[HN Gopher] Air quality reporting on iOS
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Air quality reporting on iOS
        
       Author : owl110
       Score  : 181 points
       Date   : 2023-06-25 11:20 UTC (11 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (intergalactic.systems)
 (TXT) w3m dump (intergalactic.systems)
        
       | hombre_fatal wrote:
       | Interesting. This seems like the reasonable way to do it.
       | 
       | What global scale would you pick otherwise? And would it be
       | sensitive enough to show gradients in the least/most polluted
       | countries and cities or would it just fill them in with one
       | color?
        
         | treffer wrote:
         | And the image shows that the scale is named differently.
         | 
         | So very likely tied to the most common national air quality
         | scale.
         | 
         | So it's explicit in what it shows.
        
         | owl110 wrote:
         | I think the problem is that the colors have different meaning.
         | The values in the screenshot for Amsterdam using the NL scale
         | translates to 'insufficient' and while the DE scale translates
         | to 'good' for the same city at the same time.
         | 
         | At the very least, it means that a user cannot use these scales
         | for inference without knowing/understanding the technology
         | behind them. This is probably not the intention behind showing
         | an air quality indicator in the iOS app.
        
           | servercobra wrote:
           | The colors having different meanings shouldn't come up in
           | typical cases, because who's looking at their air quality map
           | from two different countries? There's also a key to the upper
           | left.
           | 
           | It's interesting and well designed IMO. I don't think this
           | actually causes issues for any users.
        
             | stapled_socks wrote:
             | > The colors having different meanings shouldn't come up in
             | typical cases, because who's looking at their air quality
             | map from two different countries?
             | 
             | Anyone who travels between countries?
        
             | kortilla wrote:
             | > because who's looking at their air quality map from two
             | different countries
             | 
             | People that travel. Are you serious?
        
             | capitainenemo wrote:
             | The difficulty seems to be that depending on what country
             | you are in, the colours you are used to will have different
             | meanings.
             | 
             | Hopefully the german definition of good air quality isn't
             | too overly optimistic, or someone with actual health issues
             | might get a surprise if they are used to being ok on days
             | with a certain "colour" when traveling.
        
               | hombre_fatal wrote:
               | Well, they said the AQ for NL was "insufficient" but the
               | same value was "good" according to Germany. So it's not
               | just different colors, it's different standards for AQ.
               | 
               | I guess you're proposing that the AQ meter always use the
               | scale of your home country. Doesn't seem unreasonable but
               | also seems like a quibble so tiny that it could be
               | defeated if someone more knowledgeable offered a single
               | reason against it.
        
               | capitainenemo wrote:
               | Hm. That seemed unnecessarily contentious. We were
               | largely in agreement. Yes, the german one is using more
               | lax standards, as I was saying, hopefully not too lax,
               | but yes, the colours indicate entirely different
               | standards.
               | 
               | And yes, I think a simple solution would be to use the
               | colour of your home country that you are used to.
               | Presumably if you moved, you could just learn the
               | standards of your new country. A consistent standard that
               | you can rely on in your phone when on a trip to another
               | country definitely seems more useful if you are actually
               | relying on this iOS app. It could be a simple app pref, a
               | little toggle switch..
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | seszett wrote:
             | > who's looking at their air quality map from two different
             | countries?
             | 
             | I do it a few times per week while I commute from Belgium
             | to France and when I'm doing my groceries in whichever
             | country is best for what I need. I'm interested in the air
             | quality in France when I'm leaving Belgium, and in the
             | quality in Belgium when I'm leaving France.
             | 
             | I don't look at them from iOS though so I don't really have
             | any problem. But crossing borders is a rather common thing
             | around here.
        
           | klausa wrote:
           | The colors are usually defined by the same bodies that define
           | the scales.
           | 
           | The German LQI has associated colors, I know for sure the
           | American does too, and I'll bet the Dutch in the screenshots
           | also comes directly from the definition of the scale.
           | 
           | And iOS defaulting to _local_ standards is a good thing! It
           | means people get the same information they would from
           | watching TV or reading newspaper, which is much more useful
           | for most people than comparing their air quality to that of a
           | neighboring country.
        
