[HN Gopher] Cashless society in Switzerland? People to vote on k...
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       Cashless society in Switzerland? People to vote on keeping cash
       forever
        
       Author : starkd
       Score  : 174 points
       Date   : 2023-02-18 15:07 UTC (7 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.euronews.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.euronews.com)
        
       | g0xA52A2A wrote:
       | I'll offer a random anecdote. I lived in Switzerland for a couple
       | of years in the early 2010's, so before contactless payment had
       | become so prevalent as it is now. Most of the transactions I made
       | and saw others made was via cash rather than chip and PIN (the
       | norm in most Europe at the time). One of the memories that stands
       | out from my time there is whilst in the queue getting some
       | groceries in Denner (a lower end supermarket), the person in
       | front of me paid with a 1,000 CHF note and no-one batted an eye!
       | I didn't even know the denominations went that high, which is
       | more a reflection of my ignorance of the place I was living
       | really. I mentioned this to my work colleges the next day and was
       | told it wasn't that unusual, especially with older generations.
       | 
       | To be clear chip and PIN was widely available at this time but
       | most people used cash. Even with a decade gone and a pandemic I
       | still wouldn't be surprised if I were to go back to Switzerland
       | tomorrow and see people paying for groceries with huge
       | documentations
       | 
       | TLDR: The Swiss like cash.
        
         | xiphias2 wrote:
         | As a person helping my mother from far ahead I understand why.
         | 
         | The hard part is not using the card. It's setting it up: set up
         | the bank application on mobile phone, setting up second factor,
         | looking at notifications when they disappear after a few
         | seconds (older people have slower reflexes).
         | 
         | All the flat UI means that my mother can't tell me the
         | difference between a button and a text.
         | 
         | There's no button to see notifications, she has to use swiping,
         | which is again much harder for older people, as all the timings
         | were optimized for young people with young people reflexes.
         | 
         | Without all this how does she know how much money she has?
         | (with cash she can just count it).
        
           | sportslife wrote:
           | Notifications that disappear after a few seconds are a
           | scourge that I've seen my surprisingly tech-literate mother
           | struggle with too. I wonder if there is any work around
           | accessibility and ui-notification duration or history.
        
             | xiphias2 wrote:
             | Work should be about just testing everything with old
             | people now that companies practically require them to use
             | smartphones.
        
       | pacifika wrote:
       | How does the voting work? Is it a good reference for other
       | nations?
        
         | wereHamster wrote:
         | Some info here: https://www.ch.ch/en/votes-and-elections
        
         | s1artibartfast wrote:
         | I think Switzerland has one of the best governments in the
         | world. His model basically after the United States but
         | implemented on a smaller scale where it works even better. It
         | has a weaker federal system and most of the funding is
         | concentrated in the states/cantons. There's also a long
         | tradition of putting questions to the people in terms of a
         | general vote. I think they voted on whether cow herders could
         | remove the horns or not.
        
           | zhdc1 wrote:
           | It's really not all that similar. The emphasis is very much
           | on the local government, more so than really anywhere else in
           | the world (that I know of). There are some states where local
           | governments matter. There are more where power is
           | concentrated at the level of the county or state government.
           | 
           | A (bad) way to think of it would be something along the lines
           | of a New England townhall system on steroids, with several
           | layers of federal/confederated associations above the local
           | township (geminde).
           | 
           | Again, not a great comparison, but it's something that at
           | least a portion of the US-centric users on here would know a
           | little about.
        
         | foruhar wrote:
         | I'm not sure exactly what you are asking but it may be helpful
         | to know that Switzerland is a direct democracy.
         | 
         | https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/politik-
         | ge....
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | jerojero wrote:
         | It would require some modifications I guess. Switzerland has a
         | relatively long history of direct democracy and citizen
         | participation in politics, and for this reason people do not
         | fall prey so easily to misinformation like they would in other
         | countries where referendums are held that do not have people
         | prepared for it (see Colombia, the UK, Chile, or even
         | California).
         | 
         | The key to direct democracy is citizen engagement and in
         | Switzerland the government actually does a lot to support
         | informing citizens about what they're about to vote.
         | 
         | I think for other nations it might be better to look into
         | citizens assemblies as a next step in empowering democracies
         | because citizens assemblies are very good at achieving public
         | policy that aligns with the general population but in an
         | environment where it's much easier to control for
         | misinformation. In Ireland these were used in conjunction with
         | direct democracy (referendums) as part of the process, in that,
         | the assembly explored the question that would be asked in the
         | referendum and gave a sort of "official opinion" on it. This
         | was then widely distributed as part of the information campaign
         | that the government did for the referendum. Polling suggests
         | that a large part of the population that voted on the
         | referendum was aware of the resolution made by the assembly,
         | which is a good sign. And yeah, ultimately, the results of the
         | referendum aligned with the assembly. The issue was abortion
         | and it was voted in favor, consider that Ireland is a very
         | religious country so it was quite a contentious issue.
        
           | lasftew wrote:
           | The Swiss are not smarter than others. We just have a system
           | that keeps the misinformation by all parties in a relative
           | equilibrium.
        
       | matsemann wrote:
       | While I like several aspects of cash, like little
       | tracking/privacy violations, hard for someone to just cut you off
       | from your money etc., I don't think I've used cash in 5+ years
       | (except vacations). Absolutely every vendor in my country accepts
       | cards or some kind of app payment and have for years, even girl
       | scouts selling cookies.
       | 
       | And cash is _expensive_. It 's easy to scoff about the 1-2 % fees
       | on cards (but in my country "BankAxept" has a flat fee of ~0.024
       | USD per transaction, so even cheaper). But having a business
       | dealing with a lot of cash is also crazy expensive. You have to
       | have extra security, pay someone to come and get it or yourself
       | go to the bank and deposit. Then also buy rolls of change. I
       | remember my dad spending a lot of hours a week dealing with this.
       | So yeah, I'm all for keeping it, but I also kinda want to be able
       | to not subside other's use of it. So a fee for using cash or
       | something perhaps.
        
         | dataflow wrote:
         | > I also kinda want to be able to not subside other's use of
         | it. So a fee for using cash or something perhaps.
         | 
         | This sounds like... a poor choice of a hill to die on? The
         | people who need cash the most tend to be poorer; asking them to
         | pay more would be just cruel to many of them. There are lots of
         | things (like taxes in general....) where some people benefit
         | more than others from them, but we ignore that and just
         | distribute the burden equally as a matter of principle instead
         | of asking everyone to pay proportionally to what they use.
        
