[HN Gopher] Intermediate sci knowledge associated with overconfi...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Intermediate sci knowledge associated with overconfidence and
       negative attitudes
        
       Author : taylorbuley
       Score  : 203 points
       Date   : 2023-09-14 16:24 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nature.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nature.com)
        
       | dav_Oz wrote:
       | Once the activation energy can be maintained (basic skill and
       | consistency) the learning curve is the steepest at the beginning
       | of any given field; the setbacks are still rare and surmountable
       | (and just mostly add to the confidence). But the human mind is
       | only able to suffer a finite amount of beating and at one point
       | your perceived competence level will collapse dramatically,
       | overcorrecting in the opposite direction.
       | 
       | However, the reward structure of overconfidence can be used to
       | maintain the momentum and once you hit the hard wall of
       | insurmountable incompetence congratulate yourself that you
       | actually walked the path of knowing _practically_ nothing.
       | 
       | It's the hardest thing to fully admit one's own ignorance and
       | easy to see all around you, it's only when the giant
       | rationalization machine buzzing inside is finally fully
       | exhausted; for a brief moment the crushing vastness of the
       | unknown pours in.
       | 
       | So in a way overconfidence is just unused fuel. Use it wisely.
        
       | not_enoch_wise wrote:
       | Exactly why I developed advanced sci knowledge, so my
       | narcissistic confidence and anti-social attitude can be defended!
        
       | davidktr wrote:
       | full paper here: // deleted. Looks like my choice of an anonymous
       | file hoster was inappropriate.
        
         | bagels wrote:
         | researchgate has it:
         | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362183387_Knowledge...
         | 
         | You can click on "Read Full Text"
         | 
         | Also here: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abo0038
        
         | malf wrote:
         | This page tries to send expensive SMS messages.
        
         | bagels wrote:
         | Site doesn't look legitimate. Risky click.
        
       | xamuel wrote:
       | I feel like this has been part of the latent background memetic
       | knowledgebase for many years now:
       | https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/iq-bell-curve-midwit/photos/
        
       | maxwell wrote:
       | Alexander Pope was right.
        
       | karaterobot wrote:
       | I'm 100% guilty of this. I try not to be, but hey.
       | 
       | There's different levels:
       | 
       | 1. The guy who reads the title of the journal article.
       | 
       | 2. The guy who reads the abstract of the journal article.
       | 
       | 3. The guy who reads the text of the article.
       | 
       | 4. The guy who's read all the other significant research in the
       | field and can put it in context alongside their own personal
       | experience as a practitioner.
       | 
       | I'm #2, and I strive to be #3. It's really hard to be #4,
       | especially for more than one domain.
        
         | not_enoch_wise wrote:
         | That's why I skip even reading the title, and get right to
         | mocking other commenters.
        
         | quickthrower2 wrote:
         | #2.5 someone who lets Karpathy explain it all :-)
        
         | naniwaduni wrote:
         | 0.5. The guy who reads the press release for the journal
         | article!
         | 
         | (0.2. The guy who reads the title of the news article for the
         | journal article on HN and proceeds straight to the comment
         | section...)
        
         | riccardomc wrote:
         | You claim you're a #2.5 which is intermediate. So according to
         | the article you might very well be an overconfident #1,
         | instead...
         | 
         | You should probably add a "5. don't know" option and check that
         | one...
        
         | jrflowers wrote:
         | #3.5: The guy who skims the text of the article with just
         | enough effort and time to be proven correct about their opinion
         | of the article's title
         | 
         | This is an incredibly common guy
        
         | antisthenes wrote:
         | #3 is pretty orthogonal.
         | 
         | There's a reason abstracts exist, and they usually provide
         | enough information as to whether the paper discovered any
         | significant findings, so whether it's worth reading at all.
         | 
         | If you are #1, #2 and in #2 you include reading not just the
         | paper but the meta-analysis papers of the field, that already
         | puts you ahead of 95% of the general public.
         | 
         | Not even scientists themselves are full #3 people. It's just
         | impossible, considering the amount of work that exists in the
         | field, and considering that most studies just confirm existing
         | findings from 10-20-50 years ago.
        
       | biomcgary wrote:
       | As a scientist, I've seen lots of people who are overconfident in
       | both themselves and overconfident in science. IMO, a good PhD
       | science program helps students master a discipline, but also to
       | recognize the limits of the discipline.
       | 
       | For example, 23andMe thought they would revolutionize drug
       | development with a huge genetics dataset. In practice, genetic
       | information _alone_ is not sufficient to treat the majority of
       | diseases that affect individuals and society. There is too much
       | environmental variation affecting human biology for purely
       | genetic approaches.
       | 
       | Understanding the real limits of knowledge is vital to pushing
       | knowledge forward where we can. As a biologist, one of the things
       | I most appreciate about Sabine Hossenfelder (a physicist) is that
       | she highlights the limits of knowledge in her (and adjacent)
       | fields. She gets a lot of push back (and is sometimes wrong), but
       | having the discussion is vital to science.
       | 
       | Acknowledging the limits of science is not a negative attitude
       | about science, but a positive one. A clear idea of the current
       | limits of science (both theoretically and practically) is
       | instrumental to pushing through them. For example, the scholarly
       | papers highlighting the replication crisis
       | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_crisis) are actually
       | very useful to maintaining the health of science as a human
       | endeavor, not a critique of science. Scientists need a clear
       | understanding of the scientific foundations that they are
       | building on.
        
         | eh_why_not wrote:
         | > As a scientist, I've seen lots of people who are
         | overconfident in both themselves and overconfident in science.
         | 
         | I feel that I've never had the first problem, but have
         | definitely had the second.
         | 
         | On one hand, there is the natural limitation of Science itself
         | in terms of the type of questions (that are amenable to the
         | scientific method) it can answer. On the other hand, it is
         | still the best way of generating knowledge that we have.
         | 
         | My overconfidence was that scientists, as individuals and as a
         | community, would always do the right thing, driven by, and
         | honestly following, the scientific method. But in the past few
         | years I've had to revisit this assumption several times and be
         | reminded to always retain some healthy skepticism.
         | 
         | Most recent example is this climate scientist who just
         | published in Nature, and then went ahead afterwards and penned
         | an op-ed [0] saying he actually misrepresented the actual
         | factors in order to get published.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.thefp.com/p/i-overhyped-climate-change-to-get-
         | pu...
        
           | perfect-blue wrote:
           | > My overconfidence was that scientists, as individuals and
           | as a community, would always do the right thing...
           | 
           | This is a great point. I'm shocked by how often I end up
           | working on a project with a colleague who is taking the path
           | of least resistance. In my field, this usually results in
           | using decades old statistical methods than have been proven
           | time and time again to be unsatisfactory. They just don't
           | want to learn new methods or their technical expertise aren't
           | good enough to learn how to implement the new approaches. So
           | they just coast. I'm not sure what to do in these situations
           | other than just try and set a positive example.
        
         | dekhn wrote:
         | 23&Me failed in drug development because they started from a
         | mistaken premise- that the data they collected (very
         | specifically, genotype arrays) would produce data that was
         | correlated with human health closely enough to identify targets
         | (proteins or pathways to disrupt/modify). They have a huge
         | genetics dataset, they don't have a huge genomics dataset, and
         | the underlying relationship between the genome and phenotypes
         | (especially complex disease phenotypes) is a highly nonlinear
         | function.
         | 
         | Environment is important but we could still have huge
         | improvements in medical care using genomics. It's easy to
         | obtain and still has a very strong relationship to disease, and
         | is a problem best solved by deep learning. I've watched people
         | tilt against this windmill for 25+ years and it's kind of funny
         | just how bad our labelling of diseases is.
        