         | amelius wrote:
         | Aren't these countries both in the EU? I'd expect an EU-wide
         | scale.
        
           | mikerg87 wrote:
           | You are correct they should both be using the Common Air
           | Quality Index (CAQI). There is a new standard the EAQI and
           | perhaps Germany has already switched to that standard.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index
        
         | yosito wrote:
         | I use US AQI, and hadn't really realized that many countries
         | have their own measurement. I also usually look at ug/m3 of
         | PM2.5, which is a universal standard, but of course doesn't
         | tell the whole story of air quality.
        
       | 404mm wrote:
       | Somewhat related, Apple's Air Quality data source (breezometer)
       | is now owned by Google.
       | 
       | I wonder what Apple is going to do about it. Will it be just one
       | of their data sources or are they going to acquire their own?
        
         | booi wrote:
         | Is this really an issue? I bet Apple users use gmail too.
        
           | speedgoose wrote:
           | They also use Google Search by default.
        
           | 404mm wrote:
           | I don't know. That's not for me to judge :). I am just
           | pointing it out because they seemed to have an issue with a
           | similar concept in the past (Maps... moving to their own
           | product).
           | 
           | Unlike Google as their default search engine, accessing
           | weather or air quality API costs money. (While they probably
           | get paid for keeping Google as their default search engine)
        
         | zitterbewegung wrote:
         | Since its Google, Apple will probably be forced to do something
         | once Google kills it off.
        
         | lotsofpulp wrote:
         | I am curious how reliable that air quality data is in the first
         | place. I cannot find anything about Breezometer having invested
         | in installing air quality meters all around the world.
         | 
         | https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/sycbrdpbi
         | 
         | This article says they are using "machine learning" and "AI".
         | Makes me think it is all fake.
         | 
         | https://www.breezometer.com/pdfs/Ultimate-Guide-to-BreezoMet...
         | 
         | Their own documentation indicates the air quality measures they
         | provide are just guesses based on their models. Page 4
         | basically says actually measuring particulates in the air is
         | very costly, and so their solution is to come up with models to
         | predict what it might be.
        
           | pnpnp wrote:
           | Yes - it's much like now weather forecasting works.
           | 
           | Data points may come from 2 places 100 mi apart, but what if
           | someone lives between them?
           | 
           | Temperature or other weather data is often an extrapolation
           | based on official weather data collection points, and AQI
           | data is no different.
           | 
           |  _How_ that data gets extrapolated varies wildly by
           | implementation.
           | 
           |  _edit:_ Also a fun fact, I live 2000ft above and 50mi from
           | the nearest forecasting center in a valley. "Weather apps"
           | are about as accurate as throwing darts at a board up here,
           | because the models used to extrapolate known data completely
           | fall apart with all the variables.
           | 
           | Our best source of data is the "short term weather
           | discussion" by NOAA, which just gives some generalizations
           | based on local weather knowledge.
        
             | crazygringo wrote:
             | Not just forecasting, but reporting values _right now_.
             | 
             | Spatial interpolation is much more non-obvious than you
             | might initially assume, when the data points are coming
             | from arbitrary locations and not a regular grid. For anyone
             | curious, here [1] is a good place to start, or look up
             | "Kriging interpolation".
             | 
             | The basic implementation of any kind of continuous
             | temperature estimation is to have a generic equation that
             | relates how temperature naturally varies by altitude, use
             | that normalize the temperature reported by weather stations
             | according to altitude to create a "flat" temperature map,
             | interpolate to create a smooth continuous temperature map
             | using something like Kriging, and then de-normalize the
             | temperature at a desired point according to the altitude of
             | that location.
             | 
             | There are always going to be hyper-local variations that
             | won't account for (are you on the sunny side or shaded side
             | of a mountain? is there an air current? how is
             | vegetation/buildings/asphalt affecting it?), but it's the
             | basic starting point.
             | 
             | [1] https://geobgu.xyz/r-2020/spatial-interpolation-of-
             | point-dat...
        
