[HN Gopher] Make believe
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Make believe
        
       Author : kiyanwang
       Score  : 69 points
       Date   : 2023-01-21 12:26 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (sive.rs)
 (TXT) w3m dump (sive.rs)
        
       | zug_zug wrote:
       | upvoting for the audio. the incredibly relaxed audio presentation
       | gives this theory a casual and jovial nature which feels wildly
       | different than most blog posts (which I tend to read in a
       | lecturing-professor tone).
        
       | tombert wrote:
       | I don't want to be too mean here, but this comes off as idiotic
       | nonsense. Well-intentioned bullshit is still bullshit. I think
       | most religions were initially well-intentioned but because they
       | added a layer of supernatural bullshit to it people decided to
       | weaponize it and justify basically anything horrible.
       | 
       | When you base your belief on bullshit, you have the ability to
       | justify _anything_ , because nonsense can mean whatever you want
       | it to mean.
       | 
       | Obviously not all religious people are homophobes or racists or
       | bigots but it does seem like a lot of demagogues have an easy
       | time using religion to justify homophobia or racism or bigotry.
        
       | cratermoon wrote:
       | > make: ** No rule to make target `believe'. Stop.
        
       | galactus wrote:
       | " Same with philosophies, nationalities, norms, and concepts like
       | loyalty, destiny, and identity. None of these are true. But they
       | are useful."
       | 
       | His use of the word 'useful' implies he classifies things as
       | 'useful' and 'useless' according to some absolute value system
       | that he considers evidently true but that in reality is no more
       | or less valid that those things he lists as merely useful.
        
         | adolph wrote:
         | _All models are wrong is a common aphorism in statistics; it is
         | often expanded as "All models are wrong, but some are useful".
         | The aphorism acknowledges that statistical models always fall
         | short of the complexities of reality but can still be useful
         | nonetheless. The aphorism originally referred just to
         | statistical models, but it is now sometimes used for scientific
         | models in general._
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_models_are_wrong
        
         | Sakos wrote:
         | I struggle to understand what the point of this comment is.
         | 
         | Yes, we know, opinions are like assholes, everyone has one. You
         | don't have to believe him or agree with anything he says.
         | That's ... how it works.
         | 
         | I generally find his posts quite helpful and useful. Even ones
         | where I might not agree with him.
         | 
         | Your comment is noise. It's just blind criticism without
         | actually saying anything. I don't find it helpful or useful.
         | "His value system could be valid or not valid". Also, water is
         | wet and British food sucks.
        
           | xwowsersx wrote:
           | Huh? No. As I understand it, GP is making the point that
           | implicit in Sivers' idea is that there actually _is_ , at
           | bottom, a notion of objective truth that is more than merely
           | this sort of utilitarian notion of useful. Because in order
           | to even judge whether something is useful or helps to achieve
           | some beneficial end in any way that we'd care about, one must
           | have some axiological conception in mind.
           | 
           | Also, I really don't understand why your comment is so biting
           | and aggressive and how you finding his posts helpful and
           | useful is responsive to GP's point? Did GP offer some general
           | critique of his posts? Maybe GP also finds them generally
           | helpful and useful, but had a point to make about this
           | specific post? Your entire response is generally strange and
           | the rudeness is unwarranted.
        
             | Sakos wrote:
             | > implicit in Sivers' idea is that there actually is, at
             | bottom, a notion of objective truth that is more than
             | merely this sort of utilitarian notion of useful.
             | 
             | Sivers' perspective is subjective. As most opinions are. So
             | even if he is implying an "objective truth", none of us are
             | obliged to treat it that way. But that isn't specific to
             | Sivers or his above post. That literally applies to
             | everybody.
             | 
             | Again, it's like saying water is wet.
        
             | galactus wrote:
             | You explained it better than I did, thanks
        
       | LouisSayers wrote:
       | He may as well say "join a cult, it feels great!".
       | 
       | Religion is like the OG social network - designed to hook its
       | members and extract value from them.
       | 
       | "But I get value from my Instafeed" its users decry.
       | 
       | Yeah, but it's also a lot of non productive doom scrolling,
       | causes social issues and can be used as a political tool to
       | manipulate the masses. The people running the platforms can buy
       | themselves a nice boat though, so there's always that.
        
       | NickBusey wrote:
       | > Following a religion improves your daily actions
       | 
       | Citation needed.
       | 
       | Edit: the fact that this is being downvoted is hilarious.
       | Religion is a helluva drug.
        