           | biomcgary wrote:
           | Excellent point. I work at a biotech startup where one major
           | focus is "how do we fix the disease labels?". I call it the
           | pyrite problem (your gold standard data contains fools gold),
           | but it is known more prosaically as the mislabeling problem.
        
         | crabmusket wrote:
         | > Acknowledging the limits of science is not a negative
         | attitude about science, but a positive one. A clear idea of the
         | current limits of science (both theoretically and practically)
         | is instrumental to pushing through them.
         | 
         | "The gods did not reveal, from the beginning, all things to us,
         | but in the course of time through seeking we may learn and know
         | things better. But as for certain truth, no man has known it,
         | nor shall he know it, neither of the gods Nor yet of all the
         | things of which I speak. For even if by chance he were to utter
         | the final truth, he would himself not know it: for all is but a
         | woven web of guesses"
         | 
         | Xenophanes
        
         | f1shy wrote:
         | The most over confident in theirselves and science people I
         | know are PhD. With egos and arrogance greater than the solar
         | system. People that go early to the industry and see the "real
         | world" tend to have a more tamed expectative of what they could
         | achieve and science can offer.
        
         | brigadier132 wrote:
         | Ironically, you are taking this study at face value. This study
         | reminds me of the "Republicans tend to be sociopaths more
         | often" study. That ended up being completely refuted.
        
         | NikolaNovak wrote:
         | I find that coloquially we use the term "science" in several
         | distinct meanings, two of which are:
         | 
         | 1. Science as the body of knowledge
         | 
         | 2. Science as a method / approach
         | 
         | I also find that mixing the meanings/perspectives/intent up in
         | a single conversation is common, sometimes accidentally
         | sometimes intentionally.
         | 
         | In my ignorance (ComSci major, so not a real science :), I
         | would describe myself as extremely positive / confident to
         | "Science, the approach/method" and, _through_ that approach,
         | pragmatic about the  "Science the current body of knowledge".
         | 
         | In other words:
         | 
         | Yes, there are very much limits to what we currently know, and
         | some of what we think we know will turn out to be wrong, subtly
         | or catastrophically. There are definitely huge limits and
         | uncertainties to Science the body of knowledge!
         | 
         | But, acknowledging it is kinda the point, and the best way to
         | figure it out that we are currently aware of is through
         | scientific approach. (I've just realized I might even have
         | become a zealot that you describe, because I can't even figure
         | out what a _plausible & feasible_ alternative method is, if
         | your goals are to actually figure things out. To that point, I
         | find humility and skepticism about your current science body of
         | knowledge a crucial part of science the method, something which
         | most other methods lack).
         | 
         | I find distinction is crucial especially in political and
         | religious discussion frameworks. Otherwise, I never know if I
         | agree or disagree with statements regarding "limits of science"
         | etc.
         | 
         | (This is all further mixed up by zillion of daily popular
         | articles where "Science says that [...]!!!" or "[...],
         | scientists find", which... ugh, oversimplify at best and
         | deceive more likely)
         | 
         | What are your thoughts?
        
           | ThinkBeat wrote:
           | "" > I would describe myself as extremely positive /
           | confident to "Science, the >approach/method ""
           | 
           | But what does that actually mean? How do you manifest this in
           | your daily life and in your decisions?
           | 
           | My grandmother told me God told me I heard on the news
           | 
           | Well, that does not seem scientific nor following the tenants
           | of science. But how can you evaluate information you receive
           | that is called science and in so far as you know from a
           | source of a scientist. Esp. these days in the US everything
           | is incredibly politicized.
           | 
           | There is no way to dig deep enough into every tidbit of
           | knowledge we are exposed to. A lot of scientific fields these
           | days are so complicated that you need a degree to start
           | understanding what is going on or to evaluate data.
           | 
           | If we are lucky we know a few people in different fields whom
           | we trust. We trust the people to we trust what the say, since
           | they are scientists. We all walk around and -believe- in
           | various things we hear and elect not to believe in others.
           | Then we claim that we believe in this or that "because of
           | science". and because of the scientific method. But we dont
           | know that for a fact because we dont know and probably could
           | not understand all the steps from beginning to end needed to
           | ensure that the scientific model had been applied
           | appropriately at all stages.
           | 
           | I dont think real science should state "THIS IS TRUTH BECAUSE
           | THIS IS SCIENCE" it should be "This is our best understanding
           | right now, and there are some other theories out there that
           | may also be valid."
        
             | cowpig wrote:
             | I think the parent comment specifically means coming up
             | with a falsifiable hypothesis and testing it, as opposed to
             | the "body of knowledge" part you are talking about.
        
           | biomcgary wrote:
           | I think your distinction between 1 and 2 is very important
           | (but, as a computational biologist, I disagree about CompSci
           | not being science :-).
           | 
           | Along these lines, I think the role of consensus in science
           | has been overly dramatized by those with various policies to
           | push. Max Planck's principle is famous in the short form
           | "Science progresses one funeral at a time". One of the
           | professors I worked with as a graduate student had a sign on
           | his desk, "First They Ignore You, Then They Laugh at You,
           | Then They Attack You, Then You Win".
           | 
           | These two quotes captures an important tension in the
           | practice of science: consensus both retards the progress of
           | science and captures it for others to build on.
        
             | mcguire wrote:
             | Retarding the progress of science is sometimes (often?) a
             | good thing.
             | 
             | Many people regard Einstein's later career as fruitless,
             | but by attacking quantum mechanics, he improved its
             | foundations as well as making it much more acceptable.
        
           | nonrandomstring wrote:
           | There is also:
           | 
           | 3. Science the institution.
           | 
           | As in "What Science says about X" as if there was a single
           | authoritative, coherent entity we could call Science.
        
             | NikolaNovak wrote:
             | It is frequently used that way, and I suppose I didn't
             | include it because I feel it's an incorrect usage... but
             | I'd have to agree with you that it might even be the most
             | common :-/
        
             | Ensorceled wrote:
             | This is often what is meant when the lay person uses
             | "science" or "scientists" in a (usually) derogatory way.
        
           | theGnuMe wrote:
           | The science of computing is a real science.
        
             | seanr88 wrote:
             | I'd agree with this although I understand where the idea
             | comes from. It is difficult for people to understand what
             | is and is not a science and it is easy to think that
             | computer science is not a science even when you study it.
             | 
             | The way we learn and study topics is divorced from the
             | original method of discovering those topics. The way people
             | learn Computer Science is generally by absorbing the
             | information, not by doing the experiments. So it is
             | difficult for people to understand that the way we have
             | this knowledge is through hypothesis forming and
             | experimentation i.e. Science.
        
             | Ankaios wrote:
             | Not much of "computer science" is actual science. Some of
             | CS is mathematics, some is engineering, and some is arts
             | and crafts.
        
           | Sharlin wrote:
           | I think there is a third definition of "science":
           | 
           | 3. What is actually happening in academia
           | 
           | I think most people exposed to science#3 from the inside can
           | agree that science#2 works - and indeed works surprisingly
           | well - _despite_ science#3, not _because of it_.
        