               | counters wrote:
               | Eh, kriging is overkill relative to the skill you end up
               | with since fine-grain spatial variability in weather can
               | arise from a lot more than the static factors you can
               | pull into such a scheme. This is why objective analysis
               | techniques are typically preferred.
               | 
               | More importantly, high-resolution priors are universally
               | available from weather models, so there is no need to
               | just to ever naively interpolate between weather
               | observation stations very far apart.
               | 
               | One of the reasons that consumer weather apps perform
               | poorly is because in many cases, the companies producing
               | them arbitrarily choose some sort of spatial or temporal
               | resolution requirements, and then throw the problem to an
               | engineer or data scientist who probably doesn't know much
               | more than these simple interpolation techniques (and I
               | absolutely lump kriging into the 'simple' category these
               | days). A modicum of domain knowledge applied here
               | produces a much better product with substantially less
               | effort.
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | I'm curious if you could expand -- I researched this a
               | while ago but what I'm describing is as deep as I got
               | from various online tutorials.
               | 
               | What kind of objective analysis techniques? And where
               | does someone get high-resolution priors from? Are you
               | saying that companies have gone out and done a one-time
               | mapping of temperature etc. at a e.g. 1-mile grid across
               | the US? (Which would be over 3 million points at that
               | scale, compared to the ~10,000 US weather stations?)
        
               | counters wrote:
               | Probably the two most common and simplest are Barnes and
               | Cressman interpolation (see [1] for a modern
               | implementation of Barnes), which use inverse distance
               | weighting to combine observations within a neighborhood.
               | An improvement to these techniques frequently used to
               | grid statistical weather forecasts is the BCDG method
               | (see [2]).
               | 
               | The core idea of any objective analysis/interpolation
               | scheme is that you model spatial relationships with some
               | sort of function. Kriging exemplifies this - you fit a
               | spatial covariance model and use that to predict values
               | in the far field, using combinations of nearby values. I
               | don't really have a good link or textbook reference at
               | arms reach, but you can quickly re-frame this entire
               | interpolation problem as a data assimilation one where
               | you're attempting to approximate a solution to some 2D or
               | 3D field using sparsely sampled observations; in the
               | weather world, the Real-time Mesoscale Analysis used in
               | the USA is a good example of a system which hybridizes a
               | weather model and observations to create a high-
               | resolution analysis [3].
               | 
               | A problem arises when the field you're analyzing can have
               | shocks or variability much smaller than the scale that
               | you're able to measure from your network. A front is a
               | great example - across a front, temperature and wind
               | direction will change over a very small distance, but
               | most interpolation schemes will smear this out. The
               | problem is that you really do care about that front and
               | its location - that's where the interesting weather
               | happens!
               | 
               | > And where does someone get high-resolution priors from?
               | 
               | A high-resolution weather forecast model, which uses
               | physics to simulate the atmosphere and produce reference
               | states. 3-km forecasts are readily and easily available
               | in the US.
               | 
               | > Are you saying that companies have gone out and done a
               | one-time mapping of temperature etc. at a e.g. 1-mile
               | grid across the US?
               | 
               | No, this probably wouldn't be useful. Especially because
               | we get a ~1-km mapping of lower troposphere temperatures
               | from geostationary weather satellites every 10-15 minutes
               | across the entire globe. May not be exactly "surface
               | temperature", but it tells you a whole lot about high-
               | frequency variability in temperature fields.
               | 
               | [1]: https://gmd.copernicus.org/preprints/gmd-2022-116/gm
               | d-2022-1... [2]: https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journa
               | ls/wefo/24/2/2008waf... [3]: https://journals.ametsoc.org
               | /view/journals/wefo/26/5/waf-d-1...
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | Thank you so much, that's all so fascinating! And makes
               | perfect sense that priors come from high resolution
               | physics solutions.
               | 
               | Much appreciated for all that info.
        
