[HN Gopher] Ask HN: Does your microwave interfere with Bluetooth...
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       Ask HN: Does your microwave interfere with Bluetooth? Mine does
        
       I can see the Faraday cage in my microwave. It's never cooked
       anything outside of it. But if I put my phone on one side of it and
       a Bluetooth speaker on the other, running it interrupts the
       connection to the speaker. Sound gets through but it's choppy.
       Seems bad, right?
        
       Author : Jeff_Brown
       Score  : 80 points
       Date   : 2023-10-05 12:47 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
       | riffic wrote:
       | microwaves emit RF, heavy concept right?
        
       | freitzkriesler2 wrote:
       | Microwaves aren't perfect faraday cages and a little spectrum
       | bleed does happen. Not enough to cook you but definitely enough
       | to make your wifi call or Bluetooth device can get iffy if the
       | microwave is in the path of the sender and receiver.
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | Is the interference from leaking microwaves themselves or
       | resonant leakage from the magnetron and/or support circuitry
       | which is desired to be as cheap as possible?
       | 
       | Also you can't really see the cage: that mesh you see in the
       | window is indeed designed to block emission, but in a cheap one
       | you can often see a gap between the mesh and the bezel, and of
       | course the shell is a cheaply assembled rectangle without tight
       | corner fittings so is probably leaking a small amount here,
       | especially at the back, where they assume a wall will catch any
       | leaks.
        
       | aetherspawn wrote:
       | Yes, my flatmate had a very old 20+ yrs old microwave (the type
       | with a mechanical dial) and when he used it my WiFi would
       | completely drop out until the cooking was done.
       | 
       | I bought him a new microwave because I was sick of dropping zoom
       | calls. The modern LG microwave was much better and has virtually
       | no effect on the WiFi.
        
       | Ellipsis753 wrote:
       | Yep. I've seen Bluetooth be affected by microwaves. Also seen
       | WiFi be affected by Bluetooth. It doesn't mean your microwave is
       | unsafe.
        
       | runjake wrote:
       | Nope, this is completely normal.
       | 
       | Many commenters are saying microwaves are pretty narrowband.
       | 
       | Maybe some are, but I've done spectrum analysis on a few college-
       | dorm-level microwaves in our office with a Wi-Spy and all 3 of
       | these microwaves spam all of the 3 usable 2.4ghz wi-fi channels
       | when cooking.
       | 
       | We see similar fun in iMac labs, when they're all (attempting to)
       | use Bluetooth Apple Magic Keyboards at once.
        
       | Tommstein wrote:
       | In a related question, does anyone know why my Bluetooth earbuds
       | frequently experience brief disruptions when crossing the street
       | at intersections? It happens far too reliably to be a
       | coincidence.
        
       | Eumenes wrote:
       | I noticed a quirk in my microwave recently if you apply pressure
       | to the door handle it'll turn on the microwave. Kinda spooky.
        
         | ilc wrote:
         | If that isn't a design feature, may be time for a new microwave
         | friend.
        
       | thomashabets2 wrote:
       | I used an SDR to check my microwave's emissions. They were pretty
       | narrow and stable-ish. Not stable like an actual radio, but not
       | all over the place wrecking all of the wifi channels.
       | 
       | I've not had it interfere with bluetooth or wifi. Bluetooth
       | frequency hops, and moves away from channels with interference
       | (dropped frames), doesn't it?
       | 
       | I have a couple of illustrations at
       | https://blog.habets.se/2017/06/Microwave.html
        
         | anotherhue wrote:
         | > Bluetooth frequency hops, and moves away from channels with
         | interference (dropped frames), doesn't it?
         | 
         | Hops yes, remembers to avoid certain channels, maybe. IIRC the
         | hop sequence is controlled by the master device so that might
         | add a layer of confusion if it isn't experiencing the issue.
         | 
         | > I used an SDR to check my microwave's emissions. They were
         | pretty narrow and stable-ish.
         | 
         | Yes, the issue is it's manufacturing dependent, so a different
         | batch of those same magnetrons the next weeek would have
         | different properties. Hence the wide band.
        
       | senectus1 wrote:
       | nope.
       | 
       | Had that happen once, swapped the microwave out and never
       | happened again since.
        
       | browningstreet wrote:
       | My neighbors have something crazy emanating from their house.
       | None of my Bluetooth devices, from Bose to Plantronic to new
       | AirPods Pro, survive signal connectivity when I walk past their
       | house. The connection gets very disrupted and the devices have
       | trouble reconnecting.
       | 
       | So I have to leave everything off when I go for a run and not
       | connect headphones until I make it to the end of the street. It's
       | weird.
        
         | randyrand wrote:
         | could be a continuously recording wireless camera that likes to
         | hog spectrum
        
           | browningstreet wrote:
           | I live in deep suburban/exurbs and this feels quite likely,
           | given the neighborhood. Everyone's wired for cameras and
           | Amazon Key, etc.
        