         | nindalf wrote:
         | There's no direct cause and effect between believing in a
         | religion and living a longer, happier life.
         | 
         | However, religious people are more likely to attend regular
         | religious services, where they are likely to develop social
         | connections. As social animals, social connections are great
         | for our physical and mental well being. This is probably one of
         | the factors that leads to religious people living longer,
         | happier lives (Association of Religious Service Attendance With
         | Mortality Among Women https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainte
         | rnalmedicine/fullar...)
         | 
         | You got the citation you wanted?
        
           | NickBusey wrote:
           | Nope. None of that says that they have "improved their daily
           | actions" just because they joined a social club.
        
           | wellanyway wrote:
           | This is a _somewhat weak_ argument.
        
         | speed_spread wrote:
         | Expect citations to come from religion user's manuals and
         | promotional material. We need trusted reviews and real life
         | long-term comparatives for religions.
        
         | wellanyway wrote:
         | Amount of religious people on HN is very surprising to me. I
         | expected engineering community to do better.
        
           | elammett wrote:
           | Comments like this confirm the stereotype that engineers have
           | a one-track mind. Imagine crapping on billions of people for
           | believing something that they cannot prove, but that you also
           | cannot disprove. How arrogant.
        
             | lostmsu wrote:
             | There's plenty of evidence against Abrahamic religions core
             | sources. The followers simply ignore it.
        
               | cratermoon wrote:
               | What do you mean by core sources? Are you able to provide
               | examples?
        
               | lostmsu wrote:
               | 7000 old Earth and carbon dating.
        
               | cratermoon wrote:
               | The 7000 year old Earth claim is not found in the Bible
               | or any other sacred text of the Abrahamic faiths. The
               | young earth chronology is a 17th century invention
               | attributed to James Ussher, the Archbishop of Armagh and
               | Primate of All Ireland, from a literal reading of the
               | Masoretic Hebrew Bible. Biblical literalism as a whole is
               | an 18th century invention, the desire to find literal
               | truth in ancient texts was a product of the scientific
               | revolution.
        
               | jeffreyrogers wrote:
               | I think they just have a different orientation to the
               | world than you do. I'm not religious for what it's worth,
               | but for many of the religious people I know I don't think
               | stripping them of their religious belief would make them
               | any better off.
        
             | fasterik wrote:
             | That's a false equivalence between proof and disproof. If
             | someone says they know there is a teapot in orbit around
             | Proxima Centauri and I disagree with them, neither of us
             | can prove or disprove the other. That doesn't mean we both
             | have an equal claim to being right. Who is the arrogant one
             | in this case?
        
               | jondeval wrote:
               | Let's leave aside the arrogant/not-arrogant portion of
               | the thread for now and key in on your main point:
               | 
               | > If someone says they know there is a teapot in orbit
               | around Proxima Centauri and I disagree with them, neither
               | of us can prove or disprove the other. That doesn't mean
               | we both have an equal claim to being right.
               | 
               | I agree with you. No person is rationally justified in
               | believing in such a teapot without evidence. However, a
               | teapot is a _contingent_ thing. Meaning it 's very
               | existence depends on the existence of other things (tea,
               | water, the ceramic material that makes it up, Proxima
               | Centauri etc.)
               | 
               | I suspect (I could be wrong here) that you are tacitly
               | implying that people who assert the existence of God are
               | making a similar move.
               | 
               | Please keep in mind that God is by definition base-
               | reality and _non-contingent_ and so exists necessarily.
               | 
               | To illustrate the difference here with an analogy: If we
               | witnessed an alternative rendition of a conversation
               | between Romeo and Juliet where they attempted to prove
               | the existence of Shakespeare, we wouldn't be surprised if
               | they failed to find evidence for Shakespeare from
               | _within_ the play and their own character existence. But
               | at the same time we would find their conclusion absurd if
               | they thought they had successfully proved that
               | Shakespeare did not exist. They are Romeo and Juliet
               | after all.
        