             | aziaziazi wrote:
             | Two differences between weather and AQI forecast:
             | 
             | - AQI strongly varies with local human activities, e.g. a
             | coal power plant in between the 2 places 100 miles appart.
             | 
             | - temporal and hardly predictable human activities, e.g. a
             | chem industry without good attenuation system that boost
             | its production to fill a special command. Or an attenuation
             | system that breaks.
        
       | dylan604 wrote:
       | "I noticed something strange in the iOS weather app"
       | 
       | I've noticed that the weather app on my iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS
       | all show differing forecasts with all 3 devices within 18" of
       | each other. AQI is just one of the parts of the forecast that I
       | just don't pay attention too. Around here in the summer, it is
       | always an alert saying don't go outside
        
         | SkyPuncher wrote:
         | I'm giving up on Apple Weather (despite recently saying it was
         | fine).
         | 
         | I got burned this past weekend when painting my deck. Forecast
         | was absolutely clear in the window I needed to paint/dry. Just
         | after I started, forecast changed to nearly 100% rain this
         | wasn't a case of "oh maybe the chance of rain was wrong". No,
         | it went from 0 to having a hundred of mile wide storm pass
         | through. The type of storm that doesn't just pop up.
         | 
         | It's insane how they killed dark sky.
        
           | sp332 wrote:
           | The past week has been super weird. My local weather station
           | kept predicting rain every day and it barely rained at all.
           | This week, once again, they say thunderstorms every day.
           | We'll see how it goes.
        
           | jeffgreco wrote:
           | By killing Dark Sky and their own weather app and pushing me
           | to an annual CARROT Weather subscription, they made
           | themselves a profit of 30% of the CARROT Weather subscription
           | -_-
        
       | can16358p wrote:
       | I've never ever seen air quality in iOS. Probably not available
       | where I live. You guys at least, well, have it.
        
         | pridkett wrote:
         | You might have to dig for it - I didn't know this feature was
         | available before this post. You need to click on the map button
         | then toggle the air quality layer.
         | 
         | Seems to cover most of the US, Canada, Mexico. Western Europe
         | is largely present but is missing a handful of countries
         | (Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Switzerland, Austria,
         | Liechtenstein, Portugal, and Iceland). Also covers most of
         | Japan and South Korea and small localized portions of India and
         | China.
        
         | smileybarry wrote:
         | Apple don't have it enabled for all regions, even if
         | Breezometer have data there. (E.g.: looks like they have
         | [fairly good] data here [in Israel], but AQI is disabled in
         | Apple Maps)
        
           | almokhtar wrote:
           | you mean palestine ?
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | Havoc wrote:
       | I mean tech is full of conflicting standards. (see relevant
       | xkcd...)
       | 
       | In this particular case the actual values just happen to land on
       | the edge of two colours in the scales with very different
       | connotations - orange vs green.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | sandworm101 wrote:
       | >> I noticed something strange in the iOS weather app: The air
       | quality index seems to be defined relative to the country from
       | which one accesses the air quality map.
       | 
       | Yup. And if you look closely the underlying map also sometimes
       | changes based on which country one is standing in
       | (Crimea/Taiwan). Services like iOS are not scientific but
       | consumer and government-focused services. They exist to appease a
       | host of interested parties, not to render dispassionate
       | information.
        
         | brookst wrote:
         | Many products have multiple stakeholders. I can't think of a
         | single product that exists "to render dispassionate
         | information" and nothing else.
        
           | crazygringo wrote:
           | Really not sure what your point is? The temperature and
           | humidity values that iOS Weather reports are objective and
           | "dispassionate", no? Likewise wind speed and so forth?
           | 
           | AQI is unique in this case, in that it is a color-coded
           | _interpretation_ of combining multiple underlying objective
           | values (PM2.5, etc.). And different governments have chosen
           | different official national schemes for this, according to
           | what they want the population to consider  "normal"/green.
           | 
           | Which means that air-polluting industry in one country might
           | lobby for a wider "green" band. Nothing like that is
           | happening around temperature or humidity as far as I'm aware
           | on iOS.
           | 
           | (Though I do believe Beijing had a history of under-reporting
           | official maximum daytime summer temperatures, since people
           | couldn't work outdoors above a certain threshold.)
        
