[HN Gopher] Army tested 'germ warfare' on NYC subway (2015)
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       Army tested 'germ warfare' on NYC subway (2015)
        
       Author : hypatiasrevenge
       Score  : 145 points
       Date   : 2023-06-09 09:46 UTC (13 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.businessinsider.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.businessinsider.com)
        
       | r721 wrote:
       | (2015)
        
       | boppo1 wrote:
       | I'm inclined to believe it, but is there better documentation
       | than the 'insider' family of websites?
        
       | pookha wrote:
       | My all time favorite is still when we tested chemo-like AIDs
       | drugs on foster kids without guardians. Side-effects to include:
       | "rashes, vomiting and sharp drops in infection-fighting blood
       | cells as they tested antiretroviral drugs to suppress AIDS or
       | other medicines to treat secondary infections."
        
         | justinclift wrote:
         | Hadn't heard of that before. Any more info about it you can
         | link?
        
           | George83728 wrote:
           | I haven't heard of this before, but a web search brought up
           | this: https://ahrp.org/a-national-scandal-aids-drug-
           | experiments-on...
        
       | ryanmercer wrote:
       | Well, they couldn't exactly run realistic and viable computer
       | models in the years of 1949-1969... so they took a harmless,
       | commonly used model organism, and conducted tests.
       | 
       | Something science teachers do as a simple experiment now (with
       | various substances), something Mark Rober even did on his own
       | channel with 'Glo Germ' powder
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I5-dI74zxPg
        
       | hypatiasrevenge wrote:
       | "This test was one of at least 239 experiments conducted by the
       | military in a 20-year "germ warfare testing program" that went on
       | from 1949 to 1969. These experiments that used bacteria to
       | simulate biological weapons were conducted on civilians without
       | their knowledge or consent."
        
       | troad wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | saiya-jin wrote:
         | Why do you have the need to come here and discuss the topic
         | yourself, while you don't want to discuss nor even see
         | discussed? Many of us find this fascinating and much more
         | important than some minor geeky releases, I regularly learn
         | some new horrible stuff that I didn't know before, and I
         | thought I saw it all.
         | 
         | Some form of OCD manipulating you, while you desperately try to
         | ignore that entry and link to discussion?
        
       | bluefishinit wrote:
       | Horrific, yet sadly not the only time the US government has used
       | bio weapons on their own population.
       | 
       | The most well known examples are MKUltra:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra
       | 
       | And the Tuskegee Syphilis Study:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study
       | 
       | If you want to look at something slightly more speculative, I
       | recommend Dr. Mary's Monkey: https://www.amazon.com/Dr-Marys-
       | Monkey-Cancer-Causing-Assass...
       | 
       | It talks about how the CIA worked with Dr. Mary Sherman and Dr.
       | Alton Ochsner to develop a cancer causing bio-weapon intended to
       | give Castro cancer, but ultimately became part of the plot to
       | assassinate JFK when that fell through.
        
         | Convolutional wrote:
         | Regarding MKUltra - the only reason we know what we know about
         | it, after the CIA director directed in 1973 that all documents
         | on it be destroyed, is that some of the MKUltra documents were
         | mislabeled and not destroyed. They were discovered in a 1977
         | FOIA request.
        
           | willcipriano wrote:
           | Remember when the CIA spent six years putting together six
           | thousand page report on the torture it conducted and then
           | "lost" it right before it was to be delivered and then
           | "found" it again once it was clear that they weren't going to
           | get away with that lame excuse?
           | 
           | https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-cia-torture/cia-
           | says-...
        
             | prottog wrote:
             | I liked it better when the "Deep State" was just a
             | conspiracy theory.
        
               | l33t233372 wrote:
               | The term deep state was first used popularly far after
               | these things were made public.
        
               | George83728 wrote:
               | Use of the term dates back decades, and it's popularity
               | accelerated through Bush the Younger's reign (for obvious
               | reasons I think, Bush was widely perceived as an idiotic
               | puppet, a theatrical figurehead for the real government
               | (e.g. Cheney and co.))
               | 
               | https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=deep+state&
               | yea...
        
         | ImHereToVote wrote:
         | I think the takeaway is that the CIA doesn't do anything
         | nefarious nowadays. After all those sizeable reforms and
         | firings, the CIA is now a completely benign entity. After those
         | famous reforms that they had. It is now for instance illegal
         | for the CIA to have psyops propaganda campaigns targeting
         | American civilians for instance. Thank god for all those
         | reforms that they have had. Those good old CIA reformed fellas.
        
           | badrabbit wrote:
           | The CIA is not an independent organization. They are directed
           | by the president and have congressional oversight. Keep in
           | mind thar these "nefarious" programs, as far as I know were
           | not hidden from congressional oversight. This stuff just
           | isn't an election time issue.
        
           | jacooper wrote:
           | Im sure all the people who lived through CIA backed coups
           | would agree
        
             | the_only_law wrote:
             | I'm guessing GP is sarcasm.
        
           | hulitu wrote:
           | You forgot the/s.
        
             | dennis_jeeves1 wrote:
             | /s Not needed for good reason.
        
           | lucubratory wrote:
           | I also agree that the CIA has been completely reformed and
           | all wrongdoing was in the past; it really doesn't make any
           | sense to examine their conduct too closely today, that just
           | makes everyone's life worse. I would also like to note that
           | myself and my family are not under duress but unfortunately
           | cannot make physical appearances at the moment.
        
             | colpabar wrote:
             | > it really doesn't make any sense to examine their conduct
             | too closely today
             | 
             | I personally believe that anyone who has ever even thought
             | of doing this is a far right extremist and honestly we
             | should just put them in jail.
        
         | andsoitis wrote:
         | > Horrific, yet sadly not the only time the US government has
         | used bio weapons on their own population.
         | 
         | Hyperbole. You are saying that the US government used
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis (the bacterium
         | in question) to attack the US population, which is clearly an
         | exaggeration on several fronts.
        
           | bluefishinit wrote:
           | I don't understand your comment. Are you suggesting that the
           | OP is false?
        
             | HDThoreaun wrote:
             | Yes, the army did not "test germ warfare" on the subway.
        
             | dfxm12 wrote:
             | They are saying that the bacteria discussed in the article
             | probably shouldn't be called a "bio weapon" and/or that the
             | the situation described in the article is meaningfully
             | different from the other situations brought up.
             | 
             | The wikipedia link talks about how this bacteria was known
             | to be safe, even in the 50s (years before the test in the
             | article) when it was understood to be found in large
             | quantities in natto (the Japanese food).
        
               | andsoitis wrote:
               | Precisely
        
         | mr-wendel wrote:
         | Lets add https://www.deseret.com/2001/2/28/19781208/toxic-utah-
         | a-land... too the list too.
         | 
         | Thankfully, far less "let's test on people", but Dugway, Utah
         | has quite a history of testing and mass animal slaughters from
         | fallout clouds and such.
        
