[HN Gopher] Large-scale violence in Late Neolithic Western Europ...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Large-scale violence in Late Neolithic Western Europe based on
       skeletal evidence
        
       Author : diodorus
       Score  : 77 points
       Date   : 2023-11-04 02:56 UTC (20 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nature.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nature.com)
        
       | smarri wrote:
       | I found this a fascinating bit of research. I suspect that there
       | is so much of our history undocumented, with only remnants like
       | those described as a window to that past.
        
         | tomjen3 wrote:
         | What is considered history is basically only what is written
         | down. That means that everything that wasn't written down, and
         | everything that happened before we invented writing, is lost.
         | 
         | This includes almost all ordinary peoples lives, but also
         | things like the childhood of people like Charlemagne.
        
           | PeterisP wrote:
           | Everything that wasn't written down, and everything that
           | happened before we invented writing, isn't lost, it's simply
           | called prehistory instead of history.
           | 
           | We do know all kinds of things about ordinary people's lives
           | based on physical evidence in archeology; we can figure out
           | what they ate and where they got that, what jobs they did and
           | how they organized that, what health issues they had and how
           | they died.
        
       | lifeisstillgood wrote:
       | How (modern) society has overcome violence as the dominent means
       | of ensuring compliance and replaced it with decades of social
       | norms and training and to be fair material reward (go to school,
       | learn, work hard, don't kill anyone), this is "the greatest trick
       | the devil ever pulled".
       | 
       | Convincing billions to co-operate based on rules.
       | 
       | It's incredible
        
         | isoprophlex wrote:
         | There's the occasional relapse tho...
        
         | krapp wrote:
         | Violence remains the dominant means of ensuring compliance, the
         | "supreme authority from which all other authority is derived."
         | Social norms are backed up with a threat of violence from the
         | community. Civil society and its laws are enforced with
         | violence from the state. Religious authority is enforced with
         | the threat of divine violence. Even familial authority is very
         | often enforced with violence from parents.
         | 
         | Of course, not all violence is physical. The real change has
         | been the transition from the common application of physical
         | violence to emotional and psychological violence as our
         | societies become more abstract and removed from the cold
         | brutality of nature and subsistence living, except in "extreme"
         | cases.
         | 
         | Also the "greatest trick the devil ever pulled" was convincing
         | people he doesn't exist. Slaves pick your food, sew your
         | clothes and mine the rare earth minerals in your electronics.
         | Vast engines of automated slaughter put meat in your stores.
         | Every advertisement is mind control and every news story is
         | psychological warfare. Every cop is a thug, every judge a
         | sadist, every CEO a sociopath, every politician a psychopath.
         | "People sleep peacefully in their beds only because rough men
         | stand ready to do violence on their behalf," as George Orwell
         | said. And they do, cruel, wicked violence. Your hands are
         | soaked in blood, the roads are paved with bones, and the skies
         | are blackened with ashes from the ovens of Moloch.
         | 
         | But you don't see it most of the time, it's hidden away from
         | you, or it's intangible. That's the trick the world learned
         | from the Nazis, how to manipulate and control mass perception
         | through modern media, and by extension to normalize the
         | violence that drives modern society. You can just play Candy
         | Crush, pay your taxes, be nice and not kill anyone and pretend
         | the devil isn't real.
        
           | automatic6131 wrote:
           | Most of what your talking is gross exaggeration. Exaggeration
           | to the point of falsehood. Even the kernel of truth of
           | underpaid, subsistence workers producing a lot of our food
           | and machines, to call the rest of it what you have is just
           | false.
        
             | throw310822 wrote:
             | I don't agree with everything in it and how absolutely it
             | is presented, but upvoted it for the sheer power of the
             | prose.
        
               | highstep wrote:
               | you must be a be fan of chatgpt :)
        
