[HN Gopher] A mental health crisis in science
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       A mental health crisis in science
        
       Author : rntn
       Score  : 172 points
       Date   : 2023-05-23 13:08 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nature.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nature.com)
        
       | taylodl wrote:
       | Welcome to late stage capitalism. Our blue collar brethren have
       | been put through the grinder for _decades._ Now it 's our turn.
       | In the end the majority of the population will be simply burnt
       | out - and to what end? To support the lavish lifestyle of a
       | select few.
        
       | jdlyga wrote:
       | I grew up in a family of scientists and professors. It's really
       | disheartening to see how much trouble it is to make a living
       | nowadays. My grandfather was an entomology professor, and was
       | able to support a wife, 3 kids, and a nice house though they were
       | no means wealthy. If you can't support yourself or a family in
       | 2023 working in academia, why would anyone pursue it as a career?
        
         | baja_blast wrote:
         | And this will lead to the a stagnation of science if the best
         | and brightest disincentivized from participating.
        
       | mtriassi wrote:
       | This makes me wonder how much of this is because research
       | typically happens in an academic setting versus this just being
       | the nature of research.
       | 
       | I wonder if researches from private companies feel the same woes.
       | If so, its probably just the nature of, like others have
       | mentioned, a deliverable / outcome based jobs. I'd imagine (and
       | hope), that at the very least they're paid better and have more
       | resources available to them.
        
       | gorjusborg wrote:
       | Others are hinting at the same thing, but toxic culture (by
       | itself) is probably only part of the problem.
       | 
       | If a single research job is toxic, that's stressful in the short
       | term, but will just motivate someone to leave eventually; stress
       | relieved.
       | 
       | If the entire 'industry' is toxic, there's no job change that can
       | relieve the stress. Also, research jobs are attained after people
       | make some hard-to-reverse decisions about money, time investment,
       | and lifestyle. If someone is in loads of student debt, has spent
       | a decade learning a very niche topic that can't be easily
       | leveraged elsewhere and doesn't have enough money to just quit
       | and be okay, it's easy to see where the stress comes from, and it
       | doesn't seem easily resolved.
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | Whole research fields share this toxic culture; what people
         | seem to do is leave their field entirely. Not to mention that,
         | because of the way academic lab research works, people
         | frequently take up jobs in locations where there is only one
         | credible "employer" (there will of course be dozens of PIs, but
         | it's institutional failures that allow abusive culture to take
         | root).
        
       | dbcooper wrote:
       | This song sums up how awful most lab careers are better than any
       | articles that I am aware of:
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_bB3LBYG6E&list=RDQ_bB3LBYG...
       | 
       | "You halted the march of progress."
        
       | jamesash wrote:
       | An early stage lab has a lot in common with a startup. The PI is
       | given seed money to validate an ambitious idea and has limited
       | time and resources to do it. The work is extremely labor
       | intensive and in the early stages the PI will be in the trenches
       | with the early employees working in the lab and setting an
       | example for them to follow. Fast failure and pivots are extremely
       | common. Furthermore, at any time the research idea could get
       | scooped by another hard-working research lab, resulting in
       | publication in a lower-tier journal. The PI must get early
       | results that can be used to obtain further research grants. A
       | good PI in this situation will set expectations accordingly that
       | 60+ hour weeks will be required and hopefully those who are not
       | willing to do so will self-deselect. From their perspective I
       | completely not understand not wanting to invest $50k/year of
       | their startup funds in a graduate student who is not putting in
       | the necessary time to succeed. The prospective graduate student's
       | maximum power is at the time when they are choosing a research
       | advisor. Choose wisely, and remember you are always free to
       | choose not to go if you don't see a good situation. I advise that
       | people think long and hard about whether or not they truly want
       | to do graduate school. There are far better ways to spend your
       | 20's than in a lab. I had two great experiences in "intense" labs
       | in my field (organic chemistry) after a very poor experience with
       | a prestigious but absentee graduate advisor in another field -
       | but it is definitely not for everyone.
        
         | BeetleB wrote:
         | > An early stage lab has a lot in common with a startup.
         | 
         | The problem is you also see this behavior in well established
         | lab, where the PI has very little to lose if he quits research
         | altogether.
         | 
         | In my experience, the correlation with whether the professor
         | was an assistant professor seeking tenure vs a well established
         | full professor and the amount of work they make PhD students do
         | is almost nil. It's mostly purely driven by the will of the PI,
         | not the demands of the funding situation. A lot of professors
         | choose to have few graduate students so they don't have to
         | stress too much about funding.
         | 
         | Remember: Once you get tenure, your job is not at risk if your
         | research output is low (although it does affect compensation).
         | If you get a $1M grant and end up with no research papers out
         | of it, there is _no_ accountability - except the granting
         | agency will deprioritize you in the future (if even that).
         | 
         | If you're seeking an advisor, ask his/her current students what
         | life is like. Also find people who graduated under him/her and
         | ask them.
        
           | jamesash wrote:
           | It's pick your poison, like choosing a startup vs BigCorp. My
           | observations pertain to organic chemistry specifically, I'm
           | less familiar with other fields.
           | 
           | With an assistant prof you will be asked to do unreasonably
           | long hours on ideas that haven't been fully validated, but
           | you get a lot of face-time with the PI (for better or worse)
           | and have a chance to get on the ground floor of a potentially
           | great research program. Your boss has a lot more invested in
           | your success because their career depends more on you. It can
           | be exciting.
           | 
           | With a more established prof you are more likely be plugged
           | into the n-th iteration of an established research program.
           | You're more expendable because the prof has more options to
           | hire your replacement; you can get lost in the crowd; the
           | prof won't be in the lab as much (travel, service
           | responsibilities) so it's more sink or swim. Lots can go
           | wrong in this environment. As the group gets larger, internal
           | politics can create frictions, especially if the supervisor
           | is away a lot.
           | 
           | I see A) as better than B) but that is just me.
        
             | BeetleB wrote:
             | Yeah, it will vary with the discipline/major and possibly
             | also the rank of the university. My point was that from
             | what I've seen, the startup vs BigCorp dichotomy wasn't as
             | clear cut as you describe. Also, there is the third
             | category: Small business. Few grad students, and relatively
             | low pressure.
        
               | jamesash wrote:
               | >Also, there is the third category: Small business. Few
               | grad students, and relatively low pressure.
               | 
               | These can be the saddest cases in my _opinion_. Lower
               | downside, but lower upside too. You work your butt off
               | and knock the ball out of the park with your project: who
               | notices? A few experts, in a very narrow field, may
               | recognize the significance of what you 've done. Can be
               | lonely.
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | This is the understandable part of researcher and grad student
         | abuse and the sense I get talking to people is that they do
         | indeed enter the field expecting to duck in on weekends to tend
         | to experiments, and expecting not to be well compensated.
         | 
         | The part that doesn't fit is their PIs being continuously
         | abusive, or, worse, destructive: the PI's goals are ostensibly
         | those of a supposed startup founder, to drive a team to the
         | redline to get something delivered in an unreasonably short
         | period of time, fair enough. But PIs deliberately fuck things
         | up, disrupt experiments, chase team members out of the lab for
         | no apparent reason, berate team members to the point where they
         | can't be productive.
         | 
         | The culture is much more reminiscent of a 1980s fine dining
         | restaurant kitchen than of a startup. The chef paid his dues,
         | and if having a pot half-filled with hot stock thrown at his
         | head was something he had to deal with, by god, so will his
         | line cooks and stages.
        
           | jamesash wrote:
           | Two most extreme stories I am most familiar with (did not
           | experience first-hand) were of a PI throwing a chair in the
           | direction of a postdoc, and of a PI having a screaming fit
           | directly in the face of a graduate student. Both assistant
           | profs.
           | 
           | One got tenure and became more mellow in a relative sense.
           | The other was subsequently unable to attract any more
           | graduate students to their lab, and left for another,
           | slightly less prestigious institution.
           | 
           | I am also familiar with one case of graduate students
           | resigning en masse, leaving a PI with a hollowed-out research
           | group of 2-3 that they had to rebuild. Prof had a subsequent
           | attitude adjustment.
           | 
           | In all these cases the stories spread pretty quickly and
           | profs realized that there were costs to abusive behavior.
           | These stories pre-date social media BTW.
        
       | AlbertCory wrote:
       | Rather than focusing on research, we should look at "careers that
       | are considered prestigious or rewarding in themselves" : fashion,
       | entertainment, sports, medicine, tenured teaching. In all of
       | those, there are more applicants than there are jobs. Hence,
       | lousy salaries and poor treatment.
       | 
       | On the other hand, jobs that won't impress anyone you meet tend
       | to have fewer applicants and much better treatment, because they
       | can't afford to drive people away.
        
       | nr2x wrote:
       | It won't change until people quit. I did, I'm making way more
       | money, way less stress, and I have no regrets.
        
       | dbcooper wrote:
       | A part of this is that in academia there are often few positive
       | career rewards. You're under pressure to publish frequently, in
       | high impact factor journals, and that is to _keep_ your job. You
       | don 't get pay rises or bonuses, or any other career
       | improvements, and job security can be until your next contract,
       | at best. If you don't make it to tenured professor, and have good
       | grant funding, then you are staring down the barrel of starting a
       | new career at an older age and with few contacts.
       | 
       | The place to start is by having far fewer PhD students, but more
       | masters students and technicians. A 60% reduction in PhD student
       | numbers would reflect job opportunities, and student aptitude,
       | more accurately.
        
         | currymj wrote:
         | This would help on some level, although it would definitely
         | make the stress on applicants much higher.
         | 
         | E.g. there's increasingly an expectation that students should
         | come into a PhD program with one or more publications already
         | under their belt. For top programs ideally these should be
         | first author (not yet an absolute requirement but it's more
         | important each year).
         | 
         | So you better get a good research assistant job as an undergrad
         | so you can do that. It has to be early enough in undergrad that
         | you have time to get the paper out before applying to grad
         | school. So you need to be prepared to get a professor to work
         | with you freshman/sophomore year...
         | 
         | So you have to have evidence of skills basically coming in to
         | undergrad. Either be really brilliant and stand out in class,
         | or, better, have some experience in high school to make you
         | credible...
         | 
         | These pressures would only increase with fewer PhD slots. Maybe
         | that's fine long term but it does have a distorting effect on
         | people's lives if you have to make high stakes decisions that
         | early.
        