           | klooney wrote:
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Big_Itch my
           | favorite was the flea warfare testing
        
             | dmix wrote:
             | > E23s malfunctioned during testing and the fleas were
             | released into the aircraft where they bit the pilot,
             | bombardier and an observer.
             | 
             | Lovely
        
         | dundarious wrote:
         | Jeff Kaye is doing great work digging through the archives
         | about US Biological Weapons (BW) use during the Korean War (on
         | the north and on China), and has made a few notable recent
         | discoveries. I recommend reading his work.
         | 
         | https://twitter.com/jeff_kaye/status/1657318979378225153
        
         | lelandfe wrote:
         | Also Sea-Spray: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea-
         | Spray
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | roywiggins wrote:
         | > And the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
         | 
         | This one did not involve deliberately infecting anyone, the
         | subjects in the study already had syphilis.
         | 
         | That doesn't make it better, but it isn't a good example of the
         | government "using bio weapons."
        
           | akira2501 wrote:
           | They wanted to know the long term consequences of syphilis.
           | At a time when we had a readily available cure for it. What
           | do you suppose the value of this study was other than to
           | learn how to weaponize a disease?
        
         | l3mure wrote:
         | Radiological testing on the now infamous Pruitt-Igoe housing
         | complex:
         | 
         | [1]
         | 
         | > Pruitt-Igoe was not proof of a Cold War logic; it did not
         | display the "inevitable" failures of planned housing. It was an
         | organized sabotage--and a clandestine site for radiological
         | weapons experimentation. These studies were conducted on
         | innocent and unconsenting civilians, who were mostly poor,
         | mostly Black, and mostly women and children.
         | 
         | > Residents in some areas of [St. Louis] noticed unusual
         | activity in the days and nights throughout 1953 and into 1954,"
         | Dr. Lisa Martino-Taylor writes in Behind the Fog, an
         | examination of the United States's Cold War-era radiological
         | weapons programs. "Large puffs of a billowy powder were sprayed
         | into the air by strangers in passing vehicles affixed with
         | spray devices. The luminous powder lingered in the air behind
         | the slow-moving vehicles."
         | 
         | [1] - https://proteanmag.com/2022/11/28/pruitt-igoe-a-black-
         | commun...
        
           | George83728 wrote:
           | But what's the connection between radioactive contamination
           | and the failure of Pruitt-Igoe? Wikipedia doesn't seem to
           | mention any contamination issues, but says that deteriorating
           | building maintenance and social conditions (crime, poverty,
           | segregation, etc) were to blame. Radiation didn't vandalize
           | the elevators or mug residents in the hallways.
        
             | l3mure wrote:
             | > Wikipedia doesn't seem to mention any contamination
             | issues
             | 
             | FTA:
             | 
             | > St. Louis' baby teeth were, indeed, packed with
             | radioactive metals. The study found that children who grew
             | up at the height of the Cold War in 1963 had 50 times as
             | much Strontium-90 in their teeth as children born in 1950.
             | 
             | I'm sure we'd know a lot more should we ever be deemed
             | worthy to know.
             | 
             | > What is left in St. Louis are unanswered questions, and
             | unknowns that extend further still. The Army's
             | documentation alludes to "certain special tests," still
             | unidentified. "Thus," Martino-Taylor writes, "an
             | unidentified set of additional covert test in St. Louis was
             | conducted by the Army Chemical Corps, SRI, and Ralph
             | Parsons Company that rose to a classification level higher
             | than 'Secret.'"
             | 
             | > Ralph Parsons Company--now Parsons Corporation--is a
             | defense, intelligence, security, and infrastructural
             | engineering firm headquartered in Centreville, Virginia,
             | down the street from the Central Intelligence Agency.
             | 
             | > A lot of data from these studies has gone missing;
             | discarded by the Army and other entities. Nothing you need
             | to worry about. At one point in her research, Dr. Martino-
             | Taylor traveled to California to put in a copy order for
             | boxes of Philip Leighton's papers. She had hoped to find
             | that his files contained more information on the St. Louis
             | experiments. Instead, Stanford University pulled the
             | collection the very next day. As of 2022, the materials
             | remain in the possession of Stanford's general counsel,
             | closed to the public.
             | 
             | ---
             | 
             | > Radiation didn't vandalize the elevators or mug residents
             | in the hallways.
             | 
             | Never mind that illegally, secretly, and non-consensually
             | irradiating the residents is a wildly worse crime in
             | itself, the social conditions you point out are part and
             | parcel of the same mindset responsible for all it.
        
       | perihelions wrote:
       | They did something like this again in 2021, and wouldn't even
       | disclose what the tracer substance was.
       | 
       | https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/homeland-security-depl... (
       | _" Non-Toxic Gas to Be Deployed in 100+ NYC Locations, Including
       | Transit, In Bio-Attack Readiness Test"_)
       | 
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28889222 (5 comments)
        
       | zby wrote:
       | (edited)
       | 
       | This is such a clickbait. Everybody reading that title imagines
       | that they tested spreading of some contagious disease (and put it
       | in the same category as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study -
       | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36256831) - but what was
       | tested was how the bacteria was moved by the air in the subway.
       | They tried a common soil bacteria that they believed was harmless
       | (and which wikipedia says "is thought to be a normal gut
       | commensal in humans").
       | 
       | """And while the people who conducted these experiments did so
       | under the belief that the bacterial species they used were
       | harmless, it has since been revealed that they can cause health
       | problems."""
       | 
       | This is such a weasel language, everything can cause health
       | problems (is water harmless?
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxication).
       | 
       | The bacteria used there was:
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis "This species is
       | commonly found in the upper layers of the soil and B. subtilis is
       | thought to be a normal gut commensal in humans."
       | 
       | We live surrounded by bacteria, an probably often by Bacillus
       | subtilis - because it is a common bacteria found in soil.
        
         | calmlynarczyk wrote:
         | I think the more click-baitey aspect of the article title is
         | that they didn't specify that this occurred 60-80 years ago;
         | it's phrased as if this test recently happened. The US defense
         | agencies today sure aren't perfect, but they certainly aren't
         | this reckless anymore. The fear during the first few decades of
         | the Cold War instigated a lot of poor moral decisions by the US
         | Government that can't just be extrapolated to the organization
         | today.
        
         | activiation wrote:
         | Yeah.. that's not something they should have done.
        
         | numpad0 wrote:
         | 1) is it okay to splash tap water on people as an "experiment"?
         | 
         | 2-1) if 1) is not okay, how it becomes okay with bacteria, OR,
         | 
         | 2-2) if 1) is okay, what?
        