             | walleeee wrote:
             | Precision is important. Hyperbole doesn't help anyone, but
             | neither does calling the comment entirely false.
             | 
             | Underpaid subsistence workers _do_ produce a huge portion
             | of goods consumed in western nations. Engines of automated
             | slaughter _do_ put meat in stores. Advertising cares not an
             | ounce for your wellbeing, food conglomerates employ
             | chemists to optimize not for health or flavor but how
             | compulsively you want to eat their products, game studios
             | and social networks employ psychologists to most
             | effectively addict you. Mindlessly consuming the news _is_
             | a great way to get psyopped. Note that I have dropped the
             | universals (e.g.  "every", "all") because they weaken the
             | argument by opening it to pedantic attacks, but the above
             | is largely true.
             | 
             | The "every X is a Y" is more fraught. Police are too often
             | predisposed to violence and abuse, many politicians are
             | sociopaths, surely. Selection effects are real. But there
             | are reasonable people too.
             | 
             | The more important point, which the comment misses, is that
             | _nobody is really in charge_. Yes, there are  "smoke-filled
             | rooms" where conspiracies are hatched, but modernity is too
             | large and complex for complete centralized control. The
             | dominant forces today, I would argue, are distributed
             | algorithms composed of flesh and blood human beings, their
             | ideas and social fictions (which comprise institutions),
             | and a vast array of machines. This vortex, this enormous,
             | evolving structure of incentives and infrastructure, has
             | its own autonomy. _This_ is Moloch, and it doesn 't even
             | require active malice on any particular person's part.
             | 
             | Paperclip maximizers are not just a thought experiment, we
             | are surrounded by them. We are _in_ them.
        
               | The_Colonel wrote:
               | What irks me about this (op's) line of thought is the
               | labeling of these facts as the devil, evil, even though
               | it's still very likely the best the humanity got to ever
               | experience.
               | 
               | Yes, the advertisers don't care one bit for the well-
               | being of the consumers, but can you imagine a reality
               | where they would? I don't. Calling something evil even
               | though there's not much improvement to be made is ...
               | needlessly negative?
        
           | bsenftner wrote:
           | I love how people debate about "the greatest trick the devil
           | ever pulled" - as if it is not amazingly obvious it was
           | creating religion and himself along with gawd as these giant
           | boogieman. There is no devil, children.
        
           | niodnyod wrote:
           | Based.
        
           | NotSuspicious wrote:
           | Good writing, not wrong, also kinda makes me feel metal as
           | hell for doing my taxes.
        
           | tdba wrote:
           | > the trick the world learned from the Nazis
           | 
           | The world learned this trick from an American
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays
        
         | HPsquared wrote:
         | Centuries of Genghis Khan style "submit or perish" probably has
         | a certain "domesticating" effect on a population. The more
         | rebellious ones don't last long in that environment.
        
           | alephnerd wrote:
           | The region my family is from was directly ruled by "submit or
           | perish" types (it was historically common in the marginal
           | regions of Inner Asia). Plenty of rebellions, peasant
           | revolts, and clan feuds have happened over the centuries.
           | 
           | Also, what you described is basically psudeoscience and veers
           | very closely to eugenics (the study of how to arrange
           | reproduction within a human population to increase the
           | occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as
           | desirable)
        
             | myth_drannon wrote:
             | He described Homo Soveticus.
        
             | NotSuspicious wrote:
             | Ignoring whether or not this specific situation is true,
             | describing how different environments select for different
             | traits is not pseudoscience; it's the foundation of
             | evolution.
        
               | ilkke wrote:
               | Are you suggesting that we should disregard if this
               | specific situation is true, but that it is possible that
               | some populations are genetically evolved to be more
               | servile?
        
             | HPsquared wrote:
             | Could be genes, or memes, or both (or neither).
        
         | RcouF1uZ4gsC wrote:
         | Actually, if you look at history, there were often extended
         | periods of peace during stable empires. For example the Pax
         | Romana during the high Roman Empire.
         | 
         | During these periods of imperial peace, warfare is mostly
         | confined to the frontier regions or where the empire abuts
         | another empire.
         | 
         | One could argue that we are in a similar time now. The USA
         | basically has a de-facto empire over the Americas and Western
         | Europe. The Middle East is a frontier zone. Ukraine abuts a
         | former empire (Russian/Soviet) trying to regain its former
         | glory. Taiwan abuts China which is trying to establish its own
         | hegemony in its region.
        
