[HN Gopher] Academic Ranks Explained or What on Earth Is an Adju...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Academic Ranks Explained or What on Earth Is an Adjunct?
        
       Author : barry-cotter
       Score  : 139 points
       Date   : 2023-04-29 04:59 UTC (18 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (acoup.blog)
 (TXT) w3m dump (acoup.blog)
        
       | rr808 wrote:
       | My kids are almost university age. I'm an immigrant so dont
       | really understand the vast intricacies of the American system.
       | One thing that is frustrating is how to choose which college to
       | go to? Most people really look at rankings and try to get the
       | highest one they can which seems superficial. OTOH details like
       | who does the actual teaching is really difficult to find. How do
       | you choose?
        
       | nn3 wrote:
       | Another thought: it would be interesting to know if it's a
       | fundamental problem (full tenure track for every
       | researcher/teacher needed cannot be financed at all in the
       | current system), or if the number would work out if the funding
       | for all the administrative bloat was shifted to
       | teaching/research.
       | 
       | I suspect the fundamental truth of PhD production far exceeding
       | job market in the academia won't go away though.
        
       | tkgally wrote:
       | About a side point that the author makes:
       | 
       | "We're not going to talk much about staff, but briefly we can
       | divide them quickly into four big groups: leadership
       | (chancellors, deans, and assistant deans of various kinds; of old
       | these used to be professors pulled into leadership temporarily
       | but these days these are professional managers)...."
       | 
       | I retired a month ago from a tenured faculty position at a public
       | university in Japan, and I was often struck by the difference
       | between how that university is run and the above characteristic
       | of leadership at North American universities. At my university,
       | and I believe at most Japanese universities, nearly everyone from
       | the assistant deans all the way up to the university president is
       | a professor with decades of experience in the classroom and doing
       | research. All of the important posts, including department
       | chairs, deans, and the university president, are elected by and
       | from among the tenured faculty--"professors pulled into
       | leadership," as the author says.
       | 
       | I became aware of that difference in leadership structure when I
       | met people at American universities to discuss education
       | programs. While all of the important decisions about our
       | education programs were made by faculty, the Americans I met who
       | were serving in similar roles were usually professional
       | administrators. They were probably more competent as
       | administrators than I and my colleagues were ("amateur professors
       | who'd rather not have been asked," as the author says in a
       | footnote), but I think our experience as teachers and researchers
       | gave us an advantage when planning and running education
       | programs.
        
         | vessenes wrote:
         | It also protects from the sort of operational capture we are
         | seeing at wealthy American Universities (more 'professional
         | managers' than students at, e.g. Yale and Stanford). The
         | American system is undergoing radical upheaval in the last ten
         | years.
        
           | meetingthrower wrote:
           | 100% this! My son is touring colleges now in US and UK. It is
           | totally clear that the US academic faculty have totally lost
           | the war to the administrative class!
           | 
           | In the Oxbridge system, for example, academic faculty are
           | responsible for admissions within their major. This means
           | that majors are non-fungible - you apply to a major and are
           | stuck to it for the duration of your degree. But this also
           | means the professors can protect their turf, e.g., they are
           | not subject the vagaries of "market demand" for majors by the
           | students. They have a certain number of seats to fill, and
           | they conduct the work to get the best class for this. This is
           | why Oxford still graduates 100 classics majors a year (more
           | than the entire ivy league combined.) And they get to staff
           | their department accordingly.
           | 
           | In the US system, we have the insane "holistic admissions"
           | process run by a giant admissions bureaucracy. This
           | bureaucracy is doing everything in its power to eliminate any
           | trackable metrics so they can preserve their secret sauce and
           | source of power (see 80% of universities are now test
           | optional admissions.) The admissions bureaucracy is also in
           | cahoots with other major bureaucracies - sports, diversity,
           | development ($$), etc. The fencing coach has WAY more power
           | to drive admissions decisions than does the professor of
           | classics.
           | 
           | US academics were lulled into complacency by the dulcet tones
           | of managers saying "let me take this boring administrative
           | task off your plate." But in doing so, they have become the
           | working class of the university system.
        
             | stanford_labrat wrote:
             | I have mixed feelings about the whole stuck with your major
             | from day 1 scenario. It is simultaneously appealing and
             | frightening to have to make such a major decision that
             | early in your life (which will have a strong impact on the
             | other 70 or so years to come).
             | 
             | I didn't find my major (chemistry) until about a year in,
             | and then I didn't even add my second major (biochemistry)
             | until I was in my third year. Who knows what I would've
             | picked if I were forced to choose from the get go. I was a
             | "pre-engineering" major before I had to pick one. Whatever
             | that means...
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | Yeah, I adjusted my major--and arguably could have/should
               | have changed it even more--in university. I'm not sure
               | that forcing a high school senior to pick a major is a
               | great practice.
        
         | jldugger wrote:
         | > I became aware of that difference in leadership structure
         | when I met people at American universities to discuss education
         | programs. While all of the important decisions about our
         | education programs were made by faculty, the Americans I met
         | who were serving in similar roles were usually professional
         | administrators.
         | 
         | Leadership is still often pulled from tenured faculty but they
         | staff their offices with cheaper professional staff. The dirty
         | little secret is that some of this professional staffing is
         | funded by "spousal appointment", which I can most charitably
         | describe as a jobs program for universities settled in low
         | economic intensity zones. When you hire a professor, you also
         | hire her husband into IT or something, because if you don't
         | dual earning households will look at more urban campuses.
        