           | lesuorac wrote:
           | 1) Yes.
           | 
           | 2-2) It's ok to infect people with Covid so it's clearly ok
           | to hit em with water.
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_challenge_study
        
             | jahsome wrote:
             | You're either endorsing literal battery/assault or perhaps
             | overlooking some context.
             | 
             | Challenge studies involve consenting individuals and the
             | actual events in the article don't.
             | 
             | I presume GP's example of splashing water would be on
             | unsuspecting, non-consenting people going about their daily
             | business, as was the case with the Subway in the article.
        
               | lesuorac wrote:
               | Then the question should've been "is it ok to perform
               | experiments on uninformed participants" or "would it have
               | been ok if they splashed water instead".
               | 
               | The doesn't try to explicitly link their question to the
               | article and instead its prose is a hypothetical.
               | 
               | Instead, the guy ask if its ok to splash water. I can't
               | think of any reason why splashing water would be the line
               | at which its no longer ok to have an experiment. I
               | certainly can see uninformedness being a reason not to
               | have an experiment but that's a different question and so
               | it would get a different answer.
        
             | phone8675309 wrote:
             | [flagged]
        
               | munificent wrote:
               | Your sentence would be more effective without the last
               | four words.
        
         | throwanem wrote:
         | > and which wikipedia says "is thought to be a normal gut
         | commensal in humans"
         | 
         | So is E. coli.
        
         | bluefishinit wrote:
         | It's not clickbait. It's _completely_ unacceptable to perform
         | biological experiments on people without their consent. It
         | doesn 't matter if _you_ think the bacteria is harmless, it 's
         | an extreme violation of human rights to test on a unknowing
         | citizens.
        
           | orangepurple wrote:
           | Check out the Human Plutonium Injection Experiments
        
           | crazydoggers wrote:
           | But this wasn't a biological experiment on the citizens,
           | which is the issue. It was an experiment to test the spread
           | of material in a subway system.
           | 
           | The article is claiming without support that this was
           | pathogenic biological testing on people, which is not the
           | case.
           | 
           | Let's assume instead they used a harmless chemical tracer.
           | Would that still count as a violation? What about releasing
           | flour through ducts?
           | 
           | The issue with the article that makes it click bait is they
           | are making a claim of "germ warfare", insinuating that
           | citizens were exposed to dangerous infectious agents which is
           | simply untrue.
           | 
           | If the article approaches the subject honestly, and then
           | question wether such action was ethical, even using a
           | harmless substance, that would be one thing. But as it's
           | written, the article pushes misinformation, which is a shame,
           | because it's clearly an important subject.
        
             | njovin wrote:
             | The gov't doesn't have a great track record when it comes
             | to treating the citizenry as unwilling participants in
             | their Bond villain-esque nonsense:
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea-Spray
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKUltra
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study
        
             | MarkMarine wrote:
             | The did experiments on US citizens, they spread a bacteria
             | in the SF fog to see if it would be spread to the citizens
             | in SF. They picked a bacteria they thought was harmless,
             | but showed up brightly on a stain for microscope slides.
             | Turns out some people are actually harmed by this bacteria,
             | but again, bio-warfare testing on an uninformed US
             | civilians. A war crime. They actually killed someone:
             | 
             | On October 11, 1950, eleven residents checked into Stanford
             | Hospital in San Francisco with very rare, serious urinary
             | tract infections. Although ten recovered, Edward J. Nevin,
             | who had had recent prostate surgery, died three weeks later
             | from a heart valve infection. The urinary tract outbreak
             | was so unusual that the Stanford doctors wrote it up for a
             | medical journal. [0]
             | 
             | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea-Spray
        
               | crazydoggers wrote:
               | Well first you're talking about a different situation
               | than the article.
               | 
               | In addition, in the San Francisco case you link, it was
               | not established that the bacteria caused the death you
               | are referring to.
               | 
               | > The lower court ruled against them primarily because
               | the bacteria used in the test was unproven to be
               | responsible for Nevin's death. The Nevin family appealed
               | the suit all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which
               | declined to overturn lower court judgments
               | 
               | Again, blankets statements rather than facts don't help
               | discuss the issue. Nuance is best.
               | 
               | I for one think they should not have done any of these
               | tests, and that they crossed clear ethical boundaries.
               | But I'm not going to create misinformation, "beg the
               | question", appeal to emotion, or point to false cause to
               | convince someone that it's a wrong and immoral thing to
               | do.
               | 
               | These types of arguments are why we had so much
               | confusion, and lack of educated discussion around Covid
               | and vaccines, the pros and cons of nuclear power, etc
               | etc.
        
               | MarkMarine wrote:
               | I'm responding directly to the parent comment, but I'd
               | argue that spreading this same bacteria by smashing
               | lightbulbs in a subway full of people, and spreading it
               | in a fog in SF, a city full of people, then seeing if
               | those people had the bacteria in their bodies is
               | essentially the same type of situation as the article.
               | What do you see as differences?
               | 
               | So the US government didn't prove in a court of law that
               | the US government killed someone with the US government's
               | illegal experiment, that it didn't even admit was
               | happening? This is the standard of proof here? If so, I'm
               | going to guess the other atrocities the US has committed
               | and not taking full and complete responsibility for can't
               | be discussed either? When the system in power refuses to
               | accept blame for it's actions, we just have to take its
               | word or it's misinformation? Come on. Let's think about
               | some other cases the highest court in the land got
               | obviously wrong and then consider your argument.
               | 
               | - Dread Scott v Sanford. held the U.S. Constitution did
               | not extend American citizenship to people of black
               | African descent, and thus they could not enjoy the rights
               | and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American
               | citizens. [0]
               | 
               | - Buck v. Bell, is a decision of the United States
               | Supreme Court, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes,
               | Jr., in which the Court ruled that a state statute
               | permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit,
               | including the intellectually disabled, "for the
               | protection and health of the state" did not violate the
               | Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the
               | United States Constitution. [1]
               | 
               | - Korematsu v. United States, decision by the Supreme
               | Court of the United States to uphold the exclusion of
               | Japanese Americans from the West Coast Military Area
               | during World War II. [2]
               | 
               | - Plessy v. Ferguson, which the Court ruled that racial
               | segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as
               | long as the facilities for each race were equal in
               | quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate
               | but equal" [3]
               | 
               | (Oh, and since I don't want to only talk about civil
               | rights cases, since that might not carry much weight for
               | you, how about property rights:) - Kelo v. City of New
               | London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005),[1] was a landmark decision
               | by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the
               | Court held, 5-4, that the use of eminent domain to
               | transfer land from one private owner to another private
               | owner to further economic development does not violate
               | the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. [4]
               | 
               | I could go on but I don't feel like going through all
               | these horrible cases. How will we ever square this
               | perfect arbiter of truth, the Supreme Court's multiple
               | fuckups with our examination of truth? I'd recommend
               | using your eyeballs and sound judgement. How am I
               | creating misinformation by quoting wikipedia and then
               | linking to it so anyone can read the source material? To
               | compare this with COVID misinformation is egregious.
               | 
               | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford
               | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_v._Bell [2]
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States
               | [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson [4]
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London
        
               | smnrchrds wrote:
               | I dislike the emphasis on the "US citizen" part. Would it
               | have been any better if they had done it to us Canadian
               | citizens instead? Or to any other nationality?
               | 
               | https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/u-s-secretly-tested-
               | car...
        