           | matsemann wrote:
           | Good point, I haven't thought of that angle.
           | 
           | Edit: But the homeless on the streets where I live that sell
           | magazines etc accept mobile payment. And I've worked for the
           | main government welfare agency a few years providing help to
           | these people, and an assumption / basis was that they had a
           | phone to be contacted on, which proved to work fine for most
           | of them.
        
             | dataflow wrote:
             | This is really going on a tangent that's beside my point on
             | the fees, but are you genuinely suggesting people can treat
             | payments like phone calls or texts -- things that tolerate
             | long delays? If someone calls you and your phone is
             | unavailable for whatever reason, they can back later, even
             | tomorrow or in a week. Or maybe you borrow someone's phone
             | to call back. You... can't do any of this when you're
             | trying to make a payment on the spot. _Especially_ when you
             | 're poor.
             | 
             | If an electronic solution is _ever_ going to work at all,
             | it needs to be something that 's not powered. Like debit
             | cards, not phones. But even with those, there are _so_ many
             | giant problems here that I don 't have the energy to go on
             | the tangent.
        
           | rmbyrro wrote:
           | In places where you can get life by with just a phone and a
           | card, even poor people have phones. So perhaps this reality
           | is already changing in favor of the poorer?
        
             | fragmede wrote:
             | Even in the US! one of the lesser known programs is the
             | Obamaphone program, where subsidized low cost handsets were
             | provided to low income individuals.
        
             | dataflow wrote:
             | I'm sure it's going in that direction but to what extent
             | we'll reach that point remains to be seen. Note that people
             | lose phones and have to go without them for a while (again,
             | probably more for poor people than others), not to mention
             | even remembering and finding the time to charge them
             | constantly, so it's not as simple as giving everyone a
             | phone. Bear in mind there are lots of other reasons to keep
             | cash; I was just addressing the fee idea.
        
         | nic547 wrote:
         | This popular imitative doesn't mandate the acceptance of cash.
         | It mandates that the federal government must ensure that there
         | are enough banknotes and coins and that replacing the swiss
         | franc with another currency must be done via popular vote. So
         | it's not really that radical.
         | 
         | The same organisation is already planning on another popular
         | initiative that seems to go in the direction of mandating the
         | acceptance of cash, but other than the title "Wer mit Bargeld
         | bezahlen will, muss mit Bargeld bezahlen konnen" (roughly: if
         | you want to pay with cash must be able to pay with cash) I
         | can't find any details about it.
        
         | slillibri wrote:
         | A fee for using cash would be incredibly regressive because
         | poor people use cash the most.
        
           | scarface74 wrote:
           | The poor already pay more for using cash. They pay the same
           | amount as people using credit cards and don't get any of the
           | rewards/cash back that the more affluent do
        
             | 1_1xdev1 wrote:
             | Are you trying to justify making the poor pay even more by
             | suggesting they already bear the burden?
        
               | scarface74 wrote:
               | I'm not trying to justify anything. I'm saying it's naive
               | to think that the poor don't already pay more.
        
               | DoctorOW wrote:
               | Nobody said they don't already pay more
        
             | mc32 wrote:
             | Maybe but using CCs is even more expensive for the poor
             | given their propensity to not pay their balances in full
             | for multiple reasons; so from that PoV cash is cheaper.
        
               | scarface74 wrote:
               | And the poor also use pay day loans and overdraft more
               | and pay overdraft fees. Even paying credit card interest
               | at 20% a year is cheaper than paying a $36 overdraft fee
               | when your account is $5 negative for a couple of days
               | until pay day.
        
             | ChewFarceSkunk wrote:
             | [dead]
        
         | wkat4242 wrote:
         | I still use cash a lot. Many places I go to only accept cash.
         | 
         | These places are not fully licensed which is probably why they
         | don't want to accept digital but there's definitely still a
         | case for it IMO.
        
         | JumpinJack_Cash wrote:
         | > > And cash is expensive. It's easy to scoff about the 1-2 %
         | fees on cards
         | 
         | The fee could be 100% for the vendor if the card holders uses
         | chargeback. People forget that chargeback exists because they
         | almost never use it but it's a real possibility.
         | 
         | The recent OnlyFans scandal was in fact not an OnlyFans scandal
         | but people charging back their credit card after the acquire
         | the content provided by the creator.
         | 
         | If something has a shot at ever replacing cash won't be cards
         | but instant wire transfers between banks so that payments mde
         | by citizens are both real time and impossible to chargeback.
         | SEPA Instant is the closest effort but even in leader countries
         | there are 40%+ banks which still don't have it.
         | 
         | In the US it will be called FedNow but it's in its infancy
        
           | Gare wrote:
           | You mean something like Digital Euro? https://www.ecb.europa.
           | eu/paym/digital_euro/html/index.en.ht...
        
             | Dma54rhs wrote:
             | SEPA already exists long time and works in these two cases
             | perfectly? Digital Euro is whole different animal.
        
           | thatguy0900 wrote:
           | For shopping online, I honestly wouldn't use a service where
           | charging back wasn't an ultimate option. Far too many scams,
           | everywhere, and inconsistent support. Something like Amazon,
           | sure, but random niche shopping websites? No way am I wiring
           | money with no way out if it's a scam
        
           | acdha wrote:
           | > If something has a shot at ever replacing cash won't be
           | cards but instant wire transfers between banks so that
           | payments mde by citizens are both real time and impossible to
           | chargeback.
           | 
           | Chargebacks are enormously popular with the public, however,
           | because they provide a remedy for various scams and avenues
           | for abuse by businesses, which is extremely common. I think
           | it would be more likely that a successful replacement would
           | refine that process rather than remove it.
        
           | sofixa wrote:
           | Are you talking about SEPA Instant? It's already here, across
           | the whole eurozone, and usually free (some legacy banks
           | charge a small fee).
        
             | JumpinJack_Cash wrote:
             | The EU is ahead but it's not as widely availible as you
             | claim. The leaders are Austria and Spain and they hover
             | around 50% banks having it
             | 
             | https://www.cpg.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/sepa-
             | instant-c...
        
               | sofixa wrote:
               | Your source is from 2021, so hardly representative of
               | today.
        