         | etempleton wrote:
         | In my experience, someone with some teaching experience in a
         | field should run operations for academic department--an NTT
         | that teaches a course or two a semester, for example. And a
         | tenure track chair should be the decision maker on the
         | department's direction.
         | 
         | However, I also find that academics make poor administrators
         | and leaders more often than not. I think this comes down to
         | experience. Academics often go from no or minimum leadership
         | and management responsibilities to many and some are just not
         | equipped to handle it. Being a chair is poor experience to
         | becoming an academic Dean and even poorer experience to
         | becoming a non-academic leader. Additionally, many have to
         | learn the hard way that most challenges within a large
         | organization require a ton of coordination and alignment and
         | that there are very few instances where there is a silver
         | bullet to solve business challenges.
        
         | blululu wrote:
         | There is a common refrain that anyone who wants to be in
         | elected office should not be elected. There is a profound truth
         | that people who want power should be kept in check. Having a
         | bunch of people who really want to teach be shackled with
         | community service is probably better than having people who
         | want to be in charge independent of what they are in charge of.
        
         | namdnay wrote:
         | That is also the case in France for public universities - the
         | "VPs" and above are all elected by the teaching staff.
         | 
         | To give a disadvantage, it makes it very hard to push through
         | any big changes. Neither the leaders nor the electorate have
         | ever worked in large private orgs, meaning you end up with
         | bizarre situations like an entire university that does not use
         | the Calendar feature in Outlook ("so microsoft knows what i'm
         | doing? that sounds like big brother!"), instead relying on
         | online event-organising tools to ask people to give
         | availability _for every single meeting_ , or a block refusal of
         | opening paid professional courses or opening to foreign
         | students (due to a very hard  "teaching must always be free"
         | stance from their voters) , which could bring in much-needed
         | cash to subsidise the "real" students
        
           | watwut wrote:
           | Why should the university be forced to use Microsoft
           | calendar? And yes, I worked in private companies for decades
           | now.
           | 
           | And second, just because I have free time on my calendar does
           | not mean that you are free to schedule meeting for me there.
           | You need to ask about my availability anyway, becuase I have
           | stuff to do that is not meetings.
        
             | namdnay wrote:
             | I say MSFT because they already use teams and outlook. Just
             | not the calendar feature.
             | 
             | It's be the same objection with any solution I think
             | 
             | And meetings aren't autoaccepted , they're marked tentative
             | until you manually confirm
        
             | etempleton wrote:
             | Because it saves everyone time. If you have things to do
             | that are not meetings you can block off your calendar. It
             | is a tool to solve scheduling challenges. Not using it is a
             | choice, but it creates operational inefficiency.
        
               | blululu wrote:
               | It can save time but not always. An overzealous pm can
               | really burn a lot of people's time by over scheduling.
               | The extra cost of setting up a meeting discourages
               | pointless checkins and recurring meetings. I personally
               | like being able to quickly coordinate with a calendar,
               | but it's important to not abuse that power.
        
               | namdnay wrote:
               | Just don't accept the meetings. Or even better talk to
               | the offender and explain why you won't be going. A bit of
               | communication is a small price to pay for the upsides of
               | easy scheduling
        
               | sokoloff wrote:
               | There are many things that I have to do that I would
               | shift around fluidly to accommodate an important meeting
               | but not for a random, time-wasting meeting.
               | 
               | If I have a 1-4 window open and you have a time-wasting
               | but unavoidable meeting, I'm going to try hard to get it
               | into a 30 minute slot on some other day, or to put right
               | at 1 instead of smack in the middle.
        
               | namdnay wrote:
               | In most calendar systems (including MSFT and Google) ,
               | meetings aren't autoaccepted even if you're available.
               | You choose to accept each one
        
               | throw_pm23 wrote:
               | OK, then just assume that I used the system and didn't
               | accept any meeting.
        
             | bjourne wrote:
             | It's not about a particular product, it's about that
             | certain tasks become easier for everyone if standards are
             | followed. For example, at my uni a professor forwarded all
             | his e-mail to his Gmail account where he had setup
             | elaborate filtering rules for all his courses.
             | Unfortunately, he didn't understand how Gmail's filtering
             | worked well enough which resulted in all my e-mails to him
             | being dropped.
        
           | tough wrote:
           | You could tell them to use cal.com for their calendar needs,
           | open core/ source
        
             | Eddy_Viscosity2 wrote:
             | cal.com looks interesting, but doesn't it mean that it will
             | have access to all the information in ALL my calenders? So
             | not only does microsoft know about my embarrassing
             | condition doctors appointment, but so does cal.com?
        
               | tough wrote:
               | You can self-host it. I worked there briefly.
               | 
               | Their market is big enterprises and govt that won't fly a
               | hosted solution, they offer both a SaaS and self-hosted
               | licenses
               | 
               | Then it's up to you how you sync with calendars, if a
               | self-host caldav instance is enough no microsoft there
        
           | blululu wrote:
           | These objections all seem to be objections to the community
           | having the ability to make autonomous decisions that you
           | don't personally agree with. Democratic organizations are
           | messy but the opposite has its own downsides.
        