             | NikolaNovak wrote:
             | Agreed; I have a few friends who quit academia, and few who
             | stayed. Some of their experiences are hope-inspiring, some
             | are depressing. Same for those in government employ.
             | 
             | But I don't think as academia as the only, or even
             | _necessarily_ the most important place that science is
             | happening in the world today.
        
             | jltsiren wrote:
             | I often trust science as a social process more than the
             | scientific method.
             | 
             | The scientific method works best in fields such as physics
             | and chemistry, where you have an established model of
             | reality. The model has been extensively tested and
             | validated, and you can use it to design experiments that
             | will likely test what they are supposed to, taking all
             | relevant factors into account.
             | 
             | Other fields, particularly those that are most affected by
             | the replication crisis, study phenomena that are too
             | complex for such comprehensive models. Instead of testing
             | established mechanisms, such fields often use the
             | scientific method to investigate black boxes. Designing
             | experiments is harder, because it's not clear if you are
             | measuring the right things in the right way, or which
             | factors could plausibly affect the results. You may not
             | even be sure if the mechanisms the experiments rely on
             | actually exist and if they are properly understood.
             | 
             | I like to think that the replication crisis is the social
             | process trying to deal with the issues resulting from
             | overreliance on the scientific method. When you can't rely
             | on an established body of knowledge, a focus on the method
             | takes your attention away from questioning your assumptions
             | and understanding them.
        
             | tivert wrote:
             | > I think there is a third definition of "science":
             | 
             | > 3. What is actually happening in academia
             | 
             | While we're enumerating, I think there's a fourth
             | definition:
             | 
             | 4. "Science" as a belief system rather than as a
             | tool/technology. I think in this respect, there's often an
             | unacknowledged (or denied) blurring between science and
             | science fiction (the more traditional "spaceship books"
             | kind, as well as overconfident speculation). There's also a
             | tendency to claim the prestige and authority of science for
             | one's own personal opinions and preferences.
        
               | BlueTemplar wrote:
               | I think the word "Scientism" (also) covers that one ?
        
               | mcpackieh wrote:
               | According to wiktionary, 'scientism' has these meanings:
               | 
               |  _1. The belief that the scientific method and the
               | assumptions and research methods of the physical sciences
               | are applicable to all other disciplines (such as the
               | humanities and social sciences), or that those other
               | disciplines are not as valuable._
               | 
               |  _2. The belief that all truth is exclusively discovered
               | through science._
               | 
               | Maybe the second definition kind of fits if you stretch
               | it. I think 'futurism', not in the sense of the artistic
               | movement, is a closer fit; _' 2. The study and prediction
               | of possible futures.'_
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | Believe it or not, I have had more than one person tell
               | me with sincerity that observing the contents of a box is
               | "doing science", I imagine because they believe that
               | science is actually the only way to acquire knowledge.
               | 
               | Meanwhile, these people mock the religious [in their
               | imagination] for "being" insular/fundamentalist.
        
               | T-A wrote:
               | _"When you break an egg and scramble it you are doing
               | cosmology," said Sean Carroll, a cosmologist at the
               | California Institute of Technology._
               | 
               | [1]
               | https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15brain.html
        
             | mathematicaster wrote:
             | Top comment.
             | 
             | My adjacent refrain is "Science is not the same as people
             | trying to do science".
        
               | mistermann wrote:
               | Scientists trying to do science _is a component of_ broad
               | science, is it not?
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | biomcgary wrote:
               | The work of philosophers and sociologists of science,
               | Kuhn and Feyerabend in particular, support this
               | perspective.
        
           | mistermann wrote:
           | I would add:
           | 
           | 3. Science, _the mass psychological phenomenenon_.
           | 
           | Like many ideologies it behaves a lot like a religion, and
           | online discussions are chock full of artifacts.
           | 
           | In my case, I have a negative view of "science" because of
           | this phenomenological aspect of it, which I consider
           | dangerous because it results in irrational, tribal thinking
           | (see: covid, climate change, etc)...and it ain't only the
           | "deniers" who are guilty.
           | 
           | > Yes, there are very much limits to what we currently know,
           | and some of what we think we know will turn out to be wrong,
           | subtly or catastrophically. There are definitely huge limits
           | and uncertainties to Science the body of knowledge!
           | 
           | > But, acknowledging it is kinda the point, _and the best way
           | to figure it out that we are currently aware of is through
           | scientific approach._
           | 
           | Pro-science people absolutely love this meme, I encounter it
           | several times a day in the online spaces I frequent.
        
           | austin-cheney wrote:
           | What's important is not what you think. More important is
           | what other people think, even though their observations are
           | at fault no differently than your own. What's most important
           | is how you measure compared to other people, as everything
           | else is a biased faulty guess.
           | 
           | Younger people are more at risk of getting this wrong because
           | their scope of knowledge and experience are shallower.
           | Introspection grows with age, but when introspection is not
           | deliberate older people are more catastrophically at risk of
           | getting this wrong.
        
       | Joel_Mckay wrote:
       | Scientific hubris is foundational marketing for what is
       | necessarily random results.
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFTyJDjfjG0
       | 
       | =)
        
       | threeseed wrote:
       | I can imagine it's not just restricted to scientific knowledge.
       | 
       | And having met many of these types of people they all seem to
       | share one trait: definitiveness.
       | 
       | Everything is black/white and there is always a "right" answer or
       | approach where as people with little knowledge and those who are
       | experts tend to be nuanced and flexible.
        
       | gobdovan wrote:
       | Maybe that's why all the major materials on climate change I find
       | are sociological, focusing on people's perception on it and on
       | agreement between experts rather than the actual subject -
       | 
       | It's so I don't get intermediate knowledge and become skeptical
       | to my own dismay.
        
       | GMoromisato wrote:
       | I blame Carl Sagan[1]. Carl Sagan was the Martin Luther of
       | science communication. He showed us how you could figure out the
       | size of the Earth just by measuring shadows at noon. He showed a
       | vessel full of gases creating the precursors of life with just a
       | little electricity. He reduced the history of the universe to a 1
       | hour PBS show. In short, he made science understandable to
       | anyone.
       | 
       | But just as the Reformation led to faith-healing and megachurch
       | preachers, Sagan's teachings made it seem as if anyone could be a
       | scientist. As long as a chain of reasoning made sense to you,
       | then it was true!
       | 
       | Take something like whether the earth goes around the sun. Sagan
       | showed how Mars sometimes moves backwards in the sky, and he
       | implies that this can only happen in a heliocentric model. In
       | reality, of course, you need much more evidence to come up with
       | the correct model. It wasn't until Newton could predict orbits
       | from simple equations that there was no longer any doubt.
       | 
       | But watching Sagan you get the idea that if you can just come up
       | with ONE piece of evidence for whatever you believe, then that's
       | enough to prove it! This is why flat-earthers rely on meme-like
       | "evidence" that takes effort to refute.
       | 
       | In the end, it's a trade-off. Do you want people to just trust
       | authority or do you want people to think for themselves? If we
       | want the latter (which I think we do) then we have to put up with
       | those who are wrong.
       | 
       | -----
       | 
       | [1] I love Carl Sagan. He was a huge influence on me, and I think
       | he benefited society, even if I think his teachings also
       | (ironically) stoked some pseudoscience.
        
