[HN Gopher] Study: Inflammation drives social media use
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Study: Inflammation drives social media use
        
       Author : giuliomagnifico
       Score  : 175 points
       Date   : 2023-08-21 13:39 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.buffalo.edu)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.buffalo.edu)
        
       | golemotron wrote:
       | > If inflammation does indeed increase social affiliative
       | motivation, it should also lead people to turn to social media,
       | under such circumstances, as a means to fulfill social needs.
       | 
       | It would be interesting to see if introverts have lower
       | inflammation in general. Sociality could be a disease condition.
        
       | bearjaws wrote:
       | Watch twitch for 20 minutes, any streamer in the top 20 is a
       | master of either making drama or performing commentary on drama.
        
       | explosion-s wrote:
       | Wouldn't you use social media more if you were sick/hurt somehow
       | because you're being less active/feeling worse?
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | b800h wrote:
       | Depression is the probably the hidden variable here. Surprised it
       | wasn't called out in this remarkable press release. The photo is
       | an interesting choice.
       | 
       | Role of inflammation in depression:
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6658985/
       | 
       | Depression and social media:
       | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7364393/
        
         | taude wrote:
         | I was going to suggest, is it the person's workout that's
         | causing inflammation? Or the need to go tell everyone about it
         | on social media. I'm not sure this study accounted for this.
        
         | soudiere wrote:
         | The researcher looked at depression in their 2022 paper, it was
         | not statistically significant, agreed it's odd they didn't
         | mention.
         | 
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8864418/
        
         | swayvil wrote:
         | Add "desire for anonymity" to that list of symptoms. A recent
         | survey (1) found that "because I'm afraid of crazy people
         | tracking me down" to be in the top 3 reasons for preferring
         | anonymity on social media.
         | 
         | Consider that. A whole population afraid of each other. That's
         | some kind of epidemic.
         | 
         | 1) https://lemm.ee/post/4655237
        
           | Martinussen wrote:
           | Seems like "a desire to be publicly accessible at all times"
           | is the outlier as far as history goes, surely. Social media
           | use isn't exactly a known _positive_ indicator :b.
        
             | swayvil wrote:
             | >"desire to be publicly accessible at all times"
             | 
             | Is this a variety of FOMO?
             | 
             | (Fear of missing out).
             | 
             | I hear that's a big thing now.
             | 
             | And of course there's the employee version of that too.
             | Where boss can talk to you 24-7. I don't know what the name
             | for that is.
             | 
             | It's a kind of massive force for unsolitude.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | Eh kinda. FOMO is more about things like 'I didn't get
               | rich like everyone else did.'.
               | 
               | The boss thing is as often about trying to avoid negative
               | consequences/staying in control of an interaction.
               | 
               | If you're always available to your boss, it's harder for
               | them to blame you for something not working (because you
               | weren't there to walk them through it at 2am).
               | 
               | If you respond to a negative social media post before
               | everyone else reads it, you have a better chance in
               | getting ahead of a shitstorm, etc.
        
             | m1sta_ wrote:
             | expression without accountability
        
               | swayvil wrote:
               | A big manifestation of that is quoting. You see a lot of
               | that in some scenes. Whole discussions where nobody
               | issues a personal opinion. Only copy-pasting
               | authoritative utterances.
               | 
               | And if you ask for an interpretation of one of those
               | quotes they get evasive.
        
         | FedorinoGore wrote:
         | I think it's not only depression but also general "discomfort"
         | that comes often with increased inflammation. You feel bad -
         | you turn to people around you for support/distraction. So it
         | would be interesting to see "if people seek communication"
         | online and offline. Offline would be harder to quantify though
         | 
         | would also add this research direction:
         | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24331897/
        
           | gcr wrote:
           | is there any research linking this with alcoholism / smoking
           | / other shortsighted comforts?
        
           | cpncrunch wrote:
           | Mental stress releases CRP, so I suspect inflammation isn't
           | causing anything here, just a marker.
        
             | hgsgm wrote:
             | Or is it a _proxy_?
             | 
             | Suppose X causes inflammation and social media use.
             | 
             | Suppose you want to reduce social media use.
             | 
             | You look at this study and think I should reduce
             | inflammation, so I can reduce social media use? How do I do
             | that? By removing causes of inflammation.
             | 
             | The thing to be careful about is to avoid jumping to some
             | medication or surgery that directly removes inflammation,
             | and be sure to _eliminate_ something that _causes_
             | inflammation.
        
             | InSteady wrote:
             | >Mental stress releases CRP
             | 
             | The body is full of these chicken-egg relationships. It
             | really is a gigantic and bewildering system of positive and
             | negative feedback loops (in terms of effect, not value
             | judgements). Mental stress is one trigger, sure, but if you
             | accept my interpretations below it is not much of a leap to
             | see that CRP can also lead to significant increases in
             | mental stress.
             | 
             | I think it would be more accurate to say inflammation isn't
             | the primary underlying cause but is rather an adaptive
             | response gone awry. However, once triggered, inflammation
             | (and it's downstream effects) can have a significant
             | influence on one's subjective experience and behavior, by
             | way of physiological alterations to brain chemistry and
             | function.
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6658985/
             | 
             | > _Increased inflammation is seen in the periphery in both
             | depression and fatigue. This inflammation_ leads to
             | increased permeability of the BBB,* _allowing for easier
             | entry of inflammatory molecules or immune cells into the
             | CNS._
             | 
             | If you happen to have a disruption/disorder of your
             | microbiome that includes loosening of the tight junctions
             | of your epithelium (aka intestinal permeability aka "leaky
             | gut"), that means that cytotoxic byproducts of bacterial
             | metabolism and your body's immune responses to their
             | presence (eg Mast cell release of histamine, heparin,
             | cytokines, chemokines, etc) can enter your bloodstream and
             | then cross your BBB to get into your brain.
             | 
             | I believe that inflammation plays a role in each of these
             | three steps: loosening of the tight junctions in
             | epithelium, release of chemical mediators by mast cells (eg
             | in response to detection of cytokines, rather than strictly
             | in the presence of allergens and toxins), and increasing
             | the permeability of the blood brain barrier.
             | 
             | The chemokines are particularly concerning:
             | 
             | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11786310/
             | 
             | > _Chemokines in the brain have been recognised as
             | essential elements in neurodegenerative diseases and
             | related neuroinflammation._
             | 
             | Fun times!
        
           | b800h wrote:
           | Inflammation can be rather subtle. Someone ostensibly
           | unaffected could have a load of biomarkers of inflammation,
           | and it's associated with all sorts of odd and bad stuff. This
           | is a strange study, perhaps the press release is just dodgy
           | and the paper is easier to understand.
        
       | baryphonic wrote:
       | Some personal anecdata: I have a genetic auto-immune condition,
       | and my current treatment requires an injection every eight weeks.
       | If untreated, the symptoms include inflammation of my body,
       | especially sinuses, hands & fingers, feet & toes, elbows & knees.
       | After taking my injection, the inflammation subsides.
       | 
       | About a year after starting treatment, I noticed that during the
       | final week of that eight-week cycle and continuing for a few days
       | after treatment, my time on Twitter was much higher than during
       | the other 6.5-ish weeks. I figured it was something
       | psychological, and was able to get my doctor to increase the
       | frequency of doses, which curbed my Twitter visits even more.
       | 
       | Recently, I had a bout where due to insurance nonsense, I was
       | delayed in getting my injection. I was heavily on Twitter, not as
       | a result of conscious choice, but just because I felt like it. I
       | took my shot a couple weeks ago, and have barely logged into
       | Twitter over the last week and a half.
       | 
       | Correlation does not imply causation, but using my own anecdata,
       | I can't rule out this study and in fact have some personal
       | evidence to confirm it. I find it interesting that someone
       | attempted to test a hypothesis that I had informally stated a few
       | years ago.
        