             | rodgerd wrote:
             | > The temperature and humidity values that iOS Weather
             | reports are objective and "dispassionate", no?
             | 
             | You sound like someone who has never lived anywhere that
             | people bitch and moan about the temperature on the weather
             | reports being wrong because people think it's warmer than
             | weather stations report, and get into arguments that the
             | weather stations aren't placed correctly.
        
             | benatkin wrote:
             | > air-polluting industry
             | 
             | Like producing food? A wider green band than what, the
             | Netherlands map?
             | 
             | I think it's nice to be able to aspire to live in a green
             | area. That one leaves little options, and paints a bleak
             | picture.
        
             | thebruce87m wrote:
             | The way things are going I'm sure there will be some
             | questioning the temperature and humidity values and how we
             | really know if they are true or not.
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | As long as we can buy thermometers and hygrometers to
               | verify with our own eyes, I don't think too many people
               | will be questioning them.
               | 
               | And as long as ice continues to freeze at 32degF and
               | water continues to boil at 212degF, I don't think anybody
               | will be questioning the accuracy of the thermometers they
               | buy.
        
             | mistercheph wrote:
             | No, they are neither objective nor dispassionate, despite
             | being grounded in empirical data and methods.
             | 
             | Factors like building shade, vehicle density, wind cover,
             | terrain, cloud coverage, and variations in humidity, mean
             | that thermometers placed at different points in any
             | selected area will report massive variations in
             | temperature, and the naive (and impossible) approach of
             | even distributions of identical sensors taking measurements
             | at the same clock times placed across some given weather
             | area will yield numbers that are not helpful for most
             | people.
             | 
             | For example, about 1/3 of the area of Burbank, CA is
             | recreation and park spaces that are in the verdugo
             | mountains, at their highest point within Burbank limits
             | 1800 ft. above sea level, and with almost zero residents.
             | The other 2/3 of Burbank are about 600 ft. above sea level.
             | How would you offer a number that summarized the weather in
             | Burbank?
             | 
             | Imagine factoring time into this. There is no temperature
             | of the hour, there are individual measurements taken at
             | specific moments in time in specific places, using
             | differing methodologies, different equipment, variations in
             | MoE, and at varying frequencies. Put all this together, and
             | the work of the observational meteorologist to produce
             | daily or hourly temperature averages becomes extremely
             | complicated, and the first question they would ask is,
             | "What will the averages be used for?"
             | 
             | Here are some examples from the _large_ literature on these
             | problems:
             | 
             | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07055900.2015.
             | 1...
             | 
             | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022
             | 1...
             | 
             | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-935704-35-5
             | _...
        
               | crazygringo wrote:
               | You make a good point that the phone isn't (usually)
               | reporting a direct measurement, but is rather
               | interpolating weather station temperatures for a single
               | coordinate. (And cities generally have a single lat/lon
               | "center" for weather reporting, although your iPhone will
               | attempt to report the weather for _your_ location rather
               | than the nearest city 's center.)
               | 
               | But nevertheless, a correct, objective, dispassionate
               | temperature reading for that coordinate does exist in
               | reality. And the phone's weather service is trying to
               | approximate that as closely as possible. And you can
               | objectively measure the error to improve future models.
               | 
               | My point is still that this is qualitatively different
               | from composite air quality indexes, which are politically
               | designed, and therefore designed differently for
               | different countries.
        
           | wahnfrieden wrote:
           | To recognize stakeholders says nothing of their power
           | dynamics. You're obfuscating by generalizing
        
           | verelo wrote:
           | I guess you don't own a TV /s
        
         | mfer wrote:
         | Who defines what is "good" air quality in a dispassionate way?
         | Or any of the other levels.
         | 
         | If they just showed numbers without colors, how would the UX
         | work for the general public who isn't all that knowledgeable?
         | 
         | Building a useful [1] experience while dealing with groups who
         | read things differently isn't easy and it's not going to lead
         | to global consistency because people are diverse and
         | inconsistent
         | 
         | [1]
         | https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-...
        