               | PM_me_your_math wrote:
               | Wasn't the test done on US citizens? If the test was done
               | on Canadians, we would be talking about Canadian citizens
               | and not US citizens.
        
               | MarkMarine wrote:
               | I didn't mean anything nationalist by that phrasing.
        
               | sergiomattei wrote:
               | I believe the point is that it's being done on US soil,
               | which infringes on the rights of US citizens.
        
             | COGlory wrote:
             | >Let's assume instead they used a harmless chemical tracer.
             | Would that still count as a violation? What about releasing
             | flour through ducts?
             | 
             | Would the IRB let me do those things to people without
             | their informed consent?
             | 
             | I very much doubt it.
        
               | saalweachter wrote:
               | I mean, this study was done in 1966. The IRB was
               | established in 1974.
               | 
               | I'm not saying we should celebrate this research, but ...
               | we already learned the lesson about being careful with
               | human experimentation? If there's a more recent study
               | that circumvented the IRB or that the IRB okayed despite
               | obvious problems, there's an interesting discussion to
               | have there.
               | 
               | But I'm more in the camp above, that this pre-IRB study
               | wasn't particularly egregious, at least by the scale of
               | atrocities of early 20th century research.
        
               | crazydoggers wrote:
               | That's not the issue at hand. The issue is an article
               | claiming pathogenic material was tested on people.
               | 
               | An article talking about the ins and outs of IRB process
               | approval would be much more informative, or going into
               | detail about what is and is not ethical.
               | 
               | False or at best misleading statements of pathogenic
               | biological tests on people bring us no nearer to actually
               | talking intelligently about the issues or making better
               | decisions.
        
               | John23832 wrote:
               | How does the bacteria spread amongst the subway? HUMANS.
               | They are the substrate.
               | 
               | " They wrote that clouds engulfed people as trains pulled
               | away, but that they "brushed their clothing, looked up at
               | the grating apron and walked on." No one was concerned.
               | 
               | Army scientists concluded that it took between four and
               | 13 minutes for train passengers to be exposed to the
               | bacteria."
               | 
               | If they put the bacteria in the system with no human
               | interaction I'm sure the study would be much less
               | valuable.
        
             | the_doctah wrote:
             | > But this wasn't a biological experiment on the citizens,
             | which is the issue. It was an experiment to test the spread
             | of material in a subway system.
             | 
             | This is like saying I was just practicing throwing punches
             | at thin air, it just happened to be inside a crowded
             | elevator.
             | 
             | Absolutely can't stand "well technically" disingenuous HN
             | comments like this.
        
         | dicytea wrote:
         | I'm not sure why you are leaving out the fact that they also
         | used _Serratia marcescens_ , which is considered pathogenic[1].
         | 
         | As for the other bacteria, what they used was _not_ the
         | "common soil bacteria" _Bacillus subtilis_ , but _Bacillus
         | atrophaeus_ [2] which was known as _Bacillus globigii_ at the
         | time. I think this is the only clear factual mistake I can find
         | in the article.
         | 
         | The article also claimed that _Bacillus globigii_ is now
         | considered a pathogen, but I can 't find much information about
         | it outside of the referenced book. I'll leave it to someone
         | else to weigh in on this one.
         | 
         | [1]:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratia_marcescens#Pathogenic...
         | 
         | [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_atrophaeus
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | georgeg23 wrote:
           | There were congressional hearings, so it's hard to call it
           | clickbait.
        
         | crazydoggers wrote:
         | Agree. Article contains misinformation and should be flagged.
         | In fact the bacteria in question is often and readily consumed.
         | Not to mention the fact that we are awash in bacteria all the
         | time.
         | 
         | The source stating that the bacteria are considered pathogens,
         | is selling his book. The link to the National Academy of
         | Sciences is also broken.
         | 
         | Also most bacteria can be opportunistic pathogens, depending on
         | the situation, even the ones in our gut.
         | 
         | So while the ethics can be deemed questionable, the article
         | presents the situation as if harm was certainly done, when in
         | the most likely case not a single person was adversely
         | effected.
        
           | MagicMoonlight wrote:
           | The common cold is also readily consumed and almost harmless,
           | doesn't mean you get to spray it in schools for the banta
        
             | crazydoggers wrote:
             | I agree. But what does that have to do with an article that
             | presents unjustified assertions? The issue is that if you
             | call something pathogenic, and make the case that people
             | were harmed, then the article should support that which it
             | doesn't. Hence it's click bait.
             | 
             | Let's say I want people to take the Covid vaccine. Should I
             | write articles with appeals to emotion, quotes from people
             | writing books, and circumstantial evidence?
             | 
             | Or let's say I want to point out that Covid vaccines carry
             | risks. Should I write articles with appeals to emotion,
             | quotes from people writing books, and circumstantial
             | evidence?
             | 
             | Bad articles and bad science are not okay just because we
             | agree with the assessment.
        
       | ransackdev wrote:
       | Great article. Just like the ones before it.
       | 
       | I'm waiting for the articles where people are convicted of
       | crimes...
       | 
       | I won't hold my breath, for justice anyway, just for protection
       | from my government experimenting on me without consent while
       | policing themselves and accountable to nobody.
        
         | RandomLensman wrote:
         | It might seem quaint from today's perspectives, but the cold
         | war was real with an actual and dangerous adversary.
        
           | usrnm wrote:
           | And how many Americans were hurt by that adversary in any way
           | over the whole period of the cold war? As opposed to their
           | own government
        
             | RandomLensman wrote:
             | How many were not hurt precisely because their government
             | prepared and signaled preparedness to the USSR?
             | 
             | Also, USSR support for North Korea and North Vietnam surely
             | hurt a lot of Americans (and others) for real during those
             | two wars.
        
               | KennyBlanken wrote:
               | Since the cold war ended it's now obvious that we both
               | a)vastly overestimated Russia's capacity and b)pressured
               | them into a lot of military spending simply because _they
               | felt they had to do so because of how much we were
               | spending and all our sabre-rattling._
               | 
               | The only people who "won" were the very military-
               | industrial complex Ike warned us about.
        