           | alephnerd wrote:
           | > often extended periods of peace during stable empires
           | 
           | Peace as in no major wars, sure. But plenty of hyper-local
           | conflicts (think clan feuds, hyperlocal peasant revolts, etc)
           | would happen all the time before the expansion of state power
           | in the 20th century.
           | 
           | Hell, when my great-grandfather was born, they were recent
           | settlers in a region of Northern India that was completely
           | depopulated of the indigenous population during the British
           | conquest of the Sikh Empire.
           | 
           | Where my great-grandfather's family was from was filled with
           | multi-generational clan feuds, the occasional peasant revolt
           | against the govt tax collector, and the occasional
           | millenarian revolt.
           | 
           | You wouldn't read about most of this stuff in your high
           | school history textbook or on History Channel, but it would
           | happen with consistency. I can guarantee with a fact that
           | this same story existed in every single country before the
           | 20th century and the rise of the railroad, canned food, and
           | the telegraph.
           | 
           | Before those 3 technologies arose, power projection was
           | difficult, and "empires" were in reality a mixture of local
           | fiefdoms (literally) who pledged feality to some guy in a
           | capital far away.
           | 
           | To use the classic Chinese and Russian quote - God and the
           | Emperor are far, but I am here [0]
           | 
           | [0] - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_is_high_and_the_
           | emper...
        
       | dr_dshiv wrote:
       | On one hand, war and violence kill off the most violent people in
       | society, providing a genetic benefit to those who don't fight. On
       | the other hand, the winners produce a lot of babies.
       | 
       | But the mass killings of early modern and modern Europe really
       | didn't increase the fecundity of the winners. It mostly just
       | killed off the violent.
       | 
       | I've no idea about the genetics of this, might be bunk, but
       | europe and Japan were both so warlike for so long, it is bizarre
       | to see them so peaceful.
        
         | mhuffman wrote:
         | >On one hand, war and violence kill off the most violent people
         | in society
         | 
         | This sounds very counter-intuitive to me! Interesting if true.
         | I get that two war parties going at each other would result in
         | some violent people dying. But I am not sure bravery and
         | violence are always locked together, and it would also seem
         | that a relatively small group of very violent people could kill
         | a very large group of non-violent people.
        
           | vitorbaptistaa wrote:
           | See: Spanish invasion of the Americas. Hundreds of Spanish
           | soldiers with superior technology and bad intentions VS.
           | thousands of native Americans.
        
             | lazide wrote:
             | You mean 10's of millions of natives?
        
             | nradov wrote:
             | The Spanish invaders relied as much on diplomacy as on
             | violence. They formed alliances with local groups who were
             | opposed to the Aztec and Inca empires.
        
             | cracrecry wrote:
             | You mean hundreds of Spanish soldiers with superior
             | technology allied with tribes that were subjugated and
             | enslaved by other Native American tribes?
             | 
             | The Spaniards did not do it alone. This is a fact very easy
             | to prove. It always shocks me to see people in North
             | America complaining about Spaniards, when in North America
             | there is less than 1% native Americans, the rest were
             | exterminated, ethnic cleansed. In most hispanic countries,
             | native and mixed people are over 70% of the population.
        
         | imjonse wrote:
         | violence and war has a lot more to with availability of
         | resources and the economic situation than with genetics.
        
         | chiefalchemist wrote:
         | It killed off the slightly less violent and the slightly less
         | ruthless. Those who where more so survived (and less subject to
         | pain), as did their DNA.
         | 
         | As for countries and war-like...that doesn't seem to be limited
         | by geography and/or DNA. The species generally prefers
         | violence. World history teaches us that. Sure, there are
         | exceptions but they are rare.
        
         | PeterisP wrote:
         | I think in most historic wars the civilian deaths far
         | outweighed the soldier deaths, not fighting would not protect
         | you from dying because of that war.
         | 
         | E.g. if we're talking about the major conflicts causing
         | depopulation - the 30 years war had half a million combat
         | deaths but five million or more dead civilians; Mongol
         | conquests lack good numbers for aggregate combat deaths, but
         | they are clearly a small fraction of the 40-75 million of total
         | depopulation, as the armies simply weren't even close to that
         | large; conquest of Americas has most of indigenous population
         | die outside of combat; WW2 has civilian deaths at twice the
         | military deaths; WW1 is the exception of being roughly equal,
         | but then we have events like Taiping rebellion which killed
         | more than WW1 but again with civilians outweighing combatants,
         | etc.
        
         | sinuhe69 wrote:
         | Nah, violence breeds violence, not killing it. The trend to
         | violence goes down because the majority has found a better way
         | to deal with disagreement: corporation and compromise. At the
         | same time, a better economy and less inequality has rendered
         | violence less and less necessarily. When I look back at many
         | societies, where until very recent decades violence was the
         | norm on the street and now seemly disappeared altogether, I
         | could find no better explanation than a better economy has
         | encouraged the new life style.
        