             | namdnay wrote:
             | It's kind of an athenian democracy. The only ones who can
             | vote are tenured professors. Admin staff can't vote,
             | students can't vote, non-tenured staff can't vote.
             | 
             | Except it's an Athenian democracy where none have any skin
             | in the game. The professors aren't going to lose pay if the
             | university attracts mediocre students, they aren't going to
             | lose pay if the infrastructures crumble around them -
             | they're civil servants, their job and pay are fixed and
             | guaranteed . So they have no incentive to take decisions
             | that are difficult for them but better for the students
        
           | wizzwizz4 wrote:
           | That calendar system sounds _ideal_ for the way I work. I 'd
           | probably write some tooling to make it a little easier, but
           | sending around little iCal files and reviewing my schedule
           | often means I have a good intuition for what I'm doing, and
           | when.
           | 
           | When I start to get annoyed by the amount of stuff I've got
           | scheduled, and the consequential overhead of managing it, it
           | means I'm trying to do too much, and I need to reduce it.
           | Outlook considers every moment not spent in a meeting as
           | "free time", unless you specifically block off "reserved
           | time", and that's just not how I work.
        
             | esafak wrote:
             | You can mark yourself as busy, with a recurring event,
             | outside the windows of time you wish to accept meeting
             | requests.
        
             | namdnay wrote:
             | As with the travel business, the main complexity is
             | rescheduling. A sudden big sales opportunity at the same
             | time as an important internal meeting you're hosting with
             | 10 people? What could be done in a few clicks with outlook
             | or equivalent is going to take you half a day of panic
        
         | hgsgm wrote:
         | The formal name for the _school_ part of Harvard, where
         | students learn, is the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
         | 
         | https://www.fas.harvard.edu/ Traditionally, professors ran
         | universities, merely overseen by a small board of overseers,
         | until a quiet coup in the 20th Century created the
         | administrative state.
        
         | lordnacho wrote:
         | I wonder whether this is actually limited to academia. When I
         | was at business school it was mentioned that US firms are more
         | likely to have special managers (MBAs) whereas somewhere like
         | Europe tended to promote technical staff like engineers.
         | 
         | Someone out there must know whether this is generally true.
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | Not really. A lot of MBAs go into things like management
           | consulting, finance, certain types of marketing roles, but
           | even things like product management/program management. I'm
           | not sure it's really that common to hop straight from an MBA
           | to a management role (unless it's a case of someone already
           | in management or being groomed for management who goes back
           | to school to get a degree). It's also the case that, at the
           | better business schools, most of the students have at least
           | some experience in any case.
           | 
           | What is true is that generally speaking (though not in all
           | cases) once someone goes into management--and certainly
           | executive management--they tend to not go back into
           | individual contributor roles although it does happen. And, in
           | general, MBA degrees are probably more common in the US than
           | in Europe.
        
         | fullsend wrote:
         | This reminds of how the politburo of China is often made up of
         | engineers, chemists, and people with similar backgrounds.
         | Whereas American politicians are all lawyers.
        
           | dxdm wrote:
           | I'm assuming people become members of the politburo after a
           | substantial career in the political party apparatus, maybe
           | even longer than it takes to become a member of congress. Of
           | course, there will be differences between coming up in the
           | one system or the other, but essentially I'd say they are
           | career politicians just the same.
           | 
           | Presumably, there's also a very strong selection process to
           | make it into the top ranks of this political system, that
           | will have a very strong effect on who gets there and how they
           | get shaped on the way - not mentioning the forces within,
           | once you're in place.
           | 
           | So while it would be wrong to say the initial background
           | makes no difference, I wonder how much influence it still
           | holds once you make it into the politburo.
        
           | fatneckbeard wrote:
           | this reminds me of how the politburo of china is 99.9% male,
           | the sons of the party elite get favorable positions, and you
           | keep your position by telling the dictator what they want to
           | hear instead of what is actually going on.
        
           | tyoma wrote:
           | This used to be true only in the most technical sense, partly
           | because sciences/engineering degrees were still permitted
           | during the cultural revolution --- it was the only option.
           | 
           | The newer generation of leaders is mostly lawyers and
           | economics degrees.
           | 
           | Source: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/04/chinas-
           | overrated-techno...
        
           | seanmcdirmid wrote:
           | That used to be true, but the cultural revolution put a dent
           | in that. While it is still likely they'll have a degree in
           | engineering, the leadership is now a lot like Xi Jinping in
           | being career politicians (he has a 2 year correspondence
           | chemical engineering degree from qinghua, but never worked as
           | an engineer).
        
       | nn3 wrote:
       | Is it fair to say that the adjuncts are on a pipeline to get
       | administrative jobs if they want to stay in academia?
        
         | compiler-guy wrote:
         | No. The job is absolutely dead end as far as academia goes.
        
         | wolf550e wrote:
         | I don't think so. There is no pipeline for them. Nobody can
         | make a career of working temp jobs for long hours and make 15K
         | a year. These people need to switch careers. Professional
         | managements don't hire from among the PhDs who were
         | unsuccessful in their academic career.
        
       | F00Fbug wrote:
       | While the author bemoans the increasing use of adjunct faculty,
       | there is an issue (that I may have not spotted as I was speed-
       | reading!): Where I teach, only a certain percentage of sections
       | can be taught by adjuncts; routinely exceeding this number would
       | cause us to loose program accreditation from our accrediting
       | institution. The scrutiny was not trivial! So for at least some
       | institutions deploying adjuncts has a limit.
       | 
       | I started as an NTT instructor, then program coordinator, and was
       | interim department chair. With each step came more course
       | releases and more administrative work; I was pretty unhappy by
       | the end. Now I'm an adjunct and teach one class per semester. As
       | the author mentioned, it doesn't pay but it funds my hobbies and
       | I really enjoy the teaching part!
        