         | abdullahkhalids wrote:
         | Crazy story that someone at the local radio astronomy
         | observatory told me.
         | 
         | Context: Radio observatories need to minimize as much radio
         | interference as possible. Typically, they are some distance
         | away from population, and people are asked not to use phones
         | within a couple of km of them. Inside the premises no
         | unshielded electronics are allowed. If any are used, you can
         | immediately see the effects on the data being collected by the
         | telescope.
         | 
         | Anyway, these guys were getting some sort of strong
         | interference signal at 4 pm every day. They could not figure
         | out where it was coming from. They eventually decided that it
         | was not coming from within, but from somewhere outside the
         | observatory. They got some triangulation equipment out and over
         | the course of several days, finally determined that the signal
         | was coming from a house a couple of km away.
         | 
         | So they went over and knocked. Asked the owner what was going
         | on. Turned out, the guy had a electric can opener, and every
         | day at 4 pm he would open a can to feed his dogs. That was the
         | interference signal they were getting all the way to the
         | observatory!
         | 
         | Eventually, after some back and forth, they got the guy a new
         | can opener they had vetted to not cause an interference signal.
        
         | xattt wrote:
         | Sometimes it's things like baby monitors or low-cost cameras
         | blasting analogue video.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | Havoc wrote:
         | The same can also be very localized. On my way to work there is
         | a 2x2m spot in the middle of open space that does that too
        
         | kiltedpanda wrote:
         | Sounds like they have something pretty powerful swamping out
         | that band.
         | 
         | Even though the ISM (2.4 GHz) band is unlicensed, there are
         | still regulatory limits to the maximum emission levels. Devices
         | that exceed those levels are illegal to use. The FCC can apply
         | hefty fines in certain cases.
         | 
         | Fun story, I used to live in an apartment building and my car
         | key fob wouldn't work when I parked close to the building. It
         | would work on the other side of the parking lot though. Turns
         | out someone was using a jammer because they hated the noise
         | that cars make when they lock and unlock. They tried to blame a
         | nearby military base, but I had some RF test gear and located
         | the culprit. They turned it off pretty quick when I showed that
         | they could be fined $10k per day.
        
       | circuit10 wrote:
       | Relevant XKCD: https://xkcd.com/654/
        
       | andrewinardeer wrote:
       | No, but my reclining chair's motor interferes with the digital
       | signal my TV recieves.
        
       | charles_f wrote:
       | I have the same interference with the microwaves at work.
       | 
       | There's also a small plaza in what's considered the very center
       | of my city where I get tons of interference (sound basically
       | keeps cutting as if I was losing connection). There's a subway
       | station underground, and some trolley cables suspended in the
       | air, so maybe there's some sort of power converter underground.
        
       | crazygringo wrote:
       | Around 15 years ago my wireless Magic Mouse's pointer movements
       | would become so choppy as to become unusable not just if my
       | microwave was in use, but also if a neighbor's was.
       | 
       | But upgrading to a new laptop+mouse fixed it, and I've never had
       | a problem since.
       | 
       | Since they're on roughly the same frequency, interference makes
       | sense. Microwave ovens are high-energy, Bluetooth is low-energy,
       | so minor leakage can still have a big effect. But there's no
       | health concerns or anything, precisely because it's still so low-
       | energy. (You can't cook food with Bluetooth!)
       | 
       | But it does seem like some Bluetooth chips/stacks are better at
       | hopping around frequencies to avoid it than others, or that
       | particular devices just develop bugs.
        
         | vehemenz wrote:
         | I've never seen this with a microwave, but this exact thing
         | (Bluetooth mouse choppiness) happens with interference from
         | other Bluetooth devices in the vicinity, especially when
         | pairing. Most microwaves do produce some BT interference, so I
         | am not surprised that the symptoms would be similar.
        
       | baal80spam wrote:
       | Yes, sound in my headphones is distorted when I go near a working
       | microwave oven.
        
       | jraph wrote:
       | Didn't Wi-Fi originally use 2,4 GHz because it was free to use
       | (without needing a license), because of the noise produced by
       | microwaves on this frequency?
        
         | anotherhue wrote:
         | Yes, 1946 was when the FCC opened up 2450 +/- 50 Mc (later
         | MHz), for microwave and medical diathermy use. It was later, in
         | the 80s that they allowed intentional emission. Either as CDMA
         | or FHSS. Within a year we had Wi-Fi (CDMA) and Bluetooth
         | (FHSS).
        
       | kevinherron wrote:
       | Not great, not terrible.
        
       | ThatMedicIsASpy wrote:
       | It destroys the wifi of whatever phone or tablet is next to it
       | while running.
        
       | counterpartyrsk wrote:
       | Does the sound quality improve if either the phone or speaker are
       | inside the microwave? We must test all possible scenarios.
        
         | zzless wrote:
         | I understand this is a (good) attempt at humor but this might
         | be an interesting idea to see if Bluetooth leaks from inside
         | the microwave oven (or from the outside in). Of course, the
         | microwave has to stay off, naturally :)
        
       | AuthorizedCust wrote:
       | Microwaves are well known to interfere with 2.4 GHz
       | communications. That's one of Bluetooth's channels.
       | 
       | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.4_GHz_radio_use
        
       | raminf wrote:
       | The 2.4GHz spectrum is shared between Bluetooth and WiFi
       | 802.11b/g. A few years ago, I was doing some work using an
       | Ubertooth-One scanner
       | (https://greatscottgadgets.com/ubertoothone/). It was showing the
       | traffic on different channels.
       | 
       | My wife stuck a burrito to warm up in the microwave a room away
       | (30-40 ft). This was with a brand-name model, so presumably
       | properly shielded, etc.
       | 
       | Nope. The entire spectrum just went white with noise on all
       | channels.
       | 
       | Once the microwave cycle ended, it still took a good 15-30
       | seconds before the airwaves calmed down and went back to normal
       | traffic.
        
