[HN Gopher] Espresso coffee mitigates the aggregation of Alzheim...
___________________________________________________________________
Espresso coffee mitigates the aggregation of Alzheimer's associated
tau protein
Author : bookofjoe
Score : 122 points
Date : 2023-08-05 12:19 UTC (10 hours ago)
(HTM) web link (pubs.acs.org)
(TXT) w3m dump (pubs.acs.org)
| rladd wrote:
| Yay! Decaf works too:
|
| Three instant coffee extracts (light roast, dark roast,
| decaffeinated dark roast) and six coffee components [caffeine
| (1), chlorogenic acid (2), quinic acid (3), caffeic acid (4),
| quercetin (5), and phenylindane (6)] were investigated for their
| ability to inhibit the fibrillization of Ab and tau proteins
| using thioflavin T (ThT) and thioflavin S (ThS) fluorescence
| assays, respectively. Inhibition of Ab and a-synuclein
| oligomerization was assessed using ELISA assays.
|
| All instant coffee extracts inhibit fibrillization of Ab and tau,
| and promote a-synuclein oligomerization at concentrations above
| 100 mg/mL. Dark roast coffee extracts are more potent inhibitors
| of Ab oligomerization (IC50 ca. 10 mg/mL) than light roast coffee
| extract (IC50 = 40.3 mg/mL), and pure caffeine (1) has no effect
| on Ab, tau or a-synuclein aggregation.
| ttul wrote:
| But do these things pass through the blood brain barrier?
| TheDesolate0 wrote:
| [dead]
| aradox66 wrote:
| Wait, instant coffee extract? That is...not espresso
|
| edit: ok, they pulled espresso shots and freeze dried them in
| the lab (lol) - "The espresso coffee extract was obtained from
| 15 g of powder using a two-cups coffee machine (Gaggia espresso
| machine, Gaggia Milano, Italy) for a final volume of 80 mL of
| beverage. The extraction lasted for 30 s at 80 degC in mQ H2O.
| The final product was distributed in 15 mL Falcon tubes,
| freeze-dried, and stored at +4 degC."
| bluefishinit wrote:
| 80C is really low for pulling shots. Normally it's 90C:
|
| https://bigcupofcoffee.com/espresso-brewing-water-
| temperatur...
| tokamak-teapot wrote:
| Perhaps they measured the temperature of the espresso shot
| post extraction, in the cup (or more formal receptacle!),
| where it would be cooler than the water meeting the ground
| coffee.
|
| Also, a Gaggia Classic (as an example - they don't specify
| which model they use) does not have a PID. Temperature of
| the espresso leaving the group head drops during the
| extraction.
| lostlogin wrote:
| While we are criticising, 80ml from 15g of coffee (am I
| reading the right?) sounds watery.
| thunkle wrote:
| Am I only one that feels suspicious that these researcher names
| are Italian? Next up, Russian study suggests vodka decreases
| diabetes.
| gumby wrote:
| But what is the impact on cognition. Are tau proteins part of the
| defense or part of the problem?
| alephxyz wrote:
| There have been studies showing that higher coffee consumption
| correlates to slower cognitive decline. This study only looks
| at the effects of coffee in vitro.
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| You are right to call this out. Tau are protective, and if you
| have the genetics, coffee will raise the risk of AD.
|
| Oxidative stress is the fundamental issue causing Alzheimer's.
| So there are many causes with one result.
|
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5562667/
|
| "Oxidative stress participates in the development of AD by
| promoting Ab deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and the
| subsequent loss of synapses and neurons. The relationship
| between oxidative stress and AD suggests that oxidative stress
| is an essential part of the pathological process, and
| antioxidants may be useful for AD treatment."
| TheDesolate0 wrote:
| [dead]
| hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
| > if you have the genetics, coffee will raise the risk of AD.
|
| Citation most definitely needed.
| brigadier132 wrote:
| Ah yes, now I can justify spending $4000 on an espresso machine
| JimtheCoder wrote:
| Well, you can't let a cheap espresso machine touch your $25 bag
| of single-origin coffee beans...
| LeSaucy wrote:
| It's the grinder that gets ya.
| bobwaycott wrote:
| If you're relying on anything other than your own
| fingertips, it's time for some grip exercises. Lovingly
| hand-crafting your beans to fine powder--this is the way.
