they even call it X!
        
         | alexey-salmin wrote:
         | > I wonder when a tesla will show up in a courtroom with a
         | situation like this.
         | 
         | Well in this situation no one went to prison, so I guess no
         | reason to worry for Tesla either
        
         | ryanjshaw wrote:
         | > shifter? nope - it guesses what direction you want to go.
         | 
         | I honestly thought you were making this up, or at the very
         | least exaggerating. I can't believe it's true. It just makes no
         | sense.
        
           | InsomniacL wrote:
           | Tesla have a habit of doing things that make no sense and
           | making a success out of it regardless.
        
             | immibis wrote:
             | Capitalism has a habit of doing things that make no sense
             | and making a success out of it regardless.
        
         | thereddaikon wrote:
         | IIRC they got in trouble in Germany for this already because
         | certain controls were mandated by law to be a certain way and
         | they flaunted it. I just bought a new car and a make or break
         | decision for me was the control layout. Too many automakers
         | jumped on the touchscreen bandwagon. Its fine for some things
         | like android auto. But all touchscreen all the time was stupid
         | in star trek and stupid in real life. Having physical controls
         | for things like the lights, wipers and hvac is critical.
        
           | outworlder wrote:
           | Even in Star Trek it wasn't this horrible. The touch buttons
           | were mostly unchanged and in the same place. See the 'pilot'
           | consoles in the first episode all the way to the last, they
           | are exactly the same. No weird 'modes' or different screens.
           | 
           | It is not too farfetched to assume they had some form of
           | haptic feedback (or something even better). They might as
           | well feel like actual buttons to them.
           | 
           | The real life implementation is far stupider.
        
         | InsomniacL wrote:
         | I have a disaster storey to share about this.
         | 
         | Sometimes the car does not want to go in to drive/reverse for
         | some unknown reason.
         | 
         | Not long after I first got my tesla, I was making a 3 point
         | turn to go on to my driveway. I moved forward, then stopped,
         | turned the wheel, pressed the stalk to go in to reverse,
         | pressed the accelerator and WENT FORWARD, right in to my old
         | car denting the door. There was no indication the car declined
         | to go in to reverse apart from the icon on the screen.
         | 
         | Now, Tesla released an update so the car makes an audible noise
         | when changing to drive/reverse and a separate noise when the
         | car refuses your instruction. It's much better but annoyingly
         | the car still refuses quite often to go in to Drive/Reverse
         | when you tell it to, especially when you just get in to it. I
         | now out of habit press the gear stalk 4 or 5 times when first
         | getting in to drive it.
        
           | outworlder wrote:
           | I wonder if this issue is behind all the reports of people
           | randomly crashing into weird obstacles. Often it's claimed
           | that they are confusing the break and accelerator pedals and
           | one pedal driving is cited. But there's a bunch of other EVs
           | that also have one pedal driving and they seem fine.
           | 
           | Mind you, my (much cheaper) EV will beep at me if I try to
           | engage a mode and it refuses. Be it forward, reverse or park.
           | But in the 'ready to drive' state it has never refused
           | reverse or drive; I don't know why it ever would.
        
           | mrguyorama wrote:
           | >annoyingly the car still refuses quite often to go in to
           | Drive/Reverse when you tell it to
           | 
           | How the everloving F** does this even happen? I cannot
           | imagine an ICE car "refusing" switching gears. I know
           | electric vehicles don't manage driving direction through
           | physical gears and linkages like ICE vehicles but this feels
           | like an absurd regression.
        
           | rurp wrote:
           | Holy cow! I have driven a Tesla handful of times and found
           | the UX both terrible and dangerous, but this is a new one to
           | me. Even with all of the other issues those cars have I'm
           | shocked to learn that they will refuse to shift direction. I
           | literally can't imagine myself ever owning a vehicle that
           | would refuse basic commands by design.
        
           | registeredcorn wrote:
           | The idea of a car "refusing" to do what I tell it to do
           | infuriates me. I already have enough problems with various
           | computer programs trying to second guess my decisions. I
           | don't want my toaster, vacuum, or metal buggy telling me it
           | knows better, too!
        
         | gosub100 wrote:
         | > there are NO stalks. turn signals are touch areas on the
         | steering wheel. so are high beams, horn, wipers
         | 
         | I didn't realize how important wipers were till last winter. I
         | was on a 2-lane road at highway speed going into a turn. There
         | had been light snow the previous day which was thawed on the
         | roads, so it was wet and muddy conditions. A truck in the
         | oncoming lane either hit a puddle or otherwise deposited a
         | large splash of muddy water on my windshield instantly, and due
         | to the turn coming up I had to see where I was going. I had
         | about 1 second to find the wipers (it was someone else's
         | vehicle) or I would have gone off the road or into oncoming
         | traffic. That's not the time to hastily search for the wiper
         | button on a touch screen!
        
           | rootusrootus wrote:
           | I'm not a fan of the removal of the stalks, but this deserves
           | clarification.
           | 
           | On the 2017-2023 Model 3, there's a button at the end of the
           | left stalk that immediately activates the wiper. It's
           | basically a mist button, which is also common on most every
           | other car I've driven. So you can always get the wipers to
           | activate instantly without getting anywhere near the
           | touchscreen.
           | 
           | On the 2024 Model 3, with no stalks, there is a steering
           | wheel button on the right that serves the same function. Push
           | for mist, hold for wash. Same as the button on the pre-2024
           | model.
           | 
           | Stalkless is probably still going to be a deal killer for me,
           | but still.
        
             | gosub100 wrote:
             | Thank you for clarifying. I just felt like sharing because
             | I had no idea that windshield wipers could suddenly be as
             | safety-critical as the steering or brakes, despite 24 years
             | of accident-free driving. (Of course if it's raining, you
             | need them, but every time I've driven in the rain there's
             | still enough wiggle-room with partial visibility to pull
             | over safely)
        
         | steeve wrote:
         | Thank you.
        
       | grotorea wrote:
       | Since we're on the topic, you know how much HN complains about
       | touchscreens on cars? Now find out how replacing old school
       | analog controls with software touchscreens UI partly led to the
       | USS John S. McCain colliding:
       | https://features.propublica.org/navy-uss-mccain-crash/navy-i...
        
         | xp84 wrote:
         | This is a fascinating article. I feel like I am in my life
         | constantly fighting against either haphazard UI like the one
         | featured there, and the Apple-style UIs which attempt to
         | optimize for beauty by shoving nearly everything (regardless of
         | usefulness) into layers of "*** junk drawers" or little (i)
         | icons.
         | 
         | On a ship worth hundreds of billions of dollars, it was never
         | considered that the Big Red Button should have a plain English
         | red sign saying "Emergency Take-Control-Here Button. Press to
         | return control to THIS station."
         | 
         | The software designers as well could have used plain and direct
         | language too, and made it easy to do the right thing, and
         | require deliberateness to do a weird thing. If it's wildly
         | irregular to have 2 people independently doing port/starboard
         | thrust control, the process should be like "Transfer Thrust
         | Control", followed by a modal with a giant "BOTH SIDES" button
         | and two tiny "Port only" "Stbd Only" buttons.
         | 
         | Also when you are moving around something as important as
         | _control of your ship,_ why not have a simple voice
         | announcement, what does a loudspeaker cost, 20 dollars a piece?
         | "The _Thrust_ control has been transferred to the _Lee Helm_ "
         | or "All Controls were transferred to the Bridge because the Red
         | Take-Control Button was pressed at that station."
         | 
         | Sometimes I think only thoughtless people and Jony Ive-
         | worshipers are doing UI design.
        
       | spacecadet wrote:
       | Had family members on the Aegis design team... I got another UI
       | disaster... y'all had a chance to end this insane twitter thread
       | UX and you chose to continue it. Why on earth do people post
       | content like this... how much effort do you want me to put in?
       | all that extra energy clicking, making requests...
        
         | immibis wrote:
         | Twitter thread UX makes sense for Twitter, but why do people
         | post things on Twitter, the social media for short messages,
         | that are so long they need threads?
        
           | marvin wrote:
           | It's the place where both the audience and all the
           | interesting authors are.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | " _Please don 't complain about tangential annoyances--e.g.
         | article or website formats, name collisions, or back-button
         | breakage. They're too common to be interesting._"
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
         | 
         | (What _would_ be interesting is hearing more about the Aegis
         | design team, if you want to share)
        
           | spacecadet wrote:
           | Nice try, but my complaint illustrates the issue. Im not
           | complaining about white button text, Im complaining about the
           | awful UX of "twitter threads", which all of the twitter
           | clones seem to have blindly adopted, instead of taking the
           | opportunity to improve on it.
        