               | JumpinJack_Cash wrote:
               | Oh yes centuries ago indeed
        
           | EVa5I7bHFq9mnYK wrote:
           | I keep reading about charge back, but in only two cases I
           | tried to do that, because I didn't receive the stuff I paid
           | for, I haven't succeeded. Banks seem to side with the
           | merchants, because merchants pay them, not us.
        
         | tsol wrote:
         | What about the people that do use cash regularly?
         | 
         | >And cash is expensive.
         | 
         | Cards are expensive, the price is just currently being
         | subsidized by the industry. Do we as a society really want to
         | have to rely on that? There's no guarantee credit card fees
         | will not increase in the future
        
           | morelisp wrote:
           | > There's no guarantee credit card fees will not increase in
           | the future
           | 
           | What kind of guarantee can be made except strong limits
           | enshrined in law, which there already are? (If you don't
           | trust the laws, you can't trust cash either.)
        
           | photonbucket wrote:
           | Credit card fees should go _down_ if they remove the overhead
           | of  'rewards'
        
         | Laaas wrote:
         | I imagine we'll have digital cash eventually, but the only
         | sound non-blockchain solution I know of requires local quantum
         | computation: https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/107
        
           | tzs wrote:
           | What do you mean by "sound"? Why doesn't David Chaum's eCash
           | from 1982 [1] qualify? That's an on-line system. In 1990 he,
           | Fiat, and Nairobi proposed an off-line system [2].
           | 
           | [1] http://www.hit.bme.hu/~buttyan/courses/BMEVIHIM219/2009/C
           | hau...
           | 
           | [2]
           | http://blog.koehntopp.de/uploads/chaum_fiat_naor_ecash.pdf
        
             | Laaas wrote:
             | The latter works fine if you're OK with completely trusting
             | the banks. Local quantum computation gives you provably
             | sound, decentralised, unprintable digital cash. Nice paper
             | though, I wonder if you can make it quantum resistant.
        
         | bagels wrote:
         | Card fees are often 3% and vendors have to increase prices to
         | cover this. People paying cash are already paying these same
         | inflated prices to cover credit card fees.
        
           | toastal wrote:
           | Luckily not everywhere. In Thailand cash (and bank transfers)
           | are king. Most places do not accept credit, and the place
           | that do usually require a $15 or $30 minimum and/or you're
           | going to pay that extra overhead yourself. Alternatively,
           | like when I bought my monitor recently, folks will just give
           | you a discount for paying via cash/transfer (high value items
           | like that often end up as credit charges or interest loans
           | through the bankers).
        
       | erehweb wrote:
       | Per https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-may-face-a-future-
       | referen... Swiss people have $11.8K in cash on average - an
       | extraordinarily high amount. [edited to insert "Swiss"]
        
         | dzhiurgis wrote:
         | Whats the median, because average says nothing.
        
         | inductive_magic wrote:
         | Fwiw, consumer prices in Switzerland don't really compare to
         | those in the rest of Europe or the US. Would be interesting to
         | see a normalized bar chart.
        
         | raverbashing wrote:
         | Swiss people are also good at saving money, regardless if it's
         | cash or investments
        
           | sschueller wrote:
           | Gets difficult when you are paying negative interest rates
           | but at least that is over now. [1]
           | 
           | [1] https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/switzerland-exits-
           | nega...
        
         | 542458 wrote:
         | I'm very very skeptical of that number... If all the US
         | currency was evenly divided amongst the US's population, each
         | person would hold about $6600. But almost nobody actually holds
         | that much cash in the US - that cash is mostly held by criminal
         | organizations, individuals that can't engage with the
         | traditional banking system, and foreign governments. The Swiss
         | Franc has similar utility to the USD in that regard, so I
         | suspect that number is not representative of nearly all
         | households.
        
           | Scoundreller wrote:
           | Yeah, there's a ton of US$ cash outside of USA. Estimates
           | have been between 40 and 72%
           | 
           | https://www.bullionstar.com/blogs/jp-koning/how-much-u-s-
           | cur...
           | 
           | Swiss Francs are far from a reserve currency, beyond the poor
           | recognition of the notes outside of Switzerland and nearby
           | countries, so I'm doubting too many are held outside of
           | Switzerland. Euros or Dollars would be far better.
        
       | wonderwonder wrote:
       | In certain cases Cash takes on almost a freedom of speech
       | importance. Government can just switch off the digital finances
       | of any movement they don't like. Cash makes that harder.
        
         | bogomipz wrote:
         | As a topical counterpoint, governments can also just switch off
         | the existing currency in favor of a new currency and create a
         | cash scarcity crisis when theres not enough of the new currency
         | in circulation. This is exactly the situation in Nigeria right
         | now. See:
         | 
         | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/15/angry-protests...
         | 
         | Another recent example of a hard currency crisis is what's been
         | happening in Lebanon, where the government simply switched off
         | full access:
         | 
         | https://www.ft.com/content/a710fa12-e7fe-4aab-8e4f-962f01add...
        
           | galleywest200 wrote:
           | I mean they could, but would a country as wealthy as
           | Switzerland just break all business relations like that?
        
             | bogomipz wrote:
             | The parent I was responding to was not referring
             | specifically to Switzerland, in fact they just said
             | "Government" which is about as general as you can be.
             | Further Nigeria is also wealthy, even if the concentration
             | of wealth is in the hands of very few. Nigeria is the
             | largest economy in Africa and 31st in the World by GDP.[1]
             | 
             | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria
        
             | 8ytecoder wrote:
             | I mean would they do that for digital then?
        
               | dijit wrote:
               | all vs some.
               | 
               | I can disable your bank account rendering you unable to
               | be personally solvent.
               | 
               | But in order to do so with the cash you have I would have
               | to basically disable _everyones_ account.
        
         | m00dy wrote:
         | except bitcoin.
        
           | coldtea wrote:
           | You can't eat bitcoin. So you have to exchange it for food.
           | But unlike cash they don't accept it anywhere (and accepting
           | cash everywhere is what this voting tries to keep a reality).
           | 
           | Also you can't access it in places without internet access or
           | electricity (e.g. during wartime or as a refugee on the go).
        
           | wonderwonder wrote:
           | Even if I accept BTC, its pretty hard for me to buy food or
           | gasoline with it.
        
             | krzyk wrote:
             | In case of larger catastrophe cash is as useless as
             | bitcoin. You trade food for other things, eg. tools,
             | liquor, cigarettes, bicycle etc.
        