           | sage76 wrote:
           | > there's increasingly an expectation that students should
           | come into a PhD program with one or more publications already
           | under their belt. For top programs ideally these should be
           | first author (not yet an absolute requirement but it's more
           | important each year).
           | 
           | This is something I discovered pretty late in my life. The
           | web pages maintained by profs barely have any info.
           | 
           | I have come to hate the whole "everybody looks for different
           | things" type of answer when it comes to PhD apps. I wish
           | profs would just spell it out on their site in concrete terms
           | what they personally look for.
        
           | xhkkffbf wrote:
           | Would you rather be told you're not going to get a stable job
           | as a researcher when you're 21 and first applying to grad
           | school or at 28-35 when you're finally told you didn't get
           | any interviews for a tenure track job?
        
             | dbcooper wrote:
             | Exactly. It's far better to get rejected early from the PhD
             | track, for not being a high achiever, than to muddle
             | through unable to secure a job. You would still be able to
             | prove yourself in a masters degree.
        
               | schnitzelstoat wrote:
               | Kinda, some people I know who did poorly at
               | undergraduate/masters did a lot better at the PhD level
               | though and vice versa as research is very different to
               | being taught.
               | 
               | There is such a lack of permanent research positions
               | compared to postdocs and PhD students that I'm not even
               | sure it's selecting for the best people.
        
               | mrguyorama wrote:
               | Society needs way more than just a few "high achievers"
               | ie people willing to work themselves to the death for
               | vague rewards, doing science.
        
             | currymj wrote:
             | right, this is the clear improvement. on the other hand,
             | now it means science-oriented high schoolers lives get an
             | extra helping of misery and stress.
             | 
             | on top of this you also filter out anyone who doesn't
             | perfectly stay on this high-stakes pipeline from age 14 to
             | tenure, which is probably not good overall for science.
             | 
             | economics is actually pretty close to working this way
             | already. indeed, the job market for economics PhDs is much
             | less dystopian than say life sciences. but there are
             | tradeoffs.
        
           | pmichaud wrote:
           | A different possibility is that we stop trying to find "the
           | best" candidates (which, by the way we're measuring with
           | metrics that have been Goodharted well beyond relevance).
           | What if this (and maybe everything else) worked via a kind of
           | lottery:
           | 
           | 1. The institution in question evaluates candidates as either
           | a fit or not a fit. 2. The candidates who fit are the pool
           | from which the positions are filled at random.
           | 
           | Obviously it's gameable as stated, but I think if I spent a
           | day or two designing a better mechanism with the same
           | premise, we'd end up with great candidates but without the
           | hyperoptimization trap.
        
         | chriskanan wrote:
         | As someone who loves my career as a researcher and scientist,
         | but was denied admittance when I applied from 2003 - 2005, I'd
         | be opposed to denying the career opportunity to those who want
         | careers in research and to follow their dreams.
         | 
         | Academia isn't the only career path for those with a PhD (I
         | worked in industry and at NASA as well), and I think students
         | should be taught that early on. I think we deny the opportunity
         | to learn how to conduct research to too many people due to
         | limited resources.
         | 
         | Regarding student aptitude, that's hard to measure. Already we
         | highly prioritize students who have already published as
         | undergraduates. If we do more to ensure student aptitude, it
         | would hurt those who may excel but were held back by a lack of
         | mentorship during their undergraduates in how to get into a PhD
         | program. This would also negatively impact efforts to increase
         | diversity in science as well.
        
         | RobotToaster wrote:
         | If anything, with increasing automation we need more PhD
         | students and more research being done.
         | 
         | The problem is the gatekeepers such as journal corps profit
         | from the artificial scarcity they create. There's no reason for
         | them to only publish a certain number of "papers" in the
         | paperless world.
        
           | betaby wrote:
           | Not sure about 'with increasing automation we need more PhD
           | students', sizeable chunk of PhD papers are in categories 'I
           | ran ping from the multiple cloud providers' and 'I've
           | injected some BGP routes via multiple internet exchanges'.
        
       | wat_do_phd_923 wrote:
       | This isn't even remotely surprising.
       | 
       | I'm a current PhD student in a coveted top-3 program. We have one
       | of the better stipends in the country, and I've been fully funded
       | by fellowships. My advisor thinks highly of me and isn't abusive.
       | I have a perfect GPA (not that that matters), some publications,
       | and pretty broad technical skills in "hot" area(s). Nevertheless,
       | graduation feels hopelessly out of reach, and I'm getting closer
       | and closer to dropping out.
       | 
       | Academia is full of cronyism, perverse incentives, idea theft.
       | Never mind work-life balance, there is no distinction whatsoever
       | between work and life. There's no "out" if you're in a bad
       | situation; you can't just change jobs like in the real world;
       | your advisor is your "third parent". The incentive structures
       | make it nearly impossible to meaningfully collaborate without
       | some petty authorship conflict arising. It's isolating and
       | seemingly designed to create unhappy, atomized, paranoid,
       | jealous, mean-competitive people. At the end, there is ultimately
       | no reward, materially speaking: all but the very tippy-top
       | academic job tracks are no better.
       | 
       | Academia's clerical heritage is not its only monastic quality.
       | I'm on the wrong side of my 20s and still living in a tiny,
       | crappy apartment with a roommate. At this point I implicitly
       | believe I will never get close to owning a home. That a family is
       | out of the question. That the future is always worse than the
       | present. I've gradually turned into a learned-helplessness "sorry
       | I exist" person, without ever noticing.
       | 
       | Suddenly I see how pathetic that is. I'm ready to change back.
       | I'm ready to be optimistic and ambitious and self-confident
       | again. I'm ready to live a life of improvement, not stagnation.
       | I'm ready to build something meaningful. Not to mention, my eyes
       | are finally opening to how much I could be making in industry if
       | only I hadn't been so proud/idealistic/willfully ignorant... And
       | how much better that kind of salary can make your life.
       | 
       | For the right offer, I am so ready to break free (DMs open (just
       | kidding (but actually though))).
        
         | naijaboiler wrote:
         | take your masters and run. go into the real world and get a
         | job. your paycheck, mental health, future family will all thank
         | you
        
       | bioemerl wrote:
       | Science as a whole has died a hard death.
       | 
       | All reward and prestige of being a researcher has been lost and
       | the people in the study have a slim chance of being able to work
       | with their degree.
       | 
       | Which I understand is about the opposite of what this article
       | wants, but you shouldn't trust the people who have broken science
       | to fix it. Research itself gets locked behind tightly walled
       | journals and are written with obscure and difficult language
       | laymen can't understand, peer review has become a hoop jumping
       | scam that let's bad research through.
       | 
       | Medical review and other ethics boards are suffocating the
       | ability for researchers to actually do things in a massive
       | overcorrection from the early days of research.
       | 
       | Media is in a continuous game of misrepresentation of everything
       | researchers say and trust in scientific truth had lead to
       | instructional actors getting their fingers in the process and
       | corrupting it to suit their ends.
       | 
       | ARXIV and the likes are the future of science. Where literal
       | discord servers are getting together to publish studies. Yeah.
       | Bunk gets published all the time, but peer review can just happen
       | dynamically through good old regular unchecked skepticism.
       | 
       | I would never in a billion years engage in the academic side of
       | research. If I wanted to be a scientist I'd do it as a hobby,
       | buying the tools to do it in my garage and publishing to open
       | journals where ethics boards and bureaucrats cannot touch me
       | beyond the reach of actual law.
       | 
       | In all hopes, academia will start to crumble and this sort of
       | garage philosophy will grow into a network of people that
       | replaces it with a fresher and more dynamic outlook.
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | I've heard a lot of complaints from a lot of different people
         | working in lab science (in my case, my interest was in bio &
         | chem) and none of them were about "tightly walled journals"
         | (working academic researchers generally have institutional
         | access, and when the logins are annoying to manage they just
         | sci-hub like everyone else) or IRBs.
         | 
         | Rather, it was very basic stuff, like being told to come in at
         | 5:30AM to feed a cell line only to have the PI show up at 2PM,
         | throw the experiment in the garbage, threaten the student's
         | livelihood, and then demand they stay until 11:30PM redoing the
         | experiment. Over and over again, at random intervals.
         | 
         | I asked around about this stuff because a family member now
         | works in the field and had some startling experiences, only to
         | find that this is apparently almost universal, and that what
         | I'm describing is on the lighter end of it. There are stories
         | about labs at elite universities where the grad students have
         | set up secluded spaces to go hide from their PIs and cry. It's
         | everything you've heard about working as a developer at a video
         | game company, dialed up to 11.
        
           | bumby wrote:
           | A lot of this seems to be poor leadership ability.
           | Unfortunately, it seems like in the sciences you can get get
           | promoted because you're really good technically, but these
           | skills don't mean you can manage a hill of beans. Rather than
           | treating the whole system down, maybe we need to look to
           | promote those who can manage teams rather than just those who
           | are "merely" technically bright.
        
           | mnky9800n wrote:
           | I had a friend who made a big board with switches and knobs
           | on it that changed lights and other stuff. It connected to
           | nothing. But sometimes the professor would come to the lab to
           | "be helpful". So they would point to the board and say turn
           | that switch when I ask. Or rotate that knob or whatever. And
           | the professor would get bored and leave after a while. But I
           | guess he was good at getting money so that's all that matters
           | in some places.
        
           | bioemerl wrote:
           | I don't really speak out of concern of the well being of
           | those in research, but for the health of the system as a
           | whole.
           | 
           | The fact it's a monster that eats people alive to me is an
           | evidence that the whole thing needs to be torn down and
           | replaced, which is the best way to erase all these sorts of
           | harms.
           | 
           | But this isn't about today's scientists. I fully expect a
           | collapse of academia to harm anyone currently in it, because
           | the skills you need to succeed will change dramatically
        
             | searine wrote:
             | >The fact it's a monster that eats people alive to me is an
             | evidence that the whole thing needs to be torn down and
             | replaced, which is the best way to erase all these sorts of
             | harms.
             | 
             | It is easy to tear down but hard to build.
             | 
             | I get that you are jaded, but tearing down institutional
             | science is just going to harm future scientists by robbing
             | them of opportunity. Yes the system isn't perfect, but that
             | doesn't mean we have to throw it in the trash in its
             | entirety.
        
               | askin4it wrote:
               | What does Opportunity have to do with science?
               | 
               | In this case, it seems like the Opportunity is an
               | opportunity to get trapped in a system that is likely to
               | be both unsatisfactory and unproductive.
               | 
               | My fear is that we've crossed the event horizon and we
               | can't rollback all the alterations that accumulated over
               | the years and gotten academics into a cul-de-sac or box
               | canyon. (Pick your metaphor...) next stop, the
               | singularity, where we will have the opportunity to
               | experience life as a dimensionless point...
        