             | dang wrote:
             | We have the rule because people often complain about UI
             | annoyances and there isn't any new information in that--
             | especially after it has been repeated countless thousands
             | of times.
             | 
             | I rather agree with you about the UI annoyance stuff but HN
             | threads get super boring when things like this are repeated
             | all the time instead of discussion focusing on the
             | interesting parts of an article.
        
       | cryptos wrote:
       | This could have been an article worth reading, instead it is
       | chunked in tweets (or whatever they are named now) on X. I'd be
       | interested in the topic, but hate the reading experience to much
       | to read it.
        
         | JKCalhoun wrote:
         | But it's about bad UI.
         | 
         | Irony.
        
       | VoodooJuJu wrote:
       | Not reading your 20-post twitter vomit - just make a blog post
       | dude.
        
         | immibis wrote:
         | In other good news, Mastodon is now so good a Twitter clone
         | that you think it's Twitter.
        
           | FinnKuhn wrote:
           | until you try and follow or like the post and learn that the
           | instance this was posted on has blocked your instance...
        
             | immibis wrote:
             | If it was Twitter, you'd be completely banned.
        
           | bogantech wrote:
           | People use the name Coke generically for cola too but it
           | doesn't mean RC cola is any good
        
       | shallmn wrote:
       | The next greatest UI disaster being Mastodon on a smart phone.
        
       | subroutine wrote:
       | Interesting to see this on HN. I currently work for the company
       | that redesigned the HMI/UI following this incident. Or rather,
       | it's how my company was founded. In the aftermath, the US Navy
       | Command in San Diego contacted several UCSD professors in the
       | Cognitive Science and Psychology department who specialized in
       | high-impact decision making under stress and cognitive load. The
       | Navy was apparently impressed with the detailed analysis and recs
       | provided by these faculty and continued to collaborate with these
       | folks on this an other projects. Eventually they were getting so
       | much work from the Navy they founded a company focused on human
       | factors engineering and interface design for complex systems.
       | 
       | The two original founders recently retired and our new CEO is a
       | former Captain of the USS Zumwalt.
        
         | astrobase_go wrote:
         | I think your company is PSE, correct?
        
           | smcl wrote:
           | I think if they wanted to name the company they would have
           | done so in the comment
        
             | gchamonlive wrote:
             | Or at least frame it in a more passive tone like "would you
             | be comfortable disclaiming the name of the company where
             | you work?"
        
             | krisoft wrote:
             | There have been only 5 "former Captain of the USS Zumwalt".
             | That is a very small subset of humans. There have been more
             | humans walking on the moon than former Captains of the USS
             | Zumwalt.
             | 
             | Their names are a matter of public record and one can
             | answer which works as a CEO with 5 simple google searches.
             | 
             | If they didn't want to name the company they shouldn't have
             | identified it willingly and precisely.
        
               | withinboredom wrote:
               | I don't want to know the company's name, but it's
               | interesting to know the history of this event and how it
               | came about.
               | 
               | If people want to do sleuthing, have fun.
        
               | lupusreal wrote:
               | Making clear allusions to the company without directly
               | naming it allows anybody in this conversation who cares
               | to figure it out easily, but doesn't get this discussion
               | automatically indexed with that company's name. Naming
               | the company in a response is rude and unnecessary.
        
               | jen729w wrote:
               | Disagree. I sometimes have cause to comment here and
               | obliquely reference my own project, without its name.
               | 
               | Because its name isn't important to the context, and
               | mentioning it seems gauche; I don't want to 'make the
               | conversation about me'.
               | 
               | It's _not_ because I really don't want anyone here to
               | know about it: if that was the case, I would have kept my
               | trap shut in the first place.
        
             | renewiltord wrote:
             | I, for one, am glad it was mentioned. There's nothing
             | secret about it and it saves me some trouble. Thanks for
             | taking one for the team, Guy who figured it out
        
               | k8sToGo wrote:
               | Same here. With all the detail provided it's not hard to
               | figure out the company.
               | 
               | Btw. You can vouch for comments that are marked dead to
               | revive them.
        
           | subroutine wrote:
           | Indeed it is!
           | 
           | I'm fine with our name being mentioned. I didn't include it
           | above because our website is trash, which doesn't bode well
           | for a company with professional graphics designers and human
           | factors engineers on staff haha.
        
             | dylan604 wrote:
             | The car of the best mechanic in town is usually drives a
             | jalopy or the yard of the landscapers tends to be unkempt
             | kind of a situation.
        
               | skipants wrote:
               | The cobbler's children have no shoes
        
               | bostik wrote:
               | The shoemaker's children have no feet.
        
         | jayp1418 wrote:
         | This is how every software UI should be designed as well.
        
           | withinboredom wrote:
           | Hopefully without people having to die first.
        
             | 93po wrote:
             | does the developer dying inside a little bit while making
             | it count?
        
         | dmix wrote:
         | Fun fact the Captain of the Vincennes went to school for
         | psychology and his father was a US Navy Psychologist in WW2.
        
           | lostlogin wrote:
           | From the wiki: "Rogers' next assignment was as commanding
           | officer of the United States Navy Tactical Training Group at
           | Naval Base Point Loma, a group responsible for training
           | officers in handling combat situations."
           | 
           | Is having that guy train people genius, or moronic?
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Rogers_III
        
             | angiosperm wrote:
             | Arguably moronic, if as appears he disclaimed
             | responsibility for the failure, and even criticized the
             | captain and crew of the Sides for failing to replicate it.
             | At the time of the incident, it appears he had driven his
             | ship into Iranian territorial water, in violation of
             | international maritime law, on an invalid pretext in
             | violation of a direct order from fleet.
             | 
             | At least he was "passed over for promotion to flag rank",
             | and retired three years later, at age 53. One wonders how
             | much responsibility he admitted in his book, "Storm Center:
             | A Personal Account of Tragedy & Terrorism". His wife might
             | not have been exposed to the pipe bomb somebody put in his
             | minivan just a year after the incident, had he demonstrated
             | any contrition at the time.
        
               | psunavy03 wrote:
               | Of course he was passed over for flag. At Commander and
               | above, it's more or less expected that you have a
               | successful Commanding Officer tour in rank order to
               | promote. A few Commanders that don't get command make
               | Captain, but it's the exception rather than the rule. And
               | it's virtually unheard of to make flag without a
               | successful Captain command, because there are so many
               | more Captains than there are slots for Rear Admiral
               | (Lower Half) that most end up retiring anyway. If your CO
               | tour blows up in your face, it's basically a guarantee
               | that you will be expected to retire at the earliest
               | possible opportunity.
               | 
               | The best quote I've ever heard on the subject is "the
               | Navy doesn't have hospitals for careers. It has leper
               | colonies."
        
         | waihtis wrote:
         | Any good reading on this? Might be some interesting learning
         | opportunities for (cyber)security monitoring, which is a total
         | mess right now. Stakes are a bit less severe, but still.
        
           | billbrown wrote:
           | I suggest you check out the work of Gary Klein and the
           | Naturalistic Decision Making community, as the Vicennes work
           | was one of the founding projects. He features it in his 1997
           | book _Sources of Power_.
        
             | csours wrote:
             | Convenience links:
             | 
             | https://www.amazon.com/Sources-Power-People-Make-
             | Decisions/d...
             | 
             | https://www.hpb.com/search?q=sources+of+power+klein&search-
             | b...
        
             | handy2000 wrote:
             | Apologies for hijacking the conversation. Would you be able
             | to recommend any reading specifically on complex UI for
             | critical operations?
        
               | kqr wrote:
               | It's probably not what you are looking for but the DoD
               | _Design Criteria for Human Engineering_ are pretty good.
        
           | jonah wrote:
           | Donald Norman's The Design of Everyday Things is a great
           | intro to human factors and covers a number of high-stakes
           | environments as well as more mundane things like door
           | handles. Highly recommended reading.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Design_of_Everyday_Things
        
             | subroutine wrote:
             | Indeed a seminal work. Don is also at UCSD, and is a
             | founder of the UCSD Design Lab.
             | 
             | https://designlab.ucsd.edu/
        
               | sizzle wrote:
               | He retired (finally!) I believe. And indeed it is a
               | seminal written work, User Centered Systems Design.. what
               | a clever title!
        