       | fatneckbeard wrote:
       | finally prospective college students have a way to judge a
       | university that is objective.
       | 
       | ask them what percentage of adjuncts they have, lower is
       | obviously better.
       | 
       | then plot versus tuition cost, then you can figure out the
       | optimal ratio of adjunct/tuition for your budget.
        
         | paulcole wrote:
         | > ask them what percentage of adjuncts they have, lower is
         | obviously better.
         | 
         | As a 17-year old high school senior what would your process be
         | to "ask them"? And does it matter what the university's
         | percentage is vs. the percentage in the program the prospective
         | student is interested in? And wouldn't students turning down
         | schools because of too many adjuncts just lead to more adjuncts
         | as there's less tuition money coming in?
         | 
         | This has all the hallmarks of "Walk into the office, shake the
         | manager's hand and hand them your resume."
         | 
         | Sounds good and it has probably worked for somebody!
        
         | leetcrew wrote:
         | a lot of this blog post is about how universities come up with
         | a long list of titles to avoid calling adjuncts "adjuncts". so
         | you could ask this question, and the admissions officer would
         | (somewhat) honestly answer that they don't have any adjuncts.
         | then you would go and have most of your classes taught by
         | people who are adjuncts in every way except their title. a
         | better question might be "what percentage of faculty are tenure
         | track?" or "what percentage of courses are taught by tenure
         | track faculty?".
         | 
         | that said, I don't see much evidence that the "teacher-scholar"
         | model brings a lot of value to undergraduate education in the
         | first place. even in a fast-moving field like CS, the vast
         | majority of the BS curriculum is stuff that was figured out
         | decades ago. by far the best "professor" I had in my CS degree
         | was actually an MS student TA who really liked operating
         | systems. technically, he wasn't even allowed to teach that
         | class, but I guess the department looked the other way because
         | he got great reviews and they didn't have to pay him much.
        
       | ggm wrote:
       | s/^Academic/American &/
       | 
       | Not that other economies tertiary education isn't similar. Some
       | better, some worse for the ratio of tenured to non tenured.
        
         | mgaunard wrote:
         | In my experience they're all pretty much the same.
         | 
         | There is teaching-only/research-only and teaching-and-research.
         | teaching-and-research is the standard, research-only the elite,
         | and teaching-only is usually seen as "not real professors".
         | 
         | Then for each of those the levels are student, temp, junior,
         | senior.
         | 
         | They all have different names for some reason instead of
         | straightforward ones, because egos.
         | 
         | Some of the combinations don't exist, in particular for
         | teaching-only.
         | 
         | In general due to limited junior/senior positions, there is a
         | massive amount of people at temp level, sometimes indefinitely.
         | 
         | The article above mostly rants about how the majority of the
         | teaching is done by the teaching-only staff (as you would
         | expect), and how they should be given more consideration. The
         | truth is that the worth of a professor is measured by his
         | research, not his teaching.
        
           | sn41 wrote:
           | > research-only the elite
           | 
           | Not really. This is true only for faculty in research
           | institutes like IHES in France, or IAS in USA.
           | 
           | In normal universities, both research-only faculty and
           | teaching-only faculty are considered below the "teaching-and-
           | research" faculty. They correspond to what in the old
           | parlance was called "ordinary professors" in Europe. The
           | "extraordinary professors", despite what they sound like,
           | were considered inferior to them - extra as in outside, so
           | more corresponding to adjunct faculty of today.
        
             | dede4metal wrote:
             | Indeed, I came here to say exactly this. In very
             | conservative settings like FR and IT "ordinary" professors
             | are the only one that are receiving the full credit and
             | considered to fully teaching or fully research positions.
        
           | OJFord wrote:
           | No they're not. A Reader in the UK is I believe 'Assistant
           | Professor' in the US. Which, unless the whole setup is
           | different to the extent I'm not really sure how we can talk
           | about equivalences anyway, strikes me as a bit odd - in my
           | experience (as a student) they did no assisting, they ran
           | their own courses (perhaps with a PhD candidate TA assisting
           | _them_ ).
        
             | jltsiren wrote:
             | The traditional system in the UK had four ranks: lecturer,
             | senior lecturer, reader, and professor. Depending on who
             | you ask, a reader was either equivalent to US full
             | processor or between associate and full professor. For
             | example, when Cambridge switched to the assistant /
             | associate / full ranks a couple of years ago, readers
             | became professors.
        
           | kryptiskt wrote:
           | _" The article above mostly rants about how the majority of
           | the teaching is done by the teaching-only staff (as you would
           | expect), and how they should be given more consideration."_
           | 
           | It's a rant about being slotted into a system where it's next
           | to impossible to get into the "good" track, from the "bad"
           | position.
           | 
           |  _" The truth is that the worth of a professor is measured by
           | his research, not his teaching."_
           | 
           | Which means it is pretty fucked up that two-thirds of the
           | academic faculty is never given the opportunity to prove
           | their worth. It's of course even worse than that, because
           | there is only a minority of minted PhDs that can even secure
           | such a position.
           | 
           | All in all, it looks even worse than STEM, where there at
           | least is temporary research roles for junior faculty.
        