       | harles wrote:
       | > increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), which the liver
       | makes in response to inflammation in the body, can promote social
       | media use among middle-aged adults and college students.
       | 
       | Sounds like they found correlation and called it causation. I'm
       | keeping an open mind, but I find this article dubious. No link to
       | any of the studies, no alternative explanations (I would guess
       | any negative health markers are associated with higher tech use),
       | and the title is a little too strong "Inflammation linked to
       | social media use" would be easier to swallow, or even
       | "contributes to".
       | 
       | I find press releases like this both not useful and overall bad
       | for the scientific community. It's unfortunate because this may
       | genuinely be an interesting line of research.
        
         | iak8god wrote:
         | > I find press releases like this both not useful and overall
         | bad for the scientific community.
         | 
         | University media offices seem to think it's their job to
         | misinterpret and exaggerate scientific findings in whatever way
         | will draw the most clicks to their press release.
         | 
         | I've only had a chance to skim, but there's all kinds of
         | weirdness here. In "Study 3" they measure 171 college students'
         | social media use on Snapchat, Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook,
         | ignoring TikTok, which those subjects probably use more than
         | all the others combined.
        
           | Terr_ wrote:
           | > University media offices
           | 
           | Relevant comic:
           | https://phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1174
        
             | iak8god wrote:
             | > Relevant comic:
             | https://phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1174
             | 
             | Yes, but in the ~15 years since this came out, University
             | PR have closed the gap between their work and that of cable
             | news :)
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | InSteady wrote:
           | Is it possible that the process of getting access to
           | trustworthy and complete datasets is more streamlined with
           | these American companies than it is for TikTok? It's hard to
           | imagine the researchers ignored TikTok purely as an
           | oversight, although it's certainly possible.
        
             | soudiere wrote:
             | Two of the researchers datasets were from 2012-2016 and
             | 2018-2019, I can't find the full text of the third study
             | with 171 participants. Likely pre-tiktok.
             | 
             | What's real interesting is their 2021 paper, showing the
             | effect is mediated by high-self esteem (as measured by the
             | 7 Item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale).
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8474231/
             | 
             | Researcher goes along with this insane press release that
             | does not mention self-esteem mediating it, why? Because
             | they have an agenda.
             | 
             | If you want to figure it out, follow the money. Who is
             | funding their research? I would not be terribly surprised
             | to find a pharma pipeline with a drug that reduces
             | c-reactive protein. Social media addiction isn't in the
             | DSM-5 yet, but once it is you know there's a market for a
             | drug to address it.
        
               | iak8god wrote:
               | Most of this team looks like they're more interested in
               | policy than pharmaceuticals.
               | 
               | Baldwin Way's research focus may put him in more contact
               | with pharma: https://psychology.osu.edu/people/way.37
               | 
               | His R01 is looking at substance abuse:
               | https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10304875
        
               | iak8god wrote:
               | "Study 3" was September 2021 - May 2022:
               | 
               | > Our data came from a larger project investigating
               | college students' lifestyle and well-being. In this
               | project, one hundred and seventy-one college students
               | (102 females; Mage = 19.24, SDage = 2.68) participated
               | for partial course credit between September 2021 and May
               | 2022. For our purpose, we focus on the longitudinal
               | component of this study, which consisted of two parts: a
               | baseline lab session (Phase 1, N = 171) and two follow-up
               | weekly surveys (Phase 2, N = 160; Phase 3, N = 160).
        
             | iak8god wrote:
             | They had students use screen tracking software to log what
             | apps they were using. The researchers ignored TikTok
             | because it wasn't included in some pre-existing methodology
             | they were following.
             | 
             | Ignoring TikTok for any reason in 2021-2022 is a huge
             | mistake. Once I saw that, I decided I'm not interested in
             | their findings.
        
               | InSteady wrote:
               | That's fair. It sounds like they wanted to iterate on
               | something that's been established on a preliminary basis,
               | which makes the choice to stay within the parameters of
               | of the original study likely the correct one. We have to
               | be choosy about which variables we tweak when building
               | upon previous works, otherwise people will correctly
               | point out ambiguities if not outright flaws in reasoning
               | when the authors analyze current results in the context
               | of the previous study (the whole point of iterating).
               | 
               | This approach does have it's drawbacks though, such as
               | rapidly fading into irrelevance and obscurity given the
               | ever-changing landscape of the study environment. It is
               | of course your prerogative to disregard research as you
               | see fit, but hopefully we can agree that this isn't bad
               | science (at least not on that basis), even if you find
               | the results uninteresting.
        
               | iak8god wrote:
               | I slightly misinterpreted the following from the article:
               | 
               | > We decided to assess social media use across four
               | platforms for three reasons. First, Snapchat, Instagram,
               | Twitter, and Facebook were the most popular social media
               | platforms among college students at the time of our study
               | design (Perrin and Anderson, 2019).
               | 
               | This is telling us that they designed the study at a time
               | when a 2019 report on social media usage was the most up-
               | to-date available. I misread initially, thinking that
               | (Perrin and Anderson, 2019) was the study design they
               | followed, but it is actually this: _Perrin, A., &
               | Anderson, M. (2019). Share of US adults using social
               | media, including Facebook, is mostly unchanged since
               | 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-
               | tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-...._
               | 
               | I get that they probably didn't feel like revising their
               | design in the fall of 2021, but this would have been the
               | right thing to do, given trends in social media use in
               | young people at the time. It is odd that this 2023 paper
               | doesn't even mention TikTok. Its exclusion, justified or
               | not, is a limitation worth noting.
        
               | [deleted]
        
         | tempsy wrote:
         | Yeah I see chronic inflammation as a sign someone isn't
         | particularly disciplined when it comes to diet or exercise.
         | 
         | There's likely some correlation with being undisciplined with
         | your physical health and being undisciplined when it comes to
         | mindlessly consuming social media.
        
           | spondylosaurus wrote:
           | Chronic inflammation is the hallmark of dozens (if not
           | hundreds) of autoimmune disorders. Discipline has nothing to
           | do with it.
        
             | tempsy wrote:
             | What? Body inflammation in the modern world is of course
             | impacted by diet and exercise.
        
               | spondylosaurus wrote:
               | Sure, diet and exercise absolutely have an impact (and so
               | do stress, and your environment, and your genes), but you
               | specifically claimed that "chronic inflammation [is] a
               | sign someone isn't particularly disciplined when it comes
               | to diet or exercise," but _more often_ chronic
               | inflammation is a sign of an unchecked autoimmune
               | condition.
               | 
               | Also worth noting that some estimates claim that between
               | 5 and 10% of Americans have at least one autoimmune
               | disease, and on average it takes patients four years[1]
               | to receive a diagnosis, let alone treatment.
               | 
               | If I had a dollar for every person who suggested
               | something was wrong with my (healthy, vegetarian) diet
               | when it turns out my immune system is brute-force
               | attacking my gut and spine...
               | 
               | [1] https://www.staffcare.com/locum-tenens-
               | blog/news/most-diffic...
        
         | InSteady wrote:
         | n=1 anecdotal reflection here. I've had have chronic low grade
         | inflammation from two different disorders for a very long time,
         | including a GI disorder that definitely triggers my liver to
         | work overtime (experienced in the form of general soreness,
         | occasional stabs of pain in liver area and indications of
         | impaired bile production and/or bile acid malabsorption, or
         | BAM, during my longer flare-ups). So CRP is probably on the
         | menu for me on a frequent basis.
         | 
         | The inflammatory aspect makes me feel like a complete zombie
         | after several days of flaring up. I highly doubt this is a
         | unique subjective experience. In fact, if you do some googling,
         | you will find that chronic low-grade inflammation (as well as
         | disruptions of the GI tract / microbiome) are quite strongly
         | linked to treatment resistant depression, which is another
         | thing I happen to have. I haven't personally read studies
         | investigating it, but I suspect "brain fog" and
         | attention/memory issues are also strongly correlated with
         | chronic inflammation, even of the 'low grade' variety.
         | 
         | When I get into these states, brought on by flare-ups, my mind
         | wants nothing more than to zone out in such a way as to
         | increase the perceived speed with which time passes. Because
         | time is basically the only thing that can get me out of a bad
         | flare-up (as long as I avoid a huge list of foods and
         | activities and strictly follow certain protocols as well). If I
         | could sleep through all of it that would be ideal (a common
         | refrain among the chronically depressed). And at the same time,
         | stress and complicated situations increase the chances that I
         | do something wrong that is likely to extend the flare-up (which
         | to me suggests an adaptive role of depression during chronic
         | health problems).
         | 
         | Even watching movies and TV feel too effortful at times: you
         | have to focus on a storyline, remember what characters said and
         | did, and maintain some emotional connection to the story in
         | order to be engaged and thus have time pass quickly... all
         | which takes effort. Social media truly is the high fructose
         | corn syrup + hydrogenated palm oil of passive time-wasting
         | activities. Getting into "the zone" in terms of mindlessly
         | clicking as minutes and hours pass by in a flash takes almost
         | zero effort once you are accustomed (read: addicted) to it. And
         | everything is so bite-sized and condensed, it is perfectly
         | tailored to someone who is having more trouble than normal
         | focusing, staying engaged, and remembering stuff (even what was
         | said/read 2 minutes ago).
        