           | vigormortis wrote:
           | I would recommend Ed Hutchins' "Cognition in the Wild". He
           | examines the performance of the crew of a ship acting as
           | distributed intelligence and the many factors that go into
           | making them an effective unit (or not).
           | 
           | Ed was also part of the UCSD Cognitive Science department at
           | the time of the Vincennes incident and I suspect it was his
           | work, along with Don Norman's, that drew the attention of the
           | Navy. At the time, I was doing an undergraduate independent
           | study in his lab, where we spent hours watching videos of
           | airline pilots in 747 flight simulators, looking out for
           | errors while using the flight guidance system. Our "textbook"
           | was the operations manual for the 747 guidance and autopilot
           | system.
           | 
           | An example of the sort of UI things we were looking for:
           | 
           | "Improvements" such as replacing the analog altimeter and
           | airspeed indicators with digital readouts deprived pilots of
           | operational awareness as they could no longer estimate rate
           | of descent by watching the movement of the hands of the
           | analog meters.
           | 
           | Anyway, here are the links:
           | 
           | This is the introduction and table of contents:
           | 
           | https://hci.ucsd.edu/hutchins/citw.html
           | 
           | Amazon link
           | 
           | https://www.amazon.com/Cognition-Wild-Bradford-Edwin-
           | Hutchin...
        
             | dylan604 wrote:
             | >"Improvements" such as replacing the analog altimeter and
             | airspeed indicators with digital readouts deprived pilots
             | of operational awareness as they could no longer estimate
             | rate of descent by watching the movement of the hands of
             | the analog meters.
             | 
             | I find discoveries like this fascinating. The unconsidered
             | knock on effects of decisions is one that is very difficult
             | to appreciate at the time. Whether they were unconsidered
             | because no effort was deemed necessary, just not enough
             | experience by the decision makers to be aware the item was
             | used for more than just the obvious use, or any other
             | reasons besides any form of incompetence.
             | 
             | This is one of those times where not having enough people
             | involved shows up. So it's a trade off on accepting a
             | continuous rolling bit of changes just to make something
             | happen now, or paralysis by analysis through committee of
             | people to approve changes.
        
             | cameldrv wrote:
             | I find the glass cockpit airspeed/altitude tapes to be
             | significantly worse overall than analog dials. Not only is
             | it easier to see rate of descent, but it's very easy to see
             | whether the absolute number is where you want it to be.
             | Normally if you're cruising, you will be at an even
             | thousand or 500 foot increment. The big hand should either
             | be pointing straight up or straight down. You can even see
             | out of the corner of your eye if you're a little too high
             | or low. On the tape you have to read a 4-5 digit number.
             | Similar thing with airspeed. Once you are familiar with a
             | plane, you know what angle the airspeed needle should be
             | pointing for a particular phase of flight. It's much
             | quicker cognitively to see the angle of a pointer than
             | reading a number.
        
               | psunavy03 wrote:
               | Overall, though, having flown both, I'd have to argue
               | modern glass cockpits have significantly better UI than
               | the old steam gauges. So many old aircraft didn't even
               | give lip service to helping the aviator with a good
               | instrument scan and just stuffed things willy-nilly.
        
             | sizzle wrote:
             | Loved his class at UCSD! It definitely was something that
             | really sticks in your brain and never leaves cause of how
             | unique the subject material and concepts were taught.
             | 
             | I wonder if they would update the theory of "distributed
             | cognition" in an AI ChatGPT Turing complete world with
             | ubiquitous computing. Thoughts?
        
         | rbanffy wrote:
         | > our new CEO is a former Captain of the USS Zumwalt.
         | 
         | Wait! Wasn't the last captain of the Zumwalt called James Kirk?
        
         | pesfandiar wrote:
         | Software engineers sometimes wonder about the importance of
         | their jobs by comparing them to other engineering fields where
         | mistakes can hurt or kill fellow human beings. And then there
         | are jobs that hurt or kill regardless of the quality of your
         | work.
        
           | subroutine wrote:
           | I'm not sure what you are implying. The nature of the work
           | described above was to prevent a disaster like the shooting
           | down of commercial Flight 655 from ever happening again.
        
             | cutemonster wrote:
             | Yes precisely, and (to GP) that's software and UX design.
             | Not comparing with, it's that exact thing (in that case)
        
           | psunavy03 wrote:
           | Go read about the software bug that literally killed people
           | by miscalculating the radiation dose given by a medical
           | machine. There is software which can hurt or kill fellow
           | human beings. Industrial controls, aircraft flight controls,
           | the list goes on.
        
             | angiosperm wrote:
             | The number of people harmed by that ramshackle contraption
             | never came anywhere near the number wiped out in just the
             | one incident.
             | 
             | Mis-operation of the Aegis system is, BTW, also responsible
             | for the sinking of a British warship, HMS Sheffield, in the
             | Falklands war, with at least 87 killed. It failed to
             | identify an Exocet missile fired by the Argentines as a
             | threat, even though the Navy was thoroughly aware Argentina
             | had them.. (Two other British ships were also hit by
             | Exocets, one sunk, for a couple dozen more lives.)
        
               | HFguy wrote:
               | Aegis is a particular system. Not a generic term for
               | these systems. I don't believe UK ships used it.
        
               | hardlianotion wrote:
               | The anti-aircraft/missile defence on Sheffield was Sea
               | Dart. The Argentinian pilots were familiar with the type
               | 42 destroyer type and its radar, and practiced against
               | the Argentine's own type 42s. This might have some
               | bearing on their success as well.
        
               | psunavy03 wrote:
               | Sheffield was not equipped with Aegis. The only ships in
               | the 1980s that had it were the American Ticonderoga-class
               | guided missile cruisers. Aegis is the name of a specific
               | anti-air system based around the SPY-1 phased-array radar
               | and SM-2 surface-to-air missile. It is not a catch-all
               | term like Kleenex.
        
           | cutemonster wrote:
           | I wonder what "jobs that hurt or kill regardless" you have in
           | mind
        
             | khazhoux wrote:
             | * I'm stressed from working at a game studio --> but no one
             | will die
             | 
             | * I'm stressed from working on avionics or medical
             | software, or designing bridges/etc --> someone may die if I
             | make a mistake
             | 
             | * I'm stressed from working as a firefighter or police
             | officer --> someone (or myself) may die even if I don't
             | make any mistakes
        
             | pesfandiar wrote:
             | Anything to do with "defense" industry
        
         | simne wrote:
         | Greetings from Ukraine, country at war.
         | 
         | You may wonder, but computers extremely important in our life,
         | I bet, you don't release how we depend on high tech now (was
         | not such before war).
         | 
         | I will list how I remember, not by importance.
         | 
         | 1. Electric grid is core of infrastructure, and it depend on
         | computers. Even if in many cases could use decentralized power
         | sources, but need it to feed bank networks for money payments;
         | water supply, heating, also need electricity. And Russians
         | actively use hacker attacks to turn off power in Ukraine.
         | 
         | 2. Air defense. God bless America and developers of Patriot!
         | After last spring we received this wonderful tech, we could
         | feel much safer, just periodically hear "Citizens may hear
         | explosion, as system automatically intercept ballistic missile.
         | Alarm siren was not triggered".
         | 
         | 3. For our people in trenches, information is literally life,
         | because Russians have large number old, but dangerous tech,
         | like artillery and air approx 1960s. And now also got cheap new
         | tech from East - most annoying drones (UAV).
         | 
         | So if one side got knowledge, where some opponent military
         | unit, they immediately fire on it if possible.
         | 
         | Even become usual thing, artillery duels, when artillery units
         | on each side, try to destroy each other. And as they are long
         | distance units, they don't see opponent, just know from
         | intelligence, that on some coordinates appear opponent.
        
       | d3w4s9 wrote:
       | Sarcastically, on a mobile phone, a persistent sidebar takes up
       | valuable space from the content. Somehow Mastodon thinks this is
       | good UI.
        
       | 2-718-281-828 wrote:
       | When a foreign country kills US citizens, it's terrorism. When
       | the US kills foreign civilians it's collateral damage or a UI
       | disaster ... business as usual.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _When a foreign country kills US citizens, it 's terrorism_
         | 
         | No, it's an act of war if deliberate. As this would have been.
         | It is unusual (though not unprecedented) to refer to the
         | actions of states' militaries as terrorism.
        