       | AndyMcConachie wrote:
       | My bluetooth often dies when I'm near tram tracks and their
       | overhead electric lines in my city. Kind of annoying given that
       | there are tram tracks everywhere.
        
       | vardump wrote:
       | My microwave oven definitely interferes with anything Bluetooth,
       | like headsets etc. Although audio still somewhat works from a
       | laptop upstairs ~30-50 ft away.
       | 
       | Anyways, this is normal. Microwave oven generates a lot of
       | 2400-2500 MHz ISM band noise. You're fine.
        
       | takinola wrote:
       | There's a particular spot on a local highway that interrupts my
       | wireless CarPlay connection if I spend too long in it (eg when
       | traffic is slow). It's right next to an exit with a bunch of
       | buildings (including a hospital) so I'm sure there is some
       | massive emitter in one of those buildings. I'm still at a loss
       | about what could cause that kind of interference inside a major
       | city and still be legal.
        
         | KMag wrote:
         | MRI?
        
       | mikewarot wrote:
       | There's about 1000 watts of RF inside the microwave, it has to be
       | attenuated to less than a few microwatts on the outside to avoid
       | congestion, as they use the same frequency band.
       | 
       | I'm amazed WiFi or Bluetooth ever works at all. 8) You can thank
       | Hedy Lamar for that.
       | 
       | Try cleaning the mating surfaces around the door thoroughly. If
       | that doesn't work, consider replacing the microwave or relocating
       | the speaker.
        
         | NikkiA wrote:
         | If it's an old microwave replacing the door seal would be
         | cheaper and easier.
        
         | anotherhue wrote:
         | > You can thank Hedy Lamar for that.
         | 
         | eh... maybe. Don't forget the microwave isn't CW so there's
         | plenty of transmission slots available on the off cycle.
        
         | H8crilA wrote:
         | The microwave RF emission is actually very narrowband, though
         | the frequency drifts all the time. Bluetooth uses FHSS so it
         | will eventually go though, unless the noise is so powerful that
         | it saturates the receiver.
         | 
         | I'd post a screenshot from a HackRF-produced waterfall, but I
         | don't have a microwave :). Some wifi controllers can measure
         | energy in the spectrum and can be used to plot a simple
         | waterfall.
        
           | grepfru_it wrote:
           | >but I don't have a microwave :)
           | 
           | Living the dream!
        
         | ethbr1 wrote:
         | > _Try cleaning the mating surfaces around the door
         | thoroughly._
         | 
         | (I'm obviously not an electrical engineer, given this is 10x
         | stuff) If we're talking a 2.45 GHz microwave signal, that's a
         | 12.2 cm wavelength.
         | 
         | But I thought for shielding you only needed to have gaps of
         | <wavelength to null emissions.
         | 
         | Is there some fractional-wavelength propagation, or is my
         | understanding of EM shielding off-base? How are microwaves
         | noisy? E.g.
         | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/269672/does-a-fa...
        
           | itishappy wrote:
           | > Is there some fractional-wavelength propagation?
           | 
           | "Propagation" is probably not the right word, but fractional
           | wavelengths can "leak" some amount of field.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescent_field
        
           | kiltedpanda wrote:
           | You're right. The rule of thumb for EMC engineers is to bond
           | joints at no further than wavelength/10 where the wavelength
           | corresponds to the highest frequency that you wish to
           | maintain good shielding effectiveness. Some MIL projects use
           | wavelength/100.
        
         | jrockway wrote:
         | Wifi has an "interference robustness" option which is designed
         | with microwave ovens in mind. The power output of a microwave
         | is a sine wave, because it's powered from your AC line power,
         | and doesn't emit energy during the zero crossings.
         | "Interference robustness" times packet sends (and lengths) to
         | be when the microwave is producing the least amount of power.
         | Thus, you spend half of every 60th of a second irradiating your
         | food, and the other half downloading videos. (Needless to say,
         | having this on and your microwave going in the background
         | reduces throughput. But, dropped packets are worse than small
         | packets that always get through, and this aims to eliminate
         | completely stomped-on packets.)
         | 
         | Wifi also has a listen-before-talk model. If it "hears" a
         | microwave running, it thinks it's another station transmitting,
         | and backs off. This feature of the protocol is why long-range
         | networks worked so poorly in the past. If station A can't hear
         | station B, but the AP can hear both of them, then A and B are
         | going to step on each other and the AP won't be able to
         | communicate with either station. This is why the "enterprise"
         | way of deploying networks was to have a ton of access points
         | running at low power; that works well with the listen-before-
         | talk model since the AP likely can't talk to or hear stations
         | that are too far away for the stations in its range to hear.
         | 
         | I don't know if interference robustness still exists in modern
         | standards, as I haven't seen it in a control panel for decades,
         | but it was definitely in 802.11b. I have never tested Bluetooth
         | (or read the standard), but basically... the industry knows
         | this is a problem, and handled it a long time ago. Bluetooth
         | might ignore the problem because it plans on frequency-hopping
         | (away from the microwave) anyway, but like all software, that
         | can easily be bugged.
        
           | function_seven wrote:
           | I have an inverter microwave. Before I went crazy with APs
           | around my house, that microwave would win the war; no zero-
           | crossings to sneak a packet by it.
           | 
           | Now my bluetooth only drops when I'm fairly close to the
           | microwave as it runs. (EDIT: my WiFi, not my Bluetooth)
        
             | mikestew wrote:
             | Are you saying that adding WiFi APs improved your Bluetooth
             | connections when the microwave is running? Or is there such
             | a thing as Bluetooth APs? Pardon my confusion.
        