               | searine wrote:
               | >What does Opportunity have to do with science?
               | 
               | Most science requires specialized tools and materials
               | that cannot be obtained outside of an institutional
               | environment. Tearing down the institutions means ceasing
               | basically all non-profit generating "big science"
               | efforts. That robs future scientists of working on the
               | cutting edge.
               | 
               | A garage lab is fun idea, but the reality is infeasible
               | in most circumstances. Even if possible, it will be slap-
               | shod and a gigantic money pit that no granting agency
               | will give a dime to.
               | 
               | >My fear is that we've crossed the event horizon
               | 
               | Hyperbole. Science existed before institutions and will
               | exist after if it all should come tumbling down. There
               | are more scientists than there has ever been, and as a
               | result a lot of "boring" but necessary science is
               | happening, but that doesn't mean there aren't rebels and
               | outlaws in that same system asking interesting questions
               | and overturning ideas.
        
             | askin4it wrote:
             | Very interesting points. Thanks for taking the time to
             | share.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | nenrkkfn wrote:
         | I had a tenured faculty position at an R1 university and left
         | it in part because of a completely dysfunctional institutional
         | environment with no insight. My best friends include full
         | professors at well-known institutions, though, and I've
         | continued to be involved with academics and research.
         | 
         | I'm frankly tired of science being characterized in terms of
         | competitiveness and abuse. That's true, but it's deeper than
         | that. It is now structurally corrupt, in the sense that nominal
         | credit does not reflect actual contributions and results are
         | often questionable or even fraudulent, and the incentives are
         | structured to reward collecting new data that are very
         | predictable rather than new ideas or exploring unknowns.
         | 
         | The characterization of science as just being "stressful" or
         | "competitive", as opposed to being broken and corrupt, does
         | disservice and deflects from real change by implicitly putting
         | the responsibility on those who are affected the most.
         | 
         | It's as if you had a city full of crime, white collar as well
         | as otherwise, and then discussed the problems in terms of
         | victims being anxious, rather than the fact there's no police
         | in the the city and the court system is corrupt.
        
           | EatingWithForks wrote:
           | I think I developed a similar conclusion that research as a
           | whole is corrupted when there was that CS student that
           | committed suicide due being affected by paper-approval
           | collusion agreements involving nearly all the prominent
           | researchers in the field. Nothing was done about it, even
           | though it directly contributed to someone's death.
           | 
           | I had so much disgust for the field since then.
        
             | extasia wrote:
             | I wasn't aware of this, do you have a link you could share?
        
               | jasonhong wrote:
               | I think it's referring to this case:
               | https://huixiangvoice.medium.com/the-hidden-story-behind-
               | the...
               | 
               | And for outcomes, the paper in question was retracted and
               | the professor involved resigned. However, I haven't seen
               | updates regarding the review ring (where a bunch of peer
               | reviewers collude).
               | 
               | https://retractionwatch.com/2021/03/16/after-grad-
               | student-su...
               | 
               | https://www.wuft.org/news/2021/04/23/university-of-
               | florida-p...
        
           | NeuNeurosis wrote:
           | This echos so much of the world it seems right now.I have
           | seen this in engineering, analytics, and the restaurant
           | industry.
           | 
           | New people and outsiders still have so much hope for what the
           | paths they choose offer them and once they enter and progress
           | are faced with the "city full of crime...(with) no police"
           | and very little recourse. Engineers that are berated and
           | bullied to output test results that conform to desired
           | product specs, management that wants data that conforms to
           | "projected" trends and bully analysts to "massage" the data
           | accordingly, chefs that are told they have to work 12-16hr
           | 5-6 days a week. These are just the examples that I have
           | personal experience with.
           | 
           | It seems that this structural corruption has everything to do
           | with financial rewards and who holds the purse strings. The
           | group/s that dole out the rewards seem to have played their
           | hand miraculously and convinced everyone that this is the
           | only way.
           | 
           | As I write this it reminds me of threads I was reading 10
           | years ago about surgery and surgeons and what it took to
           | become apart of that field. It was described as being fraught
           | with super high stress, high precision, high physically
           | demands such as super long shifts (24-48hrs) lack of sleep,
           | and a huge drop out rate. So many of the posters from the
           | industry were saying while it was toxic and terrible it
           | produced world class surgeons and that culture of training
           | and gatekeeping was what kept the profession the best in
           | world.
           | 
           | Would you say that possibly the people maintaining the
           | "structurally corrupt" culture are doing it to maintain a
           | perceived superiority and relevance both financially and
           | socially? What about the political winds constantly
           | undermining the output of the profession when it becomes
           | politically expedient to do so? Do you have any ideas on what
           | change would look like? What are some of the solutions that
           | you and your friends have discussed?
        
       | autokad wrote:
       | I worked in a research lab at a university for 10 years. It was
       | grant funded, so my position could get canceled at any time, but
       | so is working at at a private company. While the pay was about
       | half of what I made a year after leaving and working at private
       | companies, working in the research lab was WAAAAAAY easier.
        
       | contemporary343 wrote:
       | Speaking as a tenured PI in the (applied) physical sciences,
       | everything here is true but a lot of it boils down to a lack of
       | perspective and imagination by many faculty running labs.
       | 
       | There are many positive examples out there of ensuring student
       | career success in a supportive lab environment while also
       | producing good research. These need to be amplified as role
       | models.
        
         | Balgair wrote:
         | Care to share some of those examples?
        
       | whatever31337 wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
       | cush wrote:
       | I've seen this toxic culture tear people apart first hand. 80+hr
       | weeks, 52 weeks a year, barely enough pay to make rent, while
       | being berated by emails at 3am by the PI for poor data. It's
       | sickening.
        
       | grt_thr wrote:
       | When I was a post grad I could make less than I would at
       | McDonalds for work I was volontold to do.
       | 
       | I did the smart thing and quit. When you select for people who
       | don't do the smart thing and want to be exploited in exchange for
       | prestige they get exploited.
        
         | BeFlatXIII wrote:
         | > I did the smart thing and quit. When you select for people
         | who don't do the smart thing and want to be exploited in
         | exchange for prestige they get exploited.
         | 
         | I've also been told this is a prime driver for gender disparity
         | in STEM academia: the women with the talent to succeed in a Ph.
         | D. instead go earn their MD.
        
         | marktangotango wrote:
         | Whenever these things come up, I'm always grateful toward my
         | past self who opted out of academia and pursued industry. The
         | entire system of placing your fate in the hands of
         | disinterested, self motivated, senior faculty and researchers
         | seemed very risky to me at the time. Plus the money has been
         | nice. But I do feel like I missed out on some intellectual
         | growth. YMMV.
        
           | fullshark wrote:
           | In grad school I learned a bunch of stuff and pushed forward
           | a research topic that was outdated at the time but I just had
           | no idea. Once I got into industry it was obvious and I had to
           | catch up. The degree ended up providing nothing more than a
           | signal for job interviews.
        
         | generic92034 wrote:
         | True. But please consider the difference the social background
         | of the people makes. If you are financially secure due to
         | parents (or whatever) you can easily accept positions with a
         | low payment and do your best to get into a promising tenure
         | track.
         | 
         | So maybe it is only partly about exploitation, but also about
         | applying a social filter.
        
           | Hermitian909 wrote:
           | I would describe the best "second-tier" academics I've
           | encountered as mostly fitting the "parents money" archetype.
           | 
           | They're not the uber geniuses who flit to the top, but since
           | the toxic incentives aren't as important to them due to their
           | financial independence they get to focus on the work which
           | ultimately pays dividends in their career.
        
       | mensetmanusman wrote:
       | Have been in research 20 years, and cultures vary dramatically by
       | group.
       | 
       | Scientists also seem to be more anxiety prone than the general
       | population. Also, it doesn't help if you take your work too
       | seriously.
        
         | Lutger wrote:
         | I'm sorry to say it and you probably mean well, but your
         | response sounds like the very kind of victim blaming that
         | perpetuates and reinforces the abusive culture the article is
         | talking about.
         | 
         | Instead of the victims or the culture, I'd rather look at the
         | systemic issues that scientific institutions struggle with:
         | debt, lack of social mobility, being underpaid and overworked,
         | etc.
        
           | omginternets wrote:
           | We can also look at main effects across populations.
        
           | PaulHoule wrote:
           | I would point out this
           | 
           | https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2022/08/31/22-tenu.
           | ..
           | 
           | as one of the elephants in the room. It's particularly a
           | problem for DEI because someone who diagnoses their problem
           | as "I am a woman", "I am black", ... is missing the major
           | factor that the people who seem to fit in just fine in
           | academia just fine are _working in the family business._ That
           | is, at best you can erase  "black stigma" but the privilege
           | you are looking for is not a "white privilege" shared by all
           | whites but rather a much more specific privilege, and if we
           | just got them to where the average white person is they'd
           | still feel lost at sea.
        
       | schnitzelstoat wrote:
       | Low pay and an insecure job. It's like a pyramid scheme and many
       | end up either forced to leave science or remain an eternal
       | postdoc, and in countries like Germany postdoc funding is
       | restricted once you reach a certain career stage so even the
       | eternal postdoc isn't an option.
        
         | juujian wrote:
         | And graduate students will be the last ones to receive a "pay
         | raise" or even cost-of-living adjustment, I am certain.
        