         | santiagobasulto wrote:
         | Lol, this is a great comment.
        
         | nonethewiser wrote:
         | It makes me think of the Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia
         | episode where Dennis hypocritically appeals to authority in an
         | effort to disprove creationism. The valuable point the skit
         | makes is that there is a sort of "cult of science" where people
         | mistake faith for reason and you have a bunch of science
         | "believers" who dont realize it. Of course this is not what
         | science really is.
         | 
         | Personally, I have always been irked by phrases like "Science
         | say" as if science itself is a centralized institution rather
         | than a collection of people applying the scientific method.
         | 
         | In a similar vein, I sometimes see posts of some natural
         | phenomena (like ants changing colors after drinking dyed water)
         | with captions like "Isnt science cool?" Im still trying to
         | figure out why this irks me but its weird to imply science
         | somehow caused this.
        
           | nerpderp82 wrote:
           | I was just mentioning to a friend of mine, a lady in her late
           | 60s early 70s about spiders using electrostatics to travel.
           | 
           | https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.0.
           | ..
           | 
           | And she remarked, "isn't evolution amazing! It figured out so
           | many things"
           | 
           | When someone says "Isn't science cool?", they are saying lots
           | of things
           | 
           | * I appreciate facts/truth
           | 
           | * Knowing things is fun
           | 
           | * Figuring things out is fun
           | 
           | * There is so much we don't know about the universe
           | 
           | I think you are putting to much semantic meaning into the
           | grammar they are using to express their sentiments. Same goes
           | for, "science says". It isn't enjoyable to discuss things and
           | at the same time qualify every single statement.
        
             | nonethewiser wrote:
             | Its non sensical. Not minor. Electrostatics exists without
             | science. The point is science is a tool for learning the
             | truth, not the cause, nor the phenomena itself. It would
             | make more sense to say "nature is cool."
             | 
             | Its like looking at a painting and saying "vision is so
             | cool." Except worse because at least in that example you
             | are actually using the lens (vision) to look at the
             | phenomena.
        
               | nerpderp82 wrote:
               | Science is the tool that allowed us to know these truths.
               | 
               | Your comment is damn rude.
        
           | mistermann wrote:
           | > The valuable point the skit makes is that there is a sort
           | of "cult of science" where people mistake faith for reason
           | and you have a bunch of science "believers" who dont realize
           | it. Of course this is not what science really is.
           | 
           | Whereas with religions, the shortcomings of it's delusional
           | followers are attributed to it.
           | 
           | Science has got to have the shrewdest marketing department in
           | the history of religion.
        
           | GMoromisato wrote:
           | Lol--that's a great reference.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | aschearer wrote:
         | > But just as the Reformation led to faith-healing and
         | megachurch preachers
         | 
         | Quite a leap. Break that one down...
         | 
         | > Sagan's teachings made it seem as if anyone could be a
         | scientist. As long as a chain of reasoning made sense to you,
         | then it was true!
         | 
         | How does Sagan give this impression? Namely that "as long as it
         | makes sense to you, then it must be true."
         | 
         | And why is this analogous to the Reformation? Seems like a non-
         | sequiter.
        
           | paulddraper wrote:
           | >> But just as the Reformation led to faith-healing and
           | megachurch preachers
           | 
           | > Quite a leap. Break that one down...
           | 
           | Prior to the Reformation, you needed not just Truth but
           | Authority as well. There was an actual hierarchy, and you
           | respected that hierarchy.
           | 
           | Luther said that any man could connect to God, be a spiritual
           | leader, assemble a congregation. And so the number of
           | religious sects increased from 1 to much more than 1,
           | including for example faith healers and megachurches.
        
             | mcpackieh wrote:
             | There's no doubt that the Reformation resulted in a
             | proliferation of Christian sects, but attributing
             | megachurchs and faith healing to that seems bizarre to
             | somebody who is not a Christian. The Christian bible says
             | that Jesus himself was a faith healer. Innumerable Catholic
             | saints have been faith healers, and faith healing in the
             | form of Exorcism is still taught as real by the Roman
             | Catholic Church to this day. And megachurchs? No Christian
             | church is more 'mega' than the RCC. They share all the
             | defining characteristics: Huge gaudy megastructures? Yes,
             | Cathedrals. Money flowing up through the organization? The
             | Vatican is decked in gold. Hierarchical with the preacher
             | at top living opulently? This describes the Roman Catholic
             | Church to a T. And Jesus himself is said to have preached
             | to crowds of hundreds or thousands.
             | 
             | The Reformation certainly lead to a splintering of
             | Christian sects, but did not introduce faith healing and
             | megachurches. These were already ancient, arguably
             | _originating_ characteristics of Christianity.
        
         | passion__desire wrote:
         | People trust "authority" because they don't have time,
         | resources, training to build the body of knowledge themselves.
         | It is not feasable neither desirable for everyone to know about
         | everything. Societies build chain of trust and that's why
         | institutions are important. Think of authority as a function
         | call in a big framework which provides an answer with reasoning
         | for that answer. In my previous function calls, the authority
         | provided answers properly. If I get a wrong answer, there is a
         | "bug" somewhere in the system.
        
         | itronitron wrote:
         | Why call it pseudoscience? It's just science done poorly by
         | someone doing science. We don't call a bad haircut a pseudo-
         | haircut.
        
           | paulddraper wrote:
           | Same as psuedostatistics. There are fundamental, objective
           | principals. [1]
           | 
           | Violate those, and it's not what it claims to be.
           | 
           | A bad haircut doesn't claim to be something that it's not,
           | and its goodness is subjective.
           | 
           | [1] https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudostatistical
        
             | itronitron wrote:
             | Dude, the reference you provide does not support your claim
             | that "There are fundamental, objective principals." Not
             | sure if you are trying to be subversive or just lazy (or
             | both).
        
               | paulddraper wrote:
               | Neither. Reference should have followed the word
               | pseudostatistics
        
       | cycomanic wrote:
       | I am not sure why we have all these comments about
       | confidence/overconfidence of scientists and the limits of
       | science.
       | 
       | The article has some very different findings. The crucial
       | paragraph from the abstract is:
       | 
       | >We find a nonlinear relationship between knowledge and
       | confidence, with overconfidence (the confidence gap) peaking at
       | intermediate levels of actual scientific knowledge. These high-
       | confidence/intermediate-knowledge groups also display the least
       | positive attitudes towards science.
       | 
       | It seems to that it is essentially a refinement of the Dunning-
       | Kruger effect. It also matches some previous study I remember
       | which found that science sceptisim and many conspiracy theories
       | around science are most prevalent with certain engineering
       | disciplines (I can't find the study right now, but will update
       | with a link once I do).
       | 
       | It is interesting that someone mentioned Sabine Hossenfelder as a
       | positive example, because I find much of her recent content
       | peddles to exactly the crowd who has intermediate knowledge of
       | and very negative attitude toward science. In particular she
       | often comments on topics where she herself has very little
       | understanding (I know because I have seen it for topics where I
       | am an expert) and just pushes a scepticism opinion without much
       | understanding, but acting like she is an authority.
        
         | mxmlnkn wrote:
         | > The article has some very different findings. The crucial
         | paragraph from the abstract is:
         | 
         | It's kinda funny how only the abstract is referred to when
         | trying to paraphrase the findings of the paper. I would say
         | that the abstract by itself is more like an opinion. The real
         | hard data backing up the abstract, should be in the article.
         | But, it can't even be faulted because this "science" is behind
         | a pretty hefty paywall with 40$ for the full PDF and 10$ for a
         | 48h rent. It's basically the same price as a full movie.
        