| SantalBlush wrote:
| PSA: Buy a used Bunn G1 and put SSP burrs in it. I did mine
| for about $600, which seems steep, but it's way cheaper
| than comparable grinders and will probably last me decades.
| bluefishinit wrote:
| Also check out the G-IOTA, it's sold under several
| different names but it's _the_ best espresso grinder you
| can get for the money. It has flat burrs, which are
| superior to conical burrs.
|
| https://reddit.com/r/espresso/comments/lw8pbo/probarista_
| gio...
| bemusedthrow75 wrote:
| I don't spend that much money on coffee beans but I have
| the cheapest blade grinder I could buy (one day I will be
| able to justify replacing it, probably with a Wilfa).
|
| The trick is to shake the grinder up and down while it is
| cutting. I can get a surprisingly even grind that doesn't
| get too hot. Good enough for a trouble-free Aeropress
| plunge, anyway.
|
| These days I am all about the cheap solutions; I'll
| probably treat myself to a lever-press espresso machine at
| some point.
| ericmay wrote:
| An even better solution is just picking up a decent hand
| grinder [1] especially since you're doing work anyway.
|
| [1] https://www.hario-usa.com/collections/grinders
| baq wrote:
| don't spend more than $600 tbh
| comonoid wrote:
| It should be partially compensated by your health insurance.
| [deleted]
| Fezzik wrote:
| I imagine "connoisseurs" would try to disagree, but Mr Coffee
| makes a legitimately decent all-in-one machine for $230 - the
| One Touch CoffeeHouse. I mostly drink lattes and while they are
| not as frothy and airy as one from an actual coffee house, for
| the price and ease-to-make they are astonishingly good.
| brigadier132 wrote:
| I just use a mokapot :)
| earlyriser wrote:
| Mokapots are great. We had an espresso machine, but it took
| more space and cleaning time than a mokapot.
| tastyfreeze wrote:
| Freshly roasted beans are more important for flavor than the
| preparation method.
| mhh__ wrote:
| And a nice grinder
| bookofjoe wrote:
| Burr grinder
| drrotmos wrote:
| Flat burr grinder
| lostlogin wrote:
| Conical please.
| bookofjoe wrote:
| Below, what Google's Generative AI [https://www.google.co
| m/search?q=flat+v+conical+burr+coffee+b...] says about
| this:
|
| Consistency: Flat burrs are known for being more
| consistent and producing a more balanced extraction
|
| Noisiness: Flat burrs can be noisy and heat up quickly
| without good ventilation
|
| Price: Conical burr grinders are cheaper than flat burr
| grinders
|
| Coolness: Conical burr grinders are cooler than flat burr
| grinders
|
| Gentleness: Conical burrs are gentler on the coffee
| beans, which can result in a sweeter cup of coffee
|
| Control: Flat burr grinders offer more control, which is
| good for cafes or commercial uses
|
| Espresso brewing: Conical burr grinders are good for
| pulling espresso shots
|
| Grounds: Flat burrs often retain more grounds than
| conical burrs
| lostlogin wrote:
| This is a bit inaccurate, and that is reflected in the
| top results when you google it.
|
| Conical burrs are not cheaper. You call this when you
| look at them, the shape is pretty complex. They often
| don't have good (low) retention as they are often on
| massive commercial equipment. They are consistent as all
| hell.
| throw0101a wrote:
| > _I imagine "connoisseurs" would try to disagree, but Mr
| Coffee makes a legitimately decent all-in-one machine for
| $230 - the One Touch CoffeeHouse._
|
| The Specialty Coffee Association has a certification program
| and list of machines that have passed:
|
| * https://sca.coffee/certified-home-brewer
|
| Units by Cuisinart, GE, Oxo, and Zwilling are on the
| certified list and can be founded listed for US$ 230. One of
| the main items for certification is getting the water
| consistently to the correct temperature.
|
| Or you can spend $30 on a dripper and $50 on a (simple
| on/off) kettle:
|
| * https://cleverbrewing.coffee/products/clever-dripper
|
| With the difference going to a good grinder so you're making
| coffee with fresh beans.