               | akvadrako wrote:
               | There's a reason we moved away from the barter system.
               | Cash would still be useful if it was rare and accepted by
               | the government, though you should expect massive
               | inflation. But something like gold would probably be a
               | good contender as a new money.
        
       | drexlspivey wrote:
       | In 2017 Russia launched the biggest cyberattack ever against
       | Ukraine. It affected a big part of the county's digital
       | infrastructure including banking. People were unable to transact
       | electronically and unable to withdraw cash from the ATM machines.
       | 
       | If a major conflict against 2 advanced nations ever happen I
       | expect scenarios like this to play out. Cashless is great in
       | times of prosperity but when shit hits the fan you need to have a
       | backup plan.
        
       | Kukumber wrote:
       | cashless society is a requirement to ascend to the next
       | civilization
        
         | Yiin wrote:
         | not necessarily the better one though
        
         | kQq9oHeAz6wLLS wrote:
         | If that's the future, I'm glad I'm history.
        
         | mrshadowgoose wrote:
         | This can only be realized in a post-scarcity society, and even
         | in a post-scarcity cashless scenario, energy and matter are
         | fundamentally limiting, so people will have allocations of
         | those units.
        
         | ChewFarceSkunk wrote:
         | [dead]
        
         | Karsteski wrote:
         | If the next civilization is my government having the ability to
         | take my money away from me, I want to part of it
        
           | Kukumber wrote:
           | you'll be busy counting your cash on this burning planet
           | while china will be a multiplanetary society
        
             | Karsteski wrote:
             | Yes society is definitely going to develop in such a
             | simplistic manner. Also, do I really want to be a member of
             | a society like China in its current form? The answer is no.
             | I have no interest in being a slave to my government, even
             | more so atleast.
             | 
             | If those in power have absolute control of your currency,
             | have fun opposing them without large numbers of deaths.
        
               | Kukumber wrote:
               | Why haven't we replaced the dying ISS? why China did?
               | 
               | Why can't we offer universal health care? why China did?
               | 
               | There is a lot of debatable things China did, but when it
               | comes to its citizens, they are properly taken care off
               | to move forward
               | 
               | From a poor emerging country to a developed one in record
               | time, you have to be a strong collective and have the
               | support of your own people to achieve this feat
               | 
               | Our model of society stagnated, we must reinvent
               | ourselves to move forward, otherwise we are headed
               | towards dark times
        
               | incrudible wrote:
               | Not my impression of China at all. Sounds like you reject
               | western propaganda, yet you bought the communist
               | propaganda wholesale.
        
               | knewter wrote:
               | Chinese workers in rural areas make less per day than any
               | one of my laying hens produces in income at the current
               | price of eggs.
        
               | xkcd1963 wrote:
               | Chinese don't have pension, health care, or anything
               | similar. What misinformation are you partaking in?
        
               | nmeagent wrote:
               | > but when it comes to its citizens, they are properly
               | taken care [of] to move forward
               | 
               | Except for Uyghur citizens apparently, unless of course
               | they have drastically mangled the meaning of 'taken care
               | of' beyond all recognition. The same if you're a Falun
               | Gong member, or a dissident, or said anything bad about
               | Dear Leader, or complained about the wrong corrupt
               | business entity, or have a low social credit score for
               | whatever reason, etc. If this nightmare is 'moving
               | forward', then I prefer 'dark times' thank you very much.
        
         | abc20230215 wrote:
         | I am guessing it will be a two-class society: one being able to
         | cut off other's access to money when needed.
        
           | Kukumber wrote:
           | That's a risk indeed, but that shouldn't prevent us from
           | doing the work in order to ascend, so we must debate and plan
           | today, Switzerland's political system is unique with their
           | direct democracy, so they are better prepared than the rest
           | of the western world
        
             | kQq9oHeAz6wLLS wrote:
             | Not a risk; a real fact that happens.
        
               | Kukumber wrote:
               | Good, we know it's a thing, therefore we can work towards
               | avoiding it ;)
        
         | wonderwonder wrote:
         | Even Star Trek had gold pressed latinum
        
           | [deleted]
        
       | egberts1 wrote:
       | Folks in Mountainous, rugged environment knows the value of
       | physical fiat and its essential exchange mechanism.
        
         | refuse wrote:
         | Yep. Power or internet goes out where I live fairly often and
         | you'd have to drive at least an hour to use anything but cash.
         | 
         | Another commenter already mentioned natural disasters, which
         | happen with surprising frequency (I've been through quite a few
         | myself).
         | 
         | Cash fills in society's all-too-common edge cases.
        
           | Scoundreller wrote:
           | I kinda thought those environments would be less dependent on
           | emergency cash, because they'll have a week's worth of food,
           | backup energy/power sources (BBQs, propane tanks, jerry cans
           | of gas, woodstoves, etc.).
           | 
           | It's people in the cities that get boned when the grid
           | crashes.
        
             | egberts1 wrote:
             | Especially if them city folks put all their livelihood into
             | digital cash.
        
       | IYasha wrote:
       | Cash you can save, cash you can protect, cash you can move, cash
       | you can share.
       | 
       | Digital goolag-coins you can not.
       | 
       | Save in gold.
       | 
       | Some mafia-related millionaire. :)
        
       | silvestrov wrote:
       | Forever is a short time in politics.
       | 
       | Nothing stops another voting in 10 years time to swing the other
       | way.
        
         | inductive_magic wrote:
         | Constitutions have a tendency to be sticky though.
        
           | ricardobayes wrote:
           | Hungary, which used to be a pretty stable and all around OK
           | country showed it takes one single political misstep to cause
           | a landslide victory in the next election cycle - meaning
           | supermajority. Then that party took the advantage to re-write
           | the consitution to gerrymander and keep the power for many
           | years a-coming. I think most political parties would do the
           | same, regardless of country. So next time you curse a
           | politician out at the other end of the political spectrum,
           | also thank them, for actually existing. Nothing destroys a
           | country faster than a (quasi) single-party system.
        
             | tryptophan wrote:
             | I always find it funny when people complain about
             | 'Hungarian gerrymandering', as it tells me they know
             | nothing about the place and just repeat what liberal rags
             | screech about Hungary. The election reforms made elections
             | simpler and actually reduced the inequalities between
             | electoral districts.
             | 
             | Its also even more funny considering that the Hungarian
             | election system is objectively better than the one in the
             | USA, in that it is more representative.
        