       | syngrog66 wrote:
       | My understanding is that there's been a big rise in mental
       | illness, anxiety and stress in general, over the last 10 yeats or
       | so. And its true across professions, ages, race, gender or
       | sexuality.
       | 
       | A lot of factors pushing for it:
       | 
       | 1. the general madness and chaos of the Trump presidency ("When I
       | wake up in the morning will I learn Trump has launched nukes at
       | North Korea? Or vice versa?" etc etc, ad nauseum for 4 years)
       | 
       | 2. COVID lockdowns and economic swings
       | 
       | 3. apparent explosive rise in gun mass shootings -- "Will I or my
       | loved ones be next?"
       | 
       | 4. social media's toxic effect on peace of mind, in general
       | 
       | 5. active efforts by various actors to spread lies, sow tensions
       | and trigger violence (eg. stochastic terrorism)
       | 
       | 6. carbon climate crisis... a biggie
       | 
       | Therefore I've been building a sci-fi post-apoc, educational game
       | lately [SB: see below] which happens to take as its premises
       | that:
       | 
       | 7. humanity (or at least the US) fails to save democracy
       | 
       | 8. humanity fails to act boldly enough or fast enough to save us
       | from the worst of climate change's most dystopic effects
       | 
       | 9. and therefore, due to all of above, there's a yet further
       | MASSIVE rise in mental health disorders (all the way up to full
       | blown de facto "insanity") -- eg. like many of the survivors you
       | see in the Mad Max films
       | 
       | From a purely entertainment standpoint I loved watching films
       | like Idiocracy and Mad Max Fury Road. As a person in the real
       | world and a patriotic citizen I don't want to see us descend to
       | that level of insanity, struggle and suffering. Our existing
       | mental health systems are already inadequate today. If we start
       | losing more doctors, nurses & therapists to anxiety/depression or
       | over-work fatigue (speaking in broad terms), and also scientists,
       | engineers, teachers, etc, then it will get MUCH worse.
       | 
       | ----
       | 
       | [SB] - https://synystrongames.itch.io/slartboz
        
       | MisterBastahrd wrote:
       | I know a very intelligent woman: graduated in 4 years having a
       | 4.0 with a double major in CS and Chemistry. She was extremely
       | gung-ho about going to university and achieving her PhD, and I
       | naively believed at the time that she'd have no trouble
       | accomplishing her goals.
       | 
       | Enter competitive research academia. She felt constantly defeated
       | by classmates and advisors who seemed to be working against her
       | at every turn. One advisor, whom she trusted, moved to take a job
       | with another university. She followed in the hope that she could
       | shed the toxicity of the current working environment. Turns out
       | that the new place was just as toxic.
       | 
       | She finished with a 4.0 through grad school but never defended
       | the dissertation due to burnout, tired of the constant struggle
       | for resources, attention, and just plain basic humanity. She now
       | has a subservient role to PhDs she could run circles around
       | intellectually.
        
       | abhayhegde wrote:
       | Academia places unrealistic goals on brilliant people and pays
       | them so meagerly that they have to often find other sources of
       | income. On top of this, some of the advisors are outright
       | unbearable with their demands and work expectations, the world
       | seems bleak for even a motivated researcher. Amidst the scarcity
       | of grants, measly pay, extremely competitive environment,
       | uncertainties tied with job market, failures in experimental
       | methods, intractable theoretical adventures, publish-or-perish
       | culture, and the better alternatives available for someone with a
       | skill-set enough to pursue grad school, it's hardly any surprise
       | grad students have mental health issues.
        
         | photochemsyn wrote:
         | Some advice for grad students who want to preserve their mental
         | health:
         | 
         | 1) Have an entirely separate life outside of academia. Do not
         | mix the two, maintain a strict separation, and keep all
         | academic relationships strictly professional.
         | 
         | 2) Don't think of your advisor as anything other than an
         | employer. They're not a father figure or a mentor or anything
         | like that. You're just cheap labor, and don't forget it.
         | 
         | 3) Don't think of you university as a 'place of learning and
         | research' - they've all been corporatized to the hilt, and are
         | basically run on the same lines as any business entity,
         | including the worst aspects of corporate HR.
         | 
         | 4) If you do have mental health issues, absolutely never go to
         | anyone like a university-affiliated therapist, etc. If you ever
         | have a dispute with the university, they'll use any such
         | interaction in an effort to discredit you.
         | 
         | 5) Fraudulent manipulation of data is more common than not as
         | is dishonest behavior by PIs, and if your data from your own
         | research doesn't agree with their past work, they'll try to
         | prevent it from getting published and otherwise sabotage your
         | progress, so expect that.
         | 
         | 6) Academic politics is among the nastiest that exists, and
         | enemies of your PI will also happily sabotage your progress
         | just to make your PI look bad. Even other grad students might
         | try something like this, so trust noone (and see #1).
         | 
         | 7) If you have any really brilliant ideas with commercial
         | potential, don't say a word about it to anyone, don't write it
         | down, because the university will claim that it owns all your
         | IP and will demand a percentage of anything you do with it, so
         | keep quiet until you've left the system.
         | 
         | You can learn a lot if you get into the right situation,
         | however. Careful vetting of any prospective research group is
         | important in that respect.
        
           | CollinEMac wrote:
           | My wife is a researcher and it's astounding to me how many
           | people she works with ignore point 1. Almost everyone is
           | dating other people in the same lab or at least the same
           | institution.
           | 
           | As you can imagine some people do great with it but I'm also
           | aware of some catastrophes.
           | 
           | I like to think that our relationship, where we're free to
           | vent about our work but also talk about and enjoy lots of
           | other things, helps to keep us both mentally healthy.
        
         | eli_gottlieb wrote:
         | Yeah, it's not a matter of the "culture" at all. It's just a
         | matter of low pay, long hours, and minuscule chances of job
         | security and advancement.
         | 
         | (He says as he writes his thesis and prepares to start his
         | postdoc.)
        
           | kevviiinn wrote:
           | Honestly I would be happy if I just got paid as a 100% FTE.
           | I'm literally in the lab all the time, this 50% nonsense is
           | BS. They say it's because international students are
           | restricted to 20 hours per week, so okay just double the pay
           | then and still call it 50%. The salary for my current work is
           | super low anyhow, I'd be making way more if I got a job at
           | big pharma with my current degrees
        
             | explorer83 wrote:
             | I toggle around with the idea that the system is designed
             | or heavily influenced to be like this to benefit the big-
             | industries and rich people. Have talent but need money?
             | Work for big industry. Have money and can afford to stay in
             | school? Get some patents and get more rich. I know this is
             | a bit tin foil hat-ish.
        
         | geysersam wrote:
         | Funny that this is published in Nature. Arguably they're part
         | of the corruption (not in the legal sense) prevalent in the
         | "industry".
         | 
         | Self-awareness is good but less impressive when they're still
         | charging universities obscene amounts to access material the
         | journal obtained basically for free.
        
         | qazpot wrote:
         | I think the part about "unrealistic goals" is applicable to a
         | lot of spheres of life and exacerbated by the social media.
         | Social media after all inflicts high expectations and pressure
         | to convert your life into a performance on everyone
         | irrespective of profession, culture, age, country.
         | 
         | And ofcourse the Titans of social media - zuckerberg, chamath,
         | tiktok and 1000s of engineers, PMs will not pay for the harm
         | their engineered products have caused because waters have been
         | muddied enough and no true accounting of the harm can happen.
         | 
         | It is kind of like inventing a new synthetic highly addictive
         | drug which is technically legal but very harmful and you can
         | sell it to everyone.
        
           | vkou wrote:
           | Blaming social media for this is shooting the messenger.
           | 
           | You don't need Facebook or the Gram to be keenly aware that
           | all your university buddies who went into tech are going on
           | vacations to Maui and buying their second homes, while you're
           | still grinding your life away for nothing in a university
           | lab. In fact, all you need to do be aware of this is to show
           | up to your friends' bi-weekly happy hour at the local.
        
             | teaearlgraycold wrote:
             | I'm curious how that isn't obvious to someone going into
             | research.
        
               | vkou wrote:
               | It is quite obvious, which is why the parent poster's ire
               | is misplaced.
        
             | obscurette wrote:
             | > Blaming social media for this is shooting the messenger.
             | 
             | No, it's not. Social media created a world wide bullying
             | environment. Most of people all over the world are in
             | trouble because they have to compete with unrealistic image
             | of you or your profession created by social media. Whatever
             | you are or do, you are never good enough. Education,
             | medical field and science are especially vulnerable in this
             | regard.
             | 
             | Tech sector isn't really exception, but insane amount of
             | money people get in some parts of the world for
             | compensation makes it more tolerable.
        
         | greenhearth wrote:
         | Can the institutions be blamed for trying to stay afloat? Where
         | is this money coming from to pay the scientists? A collective
         | decision has to be made to keep science healthy in a meaningful
         | and productive way. I think academia (through its ethos of
         | critical approach and peer review) may be the single social
         | structure that keeps some kind of sanity.
        
           | kevviiinn wrote:
           | I don't know, can the admins stay afloat without making 200k+
           | per year? Maybe give some of that to us grad students
        
             | mrguyorama wrote:
             | No you see those admins are important because they went to
             | business school so they deserve to make more money than the
             | peons they oversee
        
           | tptacek wrote:
           | Academic research is funded by grants.
        
             | greenhearth wrote:
             | Can these grants provide a living wage?
        
               | ordersofmag wrote:
               | Wages paid by grants in general have to match whatever
               | the institutions 'standard' pay scales are. So it's the
               | institutions deciding pay rates. At least in the U.S..
        
               | CrazyStat wrote:
               | My wife is currently in the middle of a fight over this.
               | Her salary is paid by a grant from an organization that
               | has a minimum pay scale for postdocs. The university has
               | its own standard pay scale for postdocs, which is about
               | $20k/year lower. So far they've refused to budge. It's
               | not even their money, there's just 4 layers of
               | bureaucracy who have nothing better to do than ~enforce
               | policy~ no matter the cost.
        
               | EatingWithForks wrote:
               | Of course they'd fight your wife. They don't want any
               | history or evidence of potentially paying more under any
               | circumstances.
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | Perhaps so, if universities cut back on overhead. Much of
               | the grant funding is taken away to pay administrators who
               | don't directly contribute to research. There is a huge
               | amount of waste and no real pressure to control costs.
        
               | eli_gottlieb wrote:
               | Well, if we got rid of the administrators taking half the
               | grants, we could probably almost double the wages. So in
               | many cases, yes.
        
               | chriskanan wrote:
               | Depends on where you live: https://csstipendrankings.org/
               | 
               | NSF grants are hard to get, with a small award being for
               | about $600K over 3 years. That translates to about $300K
               | after the university takes its overhead. For me, that
               | would about fund about two PhD students for 3 years for
               | about $31K per year during the 9 month academic year.
               | Many PhD students in computer science do internships
               | during summer where they make a lot larger salaries, or
               | they are funded by me for that period instead.
               | 
               | In my city, Rochester, according to this website, our
               | stipends are the most generous in the USA based on the
               | low cost of living here. https://csstipendrankings.org/
               | 
               | We would all like to pay students more, but either we
               | then have fewer students or need the government to award
               | larger grants. As someone who had a hard time getting
               | into a PhD program due to how competitive it is, I would
               | be opposed to depriving folks of educational
               | opportunities.
               | 
               | Students typically take classes and do little research
               | for their first 1-2 years, but they do receive a stipend
               | during that time period.
        