               | George83728 wrote:
               | > _b)pressured them into a lot of military spending
               | simply because they felt they had to do so because of how
               | much we were spending and all our sabre-rattling._
               | 
               | Yes, that was the Soviet (Russian) perspective. They felt
               | pressured to keep up with the US. But the flipside is
               | that the inverse was also happening; America spent tons
               | of money developing new weapons and capabilities because
               | the Russians were doing the same. For instance, the F-15
               | was developed into the air superiority fighter that it is
               | because the Mig-25 was (mistakenly) believed to be
               | similarly capable.
               | 
               | Too often the "Soviets were afraid of America" narrative
               | is used to suggest that America was an aggressor and the
               | Soviets were hapless victims of this aggression, forced
               | to spend by America. But the truth is that both sides
               | were doing this to each other, and besides, the whole of
               | it was arguably started by aggressive Soviet expansion
               | before and after WW2, for instance the Molotov-Ribbentrop
               | Pact in which the Soviet Union conspired with the Nazis
               | to divide up Poland, Russia's subsequent refusal to allow
               | Poland to become independent after the war, and the
               | persistent Soviet threats to invade western Europe and
               | incorporate France, the UK, etc into their "union". The
               | "Soviet Union" was a farce of a union, a fig leaf over
               | Russian imperialism.
        
               | RandomLensman wrote:
               | If it is about the cold war, that would have been the
               | USSR, not Russia. And they did act against the West (WWII
               | disagreements aside, starting with the blockade of West
               | Berlin), they planned for attacks on Western Europe, etc.
               | The idea that the USSR and Warsaw pact were somehow just
               | reactive isn't true.
               | 
               | Might the West have overestimated their capacity:
               | probably yes (especially in later years), but the
               | conflict was still very real.
        
           | retrac wrote:
           | Beyond quaint; I think a lot of people born after genuinely
           | find it hard to comprehend the mindset. (Maybe we're just
           | still in cultural shock from winning. If we won so handily it
           | couldn't have been big of a deal, was it?)
           | 
           | I encountered this with a friend when discussing MKUltra
           | recently. He was hung-up on the _why_. But _why_? _Why_ did
           | they do it? Well, despite the reputation for its
           | straightlacedness slapped on the decade after the fact, the
           | 1950s were actually a rather wonky time culturally in
           | America. (Flying saucer madness... hm. Sounds familiar.) A
           | time when a lot of rather sensible people were at least open
           | to the possibility of far-out ideas like telepathy, extra-
           | sensory perception, and brain reprogramming. And these same
           | sensible people were lying awake at night in genuine terror
           | that the Soviets would develop telepathic brainwashing agents
           | before red-blooded Americans did. Their motivations, as
           | bizarre as it seems to us today, were quite straightforward.
        
             | Tade0 wrote:
             | I always felt I lacked context on the why, since I'm not
             | American and all.
             | 
             | But now I get it. Over here, uncomfortably close to Russia,
             | until 2022 people thought Russians have some scary stuff in
             | store, considering they've spent an estimated $600bln on
             | modernizing their military.
             | 
             | They do not. But the thought was genuinely scary.
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | They may still have some scary stuff in store. They just
               | started with truly nasty attacks on the population by
               | blowing up dams. Sure they don't have good troops or
               | supply lines, but WMDs, and especially bio programs,
               | don't need many trips or long supply lines. And are,
               | compared to tanks and aircraft, both cheaper and easier
               | to develop and maintain as part of a massive military
               | expenditure.
               | 
               | Right now, when they are getting more desperate, is
               | getting closer to when Putin may feel compelled to push
               | the red button.
        
             | p1esk wrote:
             | _a lot of people born after genuinely find it hard to
             | comprehend the mindset_
             | 
             | Are we not in the middle of a cold war with Russia
             | currently?
        
               | saiya-jin wrote:
               | Middle? It had just begun and will get worse before it
               | gets better, but now world has 3 big players. Plus plenty
               | of smaller ones with matching egos. Look what China is
               | doing, very smart from longterm perspective
        
               | RandomLensman wrote:
               | Not really, Russia so clearly lacks the resources to
               | really keep up - unlike the USSR for quite a while.
        
               | retrac wrote:
               | Not in quite the same way with people's imaginations
               | running away from them. Perhaps important to remember how
               | opaque the USSR was at the time -- e.g. when Chernobyl
               | blew up, no one outside the USSR knew until radiation
               | drifted over the border, and large riots were often
               | received as only vague word of mouth rumour in the West.
               | In such an information void, your imagination fills in
               | the details. Especially if you worry about their
               | industrial capacity, and maybe even secretly wonder if
               | they do have a better way of organizing society like they
               | claim, in terms of pure brutal results. A closer analogy
               | today would be with China, and how paranoid some people
               | were with the offensive potential of a balloon.
        
           | mablopoule wrote:
           | Exactly.
           | 
           | On that subject, I cannot recommend enough an episode of a
           | Lawfare-related podcast (ChinaTalk) called "Hoover,
           | Communism, and the FBI" [1], which explore the life of J.
           | Edgar Hoover, the zeigeist of the early twentieth century,
           | and an revisiting the "red scare" in light of the since
           | declassified information of Russian spying networks on US
           | soil.
           | 
           | Related to this is the "Venona project" [2], where US agency
           | could break the encryption of old soviet telegraph, and learn
           | a great deal on soviet spy network.
           | 
           | [1] https://www.lawfareblog.com/chinatalk-hoover-communism-
           | and-f...
           | 
           | [2] https://www.lawfareblog.com/lawfare-podcast-project-
           | venona
        
           | standardUser wrote:
           | There was real and actual danger to the millions of people
           | killed and maimed in the proxy wars between the US and USSR.
           | But aside from a few acute crises, there was very little
           | danger to civilian Americans or Russians living their day-to-
           | day lives. Arguably, there is far more danger today due to
           | gun violence, which has killed vastly more Americans than
           | Russia ever did.
        
           | vintermann wrote:
           | Mmmhm. And an actual and dangerous ally/defender too.
        
           | pjc50 wrote:
           | > the cold war was real with an actual and dangerous
           | adversary
           | 
           | From the point of view of a lot of people, the US was that
           | adversary. The USSR wasn't conducting biological warfare on
           | the NYC subway. We have to do better than "two wrongs make a
           | right".
        
             | RandomLensman wrote:
             | Not sure how many people would have preferred the USSR to
             | eventually win... Also, the US wasn't conducting
             | "biological warfare in the NYC subway". They were trying to
             | assess how pathogens might spread in the event of an actual
             | attack.
        
               | localplume wrote:
               | [dead]
        
       | ChatGTP wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | indigochill wrote:
         | I also know people with this view, but I do judge them for it
         | because its pragmatically nonsensical. It made sense back in
         | the age of muskets when well-regulated colonial militias could
         | enforce the will of the colony (and when colonies got together,
         | they could even hold their own against a major European power,
         | albeit one located across an ocean).
         | 
         | These days, nothing individuals (or even groups of individuals)
         | can acquire holds a candle to what governments (the US being a
         | world leader in this regard) are equipped with, so there is no
         | endgame for gun ownership as a means of defense against one's
         | government.
        
           | cuttysnark wrote:
           | On one hand, I agree--on the other, the US military has had
           | [historically] a really hard time with farmers in flip-flops.
        