           | spondylosaurus wrote:
           | Hey, can I ask what GI disorder is giving you BAM? I have
           | Crohn's and suspect that this latest flare is giving me bile
           | issues on top of everything else (was literally digging into
           | the literature about it this morning, so your comment was
           | serendipitous, lol) but I'm not sure if it's more closely
           | correlated with non-IBD disorders than it is with Crohn's and
           | the like.
        
             | InSteady wrote:
             | I've got SIBO and dysbiosis in my large intestines as well.
             | Also possible mast cell activation syndrome, pending one
             | more test to complete the current diagnostic criteria.
             | Note: use both bile acid malabsorption and bile acid
             | diarrhea (BAM/BAD) as search terms. It gets referred to as
             | either one depending on the source.
             | 
             | BAM/BAD is definitely associated with Crohn's:
             | 
             | >Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) is a common but an
             | underestimated and often neglected sign of inflammatory
             | bowel diseases (IBDs), especially those affecting the
             | distal ileum. Clinically relevant BAM is most often present
             | in patients with Crohn's ileitis and particularly in ileal-
             | resected Crohn's disease patients. However, deterioration
             | of bile acid (BA) metabolism occurs also in patients with
             | IBD without ileal disease or in those in clinical
             | remission, and the role of BAM in these patients is not
             | well appreciated by clinicians.
             | 
             | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25248001/
             | 
             | Here's a nice paper that does a good job of summarizing the
             | state Crohn's + BAM/BAD research (aka a systematic review)
             | as of 6 years ago:
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6191959/
             | 
             | Anecdotally, I found myrrh + frankincense (about 100 -
             | 300mg of each) chewed up 15 minutes prior to meals and
             | phosphatidylcholine aka sunflower lecithin (5-10g) added to
             | one meal per day seemed to help. I wouldn't use the myrrh
             | and frankincense on a long-term basis, I stopped after a
             | month. _But above all, consult your doctor or other
             | certified and licensed healthcare professional before
             | taking any medications and supplements, herbal or
             | otherwise. Meds like this can fuck you up if you aren 't
             | careful!_ Actually, be careful with phosphatidylcholine as
             | well. Although it has been shown in limited research to
             | benefit IBD and other GI disorders, apparently high levels
             | of some of it's downstream metabolites are associated with
             | more severe symptoms.
             | 
             | Note: the dosages for frank and myrrh are for the whole
             | resin, eg obtained from a trusted supplier of bulk herbs
             | such as Herb Stomp. You can also use tinctures, although
             | dosage may be different and they may be more or less potent
             | and effective based on formulation.
             | 
             |  _Phosphatidylcholine and GI inflammatory disorders and
             | IBD:_
             | 
             | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19594939/
             | 
             | >Results: Studies suggested that PC displays a significant
             | effect in the treatment of IBD by modulating gut barrier
             | function, remodeling gut microbiota structure, regulating
             | polarization of macrophages, and reducing the inflammatory
             | response.
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103094/
             | 
             | >Phosphatidylcholine has also been shown to have a
             | cytoprotective role in the biliary epithelium and may
             | reduce the cellular toxicity of bile acids
             | 
             | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00219258
             | 2 0587875
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774598/
             | 
             |  _Myrrh and frankincense in regards to inflammation and
             | IBD:_
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950638/
             | 
             | >In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested
             | that myrrh has potent therapeutic value in the amelioration
             | of experimental colitis in laboratory animals by
             | downregulating the expression of proinflammatory mediators
             | and improving endogenous antioxidative activities.
             | 
             | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep15597
             | 
             | I also found glycine (30g+ / day), creatine (5-10g /day),
             | and taurine (1.5g-3g / day) supplementation very helpful.
             | Taurine and glycine are the primary amino acids used to
             | conjugate bile, so they can in theory be helpful to a liver
             | that's struggling to do it's job.
             | 
             | Creatine is incredibly restorative to the epithelium of the
             | GI tract. A rather large study is currently being designed
             | to investigate creatine as adjuvant therapy for
             | IBD/Crohn's, and I suspect we will see a lot more
             | discussion and research into this angle in coming years.
             | Bodybuilders take all of these substances because they
             | improve upon even a nearly optimal metabolism, so it's
             | quite logical that they are going to yield benefits to
             | people with severely impaired metabolic processes at least
             | in some cases, if not most of the time.
             | 
             | Might be worth discussing pancreatic enzymes with your
             | doctor. Lipase is critical to fat metabolism, so that's of
             | course going to be relevant with BAM. The tricky part is
             | that in cases of borderline/mild exocrine pancreatic
             | insufficiency, the standard test they give (stool elastase)
             | has only a 50% sensitivity (so false negatives half the
             | time), and possibly even lower depending on the quality of
             | the stool sample you provide. Depending on how chill your
             | doctor is it might be one of those things to just try it
             | out and see if it delivers significant benefit -- these
             | aren't really risky meds since it's the exact enzymes your
             | pancreas should be producing.
             | 
             | The problem is they aren't cheap. Getting this kind of help
             | from medical professionals can be very difficult, sadly.
             | You may be able to find OTC enzymes containing lipase, but
             | as always talk to physician first, and you don't want an
             | product that has everything under the sun in it, plus some
             | random herbs added for no apparent reason (there's a lot of
             | complete junk in the category of 'natural products' since
             | it's basically unregulated medicine at this point).
             | 
             | B vitamins are also quite important to various processes in
             | the liver, I believe including bile synthesis and/or
             | reabsorption indirectly. It is a little more expensive, but
             | _well_ worth it to get a _methylated_ b-vitamin (saves your
             | body the metabolic cost of methylation after the fact).
             | Important note, if you have intolerance to potatoes, which
             | is not uncommon among GI patients, you may have to go out
             | of your way to find one that isn 't derived from potato - I
             | have found one thanks to my naturopath if you are
             | interested.
             | 
             | As an aside, potato intolerance is tricky to figure out.
             | It's one of those ingredients that is used in tons of
             | industrial food production processes and doesn't always
             | show up on the label. For instance, the majority of foods
             | 'fortified' by B-vitamins (bread, alcohol, nutritional
             | yeast) and even most table salt (other than 'unrefined sea
             | salt') have unlisted potato sufficient to trigger a
             | reaction in a highly sensitive individual.
             | 
             | Good luck in your search for health and vitality (or at
             | least a slightly less fucked up GI tract)!
        
               | spondylosaurus wrote:
               | This is an amazing response, thank you so much! I
               | appreciate the wealth of links here.
               | 
               | Best of luck in your own GI journey!
        
           | smm11 wrote:
           | You described me, for the past 50 years following an
           | incident.
        
         | gdubs wrote:
         | Right, came here to ask if anyone had read the paper and looked
         | at the correlation / causation methodology.
         | 
         | Because another obvious hypothesis is that social media causes
         | some kind of fight-or-flight response in people that triggers
         | inflammation.
        