| shortcrct wrote:
| I briefly looked through the website, does the SCA have a
| list of "Certified" consumer-level espresso machines
| specifically? I was disappointed to see that they had
| certified home brewers for drip coffee and commercial
| espresso machines that cost $15k, but no espresso machines
| that I could afford.
| throw0101a wrote:
| > _Dozens of machines are submitted for testing every
| year, but only those that bear the SCA Certified Espresso
| Machine mark have met our rigorous testing standards:_
|
| * https://sca.coffee/sca-certified/espresso-machines
|
| Maybe there is no list of "consumer-level espresso
| machines" because no machines have met the certification
| criteria?
| nottorp wrote:
| Espresso? What about filter? Ristretto? French press? Turkish
| style?
| lostlogin wrote:
| Ristretto uses an espresso machine so I'd expect Simla or
| behaviour. The others are low pressure, so maybe not?
| [deleted]
| diydsp wrote:
| This is nothing like "coffee precents/cures Alzheimers." This is
| in vitro cells, it's not clear these compounds cross the BBB, and
| billions of people drink lots of cofffee and tauopathies are on
| the rise. Tauopathies are diseases of opulence and on ccontrast
| to what this paper says, there are effective neutrical treatments
| (Bredeson protocol)
| coldtea wrote:
| Any conflicts of interest with coffee companies?
| greentea23 wrote:
| https://consensus.app/results/?q=Does%20caffeine%20prevent%2...
| Pepe1vo wrote:
| Kind of weird that they keep emphasizing "espresso" seeing how an
| Americano/Lungo/Allonge is basically just an espresso with added
| water (I might've offended some Italians just now). So why not
| just focus on the active ingredients instead? Maybe to
| distinguish from all the capsule coffees most people drink?
| [deleted]
| [deleted]
| 2-718-281-828 wrote:
| adding milk and sugar might change something about the effect
| of espresso. controlling for that would make the entire study
| much more complicated.
|
| i'm more surprised about them not calling it simply (black)
| coffee. possibly because espresso preparation is quite defined
| versus various methods of how to brew coffee.
| Murfalo wrote:
| If anything wouldn't this argument suggest you should isolate
| and quantify the active ingredient? Certainly there is more
| variation between two espressos than, say, two 80 mg caffeine
| capsules.
| 2-718-281-828 wrote:
| i don't think we know much about what the active
| ingredients are in coffee. we only know caffeine. but i'd
| bet this is only one among many.
| sudosysgen wrote:
| Espresso is very different from black filter coffee, because
| the filters used in other brewing methods do not allow oil
| and particulate to pass through, so the composition of the
| drink will be different.
| 2-718-281-828 wrote:
| not all brewing methods require filters that provide
| obstacles for oil and particulate.
| lostlogin wrote:
| What process are you thinking of?
|
| Espresso filter too - the basket has holes small enough
| to keep the grounds out the cup. The only coffee drink I
| know that has no filtering at all is Turkish coffee.
| Bjartr wrote:
| "True" espresso is extracted at around 100PSI of water
| pressure, so the coffee most people drink, at least in America,
| may not have the relevant compounds present of they are only
| extracted at the higher pressure of a true espresso.
| fatfingerd wrote:
| They gave pretty decent detail for recreating the sample they
| analyzed. That's probably better than assuming any sample of
| coffee would have similar compounds and ratios.
| thucydides wrote:
| But see https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322179/, a large meta-
| analysis that found _no_ association between coffee drinking and
| Alzheimer 's disease:
|
| We performed a dose-response meta-analysis to summarize the
| prospective data on coffee consumption and associated risk of
| dementia and Alzheimer's disease. These studies included 7486
| dementia cases diagnosed among 328,885 individuals during an
| average follow-up of 4.9-25 years. Meta-analysis of all eight
| studies indicated no statistically significant association
| between coffee consumption and the risk of dementia and no
| deviations from a linear trend (p = 0.08). The relative risk of
| dementia per 1 cup/day increment of coffee consumption was 1.01
| (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98-1.05; p = 0.37). Meta-analysis
| of five studies that focused on Alzheimer's disease revealed no
| association between coffee consumption and Alzheimer's disease
| and no deviations from a linear trend (p = 0.79). The relative
| risk of Alzheimer's disease per 1 cup/day increment of coffee
| consumption was 1.01 (95% confidence interval 0.95-1.07; p =
| 0.80). These results do not support an association between coffee
| consumption and an increased risk of overall dementia or
| Alzheimer's disease specifically, but further research on the
| association of coffee consumption with dementia risk is needed.