           | mattnewton wrote:
           | I think the poster is referring to governments that want to
           | control this information too. There are often allegations
           | that China is censoring AQI information for political
           | purposes on iOS https://9to5mac.com/2018/01/30/weather-app-
           | air-quality/
           | 
           | I believe one of the controversial aspects of Google's
           | "project dragonfly", (the now scrapped reintroducing-google-
           | search-for-China initiative) were modules that check with
           | Chinese government servers for displaying knowledge cards
           | deemed sensitive, and air quality reports were one of those.
           | https://amp.theguardian.com/technology/2018/nov/27/google-
           | em...
        
           | moritzwarhier wrote:
           | Maybe the WHO?
           | 
           | If the air makes people sick is a pretty objectively
           | quantifiable question.
           | 
           | The differences go beyond unit conversion and a main issue is
           | how much we are used to tolerate people dying early or having
           | seriously reduced quality of their lives because of
           | pollution.
           | 
           | Especially in urban and industrial areas.
           | 
           | What adds to the complexity is that air quality can vary
           | significantly within a city. Compare having a flat between
           | two busy roads and a nice house in the suburbs.
           | 
           | And compare that flat between two busy roads to a room next
           | to a factory in the global south, or the US, or in Europe.
           | 
           | It's a question of how many suicides, cancers, strokes etc we
           | want to tolerate.
           | 
           | There are studies quantifying the effects of these "local
           | differences". And they are easy to find.
           | 
           | To me, pretending this was a question of culture or genetics
           | is malicious obfuscation of the actual issues - not accusing
           | you personally, but this is the essence of the combination of
           | many of the comments here.
           | 
           | Air quality is measurable using several objective categories
           | of pollutants.
           | 
           | Standardizing the units is one issue, facing the reality of
           | millions of casualties per year is another one.
        
       | teekert wrote:
       | I live in the Netherlands, I've tried to get this air quality
       | report out of the iOS app, so have others. It just tells me every
       | day the air is shit. I mean when you tap on it, it tells you not
       | to exercise outside for example. It's rarely "good", mostly it is
       | "insufficient", sometimes it's "very bad".
       | 
       | Is it really so bad? You don't hear anything about it from other
       | sources... Tapping on, one finds the main pollutant to be ozone,
       | "usually caused by traffic and it can be transported over large
       | distances."
       | 
       | Idk what to think of this. Many people seem confused. Are we
       | really in such poor air all the time?
       | 
       | Sometimes I bike through the fields in the morning, sniff the
       | fresh humid air that has a coldness in it, I smell grass and
       | flowers... Apple tells me: Insufficient (don't bike to fast!) :(.
       | 
       | Maybe they are right, maybe they are forcing us to come to terms
       | with the things we do to our air.
        
         | esafak wrote:
         | Sounds like a bug. I don't recall the Netherlands having bad
         | air; it's pretty green. I wonder how this can be reported?
        
       | zerealshadowban wrote:
       | I've been using the PurpleAir website (map.purpleair.com) for
       | many years now, mostly out of concern for heavy wildfire
       | pollution and winter inversions vs personal outdoor+athletic
       | activities; one interesting aspect is that you can buy your own
       | sensor and thus join the community of local sensors for increased
       | accuracy of measurements. They let you pick between various
       | international standards and types of pollutants. They seem to
       | have a dense network of sensors in North America, not sure about
       | the rest of the world.
        
       | davidkuennen wrote:
       | I'm also curious why there's no data for countries like Belgium,
       | Switzerland and Austria.
        