             | pclmulqdq wrote:
             | Humanities departments at universities in the US have been
             | getting smaller, and more professorship slots are moving
             | towards STEM, in general. However, this has come at the end
             | of a _tremendous_ growth cycle in the humanities if you
             | zoom out to the last 50-100 years. It also seems like more
             | "traditional" fields like History and English are being
             | replaced by Psychology, Sociology, and [x] Studies, which
             | seem to have a very different focus.
             | 
             | Even in STEM, only about 10% of PhDs from top-tier
             | universities go on to become professors. A small fraction
             | of the rest end up adjuncting, but a much bigger fraction
             | take the escape hatch into industry. A PhD in history
             | basically only prepares you to be a history professor,
             | though, so I imagine that the escape hatch is much more
             | narrow in that field.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | >so I imagine that the escape hatch is much more narrow
               | in that field
               | 
               | Worst case, someone with a PhD in at least most technical
               | fields is seen as at least as educationally qualified as
               | someone with a Master's and there are lots of sciences
               | like biology or chemistry where a PhD is seen as a pretty
               | good degree for an employer outside of academia for a lot
               | of purposes.
               | 
               | A lot of the humanities, less so. If you have a PhD from
               | a good school in English lit, that may suggest certain
               | things (both good and bad) about your qualifications but
               | isn't necessarily a recommendation beyond a good
               | portfolio. Though the same thing could be said about a
               | law degree which a lot of humanities undergrads I've
               | known got and never really used except in very indirect
               | ways.
        
         | skissane wrote:
         | Indeed, in the English-speaking world there are two main
         | systems of academic ranks: the North American system (primarily
         | US and Canada) and the traditional British system (most of the
         | rest of it). This article is discussing the first system
         | without acknowledging the second, or the differences between
         | the two.
        
           | jholman wrote:
           | The scope of the article is _in the first sentence_.
        
             | ggm wrote:
             | The author is no stranger to reading and research about
             | matters considerably more complex than the nature of
             | tertiary educational organisation worldwide and has an
             | extensive readership outside the USA.
             | 
             | If this was about Roman era educational norms he'd have
             | done a French metric tonne more work.
        
               | jholman wrote:
               | Again, who are you to determine what he chooses to write
               | about? Your entire _framing of what is going on_ is
               | simply off-base, so the point you attempt to make about
               | Devereaux 's competence is beside the point.
               | 
               | He is choosing to write about the American academic
               | industry, incidentally speaking far more about the
               | humanities than about other fields. The title of the
               | article simplifies that, as all article titles do. That's
               | just how titles work.
               | 
               | He has researched his subject fairly extensively, as far
               | as I can tell.
               | 
               | If you want an article about non-American academy,
               | perhaps including STEM fields, write the damn article
               | yourself.
        
               | ggm wrote:
               | Nobody decides what he writes but himself. I read the
               | blog frequently and they're well written and researched.
               | I'm tired of Americentrism, and I think this piece would
               | have been better for a wider sweep. I'm interested in how
               | it differs from Japan, or Germany or the UK. I'd be
               | interested in how an American academic understands this.
        
               | jholman wrote:
               | That makes sense to me.
        
             | skissane wrote:
             | Even if you are going to limit your scope, a brief
             | expression of awareness of things beyond it is called for-
             | something absent here. Furthermore, the scope seems
             | arbitrarily limited - it isn't just the US system, the
             | Canadian system is largely the same as far as ranks go - so
             | why is the scope described as just "American", as opposed
             | to "US and Canada"?
        
               | labster wrote:
               | The author is a Roman military history PhD talking about
               | his personal experience in academia for the most part.
               | It's not hard to see the current system is broken, after
               | all, but only if you're in the middle of it. There are
               | other sources if you want an in-depth view; the target
               | audience is people who don't even know what an adjunct
               | is.
        
               | denton-scratch wrote:
               | The author is also very much a teacher; his goal, I
               | think, is to educate primarily his own students, firstly
               | in how to do history, and secondly in how not to fail as
               | a student. He's written more than one article along these
               | lines.
               | 
               | Perhaps the shortage of navigation is a problem if you're
               | just dipping in, or skimming. I check out Devereaux's
               | blog every Friday, and if the article is interesting, I
               | plough through the whole thing, including the footnotes.
               | 
               | If I wanted to do history at Uni, I'd like to have him as
               | my teacher.
        
           | mnky9800n wrote:
           | The author says they only have worked in the American system.
           | Having worked in the USA, Japan, and Europe in academia I
           | find that American academics don't typically know the system
           | in America isn't the same everywhere else.
        
             | tough wrote:
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americentrism
             | 
             | Extends to anything really.
             | 
             | Hard to know better when you never left your country.
             | (Majority of Americans don't hold a Passport)
        
               | ljlolel wrote:
               | Majority of Europeans haven't left Europe.
               | 
               | It's true anywhere.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | skissane wrote:
               | > Majority of Europeans haven't left Europe.
               | 
               | That's not an apples-to-apples comparison. The US is a
               | country, and Europe is a continent containing almost 50
               | separate countries. And before anyone says "US states are
               | like countries"-the states of the US are no more "like
               | countries" than the states of Germany are
               | 
               | Only 40% of Americans own a passport, compared to 76% of
               | people in the UK - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-
               | canada-42586638
        
           | panda888888 wrote:
           | Other countries also use different systems. For instance,
           | Israel traditionally only has two ranks: "Professor" which is
           | someone who has tenure, and "Lecturer" which is anyone
           | without tenure.
        