               | function_seven wrote:
               | Wow. I have no idea how I confused that.
               | 
               | Yeah, the WiFi is improved. The Bluetooth is the same as
               | it ever was.
               | 
               | I pardon your confusion.
        
               | mikestew wrote:
               | Cool, I just thought I was missing out on something. :-)
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | TnRHL wrote:
       | I think microwaves ovens are allowed to emit up to 1W of energy.
       | As mikewarot said - it's amazing Wifi/BT works at all.
        
       | freedude wrote:
       | The microwave became a second class citizen in our kitchen when
       | we got the toaster oven/air fryer combo unit and then was
       | relegated to the garage on top of the fridge. We still use it for
       | popcorn and the occasional hot cocoa and if my coffee gets cold
       | on the weekend I'll wander out there to warm it up. It is almost
       | unneeded.
       | 
       | WiFi is better as a result.
        
       | trey-jones wrote:
       | Anytime somebody runs the microwave in my office, my headphones
       | start crackling. I'm sitting probably 20 feet from the microwave
       | and my computer (source of the bluetooth signal) is right next to
       | me.
        
         | regularfry wrote:
         | Office microwaves (assuming it's not just a retail one that
         | happens to be in an office) can be overpowered. Think the last
         | one I was near was a 2.5kW unit.
        
           | mschuster91 wrote:
           | Good lord, who uses that much power in a microwave? 600W are
           | enough.
           | 
           | (Clearly, the idiots microwaving fish in them. In one office
           | I know they put a sticker with a crossed-through fish symbol
           | after one particularly pungent incident)
        
             | freedomben wrote:
             | Yes 600W are enough, but I once had a 1750W microwave and
             | it was luxurious and ridiculously fast at warming. I would
             | pop a bad of popcorn in like 30 seconds, or warm up a slice
             | of pizza in 15 seconds. Makes me think like the difference
             | between a Camaro and a Geo Metro
        
             | TeMPOraL wrote:
             | > _Good lord, who uses that much power in a microwave? 600W
             | are enough._
             | 
             | And next thing you'll say is that 1000W is enough for a
             | kettle? 110V 15A AC is enough for an outlet?
             | 
             | Here in Europe, we don't have the patience for slow-boil
             | kettles and slow-boil microwaves :).
             | 
             | (FWIW, I always stick to the full 1000W available on my
             | microwave, and sorely miss the 1250W that my dad brought
             | from Sweden when I was a kid.)
        
         | ta1243 wrote:
         | My headphones are fine, and the battery doesn't drop out either
         | -- this 3.5mm cable is great.
        
           | saiya-jin wrote:
           | I think we should adapt it into devices like phones, after
           | all who doesnt like cheap quality audio hardware that just
           | works (TM), and for some reason doesnt degrade or die after
           | few years due to batteries?
        
             | warrenm wrote:
             | I hate cabled headphones on a portable device
             | 
             | Physically tethering to something designed to be slipped
             | into a pocket, put in case, set down on the table while I
             | walk around, etc is stupid
             | 
             | Physically tethering to a stationary object (that you can't
             | really _use_ if you walk away form it) makes sense in some
             | cases
        
               | aidenn0 wrote:
               | I like headphones primarily on devices that go in my
               | pocket because they move with me. When I use headphones
               | at a non-portable device I'm likely to damage them by
               | walking away with them on.
               | 
               | I use a BT headset at my PC for this reason; I can get up
               | and pace &c. without worrying.
               | 
               | Quick tip if you are using wired headphones while doing
               | chores: run the cable under your shirt; that should leave
               | little-to-no exposed cable to snag on things.
        
               | warrenm wrote:
               | >run the cable under your shirt; that should leave
               | little-to-no exposed cable to snag on things
               | 
               | ...except your shirt when you take your phone out of your
               | pocket to change what's playing, answer a message, etc :|
        
               | trey-jones wrote:
               | I am also a get-up-and-pacer, and agree with your
               | reasoning completely.
        
               | warrenm wrote:
               | I pace, too .. but not if I'm using a desktop - only when
               | on the phone (and occasionally) with a laptop
        
       | aimor wrote:
       | You can build a "lectenna" and see where your microwave is
       | leaking energy out.
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5SMF9p-4Q0
        
       | causi wrote:
       | Depends on both the microwave and the bluetooth device in
       | question. My favorite pair of headphones are rather inexpensive
       | and my microwave is a couple decades old and very high-wattage,
       | and I get interference if I stand within a couple feet of it. I
       | haven't had any other microwave or any other bluetooth device
       | experience noticeable interference.
        
       | bearbin wrote:
       | An interesting construction detail of the cheap modern microwave
       | is that it only operates on one half of the mains electric
       | waveform: microwaves use a single high-voltage diode which acts
       | both as half-wave rectifier and voltage doubler. Thus the
       | magnetron only operates for 10 ms in every 20 ms.
       | 
       | In theory 2.4 GHz communication protocols can easily time their
       | transmissions to fit in the gaps left by the microwave. 50%
       | bandwidth loss but no other effect.
       | 
       | This obviously isn't foolproof in practice, when 2.4 GHz was a
       | thing I remember my WiFi dropping off whenever somebody was
       | nuking some food. But perhaps this might have been a quirk of my
       | Panasonic inverter microwave - which obviously is not the simple
       | standard circuit.
        