         | vitiral wrote:
         | Intent is important. If I accidentally step on your toe it
         | doesn't necessarily say anything about my character. If I I
         | intentionally step on your toe you know I'm an asshole.
         | 
         | Intent and regret tells you what someone will do in the future.
        
         | jakobnissen wrote:
         | That's a completely unreasonable take. There is no reason to
         | believe that the killing was intentional, so it can't possibly
         | be terrorism.
         | 
         | Equating an accidental shootdown of a civilian plane during a
         | war, with the intentional killing of civilians as a stategy
         | employed by e.g. jihadist is deeply disingenuous.
        
       | quietbritishjim wrote:
       | Another good write up of this incident is on the excellent
       | Admiral Cloudberg blog:
       | 
       | https://admiralcloudberg.medium.com/the-long-shadow-of-war-t...
       | 
       | Another article in that series is also related to a UX mistake:
       | Air France Flight 447.
       | 
       | This crashed, in part, because the inputs from two control sticks
       | (one for pilot and other for copilot) were _averaged_ if they
       | disagreed, unlike on a Boeing (at the time at least) where they
       | 're physically connected so you can't have contradictory inputs
       | in the first place, and you'd feel the other pilot fighting you.
       | When the plane stalled, one pilot correctly pushed down to come
       | out of the stall (after which they would be able to pull back up)
       | while the other pulled up instead (which is wrong but does feel
       | like the instinctively correct thing to do). The inputs cancelled
       | out so had almost no effect. By the end both pilots were pulling
       | up, but that hadn't been the case earlier on when the problem
       | could have been resolved.
       | 
       | https://admiralcloudberg.medium.com/the-long-way-down-the-cr...
       | 
       | The captain had been on a rest brake and only re-entered the
       | cabin at the last moment. He finally figured out the problem but
       | it was too late to do anything.
       | 
       | > "Go on, pull," Dubois said. Was this comment a sardonic
       | resignation to fate?
        
         | gregsadetsky wrote:
         | The tragic AF447 flight comes up somewhat regularly on the site
         | -- see this recent conversation [0].
         | 
         | [0] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37089363
        
           | dredmorbius wrote:
           | CFIT is a particularly spectacular form of failure.
           | 
           | <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain
           | >
        
         | MichaelZuo wrote:
         | It's not something that can be changed on airbus cockpits,
         | since the nature of side sticks makes them impossible to be
         | mechanically linked, unless there was some very complex motor
         | system built into each stick that provided force feedback equal
         | in strength to a pilot tugging hard on it.
        
           | masklinn wrote:
           | > unless there was some very complex motor system built into
           | each stick that provided force feedback equal in strength to
           | a pilot tugging hard on it
           | 
           | It does not have to be "equal in strength to a pilot tugging
           | hard on it" since there is normally no significant load
           | applied by the stick to the hand (only the centering
           | springs). So most every feedback should be noticeable.
           | 
           | And force feedback is being deployed right now on commercial
           | planes. The Irkut MC-21 was supposed to be the first airliner
           | featuring them, but the invasion of ukraine and subsequent
           | sanctions nixed that (as the provider of the sticks is the
           | french company Ratier-Figeac). Gulfstream's 7th gen (GVII)
           | also have active sticks, provided by BAE.
        
             | MichaelZuo wrote:
             | Yes, but then no one would consider the feedback to be the
             | equivalent of a mechanically linked system, like what
             | Boeing uses.
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | Of course they would: the problem is that there is a lack
               | of feedback when incompatible input is entered.
               | 
               | Audio feedback was added since AF 447 but as well known
               | sound is one of the first thing to be blanked out in high
               | stress situations. Physical feedback provides a second
               | stimulus, and one which does not get ignored as much.
               | 
               | The planes are FBW, the side sticks have no mechanical
               | linkage outside their control box, there is no cause for
               | a pilot to input significant force on the stick, and thus
               | most every feedback would be sensible. Unlike a 737, the
               | pilots are not physically moving the control surfaces.
        
               | MichaelZuo wrote:
               | The moment one pilot does tug hard on the stick though,
               | then the same problem is still there.
               | 
               | So it will work most of the time except when you really
               | need to, when the other pilot is panicking and won't
               | provide accurate answers.
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | > The moment one pilot does tug hard on the stick though,
               | then the same problem is still there.
               | 
               | No, because the point is that the other pilot will feel
               | the action and thus know that there are conflicting
               | input. The sticks can even synchronise their movements,
               | that way pilots can both see and feel that their copilot
               | is inputting.
               | 
               | That is the point, making the _existence_ of conflicting
               | input clearer.
               | 
               | > So it will work most of the time except when you really
               | need to
               | 
               | No.
               | 
               | > when the other pilot is panicking and won't provide
               | accurate answers.
               | 
               | The sticks support taking priority, so a pilot seeing
               | that their copilot is panic-inputting would be trained to
               | press and hold the priority takeover button, deactivating
               | their copilot's stick.
        
               | MichaelZuo wrote:
               | You seem to be confused, obviously it won't work 100% of
               | the time due to shear probability, it's not physically
               | linked up so there will always be a possibility of one or
               | both pilots ignoring every possible warning, shaking,
               | vibration, mild pushback, etc... regardless of how well
               | they've been trained on detecting these.
               | 
               | Whether it works the vast majority of the time, in
               | practical situations, remains to be seen. Confusing a
               | known, physically guaranteed, aspect of a system with an
               | estimated likelihood of actual system performance is a
               | sign you need to more deeply study the issue.
        
           | hn8305823 wrote:
           | The Cirrus SR-22 (the best selling general aviation plane
           | every year since 2003) has mechanically linked side sticks.
           | They aren't fly by wire like the Airbus but it shows they can
           | be linked without a complex motor system.
        
             | rootusrootus wrote:
             | > Cirrus SR-22
             | 
             | Are those _really_ side sticks, though? They look much more
             | like one half a yoke than the kind of side stick you 'd see
             | in, for example, an Airbus or an F-16.
        
           | KennyBlanken wrote:
           | ...it's a spring and a servo. Or a brushless motor.
           | 
           | https://github.com/scottbez1/smartknob
           | 
           | ...or any not-bottom-end-of-market steering wheel for driving
           | video games.
        
             | outworlder wrote:
             | It's not just "a spring and a servo" when we are talking
             | about aviation. Redesigning GA aircraft and rectifying is
             | already bad enough. An airliner, and something as crucial
             | as flight controls?
             | 
             | Yeah, good luck jury rigging some servos.
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | > It's not something that can be changed on airbus cockpits
           | 
           | You'd need to run cables between them and redesign the sticks
           | to have mechanical hooks, and it'd be a very ugly hack, but
           | it's hardly impossible.
        
             | MichaelZuo wrote:
             | Impossible for it to still be viable for a commercial
             | airliner competing on costs, especially long term upkeep
             | costs.
             | 
             | Not impossible for an unlimited budget.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | I think the biggest no-nos on this hack would be that
               | it'd need to be certified and since it fundamentally
               | changes the UI for the pilots, everyone would need to be
               | retrained.
               | 
               | The hack itself would be a small detail line on the
               | overall budget for the changes.
        
               | masklinn wrote:
               | The retraining would barely be a concern. It would be a
               | new input similar (but not identical) to the stick
               | shaker, or a new audio alert (as was literally introduced
               | for the dual-input issue after AF447).
               | 
               | The hack is the entirety of the cost, it would require
               | completely redesigning the side-stick, updating their
               | entire maintenance procedure (currently side-stick can
               | trivially be unscrewed and swapped out), as well as
               | redesigning the cabin cell to provide routing for the
               | cables such that they keep tension and don't get damaged.
               | 
               | Stick manufacturers have been working on active sticks
               | for more than two decades, and they're getting released
               | right now. While force feedback on PC joysticks was
               | introduced in 1997.
        
           | cco wrote:
           | I believe Airbus is planning to add force feedback to the
           | side sticks for this error case. But I don't know that.
           | 
           | Many aircraft controls already have force feedback in the
           | form of stick pushers [1], a device to violently shake the
           | control yoke when the aircraft is at risk of stalling. Those
           | have been around since the 60's.
           | 
           | So this is not only possible, but it's been around for a long
           | time though Airbus had chosen to use a verbal warning only
           | instead of a stick shaker.
        