         | fatnoah wrote:
         | > Academia places unrealistic goals on brilliant people and
         | pays them so meagerly that they have to often find other
         | sources of income
         | 
         | Early in my career, I considered (with an MS in Electrical
         | Engineering, but with 4 years of professional programming
         | experience) a switch into law. Big firms hire (or did in the
         | past) people with tech degrees to do patent work and will pay a
         | salary plus pay for law school.
         | 
         | When I joined the big firm, there were about 25 people in my
         | role. I was the only with with an EE or CS degree/background,
         | the only one without a PhD, and the only one with actual post-
         | academic work experience. For me, it was a 10% pay cut before
         | accounting for law school tuition, similar benefits, and an
         | small increase in hours. For all of the PhDs, it was
         | essentially a 100% raise, substantially less work, and superior
         | benefits.
        
           | jebarker wrote:
           | > Big firms hire (or did in the past) people with tech
           | degrees to do patent work and will pay a salary plus pay for
           | law school.
           | 
           | I've never heard this before. What job title would you search
           | for?
        
             | iancmceachern wrote:
             | I'm not the parent poster, but I believe they are generally
             | called patent agents
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | spamizbad wrote:
         | Part of what contributes to this is the "brainwashing" that
         | takes place in PhD programs that discourages applicants from
         | transitioning out of academia into "the industry". Academia has
         | tons of extremely smart, hard-working individuals, most of whom
         | would have excellent white collar careers with half the work
         | and 2-10x the pay.
         | 
         | There are a handful of academics who are truly built for
         | working in academia and wouldn't be as successful in "the
         | industry" but at least half could transition out of academia
         | and clean-up with a normal office job.
        
           | f6v wrote:
           | You should be discouraged from abandoning projects when
           | hitting a wall. I'd advise against dropping out of PhD
           | program if you don't have a publication ready in second year.
           | Also, there're people who truly enjoy science and pay isn't
           | the deciding factor.
        
             | vkou wrote:
             | > Also, there're people who truly enjoy science and pay
             | isn't the deciding factor.
             | 
             | If that's a good reason to keep pay low, why don't we apply
             | this to the management and administrative class? Surely, we
             | could find someone smart and capable who'd be happy to do
             | an exec's or a director's job, without seven-figure pay as
             | a consideration...
             | 
             | Think of all the money we could return to shareholders, if
             | we just made the directors subsist on prayers and ramen...
        
               | bumby wrote:
               | > _Surely, we could find someone smart and capable who 'd
               | be happy to do an exec's or a director's job, without
               | seven-figure pay as a consideration..._
               | 
               | We do, depending on domain. Directors in a lot of social
               | programs make low pay for what they deal with. Luckily,
               | many are mission oriented rather than being motivated
               | primarily by money.
        
           | mnky9800n wrote:
           | I really don't understand this mentality either. I left
           | academia to work in a company where my job is still doing
           | research and writing papers but I get paid more money. I even
           | write grants! And I get treated way better by the system in
           | place, I have private health insurance, I get a performance
           | bonus, I even get a company paid ski week!
           | 
           | There's a regular story told in physics departments that if
           | you leave you can't get back in. But in my experience, maybe
           | people leave and don't want to go back.
        
             | ke88y wrote:
             | _> There 's a regular story told in physics departments
             | that if you leave you can't get back in._
             | 
             | At least in CS, becoming a Professor of Practice is both
             | higher prestige and a much lower barrier to entry than
             | becoming an Associate Professor with Tenure. The job
             | security of the Professor of Practice is de jure weaker but
             | de facto much stronger. (Tenure doesn't mean shit these
             | days, especially in the USA.)
             | 
             |  _> But in my experience, maybe people leave and don 't
             | want to go back._
             | 
             | Bingo. And it becomes way more extreme by the year.
             | 
             | After a couple decades in the tech industry with a modest
             | lifestyle, 4.3% on your entirely post-tax brokerage account
             | comes damn close to paying a full professor's salary.
             | Retirement at 45 ain't a bad gig.
             | 
             | Get bored? No problem. Move somewhere nice close to a good-
             | but-not-top-10-R1 university.
             | 
             | Teaching can be fun. You can always ad junct if and only
             | you get the bug. Most departments are extremely happy
             | because the customers LOVE being taught by people who did
             | the real thing.
             | 
             | Research is similar: if you find a student you really enjoy
             | working with or an idea you really want to pursue, you can
             | opt to write a grant or take an industry gig for a bit.
             | Student's choice -- chill poverty or same work but with
             | weekly standups and more meetings and 5x comp. Again, the
             | customers LOVE being able to tell Congress they are funding
             | real stuff.
             | 
             | And you don't have to sit in faculty meetings where a bunch
             | of people pretend that their grant agencies and students
             | aren't customers, or that their department chair and dean
             | aren't their line manager and skip line manager, or that
             | their PhD students aren't criminally underpaid direct
             | reports.
             | 
             | Overall, it's nice to be able to clip coupons on bonds and
             | have uni admin fawning over you. It beats the alternative
             | of the tenure track, where you have to continue wage
             | slaving at a university whose admin has been totally
             | MBAified and can't really offer your direct reports much in
             | the way of solidarity because there are 100 28 year olds
             | who can also be PIs on military-industrial projects
             | interspersed with the occasional NSF/NIH grant.
        
           | kevviiinn wrote:
           | In my PhD program I don't see that at all, in fact our
           | program recently paid for students to attend a multiple day
           | seminar about how to get jobs _outside_ academia. I 'm not
           | sure where you get that impression from
        
             | vinnie-io wrote:
             | have you considered you might already be brainwashed
        
             | ke88y wrote:
             | _> in fact our program recently paid for students to attend
             | a multiple day seminar about how to get jobs outside
             | academia._
             | 
             | Consider that preparing you for jobs outside of university
             | should be the _goal of your education_ , not relegated to a
             | two-day seminar.
             | 
             | And also consider how relatively fucked it is that such a
             | seminar is actually quite necessary due to the fact that
             | the vast majority of your faculty haven't spent more than a
             | trivial amount of time in industry. (Things that don't
             | count as non-trivial industry experience include: the gap
             | year between undergrad and grad school, the one year
             | industry Post-Doc, sporatic consulting, the "spinoff" that
             | never got past a seed round in which the university
             | endowment or SBIR was the lead "investor", or especially
             | the "several internships at top companies" lol.)
        
       | xupybd wrote:
       | I've noticed that the smarter and more academic people in my life
       | are more prone to anxiety and depression. I've often wondered if
       | there is a cause behind that correlation or just a random
       | coincidence amongst the people I know. I guess this could account
       | for some of that.
        
       | pfdietz wrote:
       | Scientists are exploited the same way game developers are
       | exploited: their love for the area, and the intangible rewards
       | they get from working in it, are used to depress wages and
       | benefits.
        
       | _fat_santa wrote:
       | It seems like this is a symptom of a larger problem, rates of
       | anxiety and depression have been going up in recent years in
       | pretty much every facet. I always hear that social media is to
       | blame, but I wonder if that is really the case? I feel like
       | something else is going on, maybe it's just a totality of smaller
       | issues rather than one big problem.
        
         | DrThunder wrote:
         | It's being coddled in a sense. You have an entire generation
         | that had very little required of them. Many of them never heard
         | the word no and were just given what they wanted. Additionally,
         | k12 schools told them that any slight or disagreement put
         | towards them was bullying and unacceptable. No one should have
         | to hear opinions they don't agree with.
         | 
         | Imagine growing up that way and then being sent off on your
         | own. Of course your mental well-being will plummet. It's like
         | being in a nice climate controlled house for 18 years and then
         | being thrown out in the wilderness. When your expectation is to
         | never have to deal with any discomfort.... well it's a shock.
         | 
         | As far as the social media part, I think many of these kids
         | were raised on smart devices. They were receiving constant
         | dopamine hits from a young age and no parenting on emotional
         | regulation. If your brain is wired for an easy dopamine hit
         | that doesn't require work, the real world is pretty harsh and
         | depressing.
        
           | doubled112 wrote:
           | Related, but not completely this topic, and a sample size of
           | two warning!
           | 
           | I have a couple of boys, 5 and 8. They have tablets and
           | computers, and they love them. Some days we don't use them,
           | some days they spend far too much time on them. Life goes on,
           | we do what we can. I played an entire metric crap ton of
           | video games at those ages, and I turned out okay, I think.
           | 
           | I keep hearing "screen time." That is the enemy. I'm not so
           | sure it's just the screens. Of course it's not playing
           | outside in a field, but you can't let them wander too far,
           | somebody will call the cops.
           | 
           | A lot of the modern stuff (TV shows, movies, games) seems to
           | overstimulate them way quicker compared to something like
           | playing a day's worth of Super Mario World. Like it was
           | designed to lure them in and enrage them or something.
           | 
           | I'm imagining social media is the same, but we're not there
           | yet. I don't do a lot of social media myself, so hopefully
           | they will see the example.
        
         | A4ET8a8uTh0 wrote:
         | Social media does sound like a decent theory though. To your
         | point, the issues plaguing the US ( and indeed the world ) have
         | not changed that much over the past four decades. What did
         | change is relative access to information, which exacerbated and
         | maybe even hastened some trends. The small factors were always
         | there, but were not as commonly seen for a variety of reasons (
         | social stigma, exposure to media, 'toughen up' message from
         | society being but a few examples off the top of my ehad ). And
         | even now, we only are aware of it as a potential trend due to
         | social media exposure ( in this case, HN ). Would we be as
         | aware of it even 10 years ago?
        
           | Hermitian909 wrote:
           | > To your point, the issues plaguing the US ( and indeed the
           | world ) have not changed that much over the past four
           | decades.
           | 
           | Inside the US, this sounds wrong both anecdotally and from
           | the data. I'd argue the cost of "living" has gone up quite
           | substantially. Since 1980 rent has risen 140% and incomes
           | 20%[0].
           | 
           | Anecdotally, in the 1970s it was entirely possible to live in
           | an acceptable city or suburb on part-time work, and you could
           | have your own apartment on minimum wage. You might not have
           | _nice things_ but I know many people who spent their 20s very
           | comfortably like this not worrying about how to afford
           | living. (having a family on this budget was not feasible, but
           | that 's another thing)
           | 
           | Conversely today I don't know _anyone_ making less than less
           | than 40k /yr who is not constantly stressing about food costs
           | and how they'll make rent.
           | 
           | [0] https://www.realestatewitch.com/rent-to-income-
           | ratio-2022/
        
           | cornercasechase wrote:
           | > _To your point, the issues plaguing the US ( and indeed the
           | world ) have not changed that much over the past four
           | decades._
           | 
           | Wealth inequality has an increased a lot in the last four
           | decades. I'd start there when looking for a source for mental
           | health issues.
           | 
           | https://www.pewresearch.org/social-
           | trends/2020/01/09/trends-...
        