             | mrguyorama wrote:
             | We did not have a problem killing hundreds of thousands of
             | them, and the US military would be significantly less
             | "careful" suppressing an actual American rebellion.
        
               | kbelder wrote:
               | >US military would be significantly less "careful"
               | suppressing an actual American rebellion.
               | 
               | I think that's very wrong. The second point, is that
               | around 44% of US households are armed. That's a couple
               | hundred million. The _only_ hope the army would have of
               | suppressing them is if half of the US households assisted
               | the army.
               | 
               | If it was an actual popular uprising, the army would be
               | absolutely incapable of stopping it.
        
           | ChatGTP wrote:
           | I never argued it made practical sense. I was making a point
           | that, when Biden goes on TV after a shooting and kind of
           | hints at the idea people should give up their guns, they
           | might if they felt like they could trust their government
           | more than they currently do.
           | 
           | It's a big ask for people who almost have a religious belief
           | in the right to bear arms to give them away.
           | 
           | Stories like this one, and countless others, including the
           | poor treatment of whistleblowers are why we Americans can't
           | have nice things.
        
           | simoncion wrote:
           | > These days, nothing individuals (or even groups of
           | individuals) can acquire holds a candle to what governments
           | (the US being a world leader in this regard) are equipped
           | with, so there is no endgame for gun ownership as a means of
           | defense against one's government.
           | 
           | Even back in colonial times, your single musket was no match
           | for the hundreds of muskets and handful of cannon that the
           | government was equipped with. If the government wants to kill
           | you -specifically- then it's going to do that.
           | 
           | As a defense against tyranny, firearm ownership is effective
           | in the same way that putting your valuables in a safe is
           | effective. Neither are an absolute defense, but both raise
           | the level of effort required from the attacker.
           | 
           | For example, regardless of whether you think there actions
           | were reasonably justifiable, the conflict between the Bundys
           | and the BLM would have gone _very_ differently had the Bundys
           | not been armed. They would have absolutely been quietly
           | steamrolled by the government:
           | <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundy_standoff>
           | 
           | FedGov _could_ have rolled in tanks, helicopters, or jets to
           | eliminate the Bundys with zero friendly casualties, but that
           | was a cost that they were entirely unwilling to pay.
           | 
           | Again. If the USian government _really_ wants to get _you_ or
           | your people, specifically, you cannot (and have never been
           | able to) stop them. They 've more money and men and materiale
           | than you could ever hope to accumulate. This has pretty much
           | always been true.
        
             | COGlory wrote:
             | Yes, this is why Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria were easily
             | subdued and all resistance was quickly quelled.
        
               | simoncion wrote:
               | Yep. If the locals aren't armed, you can just sweep in
               | and arrest.
               | 
               | If the locals _are_ armed, you have to decide how much
               | blood you're willing to spill.
        
         | plagiarist wrote:
         | You'd have a stronger case if Americans were opening fire on
         | people in the government or military that were violating their
         | rights instead of schoolchildren, the LGBT community, and
         | minorities.
        
           | dontlaugh wrote:
           | And when the black panthers did arm themselves legally to
           | defend their communities from the police, gun control laws
           | were quickly introduced.
           | 
           | Individual gun rights are just a culture war topic. It's
           | collective gun rights for workers as a class that could
           | actually make a difference.
        
             | scintill76 wrote:
             | Honest question: What would a law (or other manifestation)
             | of collective rights look like, and how does it differ from
             | individual rights?
        
               | alistairSH wrote:
               | In the context of the Founding Fathers, state militias
               | armed well enough to stand-up to an overbearing federal
               | government.
               | 
               | In the context of the parent comment? No idea.
        
               | dontlaugh wrote:
               | Trade unions and revolutionary parties have kept
               | weaponry, trained members and organised resistance to
               | state repression (for example against strikes). This
               | tends to build into worker's councils (in some languages
               | called soviets) under revolutionary conditions.
               | 
               | Of course, it's unlikely the capitalist ruling class
               | would willingly allow legalising such practices.
        
             | alistairSH wrote:
             | There was also the MOVE bombing in '85. And that wasn't
             | even the army - the city PD dropped a bomb from a
             | helicopter.
             | 
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_MOVE_bombing
             | 
             | [Note: MOVE had more than a few criminal members; I'm
             | making no claim about the righteousness of their actions
             | before or during the standoff]
        
           | HaroldBolt78 wrote:
           | [dead]
        
           | mrguyorama wrote:
           | Ruby ridge and Waco (though that is less clear) happened, and
           | the only person to "revolt" about that used a farming
           | material bomb.
           | 
           | "We need guns to protect us from authoritarianism" has always
           | been a fucking lie. No gun owners protested and started a
           | rebellion after the patriot act.
           | 
           | The few times gun owners HAVE "rebelled" it has been for
           | incredibly stupid reasons like "I don't want to pay taxes for
           | the land my cattle have grazed on"
        
             | infamouscow wrote:
             | The US fought a war over not wanting to pay taxes. This
             | reductionist thinking is quite asinine.
        
               | mrguyorama wrote:
               | Again and again it always comes back to "but muh
               | revolutionary war!"
               | 
               | An aberration. Great Britain was a little fuckin busy
               | during that period, what with the existential threat of
               | the hundred years war, and a largely inept King.
               | 
               | Great Britain sent only about 50k troops during the
               | entire affair.
               | 
               | Had they not been so busy, it likely would have looked a
               | lot more like all the times India tried to get uppity.
        
               | infamouscow wrote:
               | 40K Americans were able to beat the greatest empire at
               | the time.
               | 
               | In the last few decades, a rag-tag group of goat herders
               | and farmers managed to kick out multiple empires using
               | only basic fighting equipment. This is all despite having
               | air supremacy, satellite imagery, night vision, tanks,
               | body armor, and a 10:1 ratio of troops.
               | 
               | The overwhelming majority of experienced combat veterans
               | have been out of the US military for almost a decade. You
               | can see this reflected it in how ineffective the current
               | organization is.
               | 
               | If tyranny does strike the US again, I wouldn't want to
               | be on the side of the tyrants.
        
               | krapp wrote:
               | > 40K Americans were able to beat the greatest empire at
               | the time.
               | 
               | 40K Americans and lots of assistance from the French,
               | including their navy.
               | 
               | The American war for independence was a proxy war between
               | empires in which the colonies were pawns, and if not for
               | one of those empires the American insurgency would have
               | been crushed, regardless of whatever the myth of American
               | exceptionalism has probably taught you.
        