           | thescriptkiddie wrote:
           | is there really no mechanical connection between the stick
           | and the control surfaces on an airbus? that seems really
           | dangerous.
        
             | jaywalk wrote:
             | There really is no mechanical connection. And the Airbus
             | A320 (first airliner with no mechanical backup) has been
             | flying this way since 1988, so it's not anywhere near as
             | dangerous as you think.
        
         | cesarb wrote:
         | > unlike on a Boeing (at the time at least) where they're
         | physically connected so you can't have contradictory inputs in
         | the first place
         | 
         | I don't know if it's true, but I recall reading somewhere that
         | this physical connection is a breakable link, so if one of the
         | controls gets stuck the other control can still be used to fly
         | the airplane (after some application of strong force to break
         | the connection).
        
           | f1shy wrote:
           | Yes it is true. The force needed is pretty high.
        
           | immibis wrote:
           | It also caused one accident, where both pilots thought the
           | controls were jammed because the other pilot was pulling in
           | the opposite direction. This is no better than averaging. At
           | least Airbus gives an alarm.
        
             | ImPostingOnHN wrote:
             | Which accident was that? Thanks!
        
               | immibis wrote:
               | Don't remember, sorry.
        
               | ImPostingOnHN wrote:
               | I couldn't find any evidence of it happening either,
               | which makes sense, a system which gives feedback there's
               | a problem intuitively seems better than one which
               | doesn't.
        
               | Lt_Riza_Hawkeye wrote:
               | It was an air france accident, it happened twice (both
               | times to air france), one time it resulted in an
               | accident, then it happened again later but it only
               | resulted in an extremely stressful go around
        
         | masklinn wrote:
         | > unlike on a Boeing (at the time at least) where they're
         | physically connected so you can't have contradictory inputs in
         | the first place, and you'd feel the other pilot fighting you.
         | 
         | Note that it's not quite that flagrant: because Boeings don't
         | normally autotrim (famously aside from the 737 MAX, whose MCAS
         | was not documented and trained for -- I think the more recent
         | Boeings like 777 and 787 are FBW and do autotrim) it's possible
         | to fight your co-pilot while thinking you're not trimmed, or
         | even that you have excessive air load:
         | 
         | > excessive air loads on the stabiliser may require effort by
         | both pilots to correct miss-trim. In extreme cases it may be
         | necessary to aerodynamically relieve the air loads to allow
         | manual trimming.
        
         | quench wrote:
         | >unlike on a Boeing (at the time at least) where they're
         | physically connected so you can't have contradictory inputs in
         | the first place
         | 
         | Air France seemed to manage ithttps://www.avweb.com/aviation-
         | news/air-france-crew-fought-e...
         | 
         | Also glad to see that airbus are planning to put force feedback
         | side-sticks in future.
        
           | quietbritishjim wrote:
           | > Air France seemed to manage it [on a Boeing]
           | 
           | Hence my "at the time" bracket. Since then, newer Boeing
           | planes have actually removed the physical connection between
           | the sticks! Absolutely bonkers decision given the background.
           | (I put "at least" at the end of my bracket because I wasn't
           | 100% sure I rememebered correctly.) But maybe there is a good
           | reason - e.g. like a sibling comment suggested, if one gets
           | stuck.
        
             | masklinn wrote:
             | AFAIK the 777 still has mechanically linked yokes. It has a
             | breakout mechanism in case one of the controls gets jammed
             | (allows freeing the other one), but it's not been
             | _removed_.
        
       | moritz64 wrote:
       | A quite recent UX disaster at Paypal.
       | 
       | The Paypal iOS app used to behave strange with numbers. The
       | interface was designed that you had to type in the amount you
       | wanted to send in cents. If you wanted to send USD 50, you had to
       | type 5000. Paypal then would add a comma after the second digit
       | from the right. What made it even stranger: The numbers were
       | aligned right, so it had the feeling of typing backwards. I never
       | really got used to it.
       | 
       | A few weeks ago, without a note, the whole interface changed. Now
       | you HAVE to fill in the comma. If you just type in 5000 like you
       | did before, you would send USD 5000 instead of USD 50. I
       | personally know of one person who send way to much money and I
       | suspect it is because of this UX change.
       | 
       | Thoughtful design matters!
        
         | ajsnigrutin wrote:
         | The price in cents is the way "it was always done" in retail,
         | back when POS terminals were not directly connected to cash
         | registers and the worker had to manually type in the amount.
         | But yeah, sudden change in US design will causemany errors
         | everywhere.
        
           | dmix wrote:
           | I find gas station pumps 25% are with the cents approach but
           | usually if you type in 60 and press enter it will work
           | 
           | It's definitely one of those UI concepts that's different
           | depending on context. similar to password with some websites
           | making up random rules that vary sufficiently enough where
           | automated password entry doesn't work nor does using a
           | reusable password for sites you don't care about
        
             | Scoundreller wrote:
             | Then there's microwaves and other timers.
             | 
             | Punching in "99" will run much longer than "100".
        
           | bee_rider wrote:
           | I'm adding a tangent to a tangent, but "POS terminals" has to
           | be one of the greatest naming decisions in history.
        
             | jpc0 wrote:
             | I couldn't agree more.
        
         | _giorgio_ wrote:
         | Always felt wrong. Now it's even more wrong.
        
         | gosub100 wrote:
         | I dont know what you mean by aligned right (if it aligned left
         | it would have to know how much you intended to transfer before
         | you started), but wells fargo web (and I think app) uses this,
         | and I prefer it for making small payments. They know you're
         | going to type the decimal anyway, so they save you a step. I
         | get mildly annoyed that other banking sites make me type it. If
         | I'm paying $83.21 I still have to type 4 digits, why not save
         | me the step?
        
           | constantly wrote:
           | I'm confused by the "aligned left" comment. Analogously this
           | seems like saying left alignment in my word processor would
           | mean the word processor would need to know what I was going
           | to type before I type it.
           | 
           | Can you explain?
        
           | ipqk wrote:
           | Because lots of people send mostly whole numbers to friends
           | and family. If I want to send $5 instead of typing "5" I now
           | have to type "500"
        
           | paledot wrote:
           | When I've encountered it, the interface has looked like this
           | (as I'm in the process of filling it in):
           | $_.__         $_._1         $_.12         $1.23
           | $12.34
           | 
           | Typically it also rejects non-numeral inputs, so if you
           | muscle-memory a decimal point it gets ignored and your input
           | (hopefully) proceeds normally. Whereas a "left-aligned" input
           | would be the style that we're accustomed to from general text
           | input:                   $         $1         $12
           | $12.         $12.3         $12.34
        
         | timenova wrote:
         | Perhaps a better design could be two number fields clearly
         | demarcating the two halves of the value.
         | 
         | Plus, you cannot fill more than digits after the decimal place
         | for most currencies, so IMO the design they went with (even
         | though it is done that way on POS terminals) is bad for web and
         | phone apps.
         | 
         | For example, if some system showed a value to transfer at
         | $25.645, and the person input 25645 by mistake, instead of
         | 2564, they would end up sending $256!
        
         | Findecanor wrote:
         | I made a similar mistake, sending too little, back when PayPal
         | had changed to use the user's local currency as the default
         | instead of the currency I had my balance in.
        
         | notjustanymike wrote:
         | Out of all places, Bank of America actually does this right.
         | Any large wire transfer requires re-entering your credentials.
        
         | davidmurdoch wrote:
         | Using a "comma" to refer to the decimal separator when talking
         | about USD while writing in English about software (written in a
         | computer language that uses a decimal point) took me on a
         | mental rollercoaster. So much so that it led me to read the
         | Wikipedia page on the decimal separator. My favorite part:
         | 
         | > Unicode defines a decimal separator key symbol ([?] in hex
         | U+2396, decimal 9110) which looks similar to the apostrophe.
         | This symbol is from ISO/IEC 9995 and is intended for use on a
         | keyboard to indicate a key that performs decimal separation.
        
           | eadmund wrote:
           | >> Unicode defines a decimal separator key symbol ([?] in hex
           | U+2396, decimal 9110) which looks similar to the apostrophe.
           | This symbol is from ISO/IEC 9995 and is intended for use on a
           | keyboard to indicate a key that performs decimal separation.
           | 
           | Egad, settling the ./, issue by selecting [?] is like
           | settling the debate between 0-based arrays and 1-based by
           | numbering them from 1/2. Or between little- and big-endian by
           | choosing middle-endian.
        