         | duped wrote:
         | Why bring genetics into something with a very well established
         | political and historical explanation?
        
         | mytailorisrich wrote:
         | It think in evolutionary terms we are still the product of our
         | way of life as it was over hundreds of thousands, if not
         | millions, of year.
         | 
         | Smallish tight groups of hunter gatherers trying to survive in
         | an hostile environment. As such, when group violence arose I
         | suspect that there wasn't much of a "those who don't fight"
         | kind of people.
         | 
         | Change to this way of life is relatively recent (on a scale of
         | thousands of years, not hundreds of thousands+). And the
         | "modern world" is really something that is brand new and most
         | likely has not changed us in evolutionary terms yet.
        
         | cracrecry wrote:
         | >might be bunk, but europe and Japan were both so warlike for
         | so long, it is bizarre to see them so peaceful.
         | 
         | This applies to all the world. Before Hispanic conquerors, in
         | America the wars were extremely gore, with things like pyramids
         | of heads(The conquerors wrote about them , but archaeological
         | evidence had been found recently), skinning and scalping the of
         | enemies, human sacrifices.
         | 
         | The wars in North America were not less violent, with everyone
         | carrying a rifle, people using them to hunt Indians from the
         | train, and the eventual extermination of almost the entire
         | native population.
         | 
         | Africa? When has Africa been peaceful? I helped refugees in
         | Europe from recent wars in places like Congo or Central African
         | Republic where kids are given automatic guns and enforced to
         | kill and rape their family members. That is happening today in
         | Africa and nobody cares.
         | 
         | Asia? Most of what you call violence in Europe actually came
         | from Asia. The Huns, the Parthians, the Mongols, the Arabs, the
         | Turks, all came from Asia, mostly from the central plains.
         | 
         | China history is full of violence in order to unify the
         | territory. They also suffered from invasions like the Mongols,
         | the Manchus and the piracy of the Japanese.
        
         | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
         | On a tribal scale "the violent" organise the violence. They
         | don't take part in it.
         | 
         | That's one reason why it's still happening.
         | 
         | In contemporary war, tribal leaders have no direct, personal,
         | immediate threats. They have meetings while other people do the
         | dying for them.
         | 
         | TBF this wasn't always true, and that didn't make war less
         | likely. But it's true today, and there are certainly leaders
         | who would be less casual about death if they were facing it
         | personally.
        
       | nologic01 wrote:
       | There is something mysterious about homo sapiens' _organized_
       | violence behavior: How much of it is genetically driven (nature)
       | versus culturally determined (nurture)?
       | 
       | Random individual violence does not seem to be innate except as
       | an aberration. You can walk in any tightly-packed megapolis of
       | millions (an environment that was presumably never encoded /
       | selected-for in our DNA) and not really worry that one of the
       | thousands individuals you come across will simply go berserk for
       | the fun (or benefit) of it. "Rage" of various forms happens, but
       | typically under intense stress conditions.
       | 
       | But give a _group_ of individuals the slightest pretense in the
       | form of some arbitrary cultural narrative and they will engage in
       | acts of incredible cruelty and dehumanization of random  "other"
       | groups. Competition for actual resources seems just a fig leaf.
       | Clan dominance in some imagined anthroposphere is typically the
       | real driver. Think e.g., two football fan clubs attacking each
       | other in ritualistic or actual murder. Its supposed to be fun,
       | there is nothing real at stake, yet somehow group violence is
       | triggered.
       | 
       | This behavior is so pervasive in history (and pre-history) that
       | it is almost certainly based on genetic traits. But maybe what
       | was once a "positive" feature is now a millstone around our neck.
       | In a crowded planet with ever advancing technological
       | capabilities large-scale violence based on arbitrary cultural
       | concoctions is simply not a scenario we want to have in front of
       | us. Feels like maybe the most critical aspect of our own species
       | we need to understand and somehow "manage" - assuming its at all
       | possible. Do we have a survival strategy?
        
         | adolph wrote:
         | > Do we have a survival strategy?
         | 
         | If one frames organized violence as a means rather than an
         | ends, then it is possible to see an answer other than the
         | survival strategy of "be the best at organized violence."
        