           | cycomanic wrote:
           | The abstract is not an opinion, it is a summary of the key
           | methods and findings written by the authors. It is the
           | perfect place to get a short quote to outline the main
           | results of the paper.
           | 
           | Now if we wanted to investigate the methods and results in
           | detail, we certainly would have to read the full paper,
           | however the main findings will not differ from what is in the
           | abstract. You might find that the methods (and hence results)
           | are not valid, and can come up with a detailed rebuttal, for
           | that you certainly would need to read the full paper.
           | However, I assumed here that the findings are valid, because
           | even though I have access to the paper, this is well outside
           | my area of expertise so I am not well placed to investigate
           | the claims in detail and rather refrain from that.
        
       | bratgpttamer wrote:
       | > We find a nonlinear relationship between knowledge and
       | confidence, with overconfidence (the confidence gap) peaking at
       | intermediate levels of actual scientific knowledge.
       | 
       | Dunning-Kruger isn't real.
       | 
       | Dunning-Kruger isn't real.
       | 
       | Dunning-Kruger isn't real.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | next_xibalba wrote:
       | I am 100% guilty of this. I try to consistently remind myself
       | that having read mostly pop-sci and the occasional abstract of a
       | scientific paper does not in any way qualify me as either a
       | scientist or even a knowledgeable non-scientist.
        
         | koromak wrote:
         | "They don't know I watched a 20 minute video on relativity"
        
           | quickthrower2 wrote:
           | Meanwhile... everyone else aged 10000 years.
        
       | bedobi wrote:
       | This study basically describes 99% of people here, lol. Because
       | you know how to write code, you're suddenly an expert not only at
       | that but also at economics, medicine, international relations etc
       | etc. Every field is ready for you to disrupt it. The hubris is
       | astonishing.
        
         | bratgpttamer wrote:
         | Well, at least we're not physicists, amirite?
         | 
         | https://xkcd.com/793/
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | tivert wrote:
         | > This study basically describes 99% of people here, lol.
         | Because you know how to write code, you're suddenly an expert
         | not only at that but also at economics, medicine, international
         | relations etc etc. Every field is ready for you to disrupt it.
         | The hubris is astonishing.
         | 
         | Aka "Engineer's disease." There's an overestimation of one's
         | personal competence _and_ the effectiveness of the tools and
         | mental models you 're most familiar with. Basically think
         | asshole software engineer who tells everyone they're dumb and
         | should just solve the problem like they're writing software.
        
         | cududa wrote:
         | One thing I've realized about this site are the insane amount
         | of software engineers that have a disdain for the medical
         | field. It comes up all the time deeper into comment threads
         | where people say medical school entrance exams being so hard is
         | a form of "gatekeeping" - which it is, on purpose, but they're
         | using it as a pejorative to tell themselves "I could've been a
         | doctor too if they didn't make it so purposefully hard."
         | 
         | The other very very disturbing trend are the "makers" who
         | denigrate medical devices as overly complex. One thread I'll
         | never get over was on old pacemakers. The prevailing sentiment
         | was they're designed for failure because "evil medical industry
         | profit", not that, you know, they wear out.
         | 
         | The other part felt like watching the theory of memetics
         | demonstrate itself in real-time. One person commented that the
         | single small mechanical component is rated to actuate 5,000,000
         | times or something like that. Someone dismissively said "Well
         | yeah but Adafruit keyboard switches are rated at 2-3 million
         | presses, they mass-produce them, thus it can't be that hard"
         | (adafruit's data sheet says 1,000,000 btw). Very quickly,
         | people picked up that line and repeated that the actuator in a
         | pacemaker isn't "actually that complicated", citing the 2-3
         | million keycap example. I still see that keycap "argument" pop
         | up all the time.
         | 
         | BTW: Pacemakers are actually rated for about 100,000,000
         | stimuli cycles.
        
           | mr_mitm wrote:
           | I wanted to write a very similar comment, except about
           | cosmology instead of medicine. The amount of people with high
           | school level physics knowledge who think they know better
           | than almost all luminaries of the field combined just because
           | their gut feeling is telling them something about dark matter
           | is astonishing.
        
             | cududa wrote:
             | I mean I _barely_ know about pacemakers. Just that I have a
             | congenital heart condition and will need one in a decade or
             | so, and have taken a hobbyists interest in learning about
             | them / following the field. Just the level of arrogance and
             | just completely wrong "facts" astonished me. The bit that
             | moves is a few strands of hair thick. In what world does "I
             | built my own keyboard" translate to "I built my own
             | keyboard so how much different could a pacemaker be?"
        
         | simpleuser27 wrote:
         | Seriously. Folks in tech like to complain about MBAs, but it's
         | a toss up in my book for "most egregiously overconfident".
         | 
         | Doctors get a good shout as well.
        
         | paulddraper wrote:
         | Why doesn't _____ just ______? I've thought about this for only
         | 2 minutes and it's already obvious.
        
           | svnt wrote:
           | Clearly you're not in the field or you'd know that ______ is
           | actually better understood as _______, which means your
           | question doesn't even make sense.
        
           | cutemonster wrote:
           | At the same time, with "just" removed, those questions are
           | often pretty good I think.
           | 
           | It seems I would just remove just, and make the question
           | great again
        
           | nyc_data_geek1 wrote:
           | I would simply _____.
        
             | tekla wrote:
             | I as an coder would ____
        
               | mcguire wrote:
               | _____, _____, land value tax.
        
               | paulddraper wrote:
               | UBI, _____, _____
        
           | meepmorp wrote:
           | And the closely related I could write _______ in _______
           | days.
        
         | passion__desire wrote:
         | Is economics really a science?
         | 
         | Economics is generally regarded as a social science, although
         | some critics of the field argue that economics falls short of
         | the definition of a science for a number of reasons, including
         | a lack of testable hypotheses, lack of consensus, and inherent
         | political overtones. Despite these arguments, economics shares
         | the combination of qualitative and quantitative elements common
         | to all social sciences [0]
         | 
         | [0] https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/030315/economics-
         | sc...
        
           | DiggyJohnson wrote:
           | Whether it's a science or social science or research domain
           | or discipline, how is that relevant to this discussion? It
           | doesn't change GPs point.
        
             | passion__desire wrote:
             | Well is it possible that an Alan Sokal kind of trick be
             | pulled off in economics if it is a social science.
             | 
             | Relevant : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0nERTFo-Sk
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTQnarzmTOc
        
               | bedobi wrote:
               | Yes, economics is science, and the people who don't
               | understand that and love to point out how economists are
               | never right in their predictions about the economy
               | fundamentally have no idea what the field is even about.
               | 
               | Economics is not about predicting the stock market or
               | economy as a whole, nor is it about coming up with
               | excuses for free market capitalism and neoliberal
               | agendas. It's about studying things like market failures,
               | tax incidence, deadweight losses etc etc etc and coming
               | up with solutions.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | nologic01 wrote:
         | Indeed. Intelligence is just I/O and gradient descent. The
         | Universe is code. etc.
         | 
         | Coupled with an asocial, greed-driven and essentially anti-
         | humanist agenda its just the worst possible moment (severe
         | environmental stresses across the planet) to hijack whatever
         | potential digital tech offers...
         | 
         | Sigh.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | nyrikki wrote:
           | Unfortunately the lack of a definition of intelligence makes
           | all claims unfalsifiable too.
           | 
           | But Western reductionism/Laplacian determinism is still
           | taught even at the PHD level as cannon and not as a target
           | for practical models.
           | 
           | Perhaps the rise of research into indecomposable continua and
           | the discovery of Strange non-chaotic attractors in nature may
           | help.
           | 
           | Obviously math and computer science as taught today is
           | insufficient.
           | 
           | I particularly blame the way we teach things as absolute
           | truth and then pull the rug out from under those previous
           | supposed hard facts.
           | 
           | But I am showing my own ignorance here because we do learn
           | about the computable set etc...
           | 
           | It doesn't seem to help with people making claims about
           | universal quantifiers being a few quarters away.
        