       | baz00 wrote:
       | My neighbour's microwave nukes my bluetooth entirely. I have
       | moved to wired everything and life is good finally!
        
       | jrs235 wrote:
       | I had a microwave that interfered with my 2.4 Ghz WiFi signal. If
       | the microwave ran for more than 30 seconds any devices connected
       | to the 2.4 Ghz SSIDs would "stop working". I assume is was due to
       | too much noise caused by the microwave. Devices connected to the
       | 5 Ghz SSIDs worked fine.
        
       | ajb wrote:
       | Tangentially related: knowing they use the same frequency band, I
       | actually used the work microwave oven as a faraday cage for
       | testing our product which used bluetooth. (Close door, observe
       | signal drop behavior). I was bemused to note that you could still
       | connect to a device inside the oven, over short distances...
       | Hopefully the attenuation was sufficient for safety when using it
       | to cook!
       | 
       | [ For clarity - the oven wasn't on when I used it as a faraday
       | cage]
        
       | zh3 wrote:
       | Microwaves typically run 2.500GHz, most bluetooth and wifi is
       | from 2.400 to 2.480GHz to keep some space between them (so if you
       | want to minimise WiFi/Microwave issues on 2.4Ghz, use a low WiFi
       | channel).
       | 
       | Bluetooth is adaptive and will hop frequencies to find quiet
       | space in the range above, however microwaves are an intermittent
       | source so when they go on the leakage will kill any bluetooth
       | that's on a nearby frequency.
       | 
       | An easy way to see this is with a BBC microbit; you can measure
       | the signal strength on channels 1 to 100 (2.4 to 2.5GHz in 1MHz
       | steps) and so plot the local RF sources (WiFi, Bluetooth,
       | Microwave, etc.).
        
         | anotherhue wrote:
         | Where are you getting 2.5? 2450 +/- 50 is what I have seen.
        
       | peterleiser wrote:
       | You can demonstrate WiFi interference by putting a laptop next to
       | your microwave and running a ping test to your WiFi router. I can
       | put my laptop about 4 feet away from my microwave and the ping
       | test hangs as soon as the microwave starts. The ping test resumes
       | as soon as the microwave stops.
        
         | teeray wrote:
         | I haven't had my afternoon coffee yet, and I read this as
         | though the ping test stops when you put your laptop in the
         | microwave and turn it on.
        
           | TeMPOraL wrote:
           | It should stop as soon as you close the doors, I think, or
           | else RF interference is the _least_ of your problems with the
           | microwave.
        
       | adrianmonk wrote:
       | That's inconvenient, but it's definitely expected.
       | 
       | From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISM_radio_band :
       | 
       | > _The ISM radio bands are portions of the radio spectrum
       | reserved internationally for industrial, scientific, and medical
       | (ISM) purposes, excluding applications in telecommunications.
       | Examples of applications for the use of radio frequency (RF)
       | energy in these bands include radio-frequency process heating,
       | microwave ovens, and medical diathermy machines. The powerful
       | emissions of these devices can create electromagnetic
       | interference and disrupt radio communication using the same
       | frequency, so these devices are limited to certain bands of
       | frequencies. In general, communications equipment operating in
       | ISM bands must tolerate any interference generated by ISM
       | applications, and users have no regulatory protection from ISM
       | device operation in these bands._
       | 
       | > _Despite the intent of the original allocations, in recent
       | years the fastest-growing use of these bands has been for short-
       | range, low-power wireless communications systems, since these
       | bands are often approved for such devices, which can be used
       | without a government license, as would otherwise be required for
       | transmitters; ISM frequencies are often chosen for this purpose
       | as they already must tolerate interference issues. Cordless
       | phones, Bluetooth devices, near-field communication (NFC)
       | devices, garage door openers, baby monitors, and wireless
       | computer networks (Wi-Fi) may all use the ISM frequencies,
       | although these low-power transmitters are not considered to be
       | ISM devices._
       | 
       | So basically the microwave oven's Faraday cage needs to block
       | enough for safety. There are regulations about the radio
       | spectrum, but they allow it to emit some.
        
       | magicalhippo wrote:
       | One thing is Bluetooth. Imagine spending 4 years trying to figure
       | out the source of some mysterious signals registered by your
       | giant radio telescope, only to find it was due to the
       | microwave[1][2] used by the operators to heat hot pockets or
       | whatever.
       | 
       | [1]: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/may/05/microwave-
       | ov...
       | 
       | [2]: https://www.nature.com/articles/521129f
        
         | racl101 wrote:
         | "Honey! I'm detecting some some major CMB! You gotta see this!
         | Can you pop my lunch outta the micro too?! Thanks!"
        
         | ethbr1 wrote:
         | Can I interest you in some land in western Virginia?
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Radio_Q...
        
       | TheAceOfHearts wrote:
       | My Bluetooth headphones usually experience connectivity issues if
       | I have line of sight with my running microwave. Interestingly it
       | only happens sometimes. Usually audio will stop playing or cut
       | off until there's a wall between me and the microwave.
        
       | Havoc wrote:
       | Nope - zero interuptions. Using some cheap ikea microwave.
        
       | vehemenz wrote:
       | Yes. My work microwave is just at the end of my Bluetooth range
       | for my Airpods Pro.
       | 
       | If the microwave is off, then my signal is basically fine and
       | won't cut out.
       | 
       | Once I turn the microwave on, all are bets off, and it cuts in
       | and out.
        