             | A4ET8a8uTh0 wrote:
             | Money does buy certain level of comfort ( and help if
             | needed ) so I am more than willing to consider it as a
             | factor, but I am not sure it is THE answer to the source of
             | mental health issues. Lack thereof may make things worse,
             | but I am not sure it is the core issue. FWIW, I may well be
             | wrong, but I don't think it is fair to assume it is X, when
             | you see same health issues pop up in otherwise wealthy
             | environments. Most interesting example of that being
             | 'affluenza'.
        
         | huijzer wrote:
         | According to Tim Urban's latest book "What's our problem?",
         | modern Western society also has other problems such as an
         | increase in groupthink, which is for example visible in the
         | aggressiveness of current US politics.
         | 
         | Overall, it's difficult to have much hope for the future. We're
         | in a new cold war where collaboration decreases rapidly between
         | the West and, I guess, East. That's wildly different than 2008
         | when China and Russia appeared to warm up to the West and
         | taking some more democratic stances.
         | 
         | What does excite me is the continued improvements in hardware
         | and software. Let's hope those things will continue
         | improvements in entertainment, medicine, travel, and education.
        
         | abhayhegde wrote:
         | I definitely think social media has a large share in driving
         | down the mental health of the majority of users. No two lives
         | are comparable, yet it induces people to compare their lives to
         | someone else's often resulting in an unreasonable amount of
         | envy, jealousy, and a general dissatisfaction of their lives.
         | People pick their best moments while sharing, but it's never
         | the true picture. It sets unrealistic expectations.
        
           | salawat wrote:
           | So what are you blaming exactly?
           | 
           | The fact that social media has us all connected and capable
           | of measuring relative to others?
           | 
           | Or the fact it's weaponized by an entire industry of
           | "influencers" subsidized by actors just trying to maximize
           | the consumption factor of economic activity?
           | 
           | Or the fact that the system is fundamentally governed by
           | network effect induced power laws, leading to massive
           | inequality, that can end up being a stressor on average?
           | 
           | Just trying to tease out the right thread here, is all.
           | 
           | Something that lets us all communicate isn't inherently bad.
           | It's the end that it is applied to that is.
        
             | nrb wrote:
             | > Something that lets us all communicate isn't inherently
             | bad.
             | 
             | I'm not so sure this is the case. Seems like we are testing
             | the limits of our social programming when exposed to
             | networks _vastly_ beyond our capabilities historically, and
             | we're seeing the various ways that our social behaviors
             | break down naturally. That there is a profit motive in
             | encouraging and accelerating this breakdown might be
             | orthogonal to the idea that it isn't meant to exist at this
             | scale in the first place.
        
         | bendango wrote:
         | It's not social media, it's social awareness of the
         | exploitation of youth to prop up elders who contribute nothing
         | but marching orders that, conveniently, prop up elder
         | investments.
         | 
         | It's being mocked over the environment. All they get is tough
         | love as a generation dies off leaving behind the worst
         | ecological mess any dying generation has left behind.
         | 
         | It's being swindled by one socialized loss to enable private
         | gain after another; sports stadiums, healthcare... etc
         | 
         | It's teen women watching bodily autonomy taken from them by a
         | bunch of leches.
         | 
         | And, the worst part, it's the apathetic public following
         | orders. Feckless society afflicted by learned helplessness; all
         | the white collar workers who can't provide anything real for
         | themselves. Imagine being on the hook to coddle that?
         | 
         | This culture is a joke of self absorbed primates who ramble in
         | high minded praise of their intelligence. War is peace and
         | exploitation by aristocrats is freedom.
        
         | nvahalik wrote:
         | [flagged]
        
           | readthenotes1 wrote:
           | Starting with the boomers, children have been raised to think
           | they are the most important people in the household.
           | 
           | No wonder, 3 generations later, grown children are a bit
           | self-focused.
        
         | jrochkind1 wrote:
         | In a recent Ezra Klein show interview [1] with social scientist
         | Jean Twenge on the documented rise in teenage depression,
         | Twenge found it correlated with a rise in social media use, but
         | also found that increasing social media use was correlated with
         | _fewer hours of in-person social interaction_ among teens than
         | previous.
         | 
         | While Twenge wanted to talk about both things (and I'm somewhat
         | suspicious of the certainty of her conclusions), I found it
         | pretty thought-provoking to focus on the drop in in-person
         | social interaction as the driver. Social media use can quite
         | likely _lead_ to lower in-person socialization (I do think it
         | 's likely causation, and in that direction). And there may be
         | other social factors doing such too. Covid obviously. (note
         | that rise in teen depression trend started well before covid
         | though). Over-protectiveness (for teens) or general fear of
         | risk of "the world"/focus on risk reduction. (They talked about
         | this a bit).
         | 
         | To me it seems pretty clear (just my intuition/perception, not
         | from actual social science) that our society is having a crisis
         | of lack of meaningful relationships/community and lack of
         | feeling of purpose in one's life, and this is leading to
         | depression and anxiety. (As well as possible political
         | disaster). What exactly is causing that lack of meaninful
         | relationships and purpose, and what can be done, is harder. I
         | think the internet is a (large) part of it, but so are other
         | parts of the social/political/economic system.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/19/opinion/ezra-klein-
         | podcas...
        
           | AnimalMuppet wrote:
           | It's everything. Work from home. Self-check-out at the
           | grocery store. Delivery of everything. Telemedicine. Cars
           | instead of walkable neighborhoods or mass transit (or even
           | bicycles). The decline of church attendance. I can't think of
           | one social trend pushing us toward _more_ face-to-face
           | interactions.
           | 
           | If it's spanning this many different trends, I think there
           | ought to be some larger thing driving it, but I can't put my
           | finger on what it is.
        
             | jrochkind1 wrote:
             | Agreed with all of your examples.
             | 
             | I mean, to me, the larger thing is probably "capitalism",
             | in which increasing amounts of social life are turned into
             | things that can produce profit for a business. Our
             | particular capitalism built on racism doesn't help either,
             | with it's legacy of "we don't want public amenities because
             | we don't want to fund them for THOSE people" and "we're
             | scared to go outside because a lot of people have a lot of
             | reason to wish us harm." (that we built for cars instead of
             | walkable cities or public transit actually has a LOT to do
             | with racism)
             | 
             | But people don't love talking about this here. Or rather,
             | they do and they don't. :)
             | 
             | In the general socciety, decline of social interaction has
             | probably been a topic of discussion since Robert Putman's
             | 2000 book "Bowling Alone". http://bowlingalone.com/
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | I've worked with groups of juniors and college students every
         | year for a while now. I agree that something is going on, but I
         | don't think there is a single explanation.
         | 
         | Social media is a big part of it, but from what I've seen it's
         | not in the way people usually describe it. The most unhappy
         | people I see aren't the ones talking to their friends on
         | Instagram and Facebook during their lunch break. To be honest,
         | those people seem to be thriving socially simply by virtue of
         | keeping up with their friends and coordinating social
         | activities.
         | 
         | The most unhappy people I see are the ones consuming hours of
         | Reddit and Twitter every day. They have a never ending stream
         | of ragebait, outrage headlines, tragedy stories, and world-is-
         | ending stories filling their feeds. They're also filled with
         | unreasonable expectations about the workplace.
         | 
         | In recent years multiple juniors have confidently told me that
         | "nobody can do more than about 2 hours of work per day", citing
         | Reddit or Twitter threads that explain it. Then they get into a
         | real job that requires a full day of work and feel like they're
         | being taken advantage of. I've had a concerning number of
         | conversations with juniors who are getting paid $120K or more
         | to do entry level work with great mentoring at a local company,
         | only to be outraged at some idea that the industry is taking
         | advantage of them because they haven't been promoted to senior
         | with $300K total comp after their first year. The source of
         | these expectations is always some form of social media (Reddit,
         | Blind, Twitter)
         | 
         | I don't know how this translates to academic contexts because
         | that's not my mentoring domain. I imagine it's at least
         | contributing, though. That said, academic environments are
         | known to be grueling so it's not entirely a singular issue.
         | They really are grueling.
        
           | cornercasechase wrote:
           | I think being angry is a natural and healthy response to the
           | current economic reality. The juniors you're working with
           | have it right. If the CEO is going to make 100X as much as
           | me, I'm going to do my best to work 100X less than they do.
           | Hopefully we've reached a timeline where we no longer
           | acquiesce to rampant inequality.
        
             | badpun wrote:
             | If the CEOs have it so great, why not become a CEO yourself
             | and reap all those benefits?
        
               | hotpotamus wrote:
               | Personally, my knife fighting skills aren't anywhere near
               | up to par for that.
        
             | refurb wrote:
             | _If the CEO is going to make 100X as much as me, I'm going
             | to do my best to work 100X less than they do._
             | 
             | You realized CEO's make that much money after a long career
             | where they were busting their asses as juniors.
             | 
             | You basically made the same argument the grandparent is
             | criticizing.
        
               | harimau777 wrote:
               | Ya, but there are many more people who spend years
               | busting their asses in menial jobs who are never rewarded
               | for it.
               | 
               | I have no problem with CEOs making lots of money. I have
               | a problem with them making 100x more than their median
               | employee; especially when their poorest employees aren't
               | making a living wage.
        
               | cornercasechase wrote:
               | I realize that the CEO was born into a family where they
               | were handed their position. You don't get to the top by
               | "working hard" that's a sucker's game. You need to be
               | born to the right family, grease the right palms and be
               | in the right place at the right time. Being a complete
               | sociopath doesn't hurt either.
        
               | badpun wrote:
               | - CEO of Microsoft is a child of middle class Indian
               | immigrants
               | 
               | - so is CEO of Google
               | 
               | - CEO of Apple comes from working/lower-middle class
               | family
               | 
               | - CEO of Johnson and Johnson (12th largest SP500 company)
               | is an immigrant from Spain, coming from middle class
               | family
               | 
               | etc etc etc
        
               | cornercasechase wrote:
               | > _CEO of Microsoft is a child of middle class Indian
               | immigrants_
               | 
               | Middle class people aren't the secretary to the prime
               | minister.
               | 
               | https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/satya-nadela-
               | microsoft...
               | 
               | > _so is CEO of Google_
               | 
               | "His father also had a manufacturing plant that produced
               | electrical components"
               | 
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai
               | 
               | You're buying the propaganda.
        