         | adasdasdas wrote:
         | Cross field contamination a fantastic product of our
         | interconnected world, but it's more fun to shit on people when
         | they fail. I'm sure some folks here would've loved to tell
         | davinci to stay in his lane.
        
       | itronitron wrote:
       | If they want the research to "help inform science communication
       | strategies" then make the article freely available.
        
       | izzydata wrote:
       | Is this similar to the dunning-kruger effect?
        
         | oldandtired wrote:
         | It's obvious from the Abstract that they are not referring to
         | the Dunning-Kruger Effect as it is NOT mentioned in the
         | Abstract, which is the highlight of the paper.
         | 
         | Actually who the hell knows when the paper is essentially
         | behind a paywall. The Abstract gives nothing away about what
         | they have found.
        
         | xeonmc wrote:
         | more like the "midwit distribution" memes.
        
           | lo_zamoyski wrote:
           | Or "Ackchyually guy"[0].
           | 
           | [0] https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/ackchyually-actually-guy
        
           | stanford_labrat wrote:
           | https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/iq-bell-curve-midwit
           | 
           | hard to find a good example that is funny while also not
           | crass/political, but they generally go something like this:
           | https://i.imgflip.com/5dh26p.jpg
        
             | giraffe_lady wrote:
             | A good web-dev one I've seen has "use bootstrap" at the
             | ends and "create standardized design system" in the middle.
        
             | mrbungie wrote:
             | Some good examples:
             | 
             | - Related to the post at hand and some of its comments: htt
             | ps://images.hive.blog/0x0/https://files.peakd.com/file/pe..
             | .
             | 
             | - Meta 1: https://programmerhumor.io/wp-
             | content/uploads/2023/07/progra...
             | 
             | - Meta 2: https://assets.website-
             | files.com/611cc49abc685aa7e3817103/64...
             | 
             | - The one I hope most people would follow in Data
             | Science/Engineering: https://i.redd.it/s7olw2f01ra81.jpg
        
       | hnthrowaway0328 wrote:
       | From my personal experience (thus does not have statistical
       | significance), it's not the amount of knowledge, but the
       | position. Teachers/professors are a group of people that I
       | interact frequently with (both my parents and parents of my
       | friends are university professors/lecturers), and it just happens
       | that the ones that I know the most are all overconfidence.
       | 
       | Basically they think they know everything, to the point of
       | educating the doctors about medicines when they are in the
       | hospital (as patients). I don't know what got them into this but
       | I found the arrogance distasteful.
       | 
       | Maybe it's in the culture though. Back in the day teachers were
       | respected and the relationship between teachers and students are
       | somewhat closer to father-children than customer-merchant. Now
       | time changes but old habits stay hard.
        
         | FactualOrion wrote:
         | What do you mean by educating the doctors about medicines? I've
         | seen people without degrees advocate for themselves as patients
         | and be more knowledgeable about certain medications and
         | treatments than doctors or nurses were.
        
           | Workaccount2 wrote:
           | This is something that always kind of gets me, because when I
           | have something wrong with me I will do a deep dive on it and
           | read whatever studies, publications, and fellow patient
           | accounts I can find.
           | 
           | This often puts me in a position where I feel pretty
           | confident that I have more fresh knowledge about it than the
           | doctor before me. Someone who in all likely hood has a mild
           | familiarity with it, and is filling in the blanks with rote
           | medical intuition.
           | 
           | What I really wish is that I could get doctors to drop the
           | veil, and just openly admit what there depth of knowledge on
           | the illness is. I would love it if they googled stuff right
           | in front of me. I absolutely do not expect them to have a
           | full medical encyclopedia in their head, and I am smart
           | enough to be able to not be put off by "I don't know/I'm not
           | sure".
        
             | CrazyPyroLinux wrote:
             | The old joke: "The difference between doctors and
             | programmers is that programmers actually _admit_ to finding
             | all their answers on the internet! '
        
             | quickthrower2 wrote:
             | The flip side is imagine a project manager did this to a
             | programmer or architect. The programmer would constantly
             | need to explain why the blog post they read dated 2013
             | about how hadoop makes everything faster is wrong, or how
             | that AI paper is bullshit and designed to get someone grant
             | money. Or how someone else's experience with Azure was
             | great because they just shifted all their Windows stuff to
             | it. So that could kind of stuff get frustrating for the
             | expert.
        
             | SkyMarshal wrote:
             | That's the promise of AI in medical care, that it can
             | synthesize _all_ known data relevant to observed symptoms
             | and, on average, make a more accurate diagnosis than human
             | doctors.
             | 
             | https://towardsdatascience.com/ai-diagnoses-disease-
             | better-t...
        
           | hnthrowaway0328 wrote:
           | Like "you don't know as much as I do, I Googled a page and it
           | says..." type. No they definitely know very little about the
           | stuffs. And I personally heard and saw they tried to persuade
           | OTHER patients, of different symptoms to listen to their
           | "theories".
        
             | slt2021 wrote:
             | ALL patients with access to Internet are like that.
             | 
             | now with chatGPT there will be more people like that
        
           | SkyMarshal wrote:
           | Indeed, given the PE-driven profit motive of most (US)
           | hospitals these days, people are increasingly less trusting
           | of their diagnoses and prognoses, and more likely to take an
           | active role in their own care and treatment.
        
         | HPsquared wrote:
         | I think with teachers and professors it can be a case of
         | "habit".
         | 
         | They're used to being the smartest person in the room and
         | telling the people around them what's what. This can sometimes
         | rub off on interactions outside work. Same kind of thing can
         | happen with other professions, of course.
        
       | archarios wrote:
       | What does "intermediate knowledge" mean in this context?
        
         | archarios wrote:
         | Like I have a bachelors degree in engineering. Is that
         | intermediate or advanced? I feel like saying my science
         | knowledge is anything beyond intermediate is a bit of an
         | overstatement personally.
        
           | at_a_remove wrote:
           | I have one in physics, but I have also taken a rather a lot
           | (given the degree) in biology, chemistry, civil engineering,
           | and electrical engineering. Went some places also not usual
           | in math. And I've worked in IT since forever. There's a lot
           | of stuff where I take a glance at it and realize I'm just
           | looking at a single hull plate on a battleship.
           | 
           | What I am getting at is that if you have just intermediate
           | knowledge in a bunch of places, I think it lends itself to
           | sensing that you're just a paramecium stuck to the side of
           | some N-dimensional construct. There's _so much_. I had a
           | professor who was the expert in the second excited state of
           | Helium-3. That was his thing. Just a single needle in the
           | whale-sized blowfish of physics.
        