           | AdrianB1 wrote:
           | As someone else already wrote, Constitutions tend to be
           | reinterpreted - see all the controversies in US on several
           | Amendments and the lack of meaning of "not infringe" these
           | days.
        
           | _0ffh wrote:
           | Constitutions are factually much less sticky than formally,
           | as ultimately words require interpretation. When the law
           | can't be rewritten, it will just be reinterpreted.
           | 
           | Here's a reasonably well known monograph about the topic:
           | 
           | John Hasnas, "The Myth of the Rule of Law", Wisconsin Law
           | Review 199 (1995)
           | 
           | https://medusa.teodesian.net/docs/liberty/MythFinalDraft.pdf
        
           | arlort wrote:
           | That's only true when they are significantly more difficult
           | to amend than the ordinary legislative procedure
        
           | sofixa wrote:
           | That's not necessarily a good thing. Constitutions need to be
           | able to evolve with the times - otherwise many countries
           | would still be disenfranchising vast swathes of their
           | population (women - and funnily, in some Swiss cantons, women
           | couldn't vote until the 1990s!), or a bunch of other
           | problems. It's absolutely a problem when they become
           | synonymous with a deity's work and thus untouchable. One of
           | the worse examples of this is the US, where with the added
           | benefit of the mess that is common law (precedents and
           | reinterpretations being a thing) it's just a messy vague
           | situation. France was able to add abortion protections to
           | their constitution, meanwhile the US relied on an
           | interpretation of a vague statute to constitutionally protect
           | them, and then a change of opinion in the courts changed
           | that.
        
       | languagehacker wrote:
       | Switzerland has a very specific reason for preserving cash, and
       | it's called money laundering
        
         | FpUser wrote:
         | Alternatively the specific reason is to protect people from
         | ever more hairy government paws crawling all over and inside
         | their lives.
        
         | lasftew wrote:
         | Swiss here. This is true. Buy an expensive watch and want to
         | pay with credit card? We'll need to verify name and address,
         | apologies Sir! Have a bag of cash? No questions asked, have a
         | nice day!
        
       | rom-antics wrote:
       | How much lifting is the word "forever" doing in that headline? I
       | thought all laws are forever, until they're changed or repealed,
       | yet reporting doesn't usually include that word. In the future if
       | someone wanted to try to change this, they could just hold
       | another vote, no? How is this different?
        
         | bigyikes wrote:
         | If they omitted the word "forever", it might seem like they are
         | overturning an existing law or voting against an imminent
         | threat to remove cash.
        
       | mring33621 wrote:
       | Who could have predicted, Switzerland, a bastion of financial
       | privacy has voted to keep cash as legal tender?
        
       | frank_bb wrote:
       | [dead]
        
       | dukeofdoom wrote:
       | Government debanked the lockdown protestors in Canada. Freezing
       | their bank accounts. So people started giving them cash so they
       | have something for food. But imagine if you couldn't buy bread
       | because government decided you shouldn't oppose their lockdown
       | policy. Without cash, you are a slave to the state, and can't
       | have food unless they say you can.
        
         | throwaway9870 wrote:
         | Not only a slave to the state, but a slave to private
         | companies. Most electronic payments, including cards and apps
         | are via companies (as opposed to govt). Who wants companies to
         | have more control over their life?
        
         | kQq9oHeAz6wLLS wrote:
         | This, and I cannot agree enough. Generally speaking,
         | governments don't always have your best interests in mind.
        
           | sofixa wrote:
           | > Generally speaking, governments don't always have your best
           | interests in mind
           | 
           | Generally speaking, this a massive stretch for a democratic
           | country such as Switzerland. What is the government there but
           | a representation of it's citizens?
        
             | xienze wrote:
             | > What is the government there but a representation of it's
             | citizens?
             | 
             | Situations sometimes come up that the people don't exactly
             | get a chance to vote on. For instance, no one in the US in
             | 2018 ran on a "if there's a dangerous respiratory virus
             | circulating in the future I vow to lock the country down to
             | the best of my ability and mandate vaccines that have been
             | fast-tracked" platform, and such a candidate likely
             | wouldn't win. But here we are.
        
             | iforgotpassword wrote:
             | A government's highest priority is keeping itself in power
             | at all cost.
        
             | AdrianB1 wrote:
             | > What is the government ...
             | 
             | Extreme naivety or trolling?
        
         | nubinetwork wrote:
         | Don't get me wrong, but the government asked the fringers to
         | leave nicely, then demanded they leave... other than amassing
         | an army and arresting them all, I don't see what else they
         | could have done to make them listen.
        
           | ecshafer wrote:
           | Right to assembly and protest are inalienable rights. Do you
           | feel the same way towards the chinese being harsh with hong
           | kong protestors? or should they simply go home when asked?
        
           | lotsofpulp wrote:
           | > amassing an army and arresting them all
           | 
           | This is acceptable. Everyone should have an inalienable right
           | to proof of identity and access to an electronic funds
           | account, regardless of their crimes. If the government wants
           | to seize funds, they can go to court and prove the crime.
        
             | nubinetwork wrote:
             | If I'm not mistaken, freezing their bank accounts did need
             | some sort of court approval... You can't just walk into a
             | bank and say "Hi, I want you to make sure this list of
             | people can't continue business as usual".
             | 
             | Edit: I don't think an army would have been the best
             | solution either... Since the protest, many of those same
             | people are now part of the defund police protests. Imagine
             | the mess that would have happened if the police had showed
             | up in military gear and arrested thousands of people...
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | Freezing bank accounts is not acceptable, since that is
               | currently the mechanism for electronic money transfer. It
               | is like taking away someone's right to own or use cash.
               | 
               | If a crime has been committed, and there is a fine with
               | the crime, and there is a conviction of the crime, then
               | the government taking money from the electronic account
               | as payment for the fine is OK.
               | 
               | But the right to engage in transactions should never be
               | able to be taken away.
        
               | nubinetwork wrote:
               | Tell that to the government then, it's not like they held
               | a referendum to ask us what our opinion was. I'm just
               | saying this method was less violent than the alternative.
        
               | lotsofpulp wrote:
               | That was the point the government was making. They had so
               | much power, they do not even need to be violent, they
               | could strip their livelihood with a few clerical actions.
               | Which means due process and all that is just a formality,
               | that can apparently be ignored when politically
               | convenient.
        