             | skissane wrote:
             | > Israel traditionally only has two ranks: "Professor"
             | which is someone who has tenure, and "Lecturer" which is
             | anyone without tenure.
             | 
             | That's not what Wikipedia says:
             | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Israel
             | 
             | According to Wikipedia, Israel traditionally uses a hybrid
             | of the British and German systems, including the British
             | rank of "senior lecturer", albeit Technion has renamed that
             | to the American "associate professor"
        
       | CrampusDestrus wrote:
       | If you are publishing an article where you explain different
       | categories of something, please give it titled sections! I wanted
       | to jump right to the adjuncts since I know all the other ranks,
       | but I found myself lost in the text and basically had to read it
       | all
        
         | btrettel wrote:
         | Perhaps the article changed since you wrote your comment as
         | there is a section titled "Adjuncts".
         | 
         | Or maybe you wanted a table of contents? I agree that would
         | have been helpful for an article of this length.
        
         | pttrn wrote:
         | +1, although I didn't read it. Close tab.
        
           | BananaPuncakes wrote:
           | Oh no! Your poor fingers and eyes needing to scroll a little.
        
             | com wrote:
             | Structuring information is one of the ways that your work
             | is read and understood by your readers.
             | 
             | This should be a priority unless you're writing is just for
             | social status, funding or compliance reasons, surely?
        
               | BananaPuncakes wrote:
               | Oh I agree it is nice and helpful, the previous comment
               | was just being an overdramatic ass, so I sunk to their
               | level...
        
         | alexwasserman wrote:
         | Did you read it in an RSS reader? Using NNW swallows the titles
         | on this blog in the render mode.
        
       | ec109685 wrote:
       | The most frustrating point in the article is the footnote:
       | https://acoup.blog/2023/04/28/collections-academic-ranks-exp...
       | 
       | If you don't get into the right undergraduate program, you are
       | likely doomed to never become a tenured professor since the whole
       | system is stacked against you, no matter how good you are at
       | teaching.
       | 
       | He also makes a good point about tenure being the only way to
       | influence a department and introduce new courses, etc., which
       | just seems terribly unfair.
       | 
       | A great teacher should be treated at the same level of prestige
       | as a great researcher. Make influence merit based based on
       | contribution to the university on its most important mission:
       | teaching students. Don't reward mediocre assistant professors
       | with lifetime appointments.
       | 
       | The part about professional managers running institutions now
       | resonated. Imagine if the tech leadership at companies was a
       | bunch MBA's with no experience in the field.
        
         | BeetleB wrote:
         | He does qualify it with "humanities". In my experience, this is
         | not true in engineering. I went to a low ranked undergrad and
         | got into a top 3 ranked school for grad (with no research). As
         | did many of my peers.
        
         | seanc wrote:
         | Honestly I think tech leadership is the exception, not the
         | rule. I think in health care, education, manufacturing,
         | retail... All those sectors, leadership has many MBA's who
         | never got their hands dirty.
        
         | Al-Khwarizmi wrote:
         | _> A great teacher should be treated at the same level of
         | prestige as a great researcher. Make influence merit based
         | based on contribution to the university on its most important
         | mission: teaching students._
         | 
         | The problem is that while research quality can be measured to a
         | certain extent (in a flawed way that brings problems, like all
         | the publish-or-perish culture, but it can be done); measuring
         | teaching quality, even crudely, is an unsolved problem.
         | 
         | If you measure by academic grades or pass/fail rates, you are
         | just incentivizing easy exams and easy courses, typically not
         | the best for learning.
         | 
         | If you ask students, they will also be biased by the difficulty
         | of the course, apart from other possible biases (gender, etc.).
         | 
         | If you measure student employability, your metrics will be more
         | correlated to discipline than to actual teaching quality, and
         | you can't rate individual teachers/courses that way anyway.
         | 
         | If you count "achievements" like acknowledging teachers for
         | taking training courses, etc., people will just do that to
         | improve their metrics without necessarily improving teaching
         | quality.
         | 
         | There just doesn't seem to be a good solution.
         | 
         | I am a professor in a metrics-obsessed academic system and to
         | be honest, research metrics are gamed by some but at least if
         | you're good you're going to be fine. Teaching metrics are pure
         | noise, and I say this as someone who hasn't had any problem
         | with them (in fact I've reached full professorship).
        
           | ec109685 wrote:
           | Obviously this author has their biases, but shouldn't a
           | hiring / promotion committee be able to cut through this and
           | find "the best teachers" for their students, and incorporate
           | these factors you've outlined.
           | 
           | Similarly in the corporate world some companies have much
           | better developers than others even though there isn't a
           | perfect way of evaluating a developer, especially at the more
           | senior level.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | drewmassey wrote:
       | As a former music history professor who now works in tech, I
       | think the adjunctification of American universities is one of the
       | the worst "best-kept secrets" out there. The sheer number of blog
       | "exposes" of adjunct teaching that I have read over the last 20
       | years simply boggles the mind, each one breathlessly "revealing"
       | the same secret. Of course, they are not wrong: I personally
       | adjuncted for years and it does not pay (example: I earned $5,000
       | total the year after I graduated from Harvard with a PhD).
       | 
       | What really mystifies me, now that I have 8 years of perspective
       | between me and the day I resigned from my tenure-track job, is
       | why people who think of themselves as great thinkers (or, at
       | least, good enough thinkers to teach college) cannot escape from
       | something of a self-constructed prison of adjunct work. Based on
       | my limited conversations with NTT academics who considered career
       | changes during the pandemic, there is an odd quality of stockholm
       | syndrome where PhDs (especially in the humanities) simply cannot
       | fathom that any other life path might be worthwhile, and hence
       | toil away.
        