           | burnished wrote:
           | I didnt find out what standard they use, but personally I'd
           | say intermediate sounds about right. I also have an
           | engineering degree and while I know more than the average
           | bear in many scientific disciplines I couldn't say that any
           | of it is advanced.
           | 
           | I'm thinking of times where I went to the library to dig
           | deeper on a topic and discovered a huge and complex topic
           | just laying in wait.
        
           | wongarsu wrote:
           | > I feel like saying my science knowledge is anything beyond
           | intermediate is a bit of an overstatement personally
           | 
           | That's not overconfident, I'm lead to conclude that you have
           | advanced science knowledge.
        
             | f1shy wrote:
             | Absolutely advance. No question. At least in this context.
        
           | threeseed wrote:
           | > Like I have a bachelors degree in engineering
           | 
           | I do to and unquestionably I am beginner level.
           | 
           | Each scientific field has specialised and become so dense
           | with knowledge that even new graduates in that field would
           | barely be classed as intermediate.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | smcin wrote:
         | Like high-school level, a very basic familiarity with terms,
         | experiment design, inference. The authors cite and link to the
         | five surveys used in the 'Data availability' section:
         | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01677-8#data-avai...
         | 
         | * Surveys EB, Pew and GSS are publicly available and data and
         | details can be found in refs. [27],[28],[29], respectively.
         | \* take the interactive Pew survey (11 questions) here:
         | https://www.pewresearch.org/science/quiz/science-knowledge-
         | quiz/
         | 
         | * The Fernbach study was published in ref. [9] and the authors
         | made the data available.
         | 
         | * Lackner survey data are available at:
         | https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7920776
         | 
         | [27]: Bauer, M. W., Shukla, R. & Kakkar, P. Public
         | Understanding of Science in Europe 1989-2005--A Eurobarometer
         | Trend File (GESIS, 2012);
         | https://www.gesis.org/en/eurobarometer-data-service/search-d...
         | 
         | [28]: Smith, T. W., Davern, M., Freese, J. & Morgan, S. L.
         | General Social Surveys, 1972-2018 (NORC, 2019);
         | https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data
         | 
         | [29]: Funk, C., Kennedy, B., Johnson, C., Hefferon, M. &
         | Thigpen, C. L. American Trends Panel Wave 42 (Pew Research
         | Center, 2019);
         | https://www.pewresearch.org/science/dataset/american-trends-...
         | 
         | [9]: Fernbach, P. M., Light, N., Scott, S. E., Inbar, Y. &
         | Rozin, P. Extreme opponents of genetically modified foods know
         | the least but think they know the most. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3,
         | 251-256 (2019).
         | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-018-0520-3
        
           | calf wrote:
           | If the abstract actually defined intermediate we wouldn't
           | have comments talking so much about advanced education like
           | PhDs and STEM majors...
        
           | smcin wrote:
           | (useful to note all those surveys are 2019 pre-pandemic,
           | before there was severe partisanization of the phrase "trust
           | in science". I wonder how hard it would be to construct a
           | neutral methodology post-pandemic, now that even the basic
           | vocabulary itself is loaded with associations.)
           | 
           | Even then, the 2019 Pew article is depressing reading: https:
           | //www.pewresearch.org/science/2019/08/02/partisanship-...
        
       | emodendroket wrote:
       | I feel like we've all encountered this guy.
        
         | not_enoch_wise wrote:
         | Hacker News is this
        
           | neilv wrote:
           | One of my favorite parts of n-gate.com's 'summaries' of HN
           | posts was the phrase "incorrecting each other".
        
         | malfist wrote:
         | Some of us have been that guy.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | pickingdinner wrote:
       | Or maybe those overconfident with negative attitudes resort to
       | intermediate scientific knowledge?
       | 
       | And aren't there humble optimists with intermediate sci
       | knowledge?
       | 
       | Maybe there just aren't enough humble optimists?
        
       | p0w3n3d wrote:
       | I've met both overconfident PhD holders and intermediate sci
       | knowledge "flat-earthers" (conspiracy theory propagationists).
       | Both are really hard to talk to, and both one couldn't convince
       | they are wrong. I observed both being wrong. And meanwhile some
       | of conspiracy theories became true...
       | 
       | It's really hard to by sure of anything these days
        
         | gobdovan wrote:
         | Could you provide examples of conspiracies you knew were wrong
         | and became true?
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | I think this is also a root of science denialism (e.g. anti-
       | vaxxers). I have some antivax family, and the root of their
       | opinion is that the scientists changed their advice as the
       | pandemic developed!
       | 
       | My theory is that in primary and high schools, science is taught
       | as a series of immutable "facts". You get tested on remembering
       | them, and when you do an "experiment" you get marked down if your
       | reading of the litmus paper isn't 4. No sense of doubt, and no
       | exposure to the epistemic boundaries to controleld trials,
       | measurements, etc.
       | 
       | If your takeaway is that scientists uncover and explain immutable
       | facts, hearing them say one thing in January and another in June
       | can in fact shake your beliefs in these scientists.
        
         | enjeyw wrote:
         | In highschool I was lucky enough to join a program run by the
         | CSIRO (Australia's Government funded scientific research body),
         | where students would assist scientists on experiments they were
         | conducting.
         | 
         | I was tasked with measuring the water resistance of a proposed
         | environmentally friendly paper coating.
         | 
         | I asked my supervising scientist what numbers I should expect
         | to get back from the experiment. I distinctly remember my
         | surprise and thrill when he looked at me and said "I have no
         | idea, that's why you're running the experiment".
         | 
         | It was such a new concept to me! A scientific experiment where
         | the correct answer wasn't written in a teacher's lesson guide,
         | or even known to anyone!
        
         | dboreham wrote:
         | Doubtful it was anything so logical. Humans like to believe
         | magic, and are very easy to manipulate.
        
         | bratgpttamer wrote:
         | This has been my experience, too, as well as people who
         | understood The Science perfectly and that the authorities were
         | just taking a best guess early on, which set them further
         | against any kind of mandate. (Mostly older, conservative
         | physicians with an "it'll be fine" attitude)
         | 
         | The Science didn't change that much (viz: masks in healthcare
         | since forever), but the flip-flopping with messages ("don't
         | horde masks; they won't save you!", "wait, no - everyone needs
         | a mask!"), which was really less about The Science than about
         | different concerns (mask effectiveness, availability) were just
         | the "I told you so" they were looking for.
        
           | CrazyPyroLinux wrote:
           | > scientists changed their advice as the pandemic developed
           | 
           | "Changing advice" is to be expected, but it was the outright
           | lying, as proven by FOIA'd emails, which understandably shook
           | faith.
        
       | scotty79 wrote:
       | Interesting. I think I've seen a research that when it came to
       | covid, both uneducated and highly educated were making the wrong
       | decisions more often. Sweet spot was around master's degree.
       | Those people knew enough to know that they don't know enough to
       | wing it themselves and deferred to expert opinion. Both under and
       | overeducated thought they know better.
        