             | SamBam wrote:
             | Huh, I don't see it that way. It's totally unambiguous,
             | there would be no way for that character to have entered
             | the number without it being the decimal separator.
             | 
             | Contrast that to choosing either a period or a comma and
             | your setting yourself up for serious potential errors.
             | 
             | Obviously the user doesn't need to see that symbol, you can
             | localize it however you want.
        
             | xp84 wrote:
             | Note the keyboard part. I think this is meant to be what
             | they can physically print on the numpad section of an
             | international-style keyboard. When you're typing numbers in
             | a Euro locale you'd get `,` but in US English you would get
             | a period. (At least, I hope that's what the decimal key on
             | the numpad does when you set your locale to a certain
             | locale. It would be obnoxious if when typing numbers in an
             | English context, you had to go find the period key on the
             | other side.)
             | 
             | I don't _think_ we 're meant to normally switch to actually
             | putting that character in our numbers though. If so,
             | clearly nobody has agreed to do it!
        
       | upofadown wrote:
       | Admiral Cloudberg has a detailed discussion of the incident,
       | including the user interface behaviour:
       | 
       | * https://admiralcloudberg.medium.com/the-long-shadow-of-war-t...
       | 
       | Reading the different takes on the incident leaves one with the
       | impression that there was a lot more going on there than just the
       | stuff with the user interface.
        
       | century19 wrote:
       | If I remember correctly, the Lockerbie / Pan Am attack was in
       | response to this.
        
       | swader999 wrote:
       | Ironic that a decent article about UX is splattered across a
       | bunch of Twitter posts.
        
       | smcl wrote:
       | > they saw this contact heading towards them labeled as an F-14
       | fighter.
       | 
       | What's wild to me is the assumption that Iran would suddenly
       | launch a single F-14 fighter to attack a ship. Was there no
       | moment where they thought "maybe there has been a mistake?" -
       | like where Stanislav Petrov chose to interpret the Soviet early
       | warning system telling him an ICBM was incoming as being a result
       | of some faulty instruments.
       | 
       | Granted the stakes were slightly different - downing one airliner
       | is less severe than risking starting a global nuclear
       | annihilation.
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | In the moment, it's really hard to step back and ask yourself
         | "Does this make any sense?" when you're primed to react in some
         | particular way.
        
           | ceejayoz wrote:
           | Especially with an element of "I might personally get blown
           | up" involved.
        
             | graphe wrote:
             | Yet the Cuban missile crisis with the stake of the entire
             | world didn't escalate.
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | 1. More time to think. An incoming F-14 is a
               | minutes/seconds scenario; the Cuban crisis lasted 10
               | days.
               | 
               | 2. "X did not happen" does not mean "Y was not a factor
               | in X". The "about to get blown up" factor was part of the
               | reason the Cuban missile crisis happened; it's also
               | probably part of the resolution.
        
               | Cyph0n wrote:
               | There were some close calls during the Cold War. https://
               | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alar...
        
               | graphe wrote:
               | For some reason I mixed this with the Cuban missile
               | crisis, I thought it had something to do with it.
        
               | cozzyd wrote:
               | My favorite is https://blog.ucsusa.org/david-wright/the-
               | moon-and-nuclear-wa...
        
               | Merad wrote:
               | We got _incredibly_ lucky. A Soviet submarine trying to
               | get through the blockade believed that war had broken out
               | and wanted to attack the US fleet with nuclear torpedoes
               | [0]. Normally only two men aboard the sub had to approve
               | the nuclear launch, and they both wanted to fire. This
               | particular sub happened to have a third officer [1] on
               | board who also needed to approve the launch, and he may
               | have literally saved the world by disagreeing with the
               | other two officers.
               | 
               | 0: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis#Ave
               | rted_n...
               | 
               | 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Arkhipov
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | And my understanding is the US military leadership was
               | generally in favor of attacking Cuba not knowing there
               | were already nuclear warheads there.
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | With proper training, that should be irrelevant.
             | 
             | They probably had second thoughts, but they got
             | confirmation that contact 4474 was descending rapidly.
        
               | ceejayoz wrote:
               | No amount of training is likely to completely remove
               | human factors. It helps, sometimes a lot, but there's
               | always going to be a bit of a difference thinking
               | _actual_ ordinance is currently headed directly at you.
        
               | angiosperm wrote:
               | It was a disgraceful dereliction of duty by the
               | implementers of Aegis to recycle contact IDs so eagerly.
               | With 4 digits it should have taken 10,000 subsequent
               | contacts before that number came around again.
        
         | mannykannot wrote:
         | Maybe (probably?) it did seem crazy, but the officers sought
         | verification from the system and seemed to get it.
         | 
         | They were probably unaware that there was an airliner in their
         | vicinity, as it had been incorrectly tagged as an F-14. I don't
         | know where the actual F-14 was, but quite possibly nowhere in
         | the vicinity of the ship.
        
         | krisoft wrote:
         | > What's wild to me is the assumption that Iran would suddenly
         | launch a single F-14 fighter to attack a ship.
         | 
         | What is sudden about that? "Two months before the incident, the
         | U.S. had engaged in Operation Praying Mantis, resulting in the
         | sinkings of the Iranian frigate Sahand, the Iranian fast attack
         | craft Joshan, and three Iranian speedboats. Also, the Iranian
         | frigate Sabalan was crippled, two Iranian platforms were
         | destroyed, and an Iranian fighter was damaged. A total of at
         | least 56 Iranian crew were killed"
         | 
         | And on the very day their helicopter received small arm fire
         | from an Iranian patrol vessel, which they were pursuing when
         | the shoot-down happened.
         | 
         | In this situation the idea that Iran would launch a fighter
         | against them is not that wild.
        
           | outworlder wrote:
           | > In this situation the idea that Iran would launch a fighter
           | against them is not that wild.
           | 
           | Why would they launch _a single_ fighter to attack a warship?
        
             | toast0 wrote:
             | Patrol ship sees and engages a foreign warship inside the
             | patrol's territorial waters and radios for help. First
             | fighter available launches and flies that way to
             | investigate. Sees the warship engaged with the patrol boat
             | and takes initiative, while other fighters are prepping for
             | launch for follow on attacks in case the invading warship
             | does not retreat or surrender.
        
               | gpderetta wrote:
               | The issue is "single". Does scrambling a single fighter
               | ever happen, don't they always fly in pairs? A single
               | attack or recognisance plane would make sense.
               | 
               | Of course they might have known that their ability to
               | properly identify the threat was limited, but that raises
               | even more questions...
        
               | krisoft wrote:
               | > Does scrambling a single fighter ever happen, don't
               | they always fly in pairs?
               | 
               | The USS Stark was hit by missiles from a single aircraft
               | just a year before the incident in question. So no, they
               | don't always fly in pairs.
        
               | 8372049 wrote:
               | The USS Stark was attacked by an (Iraqi) Dassault Falcon
               | 50, not by a fighter jet. Fighters operating solo is
               | virtually unheard of, especially in a live offensive
               | posture.
        
               | toast0 wrote:
               | Even if you usually run in pairs, if your gunboat is
               | engaging a foreign hostile, and only one fighter has a
               | pilot immediately available, are you going to wait for a
               | second pilot or just send what you have?
        
             | mrguyorama wrote:
             | A single F-14 which only barely can even attack a surface
             | vessel! It didn't have an anti-ship missile!
        
         | xen2xen1 wrote:
         | As far as I understand it, a single F14 could launch a single
         | Exocet missile, and make a VERY large hole in an aircraft
         | carrier, and if the conditions were right, putting it to the
         | bottom of the sea. Or the same for a battleship. I seem to
         | recall that being a large concern even then, if not especially
         | then.
        
           | blobcode wrote:
           | To my knowledge, the F-14 never carried any anti-ship
           | missile, especially on the early-model Iranian Tomcats, as
           | the F-14 only received an air-to-ground upgrade package in
           | the 90's.
        