           | iak8god wrote:
           | Here's what they say in the abstract:
           | 
           | > Providing stronger evidence of the directionality of this
           | effect, Study 3 (N = 171) showed that in college students CRP
           | predicted increased social media use in the subsequent week
           | even after controlling for current week's use.
           | 
           | The basic methodology for this part is:
           | 
           | * Blood sample (measured for CRP)
           | 
           | * 1 week later: survey on social media use (participants
           | using Screen Time app to objectively measure their activity)
           | 
           | * 1 week after that: survey on social media use again
           | 
           | Then they ran some regression analyses.
           | 
           | I didn't see anything here that rules out the alternative
           | possible explanation: _college students who use social media
           | more are more stressed out as a result of their social media
           | use_.
        
           | jablongo wrote:
           | I think it's a pretty basic/uninteresting relation; for a
           | subset of users, being inflamed causes them to be
           | uncomfortable which causes them to post about being
           | uncomfortable, probably sometimes talking about inflammation
           | itself (for a super meta example, see posts in this thread).
        
             | lazide wrote:
             | Or being uncomfortable causes them to want to seek comfort
             | (social?), but lacking adaptive outlets they instead do
             | maladaptive ones like social media.
             | 
             | Like gambling to thrill seek because of stress from overdue
             | bills.
        
             | captainbland wrote:
             | imo: inflammatory conditions often lead to fatigue and
             | discomfort which makes physical activities less appealing
             | and sedentary activities more appealing. Social media is
             | already very accessible and highly 'rewarding' so the
             | incentive to use it is very strong.
             | 
             | (super meta: I am tired and uncomfortable and am spending
             | stupid amounts of time reading reddit/HN)
        
         | AtlasBarfed wrote:
         | A more concerning relationship would be social media use
         | induces inflammation / inflammatory responses. Perhaps the
         | study controlled for the inverse causation, but maybe not.
         | 
         | So if there is correlation, the opposite causation would imply
         | a more pernicious outcome, combined with the fact that social
         | media use is addictive.
         | 
         | Some inflammatory event causing social media use like injury is
         | a lot more limited than social media use by billions of people
         | increasing stress. The short article didn't really assuage me
         | of this.
         | 
         | It shouldn't be debatable that social media use increases the
         | sensation that you are being watched/looked at by more people
         | than normal. It would be a given that this increases stress and
         | tension.
        
         | conductr wrote:
         | I thought the same thing on correlation/causation. However, the
         | most SM active person I know also has lupus so it checks out /s
         | 
         | I tend to think being idle is what drives most SM usage.
         | Inflammation just happens to drive idle time because of pain
         | being the alternative.
        
         | colordrops wrote:
         | Not scientific, but funny enough I was just thinking of my
         | social media use last night, and I came to the realization that
         | I use it as a way to distract from unpleasant feelings and as a
         | pain killer. If I'm hungover, or sick, or worried about work,
         | my social media usage goes up significantly.
         | 
         | Don't know if this is true for everyone but the study's
         | findings match my personal experience.
        
         | nonameiguess wrote:
         | It'd be nice if they included a link or even the title of the
         | paper being referenced here to see the methods. It's hard for
         | me to imagine how causation could even be investigated for
         | this. You'd need to randomly induce inflammation on purpose to
         | study participants, which seems like something you couldn't get
         | through an IRB, nor would anybody consent to it if you could.
         | 
         | Otherwise, sure, you're telling me all of the factors
         | associated with inflammation, i.e. illness, disability, injury,
         | sedentary life, are also associated with people spending more
         | time on social media than they might otherwise, doesn't seem
         | like a revelation.
        
           | ceroxylon wrote:
           | Found the paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl
           | e/abs/pii/S08891...
        
             | iak8god wrote:
             | Most people won't be able to access the paper via that
             | link.
             | 
             | I was able to get to it by going to Google Scholar and
             | searching _" Brain, Behavior and Immunity" david lee_. The
             | first result was a sciencedirect link that did allow me to
             | read the whole thing.
        
         | m1sta_ wrote:
         | I personally use social media much more often when my CRP is
         | high.
        
           | polskibus wrote:
           | How do you monitor it continuously?
        
       | pkdpic wrote:
       | Are we in agreement that social media is bad for us or not?
       | 
       | I'm a little confused as to why anyone is still using it, why
       | people are still defending it, why we're all still talking about
       | it and why I'm getting more (not less) random texts from friends
       | / colleagues pressuring me to get back on to big social
       | platforms.
       | 
       | What are the motivations for people to be daily activate users
       | these days? Honestly just curious.
        
         | gnz11 wrote:
         | Same questions apply to this site then, no? I would think so.
        
         | NoraCodes wrote:
         | I am a DAU of the Fediverse because it's an easy way to see
         | what my friends are up to and tell them what I'm up to. I also
         | use it to follow "celebrities", such as they are, in the Rust
         | world.
         | 
         | By contrast, I have a Twitter account, but I only log in once
         | every few weeks to check for messages.
         | 
         | I think there is a meaningful distinction between corporate
         | social media and volunteer-run platforms like the Fediverse.
        
         | conductr wrote:
         | For context, after decades of research and stuff a lot of
         | people still are regularly sucking all kinds of burning
         | materials containing who knows what directly into their lungs.
         | People aren't always making great choices even when they're the
         | victims of the consequences.
         | 
         | Also, people just hate, HATE being bored. It has got to a point
         | where boredom makes people anxious and upset.
        
         | TZubiri wrote:
         | Yet here we are
        
         | jonplackett wrote:
         | I believe It's called 'addiction'
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | ethanbond wrote:
         | The "motivation" is just the symptom of losing a battle that a
         | normal person can't be expected to win anyway.
         | 
         | We've all been dropped into the most well-funded and
         | technologically sophisticated casino of all time, built and
         | maintained by armies of engineers and ML models that
         | continuously optimize a ~infinite number of useless but highly
         | varied casino games that are then made accessible to you 24/7
         | via a device in your pocket.
         | 
         | Also all your friends are in the casino and even the ones who
         | hate it are actually having a pretty good time. They are more
         | than happy to send you links/offer you a seat at their
         | particular game of choice (such as these comments on HN).
         | 
         | Normal people have way too many everyday concerns to be
         | (successfully) engaging in a 24/7 battle-for-attention against
         | the most advanced attention-grabbing systems ever created.
         | 
         | It's so ludicrously asymmetric it seems unfair to even ascribe
         | "motivation" to users, but the motivation for the casino
         | designers is pretty obvious.
        
         | CM30 wrote:
         | Same reason people watch cable news. Because they want to be
         | informed, and (likely incorrectly) believe seeing a non stop
         | stream of information means they're more informed about what's
         | going on in the world. Heck, the journalists themselves are
         | absolutely hooked on social media, to the point they almost
         | can't function without it.
        
         | gravitate wrote:
         | > What are the motivations for people to be daily activate
         | users these days?
         | 
         | The sincere belief that real town squares don't matter and that
         | the real ones are only online now. This is brought on by
         | propaganda in the media that Twitter, etc is where things
         | 'happen' now and real life should be shunned at every instance.
         | 
         | 'If it's not online, it doesn't exist' mentality.
        
         | IAmGraydon wrote:
         | Social media is a form of high speed communication. That, in
         | and of itself, it's not "bad". What makes it have a negative
         | impact on society are the algorithms that have been put in
         | place to sculpt what users experience on the platform. It
         | brings together users with similar (sometimes irrational)
         | thought patterns. This creates echo chambers and the illusion
         | that a person's illogical beliefs are held by a majority of
         | people. That can lead to polarization and galvanization of
         | extremist beliefs. That is a very bad thing indeed.
         | 
         | On a more superficial level, it often creates a culture of
         | comparison, where people judge themselves in relation to the
         | lifestyles they see others apparently living. I use the word
         | "apparently" because most of those lifestyles are complete
         | fiction. None the less, that comparison can convince a person
         | that they're "losing at life", which can lead to depression and
         | all of the problems that come with it.
         | 
         | Why are people using it? To satisfy the innate human need for
         | social connection.
        