           | nologic01 wrote:
           | I don't see this working in the long-term. It assumes that
           | one can win "once-and-for-all", whereas the splintering in
           | competing factions and the pursuit of group objectives with
           | violent means seems a recurrent pattern. Historically even in
           | absolute monarchies (where you would think power relations
           | have been settled would be paralyzed by internal strife,
           | infighting clans etc.)
           | 
           | Now, all this would be just the normal human history (and as
           | per the article, pre-history). What changes the dynamic is
           | the advancement of science and technology. If we assume that
           | it is accruing monotonically (which has been the case for
           | several centuries), then if the same social dynamic or
           | emergent organized violence continues, at as some point even
           | a small group that drifts into a state of feeling aggrieved
           | could prompt vast destruction.
        
             | itsacomment wrote:
             | >Historically even in absolute monarchies (where you would
             | think power relations have been settled would be paralyzed
             | by internal strife, infighting clans etc.)
             | 
             | This isn't surprising at all given that "absolute monarchy"
             | was more of a marketing term than a description of reality.
             | 
             | England, which rather decisively cut off their monarchs'
             | pretensions at absolute power, was far more centralized
             | than whatever the fuck the different parlements (sp?) of
             | France or the Spanish cortez were doing during the
             | absolutist age.
        
           | lazide wrote:
           | Until the next person who doesn't see it that way starts
           | slaughtering people, and you have no defense?
           | 
           | Or are you proposing a genetic breeding/selection program to
           | weed out such tendencies? A "final solution" to violence,
           | perhaps?
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | It's closely related to narcissism and sociopathy.
             | 
             | Murdering Cluster B people might be a little extreme, and
             | most non-Cluster B people will feel uncomfortable with that
             | idea.
             | 
             | But most violence is demonstrably driven by certain
             | personality types who lead the violence and normalise it.
             | 
             | Excluding those types from leadership positions of all
             | kinds as soon as they show evidence of toxicity is unlikely
             | to make things worse.
             | 
             | The alternative is on a scale from small cults to
             | megadeaths. (Perhaps gigadeaths on a bad day.)
             | 
             | And we already exclude most of the population from
             | leadership and power anyway, using other reasons as an
             | excuse.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | Sounds like something a cluster B personality would dream
               | up?
               | 
               | I'm guessing whatever criteria that was decided for
               | filtering would conveniently exclude the one making it?
               | 
               | It also seems likely to be problematic human survival
               | wise, as it's not like those traits evolved in a vacuum.
        
         | sorokod wrote:
         | _You can walk in any tightly-packed megapolis of millions_
         | 
         | Megapolis implies society, structure and rules. Also machinery
         | to enforce these rules.
         | 
         | Not an example demonstrating that violent individuals are an
         | aberration.
        
           | jvanderbot wrote:
           | The same forces that make organized violence probably also
           | drive out individual violence. The group monopolizes
           | violence.
        
             | sorokod wrote:
             | I would say that group violence is channeling the violence
             | of individuals to achieve some goal a group might have.
             | 
             | Chimp Empire is worth watching in this context.
        
             | ptsneves wrote:
             | The most basic definition of state is that it is some
             | institution with the monopoly of violence. Think of it, who
             | in all myriad society organisations and hierarchies has the
             | legitimacy to use force? The state. Even murder is allowed
             | and trained for, if you are part of the state organisation,
             | normally called armed forces. Many anarchists in the XIX
             | century despised the idea of state because accepting it
             | means accepting organised violence and importantly a
             | monopoly on it.
        
             | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
             | There is a book about this.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)
        
           | nologic01 wrote:
           | I agree its not a sharp example, there are lots of
           | interacting effects and factors. But to me at least the
           | statistics seem rather overwhelming. Social structure and
           | rules and enforcement seem more tailored to mop up
           | aberrations rather than constrain "normal" behavior. There is
           | probably social studies of toddlers etc that analyze this
           | question when conforming behaviors are less developed. I
           | don't recall reading something that proves it is only learned
           | cultural norms that "pacify" us.
        
             | sorokod wrote:
             | In different places and times there were different
             | thresholds on the level of violence acceptable to society.
             | 
             | We should be careful to not project our current norms on
             | the entire history of humanity.
             | 
             | A quote from A Distant Mirror The Calamitous 14th Century
             | by Barbara Tuchman:
             | 
             |  _In village games, players with hands tied behind them
             | competed to kill a cat nailed to a post by battering it to
             | death with their heads, at the risk of cheeks ripped open
             | or eyes scratched out by the frantic animal's claws.
             | Trumpets enhanced the excitement. Or a pig enclosed in a
             | wide pen was chased by men with clubs to the laughter of
             | spectators as he ran squealing from the blows until beaten
             | lifeless_
             | 
             | and another one:
             | 
             |  _The citizens of Mons bought a condemned criminal from a
             | neighboring town so that they should have the pleasure of
             | seeing him quartered._
        
               | itsacomment wrote:
               | Both cases are arguably examples not of individual
               | violence but organized group violence.
        