               | fasterik wrote:
               | There are two separate issues here. One is how we choose
               | to define God, and the other is what religious people
               | actually believe.
               | 
               | OP was referring to "billions of people" with certain
               | beliefs. Most of these people believe in God as an entity
               | with a personality who intervenes in events on Earth.
               | That kind of God doesn't have to exist by necessity.
               | 
               | On the other hand, if we define God as base reality, then
               | God exists by definition. In that case why not just call
               | it "reality" or "the universe"? When most people say they
               | believe in God, I don't think they are saying they
               | believe in the universe. I think they are making a
               | stronger claim than that.
               | 
               | I don't get what the Romeo and Juliet example is supposed
               | to show. The base reality for Romeo and Juliet is our
               | physical world rather than the play world, and God is
               | Shakespeare who exists contingently in base reality. Yes,
               | it's impossible for them to prove that God (Shakespeare)
               | doesn't exist. But what reasons could Romeo and Juliet
               | have for believing that Shakespeare exists or that they
               | are living in a play world rather than base reality?
               | Unless Shakespeare explicitly writes evidence of his
               | existence into the play, their claims are on the same
               | footing as Russell's teapot.
        
               | jondeval wrote:
               | Thanks for the response. Let me take your comments one at
               | a time. Apologies in advance if it seems like I'm jumping
               | around and cherry picking. I'm just trying to focus in on
               | the key issues.
               | 
               | > if we define God as base reality, then God exists by
               | definition.
               | 
               | Right. You are stating the conception of God that is
               | advanced by Judaism and Christianity. Its succinct
               | expression is put forth by Thomas Aquinas and can also be
               | found in the thinking of Aristotle.
               | 
               | To get even more concrete, the Roman Catholic Church
               | teaches that God is _ipsum esse subsistens_ or roughly
               | _subsistent being itself_.
               | 
               | > In that case why not just call it "reality" or "the
               | universe"?
               | 
               | I think you're touching on a good point. Let me take each
               | case separately because I see them as slightly different:
               | 
               | >> ... why not just call it "reality" ...
               | 
               | You sort of can. As long we acknowledge that reality is
               | made up of things that are more and less contingent. For
               | example I'm looking at my headphones as I type. I can say
               | 'these headphones are reality'. Even though these
               | headphones are real, we both know that they would be a
               | terrible candidate for base reality itself since the
               | headphones can't explain their own existence and are
               | clearly contingent on other things in being. (similar to
               | the teapot)
               | 
               | >> ... why not just call it ..."the universe" ...
               | 
               | Typically when people say "the universe" they are
               | implying the sum total of all material reality as we
               | observe it.
               | 
               | The question is: is this the best or even a good
               | candidate for base-reality. I think the answer is no for
               | a very simple reason. The universe changes. energy
               | changes form, objects change in an emergent phenomena we
               | call time, they move through space, there are stars and
               | not stars, and atoms and not atoms etc.
               | 
               | Everything else that we know of or can conceive of that
               | changes as much as the universe does is coupled to a more
               | fundamental reality that is the cause and explanation of
               | the change.
               | 
               | So the universe is real, like the headphones, it just
               | can't be the best candidate for base-reality itself.
               | 
               | So what is a good candidate for base reality?
               | 
               | * For starters there is only _one_ base-realty. If there
               | were 2 or more then you would need something more
               | fundamental to distinguish them.
               | 
               | * Whatever this base reality is, it's utterly simple. It
               | has no parts since parts would require distinctions and
               | more fundamental explanations to identify them.
               | 
               | * Base reality needs to be outside time and space,
               | because of the whole _can 't change_ thing I eluded to
               | earlier.
               | 
               | * Finally, anything that has the _potential_ to actually
               | exist in reality, is in some weird way already present in
               | base-realty. This is just a different way of saying that
               | base-reality is the cause (directly or indirectly) of all
               | things. cause of all possible potential things - > all
               | possible potentials -> all-potentials -> omni-potentials
               | -> omnipotent.
               | 
               | So, by necessity there must be a base-reality that is at
               | a minimum: one, simple, eternal, immaterial, and
               | omnipotent.
               | 
               | We then assign (like a reference pointer :^) ), the
               | english word God to whatever this best candidate for base
               | reality is, being sure to acknowledge that we are really
               | dealing with the best candidate.
               | 
               | const God = (maximally full expression of base reality)
               | 
               | > I don't get what the Romeo and Juliet example shows.
               | 
               | Apologies if this is not helpful. I offered this analogy
               | to get closer the proper definition of God that I
               | outlined above. In the same way Romeo and Juliet can
               | never step outside of the play, we can nonetheless see
               | that Shakespeare is the their creator and is in a sense
               | closer to Romeo and Juliet then they are to themselves.
               | You and I cannot step outside of base reality but it
               | should be obvious that we are held in existence by
               | something that is more fundamental then ourselves.
        