       | counters wrote:
       | The problem here is twofold.
       | 
       | First, many countries have their own laws and policies regarding
       | air quality exposure. Often times these regulations use metrics
       | about time-average exposure (e.g. the annual average 8-hr maximum
       | ozone concentration) and can't trivially be converted between
       | agencies. It causes very negative user experiences when your air
       | quality summary disagrees with what a regulatory agency is
       | putting out to the public due to a measurement technicality -
       | much easier just to localize the data in the same way you'd
       | localize the rest of the UI.
       | 
       | Second, we're stuck with AQI and similar indices because air
       | quality is a multi-faceted problem with different components
       | measured wildly differently. For instance, PM2.5 and PM10 are
       | typically reported in ug/m^3 - but who actually knows what these
       | measurements mean? What's the difference between 15 and 30
       | ug/m^3? It's very far outside of the experiences that many
       | individuals have, so end users really struggle to interpret these
       | values, even when you translate them into simple
       | "low"/"medium"/"high" categories. Then of course gas-phase
       | pollutants are typically reported in volume concentrations like
       | parts-per-billion or parts-per-million. Aside from the fact that
       | these values are very commonly misinterpreted as much smaller
       | than they actually are, the difference in units adds another bit
       | of complexity into users interpreting what they're seeing.
       | 
       | A well-designed air quality index could factor our all these
       | challenges. I definitely h/t Breezometer for their attempts
       | there, even if it is generally poorly received. But it's a very
       | challenging problem no matter how you slice it.
        
         | owl110 wrote:
         | These are very good points but at least Apple could give the
         | user a choice to report air quality consistently when
         | traveling. At the core, this is not a measurement problem (the
         | underlying data is likely the same) but it is a user experience
         | issue since a user cannot use the color coding as a way to
         | compare different scales across locations.
        
           | counters wrote:
           | Well, the underlying data might not actually be the same.
           | 
           | One country may lump in PM10 into their AQI, so if there is a
           | dust storm or similar event, the AQI could spike. Other
           | countries may only include PM2.5 or not include PM at all,
           | which wouldn't capture the dust storm.
        
         | 908B64B197 wrote:
         | > many countries have their own laws and policies regarding air
         | quality exposure. Often times these regulations use metrics
         | about time-average exposure (e.g. the annual average 8-hr
         | maximum ozone concentration) and can't trivially be converted
         | between agencies. It causes very negative user experiences when
         | your air quality summary disagrees with what a regulatory
         | agency is putting out to the public due to a measurement
         | technicality
         | 
         | Ultimately, why not simply compute it and give the user a
         | warning that the local measurement isn't compatible with proper
         | AQI measurement?
         | 
         | Also, does my body magically changes the way it reacts to air
         | pollution as soon as I take my first step abroad?
        
           | counters wrote:
           | > Ultimately, why not simply compute it and give the user a
           | warning that the local measurement isn't compatible with
           | proper AQI measurement?
           | 
           | You totally could, but in practice it doesn't always or
           | obviously lead to a positive user experience our outcome.
        
       | andix wrote:
       | I didn't know that there is actually any data for this view. With
       | an Austrian iPhone the air quality map is always empty "no data".
       | Also for Germany and the Netherlands.
        
       | Nocturium wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
       | bilekas wrote:
       | In Italy I have noticed that the air quality is usually
       | considered bad only in places that actually have data. For a lot
       | of the places that are considered good, checking the sources for
       | them usually result in only 1 device.
       | 
       | It's a nice to have certainly but I wish it was more consistent.
        
         | studmuffin650 wrote:
         | As someone who just visited Italy for the first time in 10
         | years, I was surprised how polluted the air was (especially
         | around the coast). While the air quality was marked as "OK", it
         | was quite hazy and you could actually see the smog in the air.
         | Just something that really took me by surprise as when I think
         | of polluted areas, the Amalfi coast is not an area that comes
         | to mind
        
       | DangerousPie wrote:
       | I have never understood how to interpret AQI in iOS. Confusingly,
       | the UI will (edit: or at least used to?) say "Air Quality: Low"
       | when what it means is that the pollution level is low (ie. air
       | quality is high). Somewhat disappointing coming from Apple.
        
         | hombre_fatal wrote:
         | Did the green color on the green to yellow to orange to red
         | scale bar never tip you off?
        