             | kayodelycaon wrote:
             | Yup. Some quick googling shows F-14 had LANTIRN pods added
             | and upgraded software to support smart bombs in the
             | mid-90s.
             | 
             | All models appear to completely lack the necessary software
             | and hardware to use self-guided ground-attack weapons.
             | 
             | A hefty unguided bomb would be possible, but a WW2 dive
             | bomber would have better accuracy. You're probably better
             | off using the gun.
             | 
             | With a lot of luck, you could mission-kill a frigate. Radar
             | arrays don't like to be rapidly disassembled.
        
               | toss1 wrote:
               | ... which we can all discuss at leisure from our
               | armchairs with zero of the stress associated with being
               | in the command chair that day.
               | 
               | Just because commenters here may come up with some down-
               | in-the-weeds detailed analysis that could have, if known
               | then, changed the course of events, does not mean that
               | it's reasonable to have come up with that in the heat of
               | battle.
               | 
               | There is a reason that the practice is called "Monday
               | Morning Quarterbacking".
        
               | mrguyorama wrote:
               | If you are commander of an explicitly Anti-Air cruiser,
               | and you are unaware that any F-14 tasked against you
               | would not have an anti-ship missile and would be abusing
               | some other weapon "off-label", then you should not be
               | defending a carrier fleet from aircraft. You should be
               | familiar with the airframes, weapons, and abilities of
               | your adversary.
               | 
               | The F-14 is not an attack aircraft! It was designed to
               | intercept incoming air threats and bombers!
        
               | wavemode wrote:
               | "So... the fighter was in range of your missiles."
               | 
               | "Yep."
               | 
               | "And rapidly diving directly toward your fleet."
               | 
               | "Mmhmm."
               | 
               | "But you didn't fire on it? Why not?"
               | 
               | "Well, it was an F-14, you see. Doesn't possess anti-ship
               | missiles."
               | 
               | "Yes... that's precisely the sort of tactical advantage
               | you were put there to exploit."
               | 
               | "Wouldn't have been sporting."
        
               | kayodelycaon wrote:
               | I happen to agree with you. I was just speculating what
               | could have been done.
               | 
               | I have had to make decisions under stress. If I had been
               | in the captain's chair, I absolutely would have fired.
               | 
               | A verified enemy plane diving towards my ship in an
               | active war zone?
               | 
               | If I had been thinking at all, I'd be thinking about the
               | British losing a ship in the Falklands just 6 years ago.
        
               | gpderetta wrote:
               | Probably I would as well.
               | 
               | Then again there is a reason I'm not a navy captain with
               | copious amounts of missiles under my control.
        
             | aerostable_slug wrote:
             | Given the fact that Iran successfully jury-rigged MIM-23
             | Hawk SAMs onto their F-14s, it's not out of the realm of
             | possibility that they could do something similar with
             | Exocet.
             | 
             | During the Falklands war there were worries that the Argies
             | were fitting Exocet to LearJets (turns out they were used
             | for recce and communications), and Chile also had a project
             | on the books to convert Falcon biz jets to carry Exocet.
             | And, some say USS Stark was itself attacked by a Falcon
             | carrying Exocets. Grafting missiles onto a warplane that
             | already has hardpoints and the like seems like an easier
             | task.
        
         | leetcrew wrote:
         | a US frigate (uss stark) was severely damaged by a single Iraqi
         | plane in the previous year. the captain did not expect an Iraqi
         | attack, so he tried to warn the plane off multiple times,
         | ultimately allowing it to fire two missiles which hit his ship.
         | the missiles would likely have been shot down if the Stark's
         | countermeasures were working correctly. but they weren't, and
         | 37 Americans died.
         | 
         | given that context, it doesn't seem wild to take an Iranian
         | plane as a serious threat.
        
         | wil421 wrote:
         | Iraq attacked the USS Stark a year before. They used a business
         | jet with an Exocet missile attached to it. This was by mistake
         | but it still happened.
         | 
         | A single plane shooting down a ship is not unheard of but the
         | US has done it in pairs to the whole Iran navy.
        
           | sillywalk wrote:
           | I thought it was an F-1 Mirage?
        
         | ARandomerDude wrote:
         | "Captain, why where you derelict in your duty to protect your
         | ship and crew?"
         | 
         | "Well, I just thought a single F-14 was probably not that big
         | of a deal."
        
         | snakeyjake wrote:
         | >What's wild to me is the assumption that Iran would suddenly
         | launch a single F-14 fighter to attack a ship.
         | 
         | Limited hit and run attacks were typical Iranian behavior at
         | the time.
         | 
         | The US tested to see if the F-14 could launch a Harpoon anti-
         | ship missile just a couple of years prior to this because Iran
         | had both F-14s and Harpoons. The test was successful.
         | 
         | It is highly unlikely that Iran ever equipped the F-14 with
         | Harpoons but the thought that they would because it was a
         | capability they possessed was a very real fear at the time.
        
         | Nition wrote:
         | It sounds like the real pro strat for an attack would have been
         | to launch a single F-14 with a commercial jet taking off right
         | up close behind you.
         | 
         | "Sure that plane looks like it's moving fast and diving
         | straight towards us, but it's just an Airbus A300."
        
         | sillywalk wrote:
         | UI failings aside, a few points, mostly from the US Naval
         | Institute's Proceedings[2] (which has references to the
         | Official Investigation "Fogarty report"[3])
         | 
         | - it was standard practice to illuminate Iranian military
         | aircraft with missile fire control radar as a warning for them
         | to turn around. "When you put that radar on them, they went
         | home. They were not interested in any missiles," Captain
         | Carlson recalled.
         | 
         | - the captain of the Vincennes was known as trigger-happy and
         | the Vincennes was nicknamed the Robo-Cruiser.
         | 
         | - the Vincennes was inside Iranian territorial waters at the
         | time of the shoot-down
         | 
         | - data from USS Vincennes' tapes, information from USS Sides
         | and reliable intelligence information corroborate the fact that
         | TN 4131 was on a normal commercial air flight plan
         | profile...squawking Mode III 6760, on a continuous ascent in
         | altitude from take-off at Bandar Abbas to shoot down."
         | 
         | - "Capt. Rogers was a difficult student. He wasn't interested
         | in the expertise of the instructors and had the disconcerting
         | habit of violating the Rules of Engagement in the wargames."
         | [2]
         | 
         | - Commander Lustig, the air-warfare coordinator, even won the
         | navy's Commendation Medal for "heroic achievement," his
         | "ability to maintain his poise and confidence under fire,"
         | enabling him to "quickly and precisely complete the firing
         | procedure.
         | 
         | - _all hands aboard the Vincennes and the Elmer Montgomery
         | received combat action ribbons._ "
         | 
         | ...
         | 
         | [1] https://www.newsweek.com/sea-lies-200118
         | 
         | [2]
         | https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1993/august/vince...
         | 
         | [3]
         | https://archive.org/details/FormalInvestigationintotheCircum...
        
           | cutemonster wrote:
           | And, from your [2]:
           | 
           | > _Then Vice President George Bush had gone before the United
           | Nations on 14 July and declared, "One thing is clear, and
           | that is that USS Vincennes acted in self-defense...It
           | occurred in the midst of a naval attack initiated by Iranian
           | vessels [...]_
           | 
           | > _As it came to pass, none of this was true._
           | 
           | > _However, the truth of the matter would have given the
           | Democratic candidate for President, Michael Dukakis,
           | ammunition to embarrass George Bush._
           | 
           | > _There were good reasons for spinning the story in a way
           | that put the Iranians in the worst possible light._
           | 
           | And so the trigger happy captain got that ribbon instead
        
       | a-dub wrote:
       | i wonder if ideas like side by side deployments were on their
       | radars back then. maybe pretty expensive, but it seems like with
       | systems of people and machines that complicated you'd want live
       | validation of everything before cutting over.
        
       | nottorp wrote:
       | Is this a mastodon instance? Mastodon is a twitter clone that
       | doesn't allow long posts? All the posts but the first come
       | collapsed and I have to click on each to read it. Is someone
       | measuring engagement?
        
         | Angostura wrote:
         | Yes it's Mastodon, designed for short posts. I doubt anyone is
         | measuring engagement
        
         | Ndymium wrote:
         | This can be configured in the instance settings and I've seen
         | some support up to 5000 characters.
        
           | nottorp wrote:
           | Well if 1 line is the default, it leaves a bad taste. There
           | was no need to clone twitter.
        