         | laweijfmvo wrote:
         | Same. Airprods Pro are the first product i've ever used that
         | experienced microwave interference.
        
       | stringtoint wrote:
       | My bluetooth headphones occasionally drop the connection for a
       | moment when I'm standing to my microwave which is warming up
       | food. 2.4GHz after all. Bluetooth and USB 3 don't play along that
       | well either btw.
        
       | hulitu wrote:
       | > Ask HN: Does your microwave interfere with Bluetooth? Mine does
       | 
       | As far as i know you can make a complain by the FCC.
        
       | willsmith72 wrote:
       | I used to have to time my gaming around when roommates would be
       | eating. Anything in the microwave was an instant dead connection
        
       | eschneider wrote:
       | I once worked for a startup that was trying to stream ads over
       | bluetooth using microwavable foods. It _worked_, but ultimately
       | used too much bandwidth to be practical at the resolutions
       | advertisers wanted.
        
         | daveevad wrote:
         | That sounds amazing. Are there more details like what sort of
         | ads even?
        
         | KMag wrote:
         | Can you explain a bit more how this worked? The food item
         | harvested energy from the microwave, and modulated the leaked
         | microwaves/transmitted its own signal to hijack nearby
         | bluetooth audio devices to play audio ads?
        
       | float4 wrote:
       | What happens when you place your phone in the microwave (don't
       | turn the oven on, obviously) and walk away with your speaker? I'm
       | curious what kind of range you're getting.
       | 
       | For reference: I just tried this with iPhone 13 mini + WH-1000XM3
       | and the connection dropped after ~5 meters.
        
       | pi-rat wrote:
       | My first microwave absolutely wrecked 2.4 ghz wifi, replaced it
       | after a few years and the new one didn't. Didn't have many BT
       | devices back then, but bet it would jam them as well.
        
         | thomashabets2 wrote:
         | Would probably have been enough to change the wifi channel.
        
       | geocrasher wrote:
       | I once had a microwave I called "The WiFi Killer". I work from
       | home, and did then too, and every time one of my kids, or my
       | wife, would use the microwave, I'd get knocked offline. They do
       | work at 2.4Ghz, and this microwave was pretty old. Replaced it
       | and never had another problem.
        
       | Fnoord wrote:
       | It did with anything 2.4 GHz (BT, WiFi, Logitech nRF, etc etc). I
       | threw my microwave away. Not really missed it, it was a waste of
       | space, but anyone who wants to do a deauth attack can also get
       | you to disconnect from WiFi.
       | 
       | Right now we got two airfryers, an oven (airfryers are basically
       | mini ovens), and a mini pizza oven. The latter is pretty bad and
       | hard to operate but because our main oven is broken, its as good
       | as it gets. Not much edible comes out of a microwave. The tastes
       | are almost always bland. I'd rather _not_ eat. For my young kids
       | I get to cook plain stuff, they don 't enjoy anything complex but
       | like the same stuff like pasta over and over again. We used au
       | bain-marie in past. It requires a little bit more planning but
       | nothing dramatic.
        
         | crazygringo wrote:
         | I use my microwave constantly, but it's all for defrosting.
         | 
         | Once the food is no longer frozen but not yet piping hot, it
         | then goes into the toaster oven or skillet or whatever to
         | finish heating including crisping/browning.
         | 
         | It's great because it not only saves significant time, but
         | loses less moisture. Heating from frozen in an oven dries
         | things out too much, or you have to use up aluminum foil to
         | wrap it, which is annoying and a waste.
         | 
         | Also obviously microwaves are great for soup.
        
           | Fnoord wrote:
           | We eat soup once a week, on Saturday usually. I open the
           | package (like this [1]), put it in a pan. Warm it up and...
           | have soup. With a fresh baguette, some hummus or aioli or
           | whatever. No microwave required.
           | 
           | If its frozen soup (made in bulk it is very cheap) then it
           | just has to be put out early enough. A microwave could help
           | to defeat bad planning or tough time schedule.
           | 
           | [1] https://www.ah.nl/producten/product/wi920/ah-rijkgevulde-
           | tom...
        
             | crazygringo wrote:
             | Well sure. Like I said, the main benefit of the microwave
             | is to defrost _faster_. Nothing _requires_ a microwave.
             | 
             | And soup doesn't benefit from browning or crispness so you
             | can heat it up in the microwave the whole way.
             | 
             | There's nothing wrong with the pan, it just takes longer.
             | And there isn't any taste/texture benefit over the
             | microwave in the case of soup.
        
       | jcrawfordor wrote:
       | Bluetooth and WiFi both borrow their spectrum _from_ microwave
       | ovens. It 's typical and expected that microwave ovens will cause
       | some interference with other users of the 2.4GHz ISM band that
       | are very nearby. Microwaves operate at very high power levels and
       | are required to be shielded for human safety, but the permissible
       | leakage power is relatively high compared to typical WiFi and
       | Bluetooth devices---there's a simple reason why. From a legal
       | perspective, Bluetooth is essentially pretending to be a
       | microwave oven and making use of the permitted leakage power.
       | 
       | This is the cost of the historical regulatory situation that most
       | of these unlicensed radio services use the ISM bands originally
       | allocated for microwave heating. One of the advantages of newer
       | WiFI standards, particularly WiFi 6E, is that they finally change
       | this situation by using the U-NII bands allocated specifically
       | for unlicensed short-range digital communications, rather than
       | for microwave heating.
       | 
       | Mind that this is all in the context of US spectrum regulations,
       | although other countries have largely harmonized their approach.
       | I have a lengthier treatment of the topic here:
       | https://computer.rip/2022-04-14-unlicensed-radio.html
        
         | p_l wrote:
         | The international allocation of 2.4GHz spectrum for microwaves
         | happened at lobbying of USA, but is global - and exists in
         | order for airplane galleys to be equipped with microwave
         | heaters and be allowed to travel internationally.
        