               | dragonwriter wrote:
               | > Middle class people aren't the secretary to the prime
               | minister.
               | 
               | That sounds quite normal, actually.
               | 
               | But the middle class (the _petit bourgeoisie_ ) is a
               | small, economically elite class. It is in the middle
               | between the working class that makes up the vast majority
               | and the even narrower _haut borgeoisie_ -- the major
               | capitalists whose relation to the economy centers on
               | control of capital to which rented labor is applied.
               | 
               | Unfortunately, people sometimes confuse the middle class
               | with the middle income segment of the working class,
               | which is a very different thing. (And that confusion is
               | often deliberately exploited.)
        
               | ke88y wrote:
               | _> > Middle class people aren't the secretary to the
               | prime minister._
               | 
               |  _> That sounds quite normal, actually._
               | 
               | ?!?!
               | 
               |  _> Unfortunately, people sometimes confuse the middle
               | class with the middle income segment of the working
               | class, which is a very different thing. (And that
               | confusion is often deliberately exploited.)_
               | 
               | Oh, I see. This doesn't seem particularly helpful. People
               | don't "sometimes" confuse those two things. The de facto
               | agreed upon meaning of "middle class" has been "middle
               | income segment of the working class" for at least a
               | century at this point.
               | 
               | And, in any case, serving on the Planning Commission
               | seems much closer to "Ruling Class" than "Middle Class"
               | unless you literally believe in the illuminati.
        
           | _fat_santa wrote:
           | > To be honest, those people seem to be thriving socially
           | simply by virtue of keeping up with their friends and
           | coordinating social activities.
           | 
           | > The most unhappy people I see are the ones consuming hours
           | of Reddit and Twitter every day.
           | 
           | I think you make a good distinction here. We always seems to
           | lump "social media" into one big blob when talking about it
           | but like you said I think there is some nuance here. I see
           | Reddit/Twitter as a different kind of social media than
           | Facebook/Instagram. On Instagram/FB it's all about the "real
           | you", I have an account with my name on it and photos of me.
           | Reddit (and to a lesser degree Twitter) on the other hand is
           | all about being anonymous and interacting with strangers (as
           | opposed to your friends) on the internet.
           | 
           | There's a time and place for both types of interactions but I
           | feel like the "anonymous stranger internet" is what's really
           | driving most of the negatives we see in social media.
        
           | commandlinefan wrote:
           | I don't know - I have two kids, one 17 and one 19. The
           | 19-year-old graduated valedictorian from his high school of
           | 700 last year, did extracurriculars and scored in the 99th
           | percentile on the SAT... and was still rejected by the "top"
           | colleges he applied to (Stanford, MIT). The 17-year-old got a
           | B this year, and she's devastated - if getting everything
           | nearly perfect isn't enough, what hope does everybody else
           | have? It wasn't like this when I was a teenager in the 80's.
        
             | DrThunder wrote:
             | What do you mean, what hope does she have? You do not need
             | to go to Stanford or MIT to be successful. In fact I think
             | the average person would be better off not going to an
             | expensive school like that.
             | 
             | If you're goal is to be in the top echelons of elitist
             | society I guess that's where you've got to be. If your aim
             | is be gainfully employed and make a good living then those
             | schools aren't necessary for anything.
        
             | ke88y wrote:
             | _> The 19-year-old graduated valedictorian from his high
             | school of 700 last year, did extracurriculars and scored in
             | the 99th percentile on the SAT_
             | 
             |  _> Stanford, MIT_
             | 
             | I see this attitude often and... I just don't get it. It
             | seems innumerate at best.
             | 
             | MIT accepts around 500 students and Stanford accepts around
             | 2,000 students. There's overlap between those two groups,
             | but let's assume they are entirely disjoint. That gives us
             | 2,500 seats. Let's round up to 3,000 just for fun.
             | 
             | Last year, around 3 million students graduated from 20,469
             | high schools. That's 20,469 valedictorians for 3,000 spots.
             | 
             | Last year, 1.7 million students took the SAT. That's 17,000
             | in the top percentile for 3,000 spots.
             | 
             | The set of valedictorians and set of SAT 99th percentile
             | students probably mostly overlap. (And to the extent that
             | they don't overlap, it's often because valedictorian is a
             | weird game; eg, at both the high school I attended and the
             | high school in my current community it's basically
             | mathematically impossible to win the valedictorian game if
             | you participate in band/orchestra because they aren't
             | honors courses for the first 3 semesters... but, of course,
             | any sane admissions department knows this and will weigh
             | significant involvement in music over two additional honors
             | courses.)
             | 
             | So there are at least 10K students who meet at least your
             | son's (high) bar, all competing for less than 3,000 seats
             | at MIT/Stanford. And that's a conservative estimate. You
             | can add in another 5-10 top schools and the arithmetic is
             | still either impossible for extremely challenging, even if
             | you limit yourself to grades and test scores. And that's
             | with extremely generous assumptions.
             | 
             | But, of course, they competition is far stiffer because a
             | lot of those seats will go to kids who didn't get 4.0s and
             | weren't valedictorians and didn't get 99th percentile SAT
             | scores. But that's because they were spending too much time
             | doing far more impressive things than running up their
             | scores in those categories. Eg doing well at a national
             | science fair, doing well at a national debate or mock trial
             | tournament, winning a major mathematics competition,
             | winning a major writing or art award, doing well nationally
             | in a competitive sport, performing a musical instrument at
             | a very high level, etc.
             | 
             | And those are just the color-inside-the-lines youth
             | competition things. A step up from the "grades and tests"
             | nonsense but still very sand boxy. High school students do
             | a lot of impressive real world stuff as well -- significant
             | open source contributions, significant community
             | development work, publishing peer reviewed scientific
             | articles, etc. Read George Hotz's wiki page -- kids with
             | those sorts of accomplishments apply to places like MIT and
             | Stanford every year. Perfect grades and test scores were
             | criteria that didn't matter much until a candidate was
             | already second or third tier; the difference between 3.8 or
             | even 3.5 and 4.0 just doesn't matter when a seventeen year
             | old already has career accomplishments on their resume that
             | I'd be proud to have at 30. That's just computing. There
             | are wunderkids like that in every field. Lots of them.
             | 
             | And even after all of that we still haven't left the
             | borders of the USA (at MIT, about 10% of undergraduates are
             | international).
             | 
             |  _> It wasn 't like this when I was a teenager in the
             | 80's._
             | 
             | Fewer students went to college. More importantly, systemic
             | barriers to entry -- both informational and cultural --
             | remained extremely high for most people without WASPy
             | coastal and/or upper-middle-class-suburb backgrounds. The
             | internet eroded a lot of those informational and cultural
             | barriers. Democratizing access to knowledge dramatically
             | increased the efficiency of this market, and that has
             | resulted in much stiffer competition.
             | 
             |  _> if getting everything nearly perfect isn 't enough,
             | what hope does everybody else have?_
             | 
             | I really hope that my kids aren't going to aim for elite
             | universities. Having spent a lot of time at both of the
             | institutions you mentioned, I know they can get a great
             | education and almost certainly live a better life without
             | that kind of pressure.
        
               | commandlinefan wrote:
               | > I know they can get a great education
               | 
               | Too bad the people doing the hiring don't know that.
        
               | ke88y wrote:
               | The unemployement rate is around 3%-4%, and at least 99%
               | of people don't have degrees from elite universities.
        
               | currymj wrote:
               | fyi at least in STEM type fields, the top students at one
               | of the good state schools have pretty similar
               | opportunities to Stanford MIT etc. you can go work for
               | big tech, top HFT and finance firms, go to top grad
               | schools, or whatever. unlike at Stanford/MIT/Ivy, it's
               | not the default path, so it takes a little bit more
               | scheming while you're there to make sure you stand out,
               | but it's still quite common every year.
        
               | DrThunder wrote:
               | Huh? You believe people that don't go to Ive League
               | schools are just living in squalor? I don't know of any
               | jobs that require a degree from those schools. MIT is
               | even more silly because most tech sector jobs don't care
               | where your degree is from.
               | 
               | I'm sure there's some weird pompous elitist corporation
               | out there that only pulls from those schools but no one
               | NEEDS to work at those places.
               | 
               | If you're basing your success off of gaining entry into
               | those schools I have to guess you grew up in a very
               | closed off, extremely wealthy area.
        
               | ke88y wrote:
               | _> If you 're basing your success off of gaining entry
               | into those schools I have to guess you grew up in a very
               | closed off, extremely wealthy area._
               | 
               | Either that or a middle income/upper middle income
               | immigrant community. Often the intersection of the two.
               | 
               | But, yeah. Having worked at several and in the orbit of
               | basically of them: I'm an extreme skeptic of
               | undergraduate prestige factories.
               | 
               | Go to a school with decent resources. That's a MUCH
               | better way to think about it than "decent school", which
               | could mean anything. Want does that mean? Depends on your
               | major.
               | 
               | Once there, be curious. Be voracious. Advocate for
               | yourself. Major it whatever you want. But also make sure
               | at least one of your majors has a lower-risk career track
               | to fall back on. Never, ever accept "prestige" in lieu of
               | either opportunities to grow or earn cold hard $$$.
               | Always remember you live in a _capital_ -ist society.
               | People and institutions say they value a lot of things --
               | knowledge, God, country. But in a Capital-ism, power and
               | comfort flow from people who have access to capital to
               | whomever those people please.
        
           | shusaku wrote:
           | > The most unhappy people I see are the ones consuming hours
           | of Reddit and Twitter every day
           | 
           | Or god forbid Hacker News!
        
         | mordae wrote:
         | Perhaps capitalism?
         | 
         | The days of providing new products to the eager market are
         | gone. It simply no longer pays to hire more people and let them
         | solve other people's problems. It's an all-out class war
         | (fighting against unions, bribing politicians, colluding to
         | suppress wage growth and so on) with capitalists infighting
         | about who gets how large share of the emerging rent economy
         | (communications, housing, transportation, food).
        