       | architect01 wrote:
       | The whole thing would have been avoided if the US didn't push
       | their Navy around Iran why the hell is there a US navy ship there
       | to begin with and why the hell is it that easy for them to shout
       | at whatever is moving in the sky yes it might have been a UI
       | issue but the root of the problem is "a US navy ship next to
       | iran's border"
        
       | jimmySixDOF wrote:
       | That time when a badly implemented government contract drop down
       | menu UI design was blamed for the false alarm Hawaiian incoming
       | ballistic missile emergency sms [1] only for it later to turn out
       | to have been caused by regular old human communication error and
       | poor safeguards [2].
       | 
       | [1] https://blog.prototypr.io/dangerous-drop-
       | downs-%EF%B8%8Fbad-...
       | 
       | [2]https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_al..
       | .
        
       | throw555chip wrote:
       | It's important to note there are misrepresentations in the
       | Wikipedia article:
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655
       | 
       | For the most truthful view of what happened that day:
       | 
       | https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Air-flight-655
        
       | aristofun wrote:
       | It's not a ui problem per se.
       | 
       | it is a problem of shitty developers responsible for critical
       | decisions.
       | 
       | Unfortunately they are everywhere.
       | 
       | Every a little bit advanced internet user face the pain 12 times
       | a day.
        
       | GartzenDeHaes wrote:
       | "I hope it's not a civilian flight" -- low ranking guy in the CIC
       | who was ignored.
        
       | timbit42 wrote:
       | Is this related to Reagan firing over 11 thousand air traffic
       | controllers?
        
       | next_xibalba wrote:
       | > every large aircraft in the world is equipped with a device
       | called an IFF -- "identification friend or foe."
       | 
       | This is weird, I'm sure I don't have all the facts. In a
       | conflict, why would a military aircraft ever want to identify
       | itself?
        
         | proaralyst wrote:
         | So you don't get shot down by your own air defense
        
           | monetus wrote:
           | - as demonstrated by more than one aircraft since the war in
           | Ukraine began.
        
           | next_xibalba wrote:
           | Why would it need to be interoperable then? Presumably it
           | tells adversaries that you're friend OR _foe_ though. The
           | friend bit is obvious. The foe... still not seeing the logic.
        
             | aerostable_slug wrote:
             | There's a difference between civilian transponders which
             | generally squawk all the time and military IFF, which
             | typically only responds to a coded challenge (called an IFF
             | interrogation). If a military IFF doesn't receive a valid
             | interrogation, it remains silent.
             | 
             | It is Very Bad if an enemy can either spoof a valid
             | "friend" IFF response or cause IFFs to respond and give up
             | one's position. The latter was done with great effect in
             | both WW2 and the Vietnam War.
        
               | gpderetta wrote:
               | > spoof a valid "friend" IFF
               | 
               | Tricking an enemy plane to respond seems "fair", but
               | would a plane disguising itself as friendly count as
               | perfidy?
        
             | simne wrote:
             | That's easy. On many civilian planes, beacon turned on
             | automatically, but on military must be turned on
             | intentionally.
             | 
             | Because of this, extremely typical, when you see military
             | plane, but have not got alarm about it's approach - just
             | pilot forgot to turn on beacon.
             | 
             | FoF system is totally another measure, in real dogfight
             | they do not consider it much, it is mostly like additional
             | spare fuse, may save your life in some case. Rumors said,
             | pilots of U-2 was pray, to avoid cases, where need to use
             | these radio tricks.
        
         | Towaway69 wrote:
         | More interestingly why not fake it and claim to be civilian?
         | 
         | Logically speaking:
         | 
         | - no identification: risk being shot down by both sides
         | 
         | - correct identification: risk being shot down by the enemy
         | 
         | - fake civilian identification: no risk of being shot down?
        
           | Armisael16 wrote:
           | It's a war crime. If you start doing it the other side won't
           | shoot at nothing - they'll shoot at everything, civilians
           | included.
        
             | ls612 wrote:
             | It's only a war crime if you lose.
        
           | rightbyte wrote:
           | You tell your enemies where you are so they wont get close.
           | Its sabre rattling. A favorite engagement for soldiers is
           | firing at other soldiers somewhat out of practical range.
           | 
           | Pretending to not be the enemy will get you close before the
           | enemy realizes and everybody loses.
        
           | PoignardAzur wrote:
           | Civilian flights get recorded from takeoff to landing. If you
           | start pulling this stunt a lot, you'll get caught really
           | quickly.
        
         | outworlder wrote:
         | I have tried to find the sentence you quoted in the article and
         | was not able to. But it is not true that "every large aircraft
         | (...) carries an IFF". IFF is strictly military. What civilian
         | aircraft do have (large and small) is a transponder. The
         | article talks about this but in a confusing way.
        
           | singingboyo wrote:
           | Eh. Military aircraft would also have a transponder, they
           | just wouldn't necessarily have active broadcasts.
           | 
           | Civilian aircraft do broadcast actively (ADS-B). But they
           | also respond to secondary radar for Mode A/C, which are
           | basically cases of IFF Mode III (okay, maybe not exact term,
           | but the idea applies.) So it's still a challenge-
           | response/IFF, just in this case always responding.
           | 
           | Military aircraft use different modes and presumably don't
           | respond unless interrogated with an appropriate challenge,
           | but the principles are the same.
        
           | next_xibalba wrote:
           | The quote is from the 2nd or 3rd post in the thread. The ui
           | is pretty bad so it's not obvious at first that it is a
           | thread.
        
       | Johnny555 wrote:
       | There seems to be a lot of trust in IFF in this incident, what
       | would stop Iran from reprogramming their F-14's IFF to identify
       | as as civilian aircraft (or if reprogramming isn't feasible,
       | retrofitting a stolen civilian airliner's IFF system into an
       | electronics pod on their F-14, I'm sure the Iranian government
       | wouldn't have any trouble getting an aircraft from Iranian
       | Airlines)?
       | 
       | Do warships do any verification beyond reading the IFF ping aside
       | from looking for attack patterns like climbinb/decending, etc, it
       | still seems possible for an attacker to get within missile range
       | while still appearing on radar to be a civilian craft.
        
         | function_seven wrote:
         | I immediately thought of RFC-3514.
         | 
         | https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3514
        
         | toast0 wrote:
         | > what would stop Iran from reprogramming their F-14's IFF to
         | identify as as civilian aircraft
         | 
         | If you do that, you paint a target on civilian aircraft
         | launched from your country's airfields. Especially if your
         | airfields are military and civilian dual-use like the airfield
         | in this case.
        
           | Johnny555 wrote:
           | Sure, it might only work once, but it sure would complicate
           | war efforts if the "good guys" kept shooting down civilian
           | airliners carrying passengers of various nationalities.
        
         | edrxty wrote:
         | First, very slight correction to the thread, most civilian
         | craft have transponders, not IFF. They're kinda the same thing
         | in practice but transponders just give out a static number, IFF
         | is a cryptographic challenge response.
         | 
         | I don't know how the navy does it when abroad, but anything
         | entering or leaving a sensitive area will generally be on an
         | ICAO style flight plan (entering US ADIZ/TFRs/DC SFRA etc) and
         | it's a simple matter of checking to see if the thing responding
         | with "hi I'm mode c or s (civilian aircraft) 1234" is doing
         | what it should be.
         | 
         | There are also some other sidebands that get used like NCTR
         | which looks at the radar return to attempt to identify the type
         | of aircraft but they weren't well developed in the 80s.
         | 
         | If the aircraft is not responding at all to transponder
         | interrogations you can assume it's hostile and presently
         | attacking you or the pilot is forgetful and didn't flip the
         | switch (choose wisely).
         | 
         | You can obviously put a mode c/s civilian transponder on a
         | cruise missile or better yet fill a remotely piloted 747 full
         | of explosives if you're feeling especially squirrelly and
         | that's totally been done. That's also part of why these events
         | keep happening, everyone's kinda understandably jumpy.
        
       | WheatMillington wrote:
       | When Americans shoot down an airliner they get to describe it as
       | a "user interface error". After denying they did it for a long
       | period first, of course.
        
         | digging wrote:
         | This event was not officially described as a user interface
         | error, though.
        
       | thr0w__4w4y wrote:
       | Would just like to jump in and remind folks of the Therac-25
       | incident just a couple years before this (1985 and 1987), and the
       | user interface was also identified as a contributing factor.
       | 
       | https://www.cse.msu.edu/~cse470/Public/Handouts/Therac/Side_...
        
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