           | smcl wrote:
           | I am 100% in support of what you've said, but there is one
           | case where someone surprisingly got away with armed
           | resistance against the government: Cliven Bundy[0]. The guy
           | just stopped paying the government to graze his cattle on
           | common ground, the feds came to sieze his cattle as a form of
           | payment and were confronted with hundreds of armed guys he
           | managed to rally to his cause. They backed down and left.
           | 
           | It's not quite the story of the little guy standing up for
           | what's right against a tyrannical government though, just
           | suggests that in some parts of the US if you show up with
           | enough guns and outnumber someone you can intimidate them and
           | get away with it.
           | 
           | [0] - no that is not a typo, his name is "Cliven"
        
             | techdmn wrote:
             | White right-wing extremist escapes consequences for violent
             | action, news at 11!
        
             | JoeAltmaier wrote:
             | You mean that guy that wanted free grazing and used public
             | (our) land without permission? or paying? Used those same
             | guns to keep others off the ground? That selfish money-
             | grubbing demagogue? Yeah that was a high point in US
             | history for sure.
        
               | smcl wrote:
               | Yep that's the one, doesn't seem like a very nice guy as
               | evidenced by his Wikipedia page having a special "Racist
               | Comments" section. Reading that page a bit more suggests
               | that he's actually pretty lucky to not be in prison after
               | his confrontations with the government. Turns out the
               | prosecution were inept and his trial got thrown out:
               | 
               | > On January 8, 2018, Judge Gloria Navarro declared a
               | mistrial and dismissed the charges because the federal
               | government had withheld potentially exculpatory evidence
        
               | jtbayly wrote:
               | I haven't read about it, but that quote doesn't make it
               | sound like the fed was inept but rather corrupt, which is
               | where we started talking about why people want guns.
        
               | smcl wrote:
               | He got into this situation because they were waving their
               | guns around, and got out of it through the courts. You're
               | suggesting there should have been a threat of gun
               | violence against the prosecutor and that this somehow
               | would've helped his situation?
        
               | jtbayly wrote:
               | No. I'm suggesting that government corruption is a major
               | reason people want guns.
        
           | torstenvl wrote:
           | As a minority in the LGBT community, I'd appreciate if you
           | didn't go on pretending that disarming me is somehow
           | magically going to lead to a better outcome for me.
           | 
           | You are, obviously, free to have any opinion you like. But my
           | existence is not a rhetorical device for you to exploit while
           | trying to take away my rights.
        
             | plagiarist wrote:
             | On the contrary, I think you should arm yourself.
             | 
             | I am trying to disabuse people of the idea that the right-
             | wing "2A warrior" actually gives a fuck about anyone's
             | rights. We should have seen them all out in protest for
             | what happened to Daniel Shaver, where were they?
             | 
             | Merely owning guns isn't going to stop the government from
             | infringing rights, we need collective action that is not
             | being taken by the people who claim they need guns to
             | defend their rights. Meanwhile children are being murdered
             | in numbers. So we get the worst of both sides of the
             | argument.
        
               | latchkey wrote:
               | Saw a quote I liked the other day:
               | 
               | "By creating a world in which anyone CAN own a gun, we've
               | forced ourselves to live in a world in which everyone
               | MUST carry a gun?"
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | surgical_fire wrote:
         | I don't care about your viewpoints on guns. I'm not from the
         | US, so for all I care you guys can have all the guns you want.
         | 
         | But I always make a point to downvote people complaining of
         | downvotes, even when I agree with their points of view.
         | 
         | Man up and stop caring about internet points. They are
         | meaningless.
        
           | number6 wrote:
           | I always downvote people complaining of people complaining of
           | downvotes, even when I agree with their point of view.
           | 
           | Man up and stop caring about people caring about internet
           | points. They are just people with options
        
             | surgical_fire wrote:
             | I already don't care. You can make a bot that automatically
             | downvote all my comments if it makes you happy.
             | 
             | Poke me when internet points can be used to pay the
             | mortgage.
        
               | number6 wrote:
               | You make a lot of fuzz for someone who doesn't care
        
         | dgellow wrote:
         | "It's becoming Reddit!"
         | 
         | On HN downvoting a comment you don't like has always been part
         | of the social contract.
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=658691
        
           | ChatGTP wrote:
           | Of course it's fine to down vote if you feel the need, it's
           | just not constructive to use it for "unpopular" ideas.
           | 
           | Do not fear. The popular ideas will rise to the top which is
           | good for people looking for validation. The less popular
           | ideas, but often more interesting stuff will slip down the
           | list, and the downright atrocious stuff will be down voted
           | and sent to the very bottom.
           | 
           | I made the Reddit comment because I have notice that HN
           | community is often voting for popular ideas over
           | intellectually curios ones.
        
           | rollcat wrote:
           | I upvote comments I disagree with - if they make a good point
           | in an argument. Using upvote/downvote as agree/disagree just
           | creates an echo chamber.
        
           | timerol wrote:
           | > Please don't post comments saying that HN is turning into
           | Reddit. It's a semi-noob illusion, as old as the hills.
           | 
           | This is so common that there is a point specifically about it
           | in the HN guidelines
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
         | bell-cot wrote:
         | That's a great feel-good story for gun lovers - but you _might_
         | want to check the actual history of civvies with guns trying to
         | fight against armies which were determined to win.
         | 
         | Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943?
         | 
         | Semaine sanglante (Paris) in 1871?
         | 
         | Edit:
         | 
         | > Anyway don't support this view, I don't own guns. I'm just
         | saying that blatant disregard for peoples safety is why...
         | 
         | +1, but yes and no. These sort of "+5 sigma" clicky stories
         | really push some people's buttons...but I think the real
         | drivers of "don't trust the Government" are elsewhere. I'd
         | point to the routine crap of American municipal government -
         | which often resembles the daily drama of a bunch of low-
         | functioning Junior High students. The whole "rich get richer,
         | everyone else gets screwed" shift in the U.S. economy (and
         | Democratic Party) over the past ~60 years. And the endless,
         | strident screams of right-wing political edgelords.
        
           | troad wrote:
           | > you _might_ want to check the actual history
           | 
           | I think the primary example that's going to come to mind for
           | all Americans is the American Revolution, which was
           | successful, if I recall correctly.
           | 
           | I don't really like this tone of 'lecturing' people, as
           | though they don't understand and you do. Well-informed people
           | have legitimate differences of opinion on these questions.
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | bell-cot wrote:
             | "going to come to mind", yes. But much of what Americans
             | "know" about the American Revolution is popular myth. In
             | actual history, it was one of the western theaters in the
             | Anglo-French War - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-
             | French_War_(1778%E2%80%9.... Spain was also fighting
             | against Britain, and there was a serious threat of a
             | combined French/Spanish invasion of England. Britain had to
             | make some hard choices about priorities, and decided to
             | focus its efforts in places that weren't the 13 Colonies.
        
             | ethanbond wrote:
             | I sure hope they don't. That's a terrible example.
             | 
             | The British homeland was 1) an ocean away _in the 1700s_
             | and 2) extremely distracted by numerous other conflicts and
             | 3) had pretty much the same firepower that a civilian and
             | privateers would have.
             | 
             | None of those things apply now.
             | 
             | IMO the Taliban is a much better analog. And you of course
             | have to mix in the horror of a true civil war which in
             | America's case pretty much everyone came out of thinking no
             | one won.
        