       | fnord77 wrote:
       | There's toxic culture in a lot of fields and there's one common
       | denominator.
       | 
       | Can't wait for AI to take over every field it can and push out
       | the corrupting factor - humans
        
         | imranq wrote:
         | Maybe this is the answer...when humans are no longer required
         | for a field to move forward, prestige becomes meaningless and
         | everything becomes a means toward self-fulfillment not
         | competition
        
       | xbar wrote:
       | Science is hard, viciously competitive, and deeply cruel in all
       | ways in order for some to win. Cheating, plagiarism, racism,
       | sexual harassment, theft of ideas, publishing spam, ....
       | Everything is in play in this game.
       | 
       | Calling it "culture" and laying some "blame" is a convenient
       | "we're the worst off subset of victims; it's not us, it's them"
       | perspective but it will neither solve the problem nor address the
       | actual condition--science is not a utopian island that is
       | separate from big business economics, university branding and
       | wealth, nor from geopolitics.
       | 
       | Scientists have not figured out how to organize as well as any of
       | those entities and will continue to be subjugated to their game
       | and their system. When that is solved, the tools that abusers
       | within the scientific community use against each other are more
       | easily addressed.
       | 
       | Perhaps in the meantime we can pass some more laws that that make
       | it seem like we care, but the existing regulations that make
       | racism/ageism/sexism/abuse illegal are not currently effective.
       | But to be clear: we don't care. We fought as hard as we could to
       | win at that game and we raise our kids to try to win at that
       | game. MIT, Stanford, Harvard, Cal, Michigan, Texas, Wisconsin,
       | <insert your personal alma mater for which you have pride in its
       | research capabilities>: you wanted to get in; maybe you did; you
       | will desire for your kids to get in; they probably won't. The
       | patents and rights of science and research are in the hands of
       | someone who is not doing the work.
        
         | pelasaco wrote:
         | yay more laws!
        
       | ProjectArcturis wrote:
       | Fundamentally, the research industry requires continuous
       | exponential growth to accommodate everyone working there. Each PI
       | trains 10+ grad students in their career. Where do those students
       | go? They all want to become PIs themselves. Otherwise why would
       | they get a PhD? Ultimately the majority must be disappointed and
       | leave for positions outside academia.
       | 
       | But leaving academia is a process that takes some time. First
       | cognitively as you give up on your dreams and decide to leave.
       | Then as you search for a new job with no real-world experience
       | and few or no connections.
       | 
       | In the mean time, the pipeline between grad school and
       | professorship gets longer and fuller. Postdocs were once
       | extremely prestigious positions, a sort of "finishing school" for
       | the elite. Now they're standard, and most people need to do more
       | than 1. In practice it's a holding pattern, giving PhDs something
       | to do while they try to struggle to the top of the heap and find
       | an assistant professorship.
       | 
       | And the actual experience of a postdoc! Leave all your friends
       | and move to a new city. Work 60 hours a week for $45k a year.
       | Have the rest of your career controlled by your PI, who you maybe
       | met a few times before you decided to work for them, who has
       | never had any kind of management training, and is under their own
       | severe pressure to publish and bring in new grants. Compete
       | against other brilliant, driven people, many of whom are abusing
       | stimulants, and/or are immigrants with no safety net and willing
       | to work 80+ hours.
       | 
       | How could this system NOT create a mental health crisis?
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | In biochem, the norm is for people who intend to work seriously
         | in the industry to go to grad school; that is, academic
         | research in that field is not a competition for a tiny number
         | of academic jobs. But bio and chem have two of the worst
         | reputations for academic research culture.
        
           | dv_dt wrote:
           | I wonder if there is a filtering effect here where people who
           | have relatively better soft skills and technical knowledge
           | move into industry, and what we are seeing in academic
           | circles is biased to what the industry declined.
        
             | ke88y wrote:
             | _> better soft skills_
             | 
             | This is starting to happen in CS -- the level of technical
             | competence remains fairly high, but the faculty ranks are
             | swelling with "doesn't play well with others" types. Most
             | of our PhD interns with serious ego/soft skill issues don't
             | get return offers and end up in faculty positions as a
             | result.
        
         | ykonstant wrote:
         | >And the actual experience of a postdoc! Leave all your friends
         | and move to a new city.
         | 
         | Continent.
        
       | stainablesteel wrote:
       | science boasts empiricism but the institutions who 'teach'
       | science don't have any empirical basis on how to do so
       | efficiently
       | 
       | yeah, its outdated, has been for a while
        
       | LetThereBeLight wrote:
       | A large issue is that PIs have no training on how to manage
       | people nor is there much protection for grad students (and
       | practically none for postdocs). It is surprisingly common to hear
       | stories of sexual harassment, or international researchers
       | essentially being held captive by their advisors. The
       | universities are motivated to maintain their public appearance,
       | and so cases of harassment and mistreatment are either entirely
       | ignored or dealt with quietly. This, in addition to pay issues,
       | is also playing a significant role in the unionization efforts
       | that are taking place across US universities.
        
       | oaiey wrote:
       | What I found interesting of this article is that most of it is
       | also applicable to a many tech sector jobs. High pressure to
       | deliver something (because we squeeze the last of people), hire-
       | and-fire practices everywhere, politics and toxic environments
       | (because that is what people do and what is the current social
       | perspective on what is okay).
       | 
       | Developers, like scientists, are very outcome driven (number of
       | lines, number of features, RoI, ...)
       | 
       | The only - very big difference - is pay.
        
         | abhayhegde wrote:
         | I would say the job market is another stark differentiator.
         | People with BS or MS degrees in CS would end up owning a job
         | that an academic would have to wait until a tenure-track job to
         | earn. The difference is CS jobs are obtainable right off the
         | bat, while the tenure-track professorship requires a solid 8-10
         | years post graduation.
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | Having now two lab scientists living under my roof, there is
         | nothing even in the stories I've heard of the video game
         | industry that compares to how toxic research culture is. It is
         | next-level, as if being vexatious was a goal on its own ---
         | which, given the culture generation after generation of PIs
         | have come up through, might at this point actually be the case:
         | students and employees are threatened, berated, harassed, and
         | coerced into ludicrous hours as part of a dues-paying process.
        
           | michaelt wrote:
           | I've heard of _incredibly_ variable experiences from people
           | working on science PhDs.
           | 
           | I've known maths PhD students who found they could only
           | really do 2-3 hours of truly productive maths in a day,
           | allowing them to spend the rest of the day playing games and
           | suchlike, and after two years their supervisor told them
           | they'd got enough interesting results to graduate.
           | 
           | And I've known chemistry PhD students whose supervisors felt
           | if you're doing a mere 8 hours a day of work you might as
           | well drop out now because you're obviously not serious about
           | graduating, and expected their students to be in the lab
           | tending to long-running experiments on evenings, weekends and
           | even christmas day. And yes, we only give you three years of
           | funding but _everyone_ takes four years to graduate.
        
             | nomadpenguin wrote:
             | I think there's a huge division in toxicity between wet
             | bench and computational/dry lab work. If your math PhD
             | friends go on a wild goose chase or slack off for a few
             | weeks, the only thing that is lost is time. In a wet lab,
             | it could cost you hundreds of thousands of dollars. The
             | stakes, stress, and constant attention required from
             | experiments feeds into the toxicity in wet labs.
             | 
             | Adding to that, a large portion of (important) wet bench
             | work is mind-numbing manual labor. This work really should
             | be done by a tech, but techs are just as if not more
             | expensive than grad students, and techs can leave the job
             | if they're not happy. Which means that grad students are at
             | the bottom of the totem pole of intellectual respect, and
             | PIs who had to do the same expect a lot more "due paying".
             | 
             | Meanwhile, students in computational labs are working from
             | home.
        
             | tptacek wrote:
             | I believe it. I've surveyed friends and friends of friends
             | about chem and bio because one of my kids is a biochemist,
             | and that's where most of my telemetry comes from; lab STEM
             | in general has a bad rap, but chem and bio might be
             | distinctively awful.
        
           | f6v wrote:
           | > how toxic research culture is
           | 
           | ...at some labs. There're many-many places with good PIs,
           | decent funding, retreats, events, etc. I don't get why people
           | paint it as black and white.
        
         | fullshark wrote:
         | It's what you get when you put intelligent, ambitious and
         | arguably insecure people in a high pressure environment with
         | status/economic rewards and punishments. Also yes you are
         | judged based on output not how cordial you are in the workplace
         | or whatever. Sales I guess would also qualify.
        
         | PaulHoule wrote:
         | Tech job hunts are easy in good times. (e.g. leave one
         | employer, take a day off, interview at another employer the day
         | after that, start working the week after)
         | 
         | Academic jobs are nothing like that.
        
           | mistrial9 wrote:
           | notice that "leading" tech companies fixed this, with
           | artificial hazing behavior in interviews, and changing the
           | norms of hiring from two interviews to more than six, as
           | widely reported.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | golemotron wrote:
       | If true, the terrible thing is that it is traumatic to even study
       | this.
       | 
       | There's no winning this one.
        
       | tourgen wrote:
       | [dead]
        
       | stochastimus wrote:
       | "Well-being and how to set healthy boundaries in your life and in
       | your work is a fundamental skill," says Sharon Milgram
       | 
       | What is this "life" you speak of?
        
       | trabant00 wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | tptacek wrote:
         | This has nothing to do with the article.
        
           | trabant00 wrote:
           | The article states multiple times that harassment, bullying,
           | abuse and general toxicity is affecting science workers in
           | general, but in particular women and minorities. My post
           | states that said abuses are historically at a low point,
           | especially for those groups, thus can not explain the rise in
           | mental health issues.
           | 
           | How exactly does this have "nothing to do with the article"?
        
             | BeFlatXIII wrote:
             | It's nothing to do with the article because general
             | societal trends may not be relevant within a specific
             | industry.
        
               | pelasaco wrote:
               | But exactly the "general societal trends" are used to
               | make a point, so how it's not related?
        
             | pelasaco wrote:
             | Your comment has everything to do with the article, but
             | unfortunately, the "it has nothing to do with the article"
             | is one of the issues with Science. To keep my argumentation
             | on topic: Historically, scientists never had a so safe life
             | like today. In the past, scientists used to put their life
             | at stake. Galileo, Copernicus, Turin, Einstein..
        
               | tptacek wrote:
               | Yes, yes, one of the great challenges of modern science
               | is that we're not murdering the scientists anymore.
        
               | pelasaco wrote:
               | > Yes, yes, one of the great challenges of modern science
               | is that we're not murdering the scientists anymore.
               | 
               | I hope that's not how you really understood it and you
               | are just reducing the discussion to a childish level to
               | try to get some points...
        
               | Chris2048 wrote:
               | Einstein?
        
               | pelasaco wrote:
               | "When Hitler came to power in January 1933, Einstein was
               | in California and was almost immediately deprived of his
               | posts in Berlin and his membership of the Prussian
               | Academy of Sciences. His property was seized and his
               | books were burned in public. Einstein never returned to
               | Germany, and signed a letter to President Roosevelt
               | alerting him to the fact that Germany might be developing
               | an atomic weapon. He recommended that the US begin
               | similar research."[1]
               | 
               | [1]: https://www.wired.com/2012/06/famous-persecuted-
               | scientists/
        
         | [deleted]
        
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