| befeltingu wrote:
| In these large trials I assume they are not trying to separate
| someone who just drinks black coffee from someone who drinks
| coffee with a lot of sugar (mochas ect...). So the negative
| affects of daily consumption of sugar and dairy could offset
| whatever positive affects might have been possible.
| barbazoo wrote:
| One talks about "espresso coffee" the other one just says
| "coffee", could that be significant?
| WillPostForFood wrote:
| One difference between espresso and coffee made with a paper
| filter is that there is more cholesterol in espresso.
| Espresso extracts more from the bean because it is done under
| pressure, and the paper filter collects some the cholesterol.
| There is some evidence of a connection between high
| cholesterol and Alzheimers, so you might expect espresso to
| be worse, but it doesn't seem that well understood. Maybe the
| cholesterols in coffee beans act differently.
| f38zf5vdt wrote:
| Are you thinking of cafestol? Cafestol and kahweol are
| lipophilic terpenes that are normally lost in filtration.
| They are thought to be cardiotoxins that contribute to the
| premature deaths of elderly unfiltered coffee drinkers. [1]
|
| [1] https://www.hcplive.com/view/filtered-unfiltered-
| coffee-cont...
| elromulous wrote:
| Only animal and animal products have cholesterol. Or did
| you maybe mean the oils that are extracted? Cholesterol [?]
| Lipids.
| getoffmycase wrote:
| There is a potent cholesterol raising compound, cafestol,
| in coffee that is removed when the it is filtered with
| paper.
| latchkey wrote:
| Some beans are roasted in butter.
| lostlogin wrote:
| Is this a joke?
|
| My roast is done at 650 degrees, butter wouldn't last 5
| seconds.
|
| I've seen people add butter to coffee though.
| latchkey wrote:
| I got downvoted above, but it isn't a joke. Vietnamese
| coffee beans are often roasted in butter. Robusta beans
| aren't as common in the US, sadly. After living in
| Vietnam, it is my preferred bean now. I like the extra
| bitterness and higher caffeine content of it.
|
| Buy some VN coffee, the beans are often shiny from the
| oil.
|
| Feel free to upvote this post now that I've shown you
| something new. =)
|
| https://www.google.com/search?q=butter+roasted+coffee
|
| https://www.thecommonscafe.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-
| roastin...
|
| https://nguyencoffeesupply.com/blogs/news/vietnamese-
| coffee-...
|
| https://www.enjoyadaybreak.com/products/traditional-
| butter-r...
| viciousvoxel wrote:
| It's not a joke but completely besides the point. Most
| people aren't drinking butter-roasted coffee. Even if
| they did, the butter likely isn't adding any actual
| lipids to the final roast, just slightly altering the
| internal bean steam pressure, heat, and final water
| content. Any oils on the exterior would be vaporized at
| typical roasting temperatures. Also most heavily roasted
| beans will be shiny with oil within a few days of
| roasting, regardless of any added butter.
| latchkey wrote:
| > Most people aren't drinking butter-roasted coffee.
|
| I'm not sure how 'most people' is relevant to the
| discussion. Fact is that it is one of the largest GDP
| exports for Vietnam and 5th in the world [0]. Just
| because you don't drink it, doesn't mean millions of
| other people aren't drinking it.
|
| "The main destination of Coffee exports from Vietnam are:
| Germany ($384M), United States ($257M), Italy ($230M),
| Japan ($186M), and Spain ($150M)."
|
| If I take those beans "shiny with oil" (aka: butter),
| grind them up and make a cup of coffee with them (I
| personally go with an aeropress w/ steel mesh), then
| there is going to be oil (butter) in that coffee. In
| fact, I can see a slight oil (butter) sheen on the
| surface of the cup of coffee if I let it sit.
|
| [0] https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-
| product/coffee/report...
| Scoundreller wrote:
| That's mostly true, but not entirely true.
|
| > There is a widespread belief among the public and even
| among chemists that plants do not contain cholesterol.
|
| > This error is the result (in part) of the fact that
| plants generally contain only small quantities of
| cholesterol and that analytical methods for the detection
| of cholesterol in this range were not well developed
| until recently (1).