               | sorokod wrote:
               | Go for it, argue...
        
           | vivekd wrote:
           | That's my interpretation as well. I was in a slum in Africa
           | once and fell victim to that kind of random violence. I think
           | it happens everywhere in the form of crime.
           | 
           | Obviously no one likes crime so societies try and clamp down
           | in that
        
           | jwilber wrote:
           | What? Even in that needlessly pedantic interpretation, their
           | point still stands.
        
         | thesumofall wrote:
         | Why We Fight by Mike Martin is a great recent book about this.
         | It argues that our tendency to war is indeed an effect of
         | evolution but that the historic trend to us forming larger and
         | larger groups has significantly reduced violence
        
         | mytailorisrich wrote:
         | Violence between groups exist in other animals as well.
         | 
         | My take is that this is a natural consequence of competition
         | for resources. The more individuals or groups are organised,
         | the more violence becomes organised as a logical consequence.
         | 
         | We have evolved as social animals members of tight groups and
         | this seems to be quite old looking at chimpanzees and gorillas,
         | for example. So this 'tribal' streak is probably embedded in us
         | to this day.
        
         | antonkar wrote:
         | It's evolutionary to see danger in strangers because
         | historically it was better to overestimate danger then
         | underestimate it for your survival. You can only react once if
         | someone hits you with a stone from their back. So people and
         | groups overestimate danger that they will be hurt/diminished in
         | some way and then attack when they see the slightest sign of a
         | threat. It can be used to manipulate crowds, just say their
         | children are in danger because of the out-group. Can really
         | recommend the book on the exact mechanics of anger by the most
         | influential psychologist of our times
         | https://www.amazon.com/Prisoners-Hate-Cognitive-Hostility-Vi...
        
         | usefulcat wrote:
         | > Competition for actual resources seems just a fig leaf.
         | 
         | More often than not, and very broadly speaking, the fight is
         | over mindshare: tribal beliefs and allegiances. Differences of
         | religion, politics, nationality or ethnicity are nearly always
         | perceived to be far greater than they actually are.
        
           | specialist wrote:
           | I keep thinking back on a space opera conflict involving many
           | domains of species. There are mammalian, avian, reptile, etc.
           | They've formed coalitions in an effort to catch some highly
           | valuable fugitive humans. (IIRC from Brin's Uplift Wars
           | universe. Star Tide Rising?)
           | 
           | The machine's weapons of choice are algorithms, code,
           | simulations, viruses. No physical violence. But still very
           | high stakes, like mind wipes.
        
         | Xeoncross wrote:
         | I don't see a disconnect between those two states.
         | 
         | As individuals we want acceptance, respect and love. It's
         | abnormal for someone to randomly, attack others when they are
         | alone and already vulnerable feeling. Normal people crave
         | community and do not attempt acts that result in their ridicule
         | and/or rejection. Only outliers like psychopaths continuously
         | break societal norms.
         | 
         | As groups we form bonds and have our place/role. Protecting
         | what we have and those we love seems natural as does protecting
         | the society, world view, or leader(s) our group supports.
         | 
         | Therefore, I would expect individual violence to be much less
         | than group violence in intensity, duration and occurrence.
        