         | akira2501 wrote:
         | No.
         | 
         | You're confused because you're attempting to take an entire
         | technology and then view it through a binary lens of "good" or
         | "bad." This is impractical and not at all useful.
         | 
         | I'm sorry your use of social media is filled with such
         | negativity. Other people are using to connect over their
         | hobbies, to collaborate and to do work together, to do
         | research, to put together broadcasts, to have this very
         | conversation we're having right now.
         | 
         | Social media is exactly like all other human activities. It's a
         | reflection of the sum total of humanity. It has both good and
         | bad aspects to it. It is a part of us because we built it.
        
           | hot_gril wrote:
           | Modern social media is designed to be addictive. Addiction
           | means the habit far outlives its usefulness, to the point
           | where it's detrimental. Most human activities aren't like
           | this. You _can_ get addicted to just about anything, but a
           | few things are way more common.
           | 
           | Social media can also be used for good reasons like you
           | described, and that's how I use it too. I still think it's a
           | net negative on society, though. It's just too good at taking
           | away human interaction and doesn't provide enough in return,
           | the way most people are using it.
        
         | RIMR wrote:
         | It's because it's addictive, and we live in a capitalist free
         | society. Bad things can be stimulating, fun, and addictive, and
         | so people will still partake in those things to their own
         | deficit. We can't just ban things because they have negative
         | consequences, cigarettes literally kill people and they're
         | still in every corner store, but this is especially an issue
         | when it comes to mediums for free speech. The companies
         | responsible have no incentive to prevent harm, because what
         | they are doing is profitable. The more addictive their product
         | is, the more money they make.
        
         | boredemployee wrote:
         | For me, the problem begins when your whole profession depends
         | on it, then you get locked in. I just can't get gigs for my
         | side project sending emails or asking people to join my "blog".
         | 
         | But I completely agree, I'd prefer delete all my accounts.
        
         | hot_gril wrote:
         | > What are the motivations for people to be daily activate
         | users these days? Honestly just curious.
         | 
         | It's useful so you stay connected with friends who don't
         | necessarily live next to you. That's the motivation for at
         | least monthly active, maybe daily if you've got a lot going on.
         | 
         | Also, when I was in college (2014-2018), Facebook was extra
         | useful because it was the default way of inviting many people
         | to an event, and there were also really active pages like "free
         | and for sale." It was also a directory for
         | classmates/housemates to contact you if they didn't already
         | have your number, which was an occasional bacon-saver. Nowadays
         | FB Messenger is still ubiquitous enough that at least you can
         | invite ~20 people via a group chat without having to deal with
         | SMS (cause one guy will always have Android).
         | 
         | Of course, you could easily use it to kill time scrolling
         | through random stuff from strangers and possibly go overboard
         | to the point of it being mentally impactful, same how daily
         | video game addiction is different from playing an hour per
         | week. I'm also not going to ignore how social media is more
         | addictive than a lot of other things.
        
         | hk__2 wrote:
         | > What are the motivations for people to be daily activate
         | users these days? Honestly just curious.
         | 
         | Why do you go on HN? That may be the beginning of a response
         | since HN _is_ a social platform.
        
           | laputan_machine wrote:
           | Is it the same? There are gamification tactics I'm not a fan
           | of (voting system), but I find the level of discourse on HN
           | to generally be a much higher quality than say, twitter,
           | facebook, instagram (e.g. what we mean when we say _social
           | network_ ).
        
           | thinkingtoilet wrote:
           | I would argue it is not a social media platform for a few
           | very important reasons.
           | 
           | - No infinite scroll
           | 
           | - No algorithmic content recommendations (ex: if you like X,
           | you'll like Y)
           | 
           | - Highly targeted and moderated content
           | 
           | - The user is not the product (this is maybe the most
           | important and has far reaching consequences)
        
             | michalf6 wrote:
             | The user absolutely is the product here, HN is a marketing
             | and recruitment funnel to YC and YC-backed companies.
        
               | thinkingtoilet wrote:
               | I could be wrong, but I don't believe HN relies on
               | selling user data like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok
               | does. That is what I meant by that. That dramatically
               | changes the incentives and therefor the experience.
        
             | supazek wrote:
             | To me, having a profile with some kind of "like" system
             | (karma) makes it social media. The main incentive is to
             | gain upvotes which dramatically changes the way in which
             | users write their thoughts. Even though there's nothing
             | tying the "real me" to my profile, I still know it's me and
             | am incentivized to make posts that will garner more votes.
             | SO, Quora, forums etc all count. Only when people are truly
             | anonymous, with no "score" being kept do I believe it
             | doesn't count.
        
             | jonplackett wrote:
             | And most important of all - no push notifications trying to
             | drag you back in all the time.
        
             | hk__2 wrote:
             | None of the item you listed have _anything_ to do with
             | being a social media platform. Is it a website that enable
             | users to create and share content or to participate in
             | social networking? Yes, then it's a social media platform,
             | period.
             | 
             | This is a good example for this comment:
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37210298
             | 
             | > People tend to view every other social media platform
             | negatively except for the one they personally use, and
             | they're prepared to staunchly defend their choice no matter
             | what.
             | 
             | Besides, nowadays pretty much any random content website
             | (including newspapers) have infinite scroll, algorithmic
             | content recommendation (btw, content recommendation is
             | algorithmic by definition), untargeted content and ads (=
             | the user is the product) while not always being a social
             | media platform.
        
             | hgsgm wrote:
             | It's like the old debates abput what "object oriented" or
             | "functional" programming means. We need a list of the major
             | attributes of social media, and then tag each system with
             | its attributes from the list.
             | 
             | Then we can discuss which attributes are good or bad and
             | which attributes interact with some kind of synergy or
             | opposition.
        
             | taude wrote:
             | It does have paging that you can click through to get more
             | articles. I know it's "different" but for someone like a
             | HACKER, pressing the link vs a swipe probably has little
             | differences.
             | 
             | It does use "popularity" and it's gamed - maybe not
             | algorithmic content, but it's still promoting content.
             | 
             | It uses Social media game to upvote/downvote comments, etc.
             | which impacts people's behaviors and group think.
             | 
             | There's such a wide variety of articles on here, and a
             | pretty wide variety of people, too. I'm always suprised by
             | how many non-programmer types are really around here.
             | 
             | The user's not the product? We'll there is targeting of Job
             | ads and such on here for Y-Combinator companies. Probably
             | other things that you just don't know about.
             | 
             | It's just a niche social media company that you happen to
             | really align with. But so are certain Reddits for people,
             | etc.
             | 
             | The one thing it doesn't have here is the distractions with
             | other links (I'm
        
           | BoxFour wrote:
           | An excellent query, as it neatly encapsulates the only
           | response to the original post.
           | 
           | People tend to view every other social media platform
           | negatively except for the one they personally use, and
           | they're prepared to staunchly defend their choice no matter
           | what.
        
             | pkdpic wrote:
             | I have honestly never met anyone who would defend hacker
             | news or reddit as a good use of their time or pressure
             | their peers to use the platforms more.
             | 
             | Are we saying that all social media platforms are the same?
             | Are there teams working on the hacker news platform trying
             | to tweak the algorithms to drive addictive user engagement?
             | Is the sorting algorithm not a matter of public record?
             | 
             | Correction to my original comment, I am asking about
             | Instagram / Facebook / Twitter.
             | 
             | I know why I (maybe we) go on HN and its because Im bored
             | and weak and Ive never felt manipulated by it or addicted
             | to it or wanted to be on it for more than 15 minutes.
             | 
             | I have chores I should be doing.
        
               | BoxFour wrote:
               | > I honestly haven't come across anyone who would
               | advocate for Hacker News or Reddit as a productive use of
               | their time.
               | 
               | Really? I actually encounter such individuals quite
               | frequently, even if it's more subtly expressed through
               | statements like, "Hey, did you catch that discussion on
               | HN about X? You should check it out!"
               | 
               | > Are we implying that all social media platforms are
               | indistinguishable?
               | 
               | In the sense that they all harbor pseudonymous
               | individuals often baiting one another and getting
               | embroiled in futile online conflicts aimed solely at
               | boosting egos (even our current exchange is not exempt
               | from this and I am guilty of it)?
               | 
               | Yes, I believe that's a valid assessment of virtually
               | every social media platform.
        