|
| > Another reason has to do with the legalities of food
| labeling that allow small quantities of cholesterol in
| foods to be called zero (2).
|
| > The fact is that cholesterol is widespread in the plant
| kingdom although other related sterols, such as
| b-sitosterol (henceforth referred to as sitosterol),
| generally occur in larger quantities.
|
| > No current biochemistry text that we have examined
| provides an accurate account of cholesterol in plants.
|
| https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed082p1791 [2005]
|
| On an unrelated note, just how horrible is this
| https://sci-hub.se website that gets you most scientific
| publications for free????
| maxlamb wrote:
| I think you meant it has been shown to raise blood LDL
| cholesterol. But coffee itself doesn't have cholesterol.
| 01100011 wrote:
| Yes. Espresso is extracted differently and lacks paper
| filtration so is known to be very different from "normal"
| drip coffee.
| chongli wrote:
| Could also just be confounding effects. Espresso machines
| tend to be expensive, as are cafes where people go to drink
| espresso. Did the study control for income?
| grncdr wrote:
| That varies greatly depending on where you are in the
| world. In most of southern europe "a coffee" is an
| espresso, and outside of urban and/or tourist centers the
| normal price is less than 1EUR.
|
| The study was done in Verona, where I suspect that
| espresso consumption isn't highly correlated with
| economic status.
| snapetom wrote:
| That would assume there is a correlation between
| Alzheimer's and income. In some quick googling of
| studies, there appears to be. However, with often
| differing results from US vs. European studies (and
| studying different things like education instead of
| income and vice versa, dementia vs. Alzheimers and vice
| versa, urban vs. macro and vice versa), there are hints
| that it is an accessibility of diagnosis issue.
|
| We still don't know enough about Alzheimer's to have a
| definitive bullet list of healthy habits to stave it off.
| Sleep, exercise, dental health, all have some weak
| evidence behind it. It seems that Alzheimer's is still a
| more equal opportunity destroyer than heart disease or
| many cancers where there are plenty of evidence that you
| can mitigate risks with lifestyle changes.
| fatfingerd wrote:
| Studies on AD and Coffee seem to be all over the place because
| they are just correlative. People with a genetic disposition to
| drink coffee (I kid you not) have higher prevalence of AD,
| people who drink coffee in middle age possibly less prevalence
| of later AD, so people who were drinking lots of coffee right
| before developing AD could mean a positive or negative affect.
| oidar wrote:
| Let's fix this title: Espresso coffee mitigates the aggregation
| of Alzheimer's associated tau protein in cell cultures
|
| Unless you actually have a port in your head to pour coffee into,
| this is not going to help you with preventing dementia. Also,
| it's an open question if Tau related are indeed the cause of AZ
| related dementia.
|
| This is a very irresponsible title for this research.
| FirmwareBurner wrote:
| Only espresso? So filter coffee does nothing?
| sudosysgen wrote:
| Filter coffee catches oils and particulates, so it's better to
| try using espresso in case some of those compounds are being
| removed.
| fbdab103 wrote:
| Unless the filtered compounds are causing/preventing another
| deleterious effect.
| sudosysgen wrote:
| Indeed, but if you have to choose a subset amongst the
| gigantic combinatorial space, the biggest one is probably
| the first you should choose without some better reason.
| nkingsy wrote:
| Because the authors are Italian?
| coldtea wrote:
| Or because the funding came from espresso product
| manufacturers?
| constantcrying wrote:
| Likely cultural factors, but clearly this extends to other
| methods of processing coffee.
| brigadier132 wrote:
| Not necessarily true, espresso extracts more compounds from
| the coffee than other brewing methods.
| Tagbert wrote:
| Another recent study found that coffee brewed with a paper
| filter reduced the chance of type 2 diabetes. That did not
| happen with espresso or other coffees brewed without paper
| filters. The explanation offered is that among the coffee
| compounds, one protects against diabetes and another
| counteracts the first. A paper filter seems to capture the
| second compound letting the first through.
|
| Perhaps you need espresso filtered through paper to get both
| benefits? ;)
| dillydogg wrote:
| It's reasonably common for people to use aeropress paper
| filters in their portafilters. But I think more people who
| use a screen opt for a metal one.