             | todfox wrote:
             | Billions of people are not that smart.
        
             | Dudeman112 wrote:
             | To be fair, a large chunk of said billions of people's
             | beliefs have _infinite_ complexity compared to give or take
             | every other alternative, and also imply that every law
             | regarding the universe 's behaviour is optional
             | 
             | That's more than enough to safely say that belief is full
             | of shit. Unless it's a religion, then you have to respect
             | it
             | 
             | Everywhere else "that belief goes against thermodynamics"
             | is good enough argument to consider the belief bonkers
        
             | Carrok wrote:
             | Tell me you've never been beaten up on a schoolyard for
             | admitting to being an atheist, without telling me...
             | 
             | Does that sound like religion has helped these people
             | "improve their daily actions"?
             | 
             | For many of us "crapping" on religion is not some
             | metaphorical concept, but a direct reaction to bullying,
             | harassment, and otherwise disdainful treatment at the hands
             | of the devout.
        
               | adolph wrote:
               | Comments are cheaper than therapy I suppose, but also
               | less effective given the apparent level of projection.
        
         | Juliate wrote:
         | Counter examples also abound in history books. And day-to-day
         | life.
         | 
         | Edit: what OP may have wanted to say is that << following a
         | religion is a make-believe that also makes you believe what you
         | do is good >>. Which is not much more reassuring either (but an
         | apt << mise en abyme >> observation of what religion without a
         | sane self-criticism can become)
        
           | nerdponx wrote:
           | Good non-religious people exist, and bad religious people
           | exist. Religion might help a lot of people stay good or
           | become better, but lack of religion is almost never a
           | plausible cause for badness.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | Swizec wrote:
         | A lot of things are religions if you squint hard enough. We
         | humans believe all sorts of stuff without much explicit
         | evidence that it is in fact true.
         | 
         | For example: New-ish research is showing that some surgeries
         | are no better than placebo.
         | https://www.painscience.com/biblio/four-orthopedic-surgeries...
         | 
         | Another fun example is that allergy drugs, which clinical
         | trials have shown are effective in double-blind studies, are
         | _less effective_ if you watch an ad saying that drug is bad
         | right before taking it. Nocebo effect. If you have a strong
         | belief the drug works, it will work better. Placebo effect is
         | strong _even in drugs we know are not placebo_.
         | https://freakonomics.com/podcast/is-the-placebo-effect-for-r...
         | 
         | And then you have the whole field of management and business
         | books. Very close to a sort of federated decentralized
         | religion.
        
           | unsupp0rted wrote:
           | The thing with some surgeries being no better than placebo is
           | that this can be shown and behaviors can be adjusted.
           | 
           | With religion, "god did it" and "god works in mysterious
           | ways" is always the answer and behaviors can't be adjusted.
           | 
           | Why do we do these needless surgeries? God works in
           | mysterious ways.
        
             | Swizec wrote:
             | The "god did it" argument is weird anyway. If you truly
             | follow that logic, then god gave us the scientific method
             | and double-blind experiment so we can more effectively cary
             | out their ideas.
             | 
             | More importantly, we have evidence that believing
             | _something_ , anything, is really good for the human
             | psyche. You can pull a meaning out of your arse tomorrow
             | morning and that leads to better psychological outcomes
             | than no meaning. Even something as simple as "I need to
             | keep this potted plant alive" will work.
             | 
             | Viktor Frankl's work is a good intro to that topic.
        
         | galfarragem wrote:
         | You underrate the value of belonging to a community.
         | 
         | As an entrenched atheist (and by definition an atheist is also
         | an individualist), by love, I attended mass most sundays for
         | several years. I understood that I underrated the community
         | part and that to belong I didn't need to believe only respect.
         | I didn't convert (and most likely never will) but it softened
         | my views.
        
           | krapp wrote:
           | >by definition an atheist is an individualist.
           | 
           | No? By definition an atheist doesn't believe in the
           | supernatural or divinity. Nothing about that proscribes
           | individualism, nor does community presuppose religion or
           | "softening one's views" on the existence of the supernatural,
           | as you have. Plenty of atheists are also social people who
           | enjoy the benefits of community, while remaining perfectly
           | comfortable in their skin.
        