         | karaterobot wrote:
         | > Based on my limited conversations with NTT academics who
         | considered career changes during the pandemic, there is an odd
         | quality of stockholm syndrome where PhDs (especially in the
         | humanities) simply cannot fathom that any other life path might
         | be worthwhile, and hence toil away.
         | 
         | Calling it Stockholm Syndrome seems correct to me, at least
         | based on my anecdotes. So many smart friends who can't leave
         | academia after more or less growing up inside it. Like the
         | person who can't leave the small town they grew up in, so they
         | just languish there forever.
        
         | jccalhoun wrote:
         | From my limited experience in small midwestern cities, I
         | haven't seen too many people stay with pure adjuncting for
         | long. I was an adjunct for one year and then got a one year
         | contract that was up for annual renewal until the university
         | got a new president and decided the university wouldn't have
         | any 1 year contracts any more (now I'm full time at the
         | community college which doesn't have tenure).
         | 
         | While I have a PhD, most of the people who adjuncted only had
         | MAs and so weren't eligible for a tenure track job. From my phd
         | program at an R1 school, I'm not aware of anyone who is
         | adjuncting as their main source of income. Only handful of them
         | are at R1s. Many either left academia or are in potions similar
         | to mine which aren't research focused.
         | 
         | The reason people stay in adjuncting is because they hope for
         | the full time contracts, the like teaching, and they like the
         | flexibility of being able to pick which days they teach (I know
         | this from experience because as a full time employee while I do
         | have flexibility, there are times when no adjuncts will cover
         | an 8am or night class and we have to do it and I have already
         | been warned that in the Fall it looks like we won't have
         | adjuncts to cover certain days because they don't want to work
         | those days).
        
           | BeetleB wrote:
           | I know quite a few who've been adjunct for 8+ years. Math
           | PhDs and non-engineering majors.
        
         | blululu wrote:
         | There is more to life than a paycheck. Historically professors
         | made unimpressive salaries but enough to live at a quality
         | middle class level. When you consider the prestige, respect and
         | job security that was afforded to professors it makes sense
         | that the non-remunerative aspects are sufficient to our weight
         | the money. Of course these days the pay cut is perhaps too deep
         | to justify these days, but not unambiguously so. An adjunct
         | might have a chance to publish a big result and land a tenured
         | position. The odds are slim but it's important to pursue your
         | dreams even if it is a gamble. The cost of not doing so is
         | higher than you might thing.
        
           | drewmassey wrote:
           | This is true; my father was - and my husband's parents are -
           | all professors so I know that small town academic life (for
           | tenured faculty) is one flavor of the American Dream.
           | 
           | And pursuing your dreams is important. But I've also seen
           | pretty talented people adjunct for decades at a stretch,
           | because they believe that _some day_ they will get a TT job -
           | and I 've also seen those same people seemingly only taking
           | advice from their doctoral advisors, who (in my experience)
           | consider anything besides a TT job as "failure".
           | 
           | If people want to live that way, they should. But the
           | ideology of "pursue your dreams," when it comes to employment
           | as a tenured professor at an American University - is often
           | used to just string along adjunct labor in the home that
           | someday their ship will come in.
        
           | BeetleB wrote:
           | > The cost of not doing so is higher than you might thing.
           | 
           | There are plenty of people on HN, including myself, who
           | abandoned academia for industry. I think we are more aware of
           | the cost than you probably are. Especially because we have
           | friends who did stay and get tenure, and can compare our
           | experiences with them.
           | 
           | Hint: It's not a large cost.
           | 
           | The trap many academics make is being singular in pursuing a
           | dream. There are lots of great things they can strive for,
           | and they're blind to them because they want that one thing.
           | 
           | And talk to most older professors in the liberal arts and
           | most will say "Money matters!" Heck, when I was a grad
           | student I recall talking to an engineering professor in my
           | alma mater and mentioned how great it is that he gets to pick
           | what he researches on. His response was that "Yes, you can
           | pick whatever you want. But while they can't fire you because
           | of tenure, you will be on the bottom of the pay scale. That's
           | fine if you have no family."
           | 
           | While certainly some professors go that route, the reality
           | is: Money matters!
           | 
           | Especially if you're in a bigger city. I recall a little over
           | a decade ago there was an interview with a full professor of
           | history - she made $60K/year and lived in a big city. On top
           | of that, the university was forcing her to teach really large
           | classes to save money. She was looking for an exit.
        
         | next_xibalba wrote:
         | I'm reminded of a Peter Thiel quote that always makes me laugh,
         | but then makes me sad:
         | 
         | "I did well enough in law school to be hired by a big New York
         | law firm, but it turned out to be a very strange place. From
         | the outside, everybody wanted to get in, and from the inside,
         | everybody wanted to get out.
         | 
         | When I left the firm, after seven months and three days, my
         | coworkers were surprised. One of them told me that he hadn't
         | known it was possible to escape from Alcatraz. Now that might
         | sound odd, because all you had to do to escape was walk through
         | the front door and not come back. But people really did find it
         | very hard to leave, because so much of their identity was
         | wrapped up in having won the competitions to get there in the
         | first place."
        
       | Cynddl wrote:
       | Adding to other voices in this thread that the title does not
       | explain academic ranks, it explains North-american academic
       | ranks. There are a variety of academic systems worldwide and in
       | numbers of academics, production, and diversity, USA forms a
       | minority.
       | 
       | A better title would therefore be: "North-american Academic Ranks
       | Explained or What on Earth Is an Adjunct?"
       | 
       | This is not nitpicking. This is about stating clearing the
       | cultural context to not invisibilise discussions that are not
       | centred on US culture.
        