               | dukeofdoom wrote:
               | I'm not sure if you are aware. But the government
               | resorted to the "alternative" violence to end the protest
               | anyway. There's videos on youtube of the mass arrests
               | (crackdown) if you're curious. A grandma gets trampled by
               | a police horse, and some arrested are battered with
               | batons in Ottawa.
               | 
               | In Windsor they used tow trucks from Michigan to clear
               | out the protestors trucks. Which if you think about it,
               | Canada government used foreign aid to end a protest
               | against itself.
        
               | __turbobrew__ wrote:
               | You are mistaken. Since Trudeau invoked the Emergency Act
               | he didn't need a court order to freeze bank accounts. The
               | feds literally went on record stating that freezing bank
               | accounts was used as a deterrent from people protesting.
               | There was no judicial or legislative process involved in
               | unilaterally cutting off people from all of their funds.
               | 
               | You can read more here:
               | https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/bureaucrats-who-
               | froze...
        
               | sofixa wrote:
               | And there was a review after the fact if the emergency
               | powers were used appropriately, and that review just
               | finished and said that yes, Trudeau was in his right and
               | didn't abuse the emergency powers.
        
               | __turbobrew__ wrote:
               | A review which found that Trudeau was justified does not
               | change anything I said. I personally haven't read the
               | entire report so I wont comment on whether or not I
               | believe the actions were justified.
               | 
               | The reality is that it is legal for the Canadian state to
               | extrajudicially suppress protests, hence why it is
               | important to have cash around because of these laws.
               | 
               | Also what if the use of the Emergency Act is found to NOT
               | be justified in a report a year later? How are you going
               | to make those who had their bank accounts frozen whole
               | again? A report in one years time in the future is not
               | going to help you buy food or pay for shelter today.
        
               | nubinetwork wrote:
               | Sounds like the banks asked the court anyways.
               | https://globalnews.ca/news/8615490/td-bank-freezes-
               | accounts-...
        
               | ChewFarceSkunk wrote:
               | [dead]
        
           | AstixAndBelix wrote:
           | At least if you capture someone you have to feed them. But if
           | you freeze their money? That's hell
        
           | throwaway9870 wrote:
           | Doesn't really seem like due process.
        
         | mistrial9 wrote:
         | most people who have never experienced real hunger do not
         | understand this
        
       | mr90210 wrote:
       | I sometimes think that something similar might happen with ICE
       | vehicles in the EU.
        
       | grahar64 wrote:
       | Having just come from the cyclone ravaged Gisborne region in New
       | Zealand, where internet and communications have been down now for
       | 5 days. The first thing we did was count all the cash we had,
       | because it is the only way we could buy food and fuel.
       | 
       | Cash works when there is no power or communication.
        
         | iforgotpassword wrote:
         | This is my core concern really. So far, most outages I
         | experienced here in Germany were mildly annoying, mostly due to
         | the fact that cash is still King here and I had enough around
         | the house to cover a couple days, but everytime it happens I
         | think of what it would be like if we were as cashless as for
         | example China. I'm not against all those modern payment
         | methods, but I seriously think it should be mandatory for
         | stores offering the basic necessities to accept cash.
        
           | efitz wrote:
           | My major concerns are about surveillance and control.
           | 
           | The USA is mow requiring banks to report all transactions
           | over $600 to the federal government; the credit card
           | companies are adding category based tracking to transactions
           | at businesses in unfavored industries like gun stores, and
           | banks and credit card companies are denying service to
           | specific individuals due to online speech that had nothing to
           | do with the financial institutions themselves. Canada is "de-
           | banking" protesters. At a macro scale the US government and
           | others are using the SWIFT system to interdict transactions
           | by unfavored individuals, and are electronically "seizing"
           | accounts of such people, usually without a warrant.
           | 
           | We need cash to prevent totalitarianism.
        
             | opportune wrote:
             | The problem with cash is that a lot of commerce occurs over
             | the Internet these days. And cash can be controlled or
             | abused by the government. Even if cash is never technically
             | banned, banks can limit withdrawals to low amounts, any
             | limits can be kept and functionally eroded over time due to
             | inflation, and with enough effort it can be tracked just as
             | well as digital payments.
             | 
             | Personally I see this as the (probably only) actual-use-
             | case for crypto: permissionless payments
        
             | artificialLimbs wrote:
             | I upvoted this because I agree with most of it. It is not
             | all transactions that need to be reported, however. Only
             | transactions through 'third party' payment systems like
             | Venmo, Cash App, Paypal, etc... Additionally, they have
             | delayed this rule until next year.
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | Yup, this is my stance as well. I switched to a cash-friendly
           | bank, I always carry a few bills on me, and I prefer to shop
           | at stores that do take cash. (This is in a region of the
           | world that's virtually cashless in everyday business.)
           | 
           | When people hear this they assume I must be anti-electronic
           | payment but that's far from true. I love the convenience.
           | 
           | I just think it's really, really important we retain the
           | option of physical cash, and hope that we rarely have to
           | exercise it. It's worth the additional investment to achieve
           | resilience.
        
           | krzyk wrote:
           | You had a power outage that lasted few days?
           | 
           | BTW. For short outage batteries in terminal is enough, and
           | BTSes have UPS that last quite long. Basically when my
           | neighborhood has power outage (once a year maybe) for max 2-4
           | hours, cell service still works (a bit slower because
           | everyone switched to it).
        
             | loloquwowndueo wrote:
             | Long power outages can hit even developed areas if weather
             | gets nasty.
             | 
             | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1998_North_American
             | _...
        
             | StanislavPetrov wrote:
             | When superstorm Sandy hit New York in 2012 I lost power for
             | 2 weeks. Local stores/gas stations/restaurants were without
             | power for about a week. This was in a densely populated
             | suburb, not a backwater.
        
             | iforgotpassword wrote:
             | https://hackaday.com/2022/05/30/expired-certificate-
             | causes-g...
             | 
             | This took two and a half days iirc and just so happened to
             | affect the two closest supermarkets.
        