         | evanriley wrote:
         | Hmm, what country does this happen in? I've never seen it use
         | Low/High, only from Good to Hazardous.
        
           | DangerousPie wrote:
           | In the UK for example.
        
             | cjrp wrote:
             | Right now mine says "Air pollution: low. Air quality index
             | is 3". Apparently using the DAQI for classification
        
               | DangerousPie wrote:
               | Huh, looks like you're right. Maybe they fixed it at some
               | point?
        
           | jsjohnst wrote:
           | Same for me in US English. For example, right now it's "18 -
           | Good". It was "469 - Hazardous" just three weeks ago though.
        
       | Arn_Thor wrote:
       | That's why I like Air Matters. You can choose your scale
        
       | nullindividual wrote:
       | I should be able to translate what my local government/news says
       | about air quality, just like any other portion of the weather
       | forecast (C, F, etc).
       | 
       | Information based on user locality seems like an excellent
       | design.
        
         | 908B64B197 wrote:
         | > what my local government/news says about air quality
         | 
         | That's assuming the local government is giving the truth
         | regarding air quality and that their "official scale" is made
         | to reflect reality and not obscure some measurements.
        
           | nullindividual wrote:
           | Let's not go there. Unsubstantiated conspiracy theories do
           | not add to this discussion.
        
             | 908B64B197 wrote:
             | > Unsubstantiated
             | 
             | [0] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210421151
             | 224.h...
             | 
             | [1] https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225792.shtml
        
             | calsy wrote:
             | Unlike basic weather metrics like temperature, humidity
             | etc. Air quality measurements are directly impacted by
             | human activity and are extremely contentious.
             | 
             | In my hometown, there is a fight between locals and waste
             | operators over excessive burn offs. The validity of air
             | quality readings from the area are being tested in court.
             | 
             | In the past, the Vietnamese government removed IQAir from
             | the App Store and Google Play as citizens became
             | increasingly concerned about the air quality in the capital
             | cities.
             | 
             | You wont learn much if you label everything you don't
             | understand a 'conspiracy theory'. Air quality is not just
             | another weather measurement.
        
             | bluecalm wrote:
             | A Government massaging the data to make the situation look
             | better than it is doesn't qualify as a conspiracy theory.
             | Rather as expected outcome if anything.
             | 
             | The point is that the raw data is always the most valuable.
             | Translating it is an easy task that can be done if the user
             | wishes so.
        
       | rkapsoro wrote:
       | Yeah, I've noticed this too.
       | 
       | It looks like the air quality models that iOS Weather is using
       | are integrated into a single system, and then that system is
       | asked to render maps in any of the different regions' AQI
       | systems.
       | 
       | Which means, as OP has observed, if you open the map from one
       | region, and then navigate the map viewer to another region, you
       | can see how the AQI scoring system from the first region would
       | evaluate the second. Which is rather interesting.
       | 
       | Also fwiw I've reckoned that these AQI models are clearly highly
       | algorithmic, extrapolating and synthesizing data where sensors
       | are not available.
        
       | mensetmanusman wrote:
       | 'This air quality level is known to cause cancer in California'
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | California air quality used to cause acid rain, so cancer was
         | the least of the problems. So at least they've gotten to the
         | point where you can now worry about the cancer
        
         | 404mm wrote:
         | Wildfires will do that :(
        
       | apwheele wrote:
       | Of interest to folks looking at this post -- Chris Said has a
       | deeper dive on US air quality metrics and their provenance,
       | https://chris-said.io/2023/06/19/the-air-quality-index-doesn....
       | 
       | The attempt to make things easy to interpret using a nice
       | relative scale ends up in the end make them very opaque to
       | interpret the number itself in any meaningful way.
        
         | mrob wrote:
         | The "inexplicable" addition of 0.4 to the round multiples of 50
         | looks like it's there to stop people claiming that limits apply
         | after rounding to the nearest fifty.
         | 
         | If the threshold is 50, people might claim 74 is acceptable
         | because it rounds to 50. If the threshold is 50.4 this is
         | obviously false.
        
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