         | watwut wrote:
         | It is a blog of an American professor writing in his own
         | language. He is talking about US, because Americans are as
         | entitled to write about US as French are about France.
         | 
         | And you will be shocked, but peoples from other nations would
         | create exact same headline when they write in their own
         | language.
        
         | whakim wrote:
         | It is indeed nitpicking when _the very first sentence_ makes it
         | clear that the article is about _American_ universities.
        
         | lolinder wrote:
         | Everything is implicitly written from the author's cultural
         | perspective.
         | 
         | I've run into plenty of articles written in Canada or the UK or
         | Australia where I only realize the information doesn't apply in
         | the US after I read something unfamiliar and check the domain
         | or org address. I don't get irritated at the article author, I
         | just move on.
        
       | parpfish wrote:
       | I was hoping to finally learn what a provost was
        
         | ebiester wrote:
         | https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2018/02/14/poorly-defin...
         | 
         | A provost is an executive position over the academics of a
         | university. A university president is the entire university,
         | which has more fundraising, athletic, and other
         | responsibilities.
         | 
         | In practice, because of the distributed nature of universities,
         | it's a bit like a cat herder.
        
         | wolf550e wrote:
         | Seems it's just the 2nd in command:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(education)
        
       | hsikka wrote:
       | Enlightening. Another far less covered topic is the role of Non
       | Tenure Track "Research Faculty", often titled Research Scientist,
       | Research Professor, etc.
       | 
       | I occupy one of those positions, and their forward mobility and
       | relation to traditional TT positions is strange, and I'd like to
       | see it covered in more depth.
        
       | Metacelsus wrote:
       | [flagged]
        
         | bell-cot wrote:
         | It's well known that "success" in submitting to HN has a fairly
         | large random component.
        
       | fullsend wrote:
       | The highest rank in my mind is the tenured professor who builds
       | businesses from the safety of the university. Those few who poach
       | the brightest students for their lab, leverage that into a
       | startup (or more than one), and exit for millions while
       | collecting university checks. This brings me awe, respect,
       | jealousy, and distaste in equal measure.
        
         | bell-cot wrote:
         | Bear in mind how profoundly feudal academia's history and
         | mindset are. A self-serving professor can bring a great deal of
         | prestige to the university. And prestige is by far the #1
         | priority for a modern university.
        
           | inciampati wrote:
           | And this is also true for many of the people who work in
           | institutions. Look at how much more desirable positions in
           | coastal United States universities are than those in the
           | interior, particular private ones like the IVs and some of
           | the larger and more famous ones in big public systems. The
           | thing is, if you don't care about status and you believe that
           | almost anyone can do good work, as long as they're motivated,
           | you can go anywhere you want, and in many cases you'll find
           | that you're welcomed with open arms. But this comes at a cost
           | of status.
        
           | gazby wrote:
           | Only because prestige equals money, the real #1 in academia.
        
             | fallingknife wrote:
             | That's just not true, though. Nobody who is after money
             | goes into academia in the first place. It's not where the
             | money is.
        
               | gazby wrote:
               | My bad for being unclear, I was referring to the
               | institutions, not the faculty. Tons of money in
               | administration roles though.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | >It's not where the money is.
               | 
               | No and certainly not on a risk-adjusted basis. (i.e. if
               | you're reasonably competent, you're far more likely to do
               | pretty well in private business than academia). On the
               | other hand, while I've never had personal exposure to the
               | downsides, a tenured position at an elite university in
               | the US still seems pretty attractive with various caveats
               | in both directions depending upon the location.
        
             | robwwilliams wrote:
             | You may mean "funding for research projects". I would
             | agree. Over the very long haul a successful research
             | program can also result in a relatively high "academic"
             | income (ca. $200,000 in biomedical research), but that no
             | comparison with mid and top levels of programmers at FAANG
             | et al.
        
               | gazby wrote:
               | I was referring to the institutions, not the faculty.
        
         | inciampati wrote:
         | Reading this made me check my personal privilege. I realized
         | that that's exactly why I'm pursuing that kind of arrangement.
         | It is absolutely at the top of the pile in terms of technical
         | and artistic creative endeavors, which you can pursue, which
         | also can make money. If played right, you really do get the
         | best of every world. Tenure allows you to be exactly this
         | crazy. The position gives you credibility to investors and the
         | community at large. You'll have access to smart people all
         | around you, who support what you do and are happy to
         | collaborate.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | tomatodevice wrote:
         | I've seen it a few times and I still don't understand how we
         | can allow such blatant conflict of interests at the management
         | level...
        
           | BeetleB wrote:
           | Universities often benefit from it financially. There almost
           | always is an agreement between the professor and the
           | university.
        
           | tough wrote:
           | Everyone makes money?
        
           | mrobins wrote:
           | Is this where "tech transfer" comes in and the University
           | gets a piece of the departing business or a perpetual
           | licensing agreement?
        
           | pca006132 wrote:
           | It seems to me that from the university's standpoint, a
           | company is considered a plus instead of corruption, i.e. have
           | "real-world" impact, and perhaps the university will have a
           | stake in the company as well (not sure about this). If so, it
           | is a win-win situation for both the university management and
           | the professor, only the student lose, and who cares about
           | that little grad student?
        
             | ghaff wrote:
             | Typically not a stake that I know of but a school like MIT
             | makes a _lot_ of money from technology licensing.
        
       | hackandthink wrote:
       | Dr. Angela Collier: the adjunct problem
       | 
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AvfOhtmCZY
        
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