           | ThePowerOfFuet wrote:
           | Are they actually microwave instead of convection?
        
             | p_l wrote:
             | Depends on equipment of the plane - the original reasoning
             | for making 2.4GHz the international dumpster spectrum was
             | to install microwaves
        
               | jbverschoor wrote:
               | But we need to switch off WiFi and Bluetooth
        
               | p_l wrote:
               | That's because the equipment installed in the galley is
               | going to be tested for operation with the specific
               | aircraft.
               | 
               | Meanwhile _phone_ radios (not WiFi, not Bluetooth) used
               | to have interference issues with various aviation systems
               | (with some 5G bands still causing issues).
               | 
               | Additionally, outside of interference issues from _phone_
               | systems (and various other non-ISM band radios), the
               | order helps preventing people from doing stupid things
               | with electronics during takeoff and landing, where sudden
               | deceleration can cause things to go awry.
        
           | jjtheblunt wrote:
           | it's kind of funny because water resonates in that band,
           | international consensus or not?
        
             | Hello71 wrote:
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions
             | :
             | 
             | > Microwave ovens are not tuned to any specific resonance
             | frequency for water molecules in the food, but rather
             | produce a broad spectrum of frequencies, cooking food via
             | dielectric heating of polar molecules, including water.
             | Several absorption peaks for water lie within the microwave
             | range, and while it is true that these peaks are caused by
             | quantization of molecular energy levels corresponding to a
             | single frequency, water absorbs radiation across the entire
             | microwave spectrum.
        
               | jcrawfordor wrote:
               | I would contest Wikipedia's description here a bit
               | because I think it confuses the issue of microwave
               | emissions. A number of ISM bands were allocated for RF
               | heating applications originally, 6.78MHz, 13.560MHz,
               | 27.12MHz, 40.68MHz, 915MHz (commonly referred to as
               | 900MHz), 2.45GHz (commonly referred to as 2.4GHz),
               | 61.25GHz, 122.5GHz. These are just examples taken from my
               | NTIA chart which doesn't call all of them out.
               | 
               | The lower ones are largely historic, the very first RF
               | heating experiments used HF and VHF low band which were
               | easier to produce with the radio transmitter technology
               | of the time, but not very efficient at all. The invention
               | of the magnetron changed that, suddenly it was much
               | easier to produce microwave radiation at high power
               | levels, and so the inefficient HF/VHF RF heating devices
               | have all but faded away (there are some specific
               | technical applications that remain exceptions, as usual).
               | 
               | The low frequencies are inefficient and difficult to
               | produce with compact electronics, the high frequencies
               | aren't very attractive for food heating applications
               | because of the limited skin depth. So every microwave
               | oven you're likely to run into operates at 2.4GHz, which
               | is pretty much the sweet spot for food heating _among the
               | allocated ISM bands_. That band is defined as 2.4GHz
               | through 2.5GHz. So I quibble with describing microwaves
               | as  "broad spectrum." Magnetrons do not produce very
               | narrow output, one of the reasons they aren't often used
               | for radio transmitters today, but microwave ovens are
               | required to constrain their meaningful output to within
               | 50MHz of 2.45GHz. 100MHz is a _lot_ of bandwidth from a
               | modern radio communications perspective, but isn 't
               | really that wide from a perspective of physical effects.
               | 
               | 2.45GHz was chosen as an ISM band in part because it had
               | good properties for heating, but it wasn't put exactly on
               | a resonance frequency for water or anything like that.
               | The exact details of the selection process are obscure
               | but 2.45GHz was already being used for experimental
               | microwave heating before the ISM band was allocated, and
               | I would imagine came out of some combination of ease of
               | magnetron construction and reasonably good heating
               | properties. It is documented, for example, that the EHF
               | bands were never popular for consumer microwave heating
               | because of poor efficacy with food, although they do have
               | industrial applications (especially in welding).
               | 
               | Given the history of the topic there's a decent chance
               | that 2.45GHz came about because it was being used by
               | experimental radar at the time, the main thing that
               | magnetrons were being built for. Microwave heating was
               | basically a byproduct of radar development during its
               | early days of development.
        
             | ahoka wrote:
             | It's a myth, see the Wikipedia link in an above comment.
        
         | ethbr1 wrote:
         | And on the follow-up, "Why use 2.4(5) GHz for microwaves?"
         | 
         | Because it happens to be a convenient frequency that water
         | absorbs readily, which is the easiest way of heating up what
         | we'd want to heat with a microwave (read: food).
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_...
         | 
         | And once we'd polluted the frequency for any stable commercial
         | use, why not use this weird carve-out for a little thing called
         | WiFi?
         | 
         | Rabbit hole: Apparently the precise mechanics of EM heating of
         | molecules are surprisingly complex, and offer a number of
         | frequency options. But this would have been the 1950s(?), so
         | I'd assume they empirically determined a balance of
         | functionality + technical feasibility for water, called it a
         | lunch, and went to have five martinis in a practical fashion.
        