               | hk__2 wrote:
               | > Are we saying that all social media platforms are the
               | same?
               | 
               | Nobody is saying that.
               | 
               | > Are there teams working on the hacker news platform
               | trying to tweak the algorithms to drive addictive user
               | engagement?
               | 
               | Driving addictive user engagement has little to do with
               | being a social media platform, see Netflix for example.
               | 
               | > Is the sorting algorithm not a matter of public record?
               | 
               | Again, that's irrelevant. Twitter is more open-source
               | than HN.
        
               | probablynish wrote:
               | > I am asking about Instagram / Facebook / Twitter.
               | 
               | I find Instagram pretty valuable, and I've tried to
               | create a habit of going on it every day or two for 15-20
               | minutes (I have to exert effort to do this). I have close
               | friends now scattered around the world, and one of the
               | best ways (per unit of time) for me to keep up with
               | everyone is to check out their posts/stories, send some
               | kind of DM commenting on their activities, and post a
               | story of my own. Then when we do end up talking on the
               | phone I feel like I know what they've been up to.
        
               | michalf6 wrote:
               | Me and my friend found our jobs through HN, and the HN
               | common cultural context helped me in that job. It's
               | definitely a value add for my life
        
             | kzrdude wrote:
             | I'm a lot more fond of forums (like this) than media like
             | twitter, facebook, instagram where it's more about
             | "maintaining a persona". On a forum it would theoretically
             | be about conversation and almost never about the person per
             | se.
        
               | codr7 wrote:
               | Oh, I see that game being played quite a lot around here
               | as well.
        
               | Martinussen wrote:
               | If you think HN is less fake than Facebook as far as
               | personas goes that is probably more about your Facebook
               | feed - HN is more homogeneous, certainly, but you don't
               | become cultured because you've build a country club and
               | everyone puts on a fancy accents inside.
               | 
               | On a side note, HN is the place person matters more than
               | anywhere I can think of except for YouTube. Is it
               | possible you feel like that because it's closer to _your_
               | person /ingroup?
        
               | kzrdude wrote:
               | Do you read comments differently depending on which
               | username posts them? I usually don't. That's the kind of
               | personal I mean.
        
             | UhUhUhUh wrote:
             | I tend to view all platforms negatively because I am afraid
             | that all are a virtual substitute to actual encounters and
             | debates. They soothe a real need and desire with a sort of
             | hallucinatory satisfaction (human beings are very good at
             | that). Which does tend to create a cycle of addiction or
             | dependency. So by making life more bearable, they also
             | validate and consolidate life as it is. So yeah...
        
               | hk__2 wrote:
               | > I tend to view all platforms negatively because I am
               | afraid that all are a virtual substitute to actual
               | encounters and debates.
               | 
               | They are not virtual substitute, they are actual debates
               | but through a medium different than voice. Of course, the
               | experience is different, but that doesn't make it
               | "virtual", just like going to the cinema is not a
               | "virtual substitute" to live theater.
        
               | BoxFour wrote:
               | Numerous individuals grapple with contradictory
               | sentiments regarding their engagement with social media,
               | yet persist in using it.
               | 
               | Hacker News isn't an exception in the realm of social
               | media platforms subject to such considerations. It
               | appears that a significant number within this community
               | possess a certain blind spot, often exerting substantial
               | effort to delineate why their favored social media stands
               | apart in some manner from the rest.
        
             | Robotbeat wrote:
             | On the contrary, I'm always hating on Twitter, which is my
             | primary social platform. I'm just addicted to it.
        
               | catchnear4321 wrote:
               | one of the biggest reasons it persists, even after all of
               | the chaos.
               | 
               | a fair amount of the customers would have to go to rehab
               | to successfully leave.
               | 
               | that isn't judgement. just facts.
        
         | taude wrote:
         | It's going to depend how you us it.
         | 
         | I waste far more time on Hacker News, which has a similar
         | dubious added value...
         | 
         | I like to keep up with my friends and see what they're up to,
         | and we trade text messages through our Stories, etc. It's
         | something I can do during a couple poop breaks in the day, so I
         | don't really think of it as being "bad" for me. Maybe I'm the
         | only one using it who isn't addicted?
        
         | vorpalhex wrote:
         | I was at a live show last night. Great time, lots of energy.
         | 
         | All the people in front of me, who were there with friends..
         | kept pulling out their phones. Tiktok, instagram.
         | 
         | Not to grab photos (which is at least interacting with the
         | event sorta) but just.. scrolling.
         | 
         | Not talking to their friends, not enjoying the show, just..
         | social media.
         | 
         | It seems to be that the social media usage is some sort of
         | crutch. Like meth or alcohol abuse, it's a bad solution to a
         | problem.
        
           | greenhearth wrote:
           | I was just at a show too and this is what I saw as well. I
           | noticed that the people who did this were all younger kids.
           | It boggled my mind.
        
           | hk__2 wrote:
           | > Like meth or alcohol abuse, it's a bad solution to a
           | problem.
           | 
           | Which other solution do you think of for someone who's bored
           | at an event, can't go out, and doesn't have anything more in
           | their pocket than their phone? I don't know what was the
           | exact situation, but I would be wary about writing
           | conclusions based on something I saw and don't understand.
        
             | vorpalhex wrote:
             | Given that they were all wearing shirts for the thing.. I
             | don't think it was a case of being bored or not wanting to
             | be there. Also they were literally in a big group of
             | friends - talk to your friend.
             | 
             | Obviously I didn't interview a stranger during a live show,
             | but I suspect if I had asked them they would not have
             | realized they had done it.
             | 
             | I see this behavior at bars and such too. Maybe next time I
             | will just be rude for a bit and ask someone about it
             | (though I would be surprised to get much of a real answer).
        
               | hgsgm wrote:
               | Well you can't have a conversation at a loud live show,
               | unless you use a sign language, but even that has visual
               | challenges.
        
         | gretch wrote:
         | > I'm a little confused as to why anyone is still using it, why
         | people are still defending it
         | 
         | Coca Cola is also bad for you but most people will still drink
         | one at a picnic.
         | 
         | If you drink coke everyday, that's probably bad for you, but
         | swearing off coke (or the govt banning coke) would be wtf on
         | the other end of the spectrum.
         | 
         | Treat social media like coca cola
        
         | azangru wrote:
         | Would you consider Hacker News a social medium?
         | 
         | I keep using Hacker News, and follow several people on Mastodon
         | or Twitter in read-only mode (don't have an account) to keep up
         | on the news about web development.
        
         | zzzeek wrote:
         | we are programmers and need to occupy our brains while test
         | suites run / compilers compile / waiting for coworkers to
         | respond to your slack message
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | belltaco wrote:
       | I thought being depressed when sick was a mechanism to keep
       | humans or animals indoors so that they don't spread the disease.
        
         | djangelic wrote:
         | Isn't that where social media is consumed? It makes sense that
         | this isolation drives us to connect, and in ways that are not
         | as helpful as real meaningful connections.
        
       | riazrizvi wrote:
       | Sure, elevated inflammatory cytokines are consistently shown in
       | imaging studies to reduce brain activity in motivation areas, and
       | drive it in anxiety related areas [1]. So it makes sense to me
       | that we would seek the lower effort emotional rewards that social
       | media platforms can provide. What I'm surprised by here is that
       | they don't find it's then used for entertainment value, but
       | rather for social engagement. Which would indicate it drives a
       | need to seek particular levels of oxytocin and vasopressin
       | specifically:
       | 
       | > it's associated with social media to specifically interact with
       | other users, like direct messaging and posting to people's pages.
       | Interestingly, inflammation did not lead people to use social
       | media for other purposes--for example, entertainment purposes
       | like watching funny video
       | 
       | [1] 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5997866/
        
         | hinkley wrote:
         | There's definitely a straightforward enough evolutionary
         | advantage to being more sedentary (demotivated) when recovering
         | from an injury or an illness.
         | 
         | The problem is we're getting inflammation without earning it
         | the old fashioned way: misadventure.
        