               | 2-718-281-828 wrote:
               | that's not a power outage
        
               | iforgotpassword wrote:
               | I never said there were any
        
             | toast0 wrote:
             | I regularly get power outages of several hours in the
             | pacific northwest [1]. My local cell towers go about 2-4
             | hours before dropping off. The telco DSL drops immediately,
             | not sure about the cable company. Gotta make sure you've
             | got offline entertainment or you're gonna be real bored.
             | 
             | [1] mostly from trees falling into lines; the same soil
             | conditions that make undergrounding lines very expensive
             | also contribute to trees having shallow roots, saturated
             | soil and high winds strongly implies no power. Also, local
             | regulation requires the power company to pass costs of most
             | undergrounding along to the affected customers and they
             | have to approve the work; most people don't want to spend
             | their money on undergrounding, so it's not typically done.
        
             | artificialLimbs wrote:
             | Works great if your country isn't at war.
        
             | lghjcrhbcl wrote:
             | Natural disasters. In the early 90s a blizzard knocked out
             | power on the US eastern seaboard for weeks in some areas.
             | Two years ago Texas's grid was compromised for nearly a
             | week during the ice storm, and even cell service was down.
             | 
             | I'm sure there are other examples. How long was power out
             | in New Orleans after Katrina? Puerto Rico after Maria?
        
         | dzhiurgis wrote:
         | FWIW one of the bottle shop reopened while storm was ongoing
         | using a generator and was taking payments for some cards
         | offline, tho my card wasn't enabled for that. I had cash, but
         | that's NZ for you - first to implement paywave but now there's
         | surcharge's everywhere. I was completely cashless/wallet-less
         | in europe.
        
         | robocat wrote:
         | Here is a news video partly about a queue at a cash machine:
         | https://youtube.com/watch?v=I6gVliTmPGA
         | 
         | NZ translations: Spark == ATT, kai == food, munted == fucked,
         | Gisbourne == town of 40000 in the wop-wops (I loved the place
         | when I last visited there!)
         | 
         | Off topic, but I would be interested to know what people from
         | the US think of NZ reporting compared to US reporting.
        
         | Clubber wrote:
         | Also cash isn't easily trackable. This is nice if you are
         | uneasy with all the tracking and surveillance going on today.
        
           | wongarsu wrote:
           | It's also really hard to stop people from using their cash.
           | Of course governments see this as a weakness, but everyone
           | concerned about government overreach should appreciate how
           | your cards and bank accounts can be frozen, but your cash is
           | yours (as long as you have physical control over it).
        
             | DoctorOW wrote:
             | Cops just straight up take people's cash in some parts of
             | the world
        
               | Clubber wrote:
               | They do that in the US. It's called civil asset
               | forfeiture, and the federal government supports it and
               | takes a cut. No due process needed.
               | 
               | https://jalopnik.com/heres-another-reminder-that-the-
               | police-...
        
           | shortcake27 wrote:
           | This is always brought up as an argument against cashless. I
           | don't get it. I'm quite passionate about tracking,
           | collection, and use of personal data. But I really couldn't
           | care less about my day to day purchases. My bank knows that I
           | buy a coffee every morning and lunch from a local vendor, and
           | some groceries or dinner in the evening. My bank won't use
           | this for any kind of targeted advertising and I trust them to
           | keep it secure. This data seems so unimportant compared to
           | the frustration of cash. The second I step foot in a cash
           | economy I start having issues with large bills (do you have a
           | smaller note etc), losing change, having to keep on visiting
           | ATMs. It's extremely irritating once you've gotten used to
           | cashless. What is everyone buying on a daily basis with cash
           | that is so secret the banks and governments must not know?
        
             | notdang wrote:
             | All good and convenient untill some governmental agency
             | decides that you cannot use the cashless methods and by
             | that time cash is not available because no one protested
             | since it was so convenient.
        
       | nicolinox wrote:
       | Revolut has already of few million users in Switzerland. It looks
       | like swiss citizens and foreign immigrants being taken for a ride
       | in fees by the swiss banks are now fed up and have
       | alternatives...
        
         | sschueller wrote:
         | No, Revolut has ~250,000 customers in Switzerland.
         | 
         | Additionally people have had some serious issues with how
         | Revolut operates including their complete lack of support
         | system. There are several stories of people loosing large sums.
         | 
         | People used Revolut because it made thing easy and quick but
         | now there are Swiss alternatives available like Neon[1] or
         | Zak[2] with the backing of a Swiss bank license providing
         | deposit guarantees.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.neon-free.ch/en/
         | 
         | [2] https://www.cler.ch/de/info/zak
        
       | seydor wrote:
       | Does this mean that the digital equivalent of cash in the form of
       | an appropriate cryptocurrency is officially also mandated by law?
        
         | rom-antics wrote:
         | No, the vote is about banknotes and coins (as the headline
         | states)
        
           | seydor wrote:
           | What if i print private keys in qr codes and call them
           | banknotes
        
             | Turing_Machine wrote:
             | In the United States, at least, they wouldn't be "legal
             | tender", which means that every entity (person, government,
             | whatever) is required to accept them in payment for a debt.
             | I believe most other countries have similar rules for their
             | official currencies, likely including Switzerland.
             | 
             | Note that the "debt" part is important. You can refuse to
             | take cash for a new transaction, but not one where the
             | other party already owes you money.
             | 
             | I believe there have even been court cases that held that
             | the type of restaurant that requires you to pay before
             | getting your food can refuse to take cash, while the type
             | of restaurant that lets you pay after you've eaten cannot
             | (because that makes it a debt you owe). Don't quote me on
             | that, though.
        
             | rom-antics wrote:
             | The word "banknotes" has a specific legal meaning. You can
             | print anything and call it anything you want, but that
             | doesn't mean anyone will take you seriously or you'll get
             | legal recognition. You're venturing into sovcit territory.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | WhatsName wrote:
         | Properies of hard cash: - almost untraceable - works offline -
         | easy to understand
         | 
         | Doesn't matter how you turn it, cryptocurrency is never
         | replacing cash. Digital currency, maybe, but I would always
         | take cash for any inperson transaction.
        
           | jrm4 wrote:
           | I think few people are seriously suggesting _replacement._
           | 
           | The better way to consider: There are arguably favorable
           | properties that ARE in cash, that are NOT in mainstream bank-
           | led digital payments, and that ARE in cryptocurrency. Some
           | people have already discovered this and use it for these
           | purposes. Now, it is also true that the cryptocurrency space
           | is a breeding ground for scammy behavior.
           | 
           | The only question is -- to what extent might cryptocurrency
           | get more popular for "legit" purposes.
        