| stephen_g wrote:
| Don't joke about it, it's a real thing! You can get paper
| filters in espresso portafilter sizes, and some people use
| them under the coffee puck and some above (to distribute
| the water more evenly to try and reduce channeling of water
| through the grounds).
| calny wrote:
| Love this result, but I'm wary of drawing conclusions from single
| studies saying caffeinated or alcoholic beverages are good/bad
| for X health-related issue. Seems like conflicting results show
| up frequently.
|
| But let's hope this stands! Back to my coffee...
| cyberax wrote:
| > alcoholic beverages
|
| Alcoholic beverages are bad at any level, according to all the
| recent studies. Previous studies that found mild positive
| effects for small doses were confounded by uncontrolled factors
| that overwhelmed the (mild) negative effects of alcohol.
|
| For coffee, we at least have pretty good data showing that even
| large quantities don't have seriously bad effects. So lower
| quantities are probably at least neutral for health.
| TheDesolate0 wrote:
| Alcohol is the worst drug and my alcoholic Pts are the
| sickest people.
|
| We can't treat the pain because the liver is fucked.
|
| Most suffer from EtOH dementia.
|
| Nearly all have pulmonary hypertension to go along with their
| regular hypertension.
|
| With that goes along CHF and pulmonary emboli and other CVA
| incidents.
|
| Many suffer agony from pancreatitis, which again we can't
| treat because of damage to the live.
|
| Alcohol ages every body system rapidly and most of my EtOH
| Pts have the physiological response of somone 20 years older.
|
| It literally poisons every organ system.
| Flatcircle wrote:
| The one thing that's certainly anticdotal, but very easy to
| see, all the people I've ever met that make it to late 90's
| or over 100, drink alcohol, albeit sensible amounts
| dillydogg wrote:
| I totally agree with you. However, I rationalize this in my
| mind (in a very biased manner) with this mental gymnastics.
|
| If there was a paper that very thoroughly proved that caffeine
| was detrimental, it would rocket up into a high tier journal.
| So I suspect many people may try to look for negative outcomes
| but aren't finding them. But also I haven't searched for
| negative chronic effects of caffeine and only hear of results
| like this. So maybe I'm totally wrong and there's a conspiracy
| against publishing results on negative effects.
| umvi wrote:
| I mean, at the very least caffeine is habit forming/addictive
| which is one downside from a physical dependence or financial
| perspective.
| r00fus wrote:
| > If there was a paper that very thoroughly proved that
| caffeine was detrimental, it would rocket up into a high tier
| journal.
|
| I find this assertion to be farcical. Follow the money -
| coffee is multibillion dollar market in the US alone. Also it
| serves the government. Many people in positions of power
| drink coffee and enjoy it.
|
| Money has power and influences what gets researched.
| JimtheCoder wrote:
| There are a plethora of studies showing how people who drink
| the highest amount of caffeine have the lowest incidence of
| Parkinsons, another protein misfolding disease.
| baz00 wrote:
| Feel less bad about that 5th coffee now...
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| It may be that people who get Parkinson's do not crave coffee
| as much.
| [deleted]
| kunalgupta wrote:
| millennials were right actually
| xchip wrote:
| Mitigates how much? Please stop sharing news that make vague
| claims, HN is not Facebook
| tmpz22 wrote:
| Did a Stanford professor write this?
| [deleted]
| marcopicentini wrote:
| How could we trust this result and be sure it is not supported by
| the coffee industry?
| entropy273 wrote:
| Look at the institute, sponsors, the authors funding, etc...?
| It's not impossible.
| andrewl wrote:
| I've seen a good amount of research _suggesting_ health benefits
| of coffee (and tea). I'm not sure if there's anything definitive,
| but I periodically look into the topic, as I drink a lot of
| coffee.
|
| Here are free access patient summaries from the _Annals of
| Internal Medicine_ on the topic of coffee:
|
| https://www.acpjournals.org/action/doSearch?AllField=coffee&...
|
| And tea:
|
| https://www.acpjournals.org/action/doSearch?AllField=tea&Ser...
|
| And here are free articles about coffee from _JAMA_ journals:
|
| https://jamanetwork.com/searchresults?q=coffee&f_SemanticFil...
| meristem wrote:
| I'd like to know what team will replicate this.
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