       | jeezfrk wrote:
       | someone failed to mention this is from the onion.
       | 
       | like... the research team and everyone.
        
       | tosser0001 wrote:
       | Could someone explain what is meant by "inflammation" in this
       | context? What exactly is inflamed and is it manifested externally
       | in some visible way? I feel like I constantly hear about
       | inflammation but it's never clear to me what is physically
       | happening.
        
         | ww520 wrote:
         | Inflammation is the chronic response from the body's immune
         | system to invasive foreign agents like bacteria, viruses,
         | toxin, etc. The immune system sends out inflammatory cells and
         | others to fight the invading agents and to heal the injured
         | area. The area can become painful and swelling.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | thenerdhead wrote:
         | It's in the first paragraph:
         | 
         | > Across three studies involving more than 1,800 participants,
         | the findings -- published in the journal Brain, Behavior and
         | Immunity -- indicate that increased levels of C-reactive
         | protein (CRP), which the liver makes in response to
         | inflammation in the body, can promote social media use among
         | middle-aged adults and college students.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein
        
         | arroz wrote:
         | I think it means getting people mad / to rage
        
         | creamyhorror wrote:
         | It's because they're not only talking about everyday visible
         | inflammation. My understanding is that "inflammation" is a
         | phenomenon in which cells release chemicals telling other cells
         | that there's an injury, pathogens, or toxins nearby. These
         | chemicals cause other cells to release further chemicals (a
         | "signalling cascade"), leading to all sorts of effects ranging
         | from the familiar swelling and redness and summoning of immune
         | cells, all the way to allergic reactions, neural effects, long-
         | term health outcomes, and (apparently) increased social media
         | use. The effects no doubt differ based on the types and levels
         | of inflammation-signalling compounds being released (of which
         | there are many).
         | 
         | The overall level of inflammation is commonly determined by
         | measuring the level of C-reactive protein in blood (it rises as
         | a result of inflammation). It's commonly measured in blood
         | tests.
         | 
         | There's a natural role for inflammation in the body, but it's
         | also possible to have too much inflammation and experience
         | negative outcomes as a result. A lot of recent research has
         | been about the effects of inflammation signalling throughout
         | the body, and much of the interest in antioxidants is because
         | they may serve to reduce oxidative stress (which damages cells
         | and also comes about as a result of inflammation).
         | 
         | "Chronic low-grade inflammatory process, on the other hand,
         | plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic
         | diseases." -
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736408/
        
       | tomohawk wrote:
       | Why wouldn't it be the other way around? I know people who
       | reduced inflammation by staying off social media and away from
       | news media. These things tend to induce stress, which can cause
       | inflammation.
        
       | lusus_naturae wrote:
       | Social science, psych, biomed and pharma research should pass
       | some kind repeatability threshold before it gets to make
       | headlines; see Gino at Harvard for example.
        
         | readthenotes1 wrote:
         | Sadly, a lot of commenters seems to take the attached article
         | as fact, as if the replicability crisis never happened
        
       | kypro wrote:
       | Hmmm... CRP correlates to all kinds of things like lower levels
       | of Vit D, less exercise, illness, etc...
       | 
       | If people are going out less, say because it's winter and they've
       | been feeling unwell then we should expect CRP levels to be
       | higher. We should probably also expect social media use while
       | people are at home is probably going to be higher than when
       | they're outside in the sun.
       | 
       | The idea that an inflammatory marker would actually drive people
       | to seek out social media seems highly suspect to me. Do people
       | with cancer develop an insatiable urge to use social media?
        
         | captainbland wrote:
         | If it is true I think it would arise from a bit more of a
         | transitive relationship but with more straightforward leaps in
         | logic. Sick people are tired, tired people want to partake in
         | sedentary activities more than they want to take part in highly
         | physical activities relative to the rest of the population,
         | social media is a highly popular sedentary activity among the
         | studied cohort of students.
        
       | greenhearth wrote:
       | Inflammation may also come from physical isolation. There have
       | been studies that lack of physical contact promotes a sort of
       | "hunger" that has to be satisfied or else becomes destructive.
       | Socio-physical contact rebalances some chemicals that satiate it.
       | I wonder if this yearning causes an immune response. In case of
       | social media, if this is what happens, the feedback loop is
       | extremely obvious: the offer of some social contact while
       | operating in actual complete physical isolation. This is a sort
       | of a closed circuit, a thing that creates the need for itself.
        
       | DoreenMichele wrote:
       | "Misery loves company." At least, if it is due to inflammation,
       | it seems.
        
       | kens wrote:
       | I was pretty skeptical from the original article, since it
       | totally seemed like correlation. But the study looked at
       | directionality, that inflammation one week results in more social
       | media the next week. The paper also describes other research that
       | producing inflammation increases social interaction, so this
       | study isn't just a random thing. My conclusion is that this study
       | is legit. The one important thing that I didn't get from the
       | summary is the size of the effect.
       | 
       | Here's a link to the paper (partially paywalled):
       | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S08891...
        
         | cheald wrote:
         | I'll bet that if you looked at calorie intake, you'd find a
         | similar pattern. I'd be willing to bet that it's not because
         | the person is eating more to heal their body (at least in the
         | first world, where we have to work to avoid caloric surplus,
         | and where much of our diet is inflammatory), but because the
         | brain seeks dopamine when you're under stress or uncomfortable.
         | 
         | To put it another way: it's not that inflammation causes social
         | media use, but that stress causes pleasure cravings.
        
       | theptip wrote:
       | Simple hypothesis: I use my phone more when I am laid up on the
       | sofa with an ankle sprain.
        
       | mmastrac wrote:
       | Elon Musk plus the terribleness of Facebook helped me cut my
       | social media addiction. I wouldn't say I'm happier with or
       | without it, but I don't think it was a positive other than the
       | handful of friends I made there that I wouldn't have made
       | otherwise.
        
         | nkingsy wrote:
         | And we found the mandatory "I'm not on social media" comment on
         | the social media platform. There's at least one on every post
         | on the subject.
         | 
         | Literal definition:
         | 
         | websites and applications that enable users to create and share
         | content or to participate in social networking.
        
           | mmastrac wrote:
           | Your snarky reply is not appreciated. I specifically said
           | "cut my social media addiction" not "cut out social media".
           | While Hacker News is a great time sink full of wonderful
           | people, I don't spend nearly as much time here as I do on
           | other platforms (and often go long swaths of time without
           | commenting).
        
           | kzrdude wrote:
           | Platforms like Twitter and Facebook put the network in the
           | center - it's about relationships between accounts
           | (Friend/Follower). HN doesn't do that, so HN is a forum which
           | is a slightly different genre of medium, isn't it? At least a
           | kind that I'm much more in favour of.
        
             | nkingsy wrote:
             | I get value from it, but it still gives me the social high
             | from interacting, plus a big multiplier added with voting.
        
             | hk__2 wrote:
             | > Platforms like Twitter and Facebook put the network in
             | the center - it's about relationships between accounts
             | (Friend/Follower)
             | 
             | At the beginning yes, but nowadays that's less the case.
             | Twitter's "For You" is the default view and it contains
             | popular content that have little to do with who you're
             | following. TikTok/Instagram behave in the same way, showing
             | you a mix of stuff from people you follow (but not
             | everything) and from other sources. I'm not been on
             | Facebook recently, but I believe they do the same.
        
         | akira2501 wrote:
         | It's like the people who spray bitterant on their fingernails
         | in an effort to stop reflexively chewing on them. Hope it works
         | out long term.
        
           | mmastrac wrote:
           | It's been quite effective. After a few months off Twitter, I
           | only really go back for a peek at the schadenfreude every
           | week or so, and only for a few minutes.
        
       | nialv7 wrote:
       | Why doesn't it link to the paper? Is this study even published?
        