         | fsckboy wrote:
         | > _Random individual violence does not seem to be innate except
         | as an aberration. You can walk in any tightly-packed megapolis
         | of millions (an environment that was presumably never encoded /
         | selected-for in our DNA) and not really worry that one of the
         | thousands individuals you come across will simply go berserk
         | for the fun (or benefit) of it. "Rage" of various forms
         | happens, but typically under intense stress conditions._
         | 
         | to me this analysis is not starting off in the right direction.
         | We're talking about Neolithic people here so it's appropriate
         | to use more straight up evolutionary law of the jungle
         | thinking. Sudden violence is in us from the get go. Look at so
         | many other mammals, they use violence with each other to sort
         | things out at the drop of a hat. Look at how we portray
         | cowboys, and indians (or fasts, and furiouses?). I'm not even
         | saying that the picture is accurate to history, I'm saying the
         | picture is accurate to how we think, viscerally, and such films
         | excite us, not because of memories because we were there, we
         | weren't. Just because it's how we think.
         | 
         | So I'd start out the analysis with, we are violent animals at
         | the base of our brain, or is it at the base of our evolution,
         | but animals don't kill each other that often. On top of that we
         | are extremely social animals, you can walk down the street
         | surrounded by strangers and not hit them. But also on top of
         | that we are thinking, calculating, theory of mind imagining:
         | this person has been irking me for awhile now, if I secretly
         | kill them, my problems will be solved.
         | 
         | I'm not saying it's anywhere near that simple or that that's
         | accurate, but we need to think that way. We've seen some papers
         | recently here that said it's not appropriate to think we have 3
         | brains in 3 layers, wrestling with each other, because they're
         | more intertwingled than that. So this kind of noodling only
         | takes us so far, but I have the sense that it's the right kind
         | of thinking.
         | 
         | I don't think our violence is aberrant at all, but we did
         | "invent" being extremely social, and then etiquette, and then
         | even the term aberrance to talk about some behaviors which are
         | unusual within that framework. Rabies might be aberrant
         | behavior in dogs, and anxiety conditions, but otherwise they're
         | pretty basic. And anxiety is so prevalent we have to assume
         | it's adaptive anyway.
         | 
         | Starting with Freud, an aspect of psychology that is not as
         | widely understood as it should be is the notion of unconscious
         | thought, and unconscious motivation. (The term _subconscious_
         | is associated with a more woo-woo theory of Jung 's, that we
         | share subconsious awareness with other people, is why
         | _unconscious_ is the usual term.) It 's very difficult for
         | people to grasp that they don't actually know what they are
         | thinking, but it does leak out.
         | 
         | If you are talking to somebody and say "I'm not saying that
         | you're X, I'm saying that you are Y", you are definitely
         | thinking that they are X, or at least a substantial part of you
         | is. That's where you got the idea to deny it from. It can be
         | broken down plainly in computer programmer terms. While the
         | brain isn't "just like a computer", in order for you to compare
         | X and Y you have to use the subroutine or the struct or the
         | class for X and the other one for Y, they are separated at some
         | place in your mind. You can't say X without the X part of the
         | brain lighting up. What makes you say "I'm not calling you X"
         | is another part of your brain lighting up to say "this is an
         | unpleasant thought, better not be accused of saying it, that
         | will be socially awkward".
         | 
         | "Children blurt out the truth, children say what we are all
         | thinking." We have additional brain processes that children
         | have not developed yet, but we didn't lose the thoughts they
         | have, that's why we understand them. It's all that shame and
         | judgement we fear from other people and apply to ourselves that
         | starts to tear our coherent ideal self (that we think we are)
         | apart.
         | 
         | So, imho we don't get anywhere by imagining we are a "good
         | people" walking around who sometimes aberr; we are complicated
         | collections of competing selfish ideas, some of which are
         | nasty.
        
       | gcanyon wrote:
       | Anyone interested in our violent past, and how we got to our
       | less-violent present, would be interested in The Better Angels of
       | Our Nature by Steven Pinker. He goes into great detail about how
       | ridiculously violent the past was, and how much less violent we
       | have become over time. Tl;dr: the concentration of permission to
       | commit violence into the hands of the state has been a huge
       | factor. As the numbers in the article here show, it is a rare
       | state that can keep up with the level of violence that occurs
       | naturally when individuals are having at it.
        
       | lacrosse_tannin wrote:
       | Neolithic is ~10,000 years ago, when agriculture, sedentary life,
       | cities, started; not sure how you all trying to attribute
       | organized violent behavior to genetics.
        
         | mrangle wrote:
         | Most people don't have a concept of the timeline of
         | civilization. Which leads to a warped sense of human history
         | across other topics. Like probable human organization in Spain
         | in roughly the same era in which people in Egypt were planning
         | the Pyramids. At the same time, commenting is fun.
        
       | amanaplanacanal wrote:
       | Are these dates consistent with the migration of the Indo-
       | European people into this area?
        
       | huytersd wrote:
       | According to David Reich, isn't this when the Yamnaya rolled
       | through Europe, killed 99% (really) of the men and took all the
       | women?
        
       | axpy906 wrote:
       | 10k years ago about the same time as when more advanced
       | civilizations could've possibly existed. Wonder if these are the
       | inhabitants getting attacked by them.
        
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