             | hirako2000 wrote:
             | To a greater extend than any other cashless payment system
             | since it isn't controlled by a single entity and has by now
             | proven it is censorship resistent. People are getting more
             | and more educated on censorship issues and the UX continues
             | to get better and better.
             | 
             | Like for many things before, gaming is likely to lead the
             | path for more adoption, the tokenomy has been a thing for
             | many years there now and crypto nicely provides the
             | infrastructure for building a token system on that already.
             | networks with low fees are there and smart contracts can
             | even be written in JavaScript, with companies providing
             | transaction gateways etc etc etc.
             | 
             | At this point anyone doubting crypto has continuously be
             | gaining legit adoption must be blind or in denial.
             | 
             | Developer tooling and ecosystem getting better and better,
             | the whole crypto crashes aren't putting a dent to that.
             | 
             | All it takes is more absurdity from a government for a
             | spike in adoption. See Argentina and Nigeria.
             | 
             | It is already popular for legit purposes, except that the
             | news rarely report it, it makes better title to say some
             | group is laundering crime money using Bitcoin.
        
         | bluepoint wrote:
         | I don't think so, unless it is the only official currency.
        
       | phreeza wrote:
       | This website seems like really low quality blogspam. Higher
       | quality source: https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-may-face-a-
       | future-referen...
        
         | Laaas wrote:
         | Euronews was recently bought apparently:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews#Alpac_Capital
        
           | beebeepka wrote:
           | They've been thrash for as long as I can remember. I visit
           | their site every couple of years and content doesn't match
           | their name at all. "Euro" "news"
        
             | elkos wrote:
             | In the 90s we had EuronewsTV broadcasted over the air for
             | free in Greece. It was fairly ok-ish. I had the chance to
             | interact with some reporters of Euronews in 2017 and it was
             | fairly ok but keep in mind that it was about a news story
             | amongst hundreds within a day.
        
               | beebeepka wrote:
               | Sure. Could you do me a favour and check how many news
               | about Greece they've had over the last few months?
               | 
               | Just the site.
        
       | t0bia_s wrote:
       | Cashless society is utopia, not practical actualy. Imagine
       | homeless people. You wouldn't be able to give them money. Imagine
       | trade in place without data connection. Imagine misery in case of
       | battery failure. Imagine chaos in case of bank system failure.
       | 
       | Of course total surveillance of state is main concern.
       | Unfortunately WEF propose and EU make slow steps to limit cash as
       | possible. Ie by advantages and bonuses in case of paying by card.
       | Banks limiting cash withdraw amount...
       | 
       | https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022...
       | 
       | Interesting documentary about one digital currency and digital
       | ID, State of control (2022):
       | https://player.vimeo.com/video/769876604
       | 
       | Czech senate recently refused to make cash as constitutional
       | righ.
       | 
       | https://www.epochtimes.cz/2023/02/15/navrh-zahrnout-do-ustav...
        
         | jdhn wrote:
         | >Imagine homeless people. You wouldn't be able to give them
         | money.
         | 
         | I've seen homeless people with QR codes and chip readers.
        
           | kevviiinn wrote:
           | What a beautiful dystopia we live in
        
         | CatWChainsaw wrote:
         | In the modern day, digital continuity of identity is -almost-
         | more important than physical, and being a "cyborg" (constantly
         | in contact with your phone/portal to Internet) is increasingly
         | critical. And we live in an increasingly climate-hostile world.
         | Low tech is underappreciated by many, not just the usual crowd
         | here.
        
           | t0bia_s wrote:
           | Sure, cash is eco friendly!
        
             | CatWChainsaw wrote:
             | I'm not sure I would explicitly call it "eco friendly". A
             | lot goes into making paper bills. But the end result, the
             | paper bill, is "low tech".
        
         | shortcake27 wrote:
         | > Imagine homeless people. You wouldn't be able to give them
         | money.
         | 
         | This is incorrect on all levels. Electronic payments between
         | bank accounts have existed for decades. Banks in many countries
         | now support instant payments using email/phone numbers. There
         | are QR based payment methods which do the same thing. There has
         | even been a special jacket invented to accept contactless:
         | 
         | https://www.tsip.co.uk/blog/2019/2/19/introducing-helping-he...
         | 
         | > Imagine trade in place without data connection.
         | 
         | What, like an airplane? Where many airlines no longer even
         | accept cash on the plane?
        
           | l0b0 wrote:
           | > This is incorrect on all levels. Electronic payments
           | between bank accounts have existed for decades. Banks in many
           | countries now support instant payments using email/phone
           | numbers. There are QR based payment methods which do the same
           | thing. There has even been a special jacket invented to
           | accept contactless:
           | 
           | Is this in Silicon Valley or something? That's the most tech
           | utopian statement I've seen on HN for a while, where even
           | homeless people _obviously_ have access to electronic
           | banking.
        
           | rtkwe wrote:
           | Currently those require a bank, a (smart) phone, and a data
           | service. All of which aren't impossible but they're also not
           | exactly universal. There's still about 5% of the US that
           | doesn't even have a bank account in their household, a number
           | highly correlated with income.
        
           | replicanteven wrote:
           | Homeless people are often unbanked, and it's very difficult
           | to open a new account without a credit score and permanent
           | address.
           | 
           | Recent immigrants have difficulty opening accounts for a
           | similar reason - only US credit counts. Political activists
           | are also often denied accounts out of an abundance of caution
           | on the bank's part, e.g. with the Occupy Wall St protests.
        
       | anonym29 wrote:
       | I don't see this as a valorization of physical currency so much
       | as a hedge against the threat of complete loss of financial
       | privacy & autonomy that comes built-in with state-mandated
       | CBDC's.
        
       | occamrazor wrote:
       | To add some context: the group that promoted this initiative is a
       | fringe ultraconservative one. Among other things, in 2020 they
       | were denying the existence of Covid and in 2021 they did an anti
       | 5G campaign.
        
         | 0xDEF wrote:
         | Far-right extremism is surprisingly common in the German-
         | speaking world if you look beyond Western Germany and Berlin.
         | 
         | Eastern Germany (excluding Berlin) is one big racist hellscape
         | where refugee homes get firebombed and Putin is worshipped as
         | the second coming of Jesus.
         | 
         | Switzerland and Austria are not that bad yet but judging by
         | social media trends they both have a significant far-right
         | problem.
        
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