       | zzzeek wrote:
       | am I wrong or is this a really huge leap from correlation to
       | causation?
       | 
       | why isn't it that people who spend all day on social media get
       | less sunlight and exercise therefore have more inflammation?
       | 
       | OK well they said this, sure:
       | 
       | > "For some people the relationship between social media use and
       | inflammation may be a positive feedback loop, a cycle where more
       | social media use leads to more inflammation, and more
       | inflammation then leads to more social media use," he says.
        
         | hgsgm wrote:
         | That quote is commentary, not science. You should ignore that
         | from the paper/scientist, as it doesn't belong in research. It
         | belong in the non scientific comment forums.
        
       | lifeisstillgood wrote:
       | There is an old english expression "to vent one's spleen" - to
       | rant angrily on social media (or write letters to the editor of
       | The Times, one's MP etc)
       | 
       | Maybe an inflamed spleen is the problem after all :-)
        
       | orthecreedence wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
       | l33t7332273 wrote:
       | I have never seen more talk about "inflammation" in any other
       | context, physical or virtual, than I have on HN.
       | 
       | To me, talking about health problems from "inflammation" sounded
       | at first like a buzzword used to sell snake oil(much like
       | "toxins"), but there seem to be real studies by real scientists
       | discussing it.
       | 
       | Am I in a bubble, or why is it such a rarely mentioned topic
       | elsewhere?
        
         | aliasxneo wrote:
         | I had to learn a ton about it in the last year for my health-
         | related issues. It's possible that it's just new information
         | that's still propagating (and for some reason happens to
         | concentrate on HN).
         | 
         | For reference, my recommendations came from my therapist when
         | battling with depression (i.e. I wasn't really influenced by
         | anything on HN).
        
         | hgsgm wrote:
         | It's like "stress". It's real, but extremely diffuse.
        
         | ssddanbrown wrote:
         | Inflammation is a key factor of many medical conditions, many
         | which can be identified by a "-itis" suffix. Might just not be
         | in your bubble if you haven't crossed paths with these kinds of
         | conditions.
         | 
         | Personally, I had not come across much inflammation talk until
         | I had uveitis, which led to an identification of my ankylosing
         | spondylitis (a form of spinal arthritis) which has also brings
         | me enthesitis. All of these are inflammation based.
        
         | lukas099 wrote:
         | The immune system is pretty important and powerful.
        
       | jsemrau wrote:
       | Social Media creates the illusion of social connectivity. While I
       | might tweet a reply to Garry Tan and he might like it. It doesn't
       | mean we are best buddies.
        
         | izzydata wrote:
         | I've been mentioning how weird parasocial relationships like
         | this are to people for at least 10 years now and everyone
         | thinks I'm being ridiculous.
         | 
         | I still don't think anybody should be caring about social
         | interactions when it is on a scale of 1 to 1 million. Where it
         | is 1 person interacting with a million people. If you can't
         | respond to me as an individual on a 1 to 1 scale then I simply
         | do not care about your personal life.
        
           | vorpalhex wrote:
           | You are not ridiculous and yes, the problem is gravely
           | concerning.
           | 
           | I would recommend, instead of saying what people should do,
           | is investigate why this parasocial relationship failure mode
           | exists. Why do people not only end up in a losing
           | proposition, but actively seek it out?
           | 
           | (I am quite sure there is no nice well contained single
           | answer)
        
             | izzydata wrote:
             | Who knows. Perhaps a lot of us are lacking a sense of
             | community and instinctively seek it out in the wrong
             | places.
             | 
             | Still, I'm not going to care about who Taylor Swift's new
             | boyfriend is unless she cares about the same for me. I'd
             | rather be depressed and alone. Understandably not everyone
             | is going to be so masochistic about it and will fill that
             | gap however they can.
        
           | tenebrisalietum wrote:
           | This was even weirder when it was common to have no
           | capability to interact with the parasocial target at all--in
           | the pre-Internet world--through TV, music, or movies. Before
           | then tabloids like Enquirer Magazine gave people the sordid
           | details of celebrities personal lives, which I always found
           | very strange to care about.
        
         | hk__2 wrote:
         | > Social Media creates the illusion of social connectivity.
         | While I might tweet a reply to Garry Tan and he might like it.
         | It doesn't mean we are best buddies.
         | 
         | Why would that be an illusion? If he did read your response
         | that counts as a social interaction. People who smile at each
         | others in random social situations are not best buddies and
         | that's not a problem.
        
           | hot_gril wrote:
           | It's not a problem at all. There are a few serious problems
           | with social media, but none of them are this.
        
           | RIMR wrote:
           | The problem is that there is an observable pattern of people
           | betting all of their social capital on social media, and
           | forming pathological connections to the people that interact
           | with their posts the most.
           | 
           | A lot of people have allowed social media to replace a normal
           | social life, and so if a celebrity, or someone with a lot of
           | social media clout follows you and interacts with you, it can
           | be tempting to incorporate that connection into your social
           | identity, and overvalue it.
        
           | jsemrau wrote:
           | I see it as an illusion because of the interaction (smile,
           | like), I feel like I have had a social interaction, but in
           | reality I hadn't.
        
             | NoraCodes wrote:
             | But... you have. A small one, probably not one that'll have
             | much of an impact on either of you, but it is a social
             | interaction.
        
             | worrycue wrote:
             | I agree it's a social interaction. Just not an in-person
             | one.
        
       | remote_phone wrote:
       | I'm 100% sure this is one of those "joke" papers that show how
       | bad pest-reviewed papers and journals are these days.
        
       | hospitalJail wrote:
       | My initial response was: Duh
       | 
       | Then I read this:
       | 
       | ""It seems that inflammation not only increases social media use,
       | but our results show preliminary evidence that it's also
       | associated with using social media to specifically interact with
       | other users, like direct messaging and posting to people's pages.
       | Interestingly, inflammation did not lead people to use social
       | media for other purposes--for example, entertainment purposes
       | like watching funny videos,"
       | 
       | This is a really bold claim. What are the odds this is never
       | replicated? I'd love to have a science gambling website, heck, I
       | wonder if those odds could be added to confidence of a study.
        
         | OJFord wrote:
         | My reaction's still 'duh' to be honest - you wouldn't
         | necessarily want to do much more of things like watching videos
         | than you were doing already, but the social interaction is
         | replacing something.
         | 
         | At least assuming it's serious enough that you're stuck at home
         | recovering - I'm realising as I write that my reading of it was
         | quite biased by the image. Otherwise I would not think on
         | reading 'inflammation' that it was particularly serious.
         | 
         | If they studied people with slightly swollen ankle or whatever,
         | but walking about, at work, etc. and found a significant
         | increase in their interest in socialising (social media just
         | being the most easily measured form) that is pretty
         | interesting.
        
         | haswell wrote:
         | I'm not sure that this is so bold or even surprising. I suspect
         | the finding is because people are seeking actual social
         | connection, not just diversion.
         | 
         | The body knows what's going on even if we're not consciously
         | aware of it, and a response like: "seek out other humans" when
         | the body is inflamed makes sense from an evolutionary
         | perspective in a social species.
         | 
         | Obviously this needs further study, but it makes some kind of
         | logical sense at least.
        
           | RugnirViking wrote:
           | that doesn't really tie in with my experience at least. Most
           | people I know when hurting retreat into themselves. It's much
           | more common to find someone sitting at home eating ice cream
           | or whatever when under significant stress than at a bar
        
         | akira2501 wrote:
         | Most of the study participants were fellow students who
         | participated in the study for additional credit. That really
         | makes me wonder what amount of selection bias ended up encoded
         | into the data.
        
       | tqi wrote:
       | > The current paper used an existing data set of middle-aged
       | adults for the first study, who completed survey questionnaires
       | and provided blood samples the researchers analyzed for CRP. The
       | authors collected their own data for the second and third studies
       | using similar methods for college students.
       | 
       | Was the hypothesis pre-registered, or did they just check the
       | survey results against a bunch of markers to see what popped?
       | While the conclusion certainly seems plausible, it's hard to
       | imagine that something as diffuse and hard to measure as social
       | media use could be reliably correlated to a specific biomarker...
        
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