       | photochemsyn wrote:
       | The article is paywalled but the research group has a 2021 arxiv
       | publication on the same topic: "A little knowledge is a dangerous
       | thing: excess confidence explains negative attitudes towards
       | science"
       | 
       | https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.11193.pdf
       | 
       | It's a survey-based study but the obvious thing to consider is,
       | what do they mean by 'negative attitudes towards science'? Are
       | they talking about the scientific process itself, i.e. experiment
       | and observation coupled to theoretical modeling as the basis of
       | discovering how our universe functions? Or are they talking about
       | negative attitudes towards the 'science-based' pronouncements of
       | governmental and academic institutions?
       | 
       | Certainly the modern scientific process takes place at such a
       | level of specialization that even working scientists in one field
       | are usually unable to judge the quality of results obtained in
       | another field without doing a lot of time-consuming research, but
       | if a long record of failure of peer review exists (and it does)
       | then it shouldn't be surprising when people lose faith in
       | academic and governmental institutions - but I'd guess they still
       | believe that the scientific process itself is valid, it's just
       | that the received wisdom of the white-robed annoited priesthood
       | is no longer taken at face value.
       | 
       | There are many reasons for this - e.g. while science may have
       | been viewed by all as wonderful in the 1950s, many discoveries
       | (environmental carcinogens, fossil fueled global warming, etc.)
       | have upset major economic and institutional powers leading to
       | coordinated attacks on the reliability of science in major media
       | outlets. Then there's the long record of pharmaceutical
       | skullduggery (the push to prescribe opiates for just about any
       | condition, leading to an addiction epidemic, the failure of a
       | wide variety of science-approved medications to live up to claims
       | and/or the production of negative side effects (Vioxx etc.)) -
       | and as far as the vaccine controversy, yes it was a terrible idea
       | to put organometallic preservatives in multi-use bottles of
       | vaccines, and yes it was done to cut costs, but the claim it led
       | to an epidemic of autism isn't well-supported, there are many
       | more plausible industrial sources of heavy metals to blame for
       | high childhood exposures, but that's not as convenient for class-
       | action lawsuits due to vaccination records, etc.
       | 
       | This doesn't mean that most science isn't fairly reliable, but
       | the glaring failures are what make the headlines, and there have
       | been quite a few of them.
       | 
       | If we really want to regain public trust in academic
       | institutions, divorce proceedings aimed at kicking the corporate
       | interests out of the academic sphere will have to be initiated,
       | meaning for example no more exclusive private rights to NIH-
       | financed inventions and no more revolving doors between academic
       | institutions and pharmaceutical executive boards. Don't hold your
       | breath, we live in an era of systematic insitutional corruption
       | that Trofim Lysenko would have fit right into.
        
       | mathisfun123 wrote:
       | to wit: <gestures broadly around>
        
         | not_enoch_wise wrote:
         | Fucking fantastic
        
       | ObservingFuture wrote:
       | I only glanced at the paper, but I wonder how much of this is
       | explained by just random chance?
       | 
       | It looks like they used multiple choice quizzes to determine both
       | knowledge in science and a propensity to respond "don't know"
       | indicating confidence. Any "don't know" response was counted as
       | an incorrect response, while a correct guess increased the
       | participants "science knowledge".
       | 
       | Thus, a willingness to guess something at random in the multiple
       | choice test would both increase "science knowledge" as well as
       | make the participant appear overconfident.
        
         | cududa wrote:
         | Well yeah but that's where data modelling comes in.
        
           | ObservingFuture wrote:
           | I mean, the data modeling assumed people guessing were doing
           | so completely at random without eliminating any options (In
           | the section "Simulation").
           | 
           | If I'm looking at the right document, one question was about
           | which city out of Chicago, New York, and LA have the greatest
           | annual temperature range (accompanied with a plot). Almost
           | all respondents said New York or Chicago, rather than LA or
           | "All equal".
        
         | moffkalast wrote:
         | Sounds like your intermediate knowledge of the paper is
         | resulting in an overconfident negative attitude :P
        
         | read_if_gay_ wrote:
         | oh irony
        
       | cassac wrote:
       | Intermediate [insert topic here] knowledge associated with
       | overconfidence and negative attitudes.
       | 
       | Topics: Science, Sports, Cooking, Driving, Programming...
       | literally anything.
       | 
       | I didn't need a study to know this.
        
         | quickthrower2 wrote:
         | It this the B swimming lane thing again?
        
           | cassac wrote:
           | I do not know the reference. Is it that people claim the
           | middle lanes are faster?
           | 
           | But I do know that a lot of people across a lot of topics
           | over estimate their ability because they don't know what they
           | don't know. Science as a topic isn't special in this regard.
           | 
           | Jr devs are great examples. Your code is garbage and I am
           | brilliant, just let me change this thing here and OH MY THE
           | SYSTEM IS BROKE PLEASE HELP ME! Intermediate knowledge and
           | negative attitudes.
        
       | lusus_naturae wrote:
       | The study has an interesting approach to avoiding self-reporting
       | level of confidence.
       | 
       | > We propose and use in the paper, an indirect measure of
       | confidence in knowledge, defined as the ratio of incorrect to
       | 'don't know' answers in any knowledge questionnaire, as long as
       | it had the format true/false/don't know (or similar). The
       | rationale is that an incorrect answer corresponds to an
       | overestimation of one's knowledge (more details in the main
       | text).
       | 
       | On face value it seems like a good way to avoid the pitfalls of
       | self-report surveys, perhaps also useful in affective modeling.
        
         | mistermann wrote:
         | One issue though is that in realtime cognition under non-
         | laboratory conditions, "I don't know" often isn't available,
         | unlike when it is explicitly given as an answer.
         | 
         | The number of science fans I've met who sincerely proclaim they
         | possess knowledge of the unknowable is scary.
        
         | svnt wrote:
         | How do they/you remove the confound of becoming more
         | conservative vs less confident, or do they assume that
         | overconfidence and being conservative are opposites?
         | 
         | I might be motivated to be more conservative because I have a
         | reputation to protect, but not actually be less confident. This
         | may have an effect just as much as because I am more
         | experienced.
         | 
         | I may also have just learned not to express my overconfidence
         | interpersonally, while still exhibiting it in practice.
         | Expressing appropriate levels of confidence is a skill, not
         | just the absence of overconfidence.
         | 
         | I can't access the paper currently.
        
           | cutemonster wrote:
           | Isn't participating in such research usually fairly
           | anonymous? And I'm guessing the researchers didn't tell the
           | participants how they were going to interpret "I don't know"
           | vs wrong answers?
           | 
           | > Expressing appropriate levels of confidence is a skill,
           | 
           | That's interesting, confidence can be gamed, just like other
           | traits in personality tests
        
           | subw00f wrote:
           | > learned not to express my overconfidence interpersonally,
           | while still exhibiting it in practice
           | 
           | What does that mean? If you're overconfident in the forest
           | and nobody hears it, it doesn't really matter, right?
        
             | svnt wrote:
             | If you still act on your confidence, but learn to give the
             | right answers understating it in conversation, it could be
             | that you gave those same right answers on the test
             | reactively and then their interpretation is probably
             | flawed.
             | 
             | In this case, additional knowledge wouldn't actually
             | represent a diminishment of your confidence in a functional
             | sense, but a learned compensation to social feedback.
        
       | colordrops wrote:
       | Very meta study.
        
       | nonrandomstring wrote:
       | I think lifespan plays an important part in this. I know a few
       | aging scientists, some with extraordinary achievements, who
       | having accumulated a lifetime of wisdom are finally entering the
       | "We don't really know" phase about every question.
        
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