       | tivert wrote:
       | In the early days of Wifi, it was pretty common to have your
       | connection drop out whenever someone used the microwave. Both
       | systems use the same frequency band.
       | 
       | I assume modern Wifi has gotten better at chugging through the
       | interference (and perhaps microwave-makers better at shielding).
        
       | vel0city wrote:
       | At an old apartment my Chromecast would become unusable whenever
       | I'd use the microwave in the other room. It took me a bit to
       | understand why every now and then it would just take a dump,
       | turns out it was my roommate cooking dinner.
       | 
       | Meanwhile my current microwave I can cook and be on bluetooth
       | headphones paired to my laptop across the house and there's no
       | issue.
       | 
       | Some microwaves are better shielded than others. It might be
       | leakage from the actual cook box, it might be leakage from all
       | the extra circuitry.
       | 
       | Even though the frequency of most microwave's primary element is
       | going to be a little higher than what Bluetooth is supposed to
       | run on, if there's enough energy leaking you'll still potentially
       | drown out the signal. Filters, especially ones made to be kind of
       | cheap, aren't perfect and can't always filter out everything.
       | 
       | And as mentioned you're trying to catch a few milliwatt signal
       | right next to something that's trying to generate and contain a
       | 1,000,000 milliwatt signal.
        
       | eosophos wrote:
       | Yes. I've wondered about this for a while. Because although the
       | microwave is supposed to be fully shielded, when I take EMF
       | readings on it with my TriField TF2 EMF meter, it's spitting out
       | >100mW/m^2 when it's turned on. And I've seen this happen with
       | just about every microwave I've tried this on. The only ones that
       | haven't seem to be those expensive integrated under-counter ones
       | where the tray slides out rather than opens like a door. Also my
       | phone still works/receives calls when I put it in there, so it
       | can't be as good of a faraday cage as it's supposed to be...
        
         | TheRealPomax wrote:
         | "Microwaves are supposed to be perfectly shielded" is one of
         | those myths that just won't die. Microwaves are allowed to leak
         | _a lot_ , with exactly "how much" dependent on whatever agency
         | writes the rules where you live of course =)
         | 
         | In the US, for instance, it's the Center for Devices and
         | Radiological Health (CDRH), part of the FDA, that sets the
         | rules for microwaves, with the performance standard set forth
         | by CDRH allowing leakage (measured at five centimeters from the
         | oven surface) of 1 mW/cm2 at the time of manufacture, and a
         | maximum level of 5 mW/cm2 during the lifetime of the oven.[1]
         | 
         | A strong wifi router or bluetooth transmitter may be
         | transmitting at one or two orders of magnitude greater than the
         | microwave's allowed to leak, but if you're closer to the
         | microwave than the wifi/bluetooth transmitter, or the microwave
         | is simply between you and the wifi/blueooth transmitter, or
         | especially if you have a low power transmitter, that
         | microwave's going to wreak havoc.
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Do...
        
       | gertlex wrote:
       | My microwave is less than 2 feet from my wifi router :D (but
       | yeah, mostly use 5GHz channels for wifi)
       | 
       | I have no issue listening to podcasts in the kitchen while the
       | microwave is running. I'm using Logitech H800 headphones
       | (modified with wires going to my hearing aids).
       | 
       | If I put my phone in my GE microwave, I have sound breakup issues
       | within 2-3 feet away from the microwave. Sounds like it's better
       | "shielded" than some others mentioned here.
        
       | kpozin wrote:
       | My data is anecdotal, but I've observed that Panasonic inverter
       | ovens that I've used interfered in the 2.4GHz range, while models
       | of other brands (e.g. GE) have not.
       | 
       | (This is unfortunate because Panasonic seems to be the only brand
       | that can actually adjust power output, whereas the others
       | simulate lower power levels by cycling on and off.)
        
         | liminalsunset wrote:
         | LG now sells inverter microwaves under the NeoChef brand, I
         | believe. I saw one in a second hand store recently so they've
         | existed for a while now. I haven't tested one to see if it
         | interferes with anything, though.
        
           | nkerkin wrote:
           | I have one, and yes, much interference.
        
         | lathiat wrote:
         | Adjusting the power output is the definition of "inverter"
         | basically. A few brands offer it, it seems like it was probably
         | patented as it was only 3-4 higher end well known brands at
         | least in Australia.
         | 
         | Inverters themselves are potential noise sources though so may
         | be part of the issue but other implementations may not
         | interfere.
        
         | xattt wrote:
         | I know of at least two Panasonic inverter microwaves that
         | failed within a 5 year period of ownership.
         | 
         | Mine emitted white smoke warming up some tea while I was in
         | another room. I hope to God it wasn't beryllium.
         | 
         | I still have a Panasonic OTR microwave, but it's inverterless.
         | It appears to be an improved design of a GE model from the same
         | OEM.
        
           | Jeff_Brown wrote:
           | Oh Christ. Mine has smelled a little like metallic smoke
           | lately.
        
         | instagib wrote:
         | GE inverter microwave with interference 20-30ft away and it
         | goes through a wall.
        
         | callalex wrote:
         | You can thank terribly written intellectual property laws for
         | that exclusivity. It's not like inverters are some kind of new
         | technology, and yet here we are.
        
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