               | troad wrote:
               | I honestly don't understand in which part of my comment
               | you think I'm in favour of civil war.
               | 
               | I'm merely pointing out that attempting to argue against
               | guns from the perspective of 'popular resistance against
               | tyranny never going to be successful' is far from the
               | best way to argue against guns. It _has_ been successful
               | before, and the country 's _entire foundation myth_ rests
               | on one of those instances.
               | 
               | There's many ways to argue against gun proliferation.
               | This is a bad one. It's _particularly_ bad one to use on
               | right-of-centre Americans. But people on the Internet
               | disagree, love using it, and they 've been incredibly
               | successful in using it to win over suppo- oh, wait.
        
               | ethanbond wrote:
               | I didn't suggest that you're in favor of it? Was not my
               | intention so sorry if it came off that way!
               | 
               | I agree with the overall thrust though: this is not a
               | winning line of argument. But I'm not sure what is, to be
               | honest, given that this issue has become quasi-religious.
               | Eventually we'll have enough dead kids (and enough dead
               | old people) to start questioning this religious
               | conviction, but yeah, logic or history won't get us
               | there.
        
               | troad wrote:
               | I appreciate your reply and I hear what you're saying.
               | 
               | So much of life has become political, and so much of the
               | political has become pseudo-religious. People no longer
               | have positions on policies, they have articles of faith
               | on politics. It's not a great basis for a dialogue,
               | unfortunately.
        
           | willcipriano wrote:
           | War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) - Goat hearders defeat the
           | most powerful military on earth
           | 
           | Vietnam War (1955 - 1975) - Textile workers defeat the most
           | powerful military on earth
           | 
           | American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) - Pilgrims defeat the
           | most powerful military on earth
           | 
           | Also note Germany had strong gun laws after WW1 while France
           | was limited to shotguns and hunting rifles.
        
             | bell-cot wrote:
             | That sounds cool...but Afghanistan and Vietnam were proxy
             | wars, where the U.S. decided that holding onto a basket-
             | case country was not worth the cost. And the actual
             | military defeats occurred _after_ the U.S. forces were
             | gone.
             | 
             | American Revolution was not actually "Pilgrims against
             | Britain", it was _one_ of the western theaters in the
             | Anglo-French(-Spanish) War.
        
               | saiya-jin wrote:
               | Very few wars in history end with defeating every single
               | last enemy, ie in WWII style. Most come to same
               | conclusion - 'its not worth fighting anymore'. That
               | requires sane leader of course, or deposition of insane
               | one.
        
               | willcipriano wrote:
               | > where the U.S. decided that holding onto a basket-case
               | country was not worth the cost
               | 
               | Yes. That's what they were going for.
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare
               | 
               | The British didn't think it was worth the cost either.
        
               | bell-cot wrote:
               | > That's what they were going for.
               | 
               | Perhaps the U.S. pro-gun folks need to advertise more
               | widely that their imagined "victory scenario" is "turn
               | the U.S. into a smoking crater/basket case, which the
               | U.S. Army won't think is worth holding onto"?
        
               | willcipriano wrote:
               | You'd give up your right to self defence to a government
               | that would "turn the U.S. into a smoking crater" before
               | they would return the power to the people?
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | VoodooJuJu wrote:
           | Mujahideen equipped with small arms have been successfully
           | fending off professional armies for decades, most recently
           | the U.S. military in Afghanistan.
        
         | DonHopkins wrote:
         | Perhaps you're shooting yourself in the foot and getting
         | downvoted for incorrectly using "it's" instead of "its" (the
         | real ChatGPT would never make such a mistake), while at the
         | same time complaining about downvotes, and also comparing HN to
         | reddit. That's a hat trick of begging for downvotes.
         | 
         | Then there's your logic: How effective are guns against
         | bacteria or governments with nuclear weapons, anyway?
         | 
         | #1:
         | 
         | https://www.grammarly.com/blog/its-vs-its
         | 
         | >The difference between its and it's
         | 
         | >So what is the difference between its and it's? Distinguishing
         | the two words comes down to determining which one is a
         | possessive noun and which is a contraction. Once you've
         | identified this, you can easily recognize which version you
         | should be using and ensure you never mix up the two again.
         | 
         | >Here's the rub: its (without an apostrophe) is a possessive
         | pronoun, like his or her, for nouns that don't have a defined
         | gender. In contrast, it's (with an apostrophe) is the shortened
         | form, or contraction, of it is or it has.
         | 
         | >If you can substitute either it is or it has for it's in a
         | sentence, then you are on the right track. Otherwise, the
         | correct word is its, as long as it signals ownership of
         | whatever noun comes after it.
         | 
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
         | 
         | #2:
         | 
         | >Please don't comment about the voting on comments. It never
         | does any good, and it makes boring reading.
         | 
         | #3:
         | 
         | >Please don't post comments saying that HN is turning into
         | Reddit. It's a semi-noob illusion, as old as the hills.
         | 
         | https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/footgun
         | 
         | >footgun (plural footguns)
         | 
         | >(programming slang, humorous, derogatory) Any feature whose
         | addition to a product results in the user shooting themselves
         | in the foot.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick
         | 
         | >A hat-trick or hat trick is the achievement of a generally
         | positive feat three times in a match, or another achievement
         | based on the number three.
        
       | Tozen wrote:
       | The deaths and the life altering consequences of unknown diseases
       | on countless people appear to be the result of undisclosed secret
       | experiments by their own government.
       | 
       | No accountability, no payments to surviving family members nor
       | those directly affected. Just "toys" to be played with and
       | discarded at will. When people seek justice, just lots of
       | gaslighting and bureaucracy in return.
        
       | sesuximo wrote:
       | I've recently been reading about MKUltra, and I wonder if the 60s
       | was a crazy time or if the more recent "bad projects" are simply
       | not yet declassified.
        
         | DANmode wrote:
         | Both.
        
         | dokem wrote:
         | It has to have gotten worse since the whole JFK thing.
        
       | moose_man wrote:
       | There has been a serious uptick in posts about US germ warfare
       | from really weird sources like Medium and insider. Are the
       | Russians planning some sort of biological attack and trying to
       | create fertile environment?
        
         | localplume wrote:
         | [dead]
        
       | booleandilemma wrote:
       | I'm surprised no one has mentioned Operation Sea-Spray:
       | 
       |  _Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret biological
       | warfare experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus
       | globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in
       | California, in order to determine how vulnerable a city like San
       | Francisco may be to a bioweapon attack_
       | 
       | People got sick and one person died, all from bacteria they
       | thought to be harmless at the time.
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea-Spray
        
         | hoten wrote:
         | It's been mentioned a few times here.
        
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