         | Karellen wrote:
         | It probably depends somewhat on the religion one follows.
         | 
         | That said, I have always been fascinated by the fictional
         | religion of Bokononism, which is centered around "Foma". Foma
         | are beliefs that are acknowledged to be untrue, but which will
         | make your life better if you believe them (or act as if you
         | believed them) anyway. I find the metacognitive aspect
         | intriguing.
        
         | PragmaticPulp wrote:
         | I've lived in areas where religion is prevalent. Plenty of
         | unhappy people who feel trapped in religion due to peer
         | pressure, but there are also plenty of people who seem to
         | benefit greatly from the sense of belonging, structure, and
         | order that their religion provides.
         | 
         | The primary benefits seem to be the sense of belonging,
         | support, purpose, and convenient explanations that difficult
         | circumstances in their lives have a higher meaning.
         | 
         | It's not for me, probably not for a lot of people in this
         | comment section, but it's clear to me from my experience that a
         | lot of people _do_ derive significant benefit from their
         | religion. If you can't understand why that might be the case
         | for other people, you might be projecting too much of your own
         | personality and circumstances on to others.
        
       | doix wrote:
       | > Following a religion improves your daily actions, feels
       | wonderful, and connects you to a worldwide community. These are
       | better reasons than insisting it's absolutely true.
       | 
       | Religion terrifies me, I don't feel wonderful thinking about
       | eternal existence in the afterlife. Even if there was some proof
       | that the afterlife did exist, I would most likely pretend it
       | doesn't exist.
       | 
       | You can get a sense of community doing many other things.
       | 
       | > Same with philosophies, nationalities, norms, and concepts like
       | loyalty, destiny, and identity. None of these are true. But they
       | are useful.
       | 
       | I don't know what this means. How can nationalities not be true?
       | Philosophies do not claim to be true, they are just a logically
       | consistent framework.
       | 
       | No idea how it applies to concepts either.
        
         | sambapa wrote:
         | If eternal existence terrifies you then look into Buddhism
        
         | Tomte wrote:
         | > How can nationalities not be true?
         | 
         | I've had a university course where Benedict Anderson's
         | "Imagined Communities" was taught:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagined_Communities
         | 
         | It's been most interesting. I highly recommend it.
        
           | redler wrote:
           | Sounds a lot like Vonnegut's Granfalloon.
        
         | metacritic12 wrote:
         | > You can get a sense of community doing many other things.
         | 
         | Do you have a strong sense of community yourself -- and what
         | other things have you found most gives you community?
        
           | oh_sigh wrote:
           | For me, the gay community. Which is actually filled with a
           | bunch of people rejected by their religious community.
        
         | floppydiskette wrote:
         | Nationalities are a social construct, a bit of a shared
         | delusion we all believe in. If we all stopped believing in them
         | at the same time, they would cease to exist. That's how they
         | can not be "true". Whether or not it's useful or relevant to
         | think that way depends on the situation. And that doesn't mean
         | they don't have real consequences.
         | 
         | As for philosophies, he's referring to living your life by any
         | particular philosophy, whether or not it's "objectively" the
         | best way to live.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | doix wrote:
           | Edit: the definition I had for "nation" in my head was
           | incorrect. My comment is based on an incorrect understanding,
           | leaving it up since there are replies that won't make sense
           | if I remove it.
           | 
           | I find it very hard to make the mental leap between religion
           | and nationalities. I think the correct thing to actually
           | discuss is if "nations" are true. Nationality just means you
           | belong to a nation, by definition.
           | 
           | If we stopped believing in nations, people would still form
           | groups. Groups would organise and govern, nations are reborn
           | again.
           | 
           | I think as long as humans are social creatures, nations are
           | about as "true" as you can get. They are inevitable in my
           | opinion.
           | 
           | Religion on the other hand, if people stop believing in it,
           | it ceases to exist.
           | 
           | > As for philosophies, he's referring to living your life by
           | any particular philosophy, whether or not it's "objectively"
           | the best way to live.
           | 
           | Okay, I misunderstood that part. I thought they were talking
           | about the study of philosophy. I agree that living your life
           | by a philosophy does not make it true. But I suspect most
           | people that follow a particular philosophy would not claim it
           | is "true", but maybe I'm in a bit of a bubble.
        
             | imbnwa wrote:
             | >I find it very hard to make the mental leap between
             | religion and nationalities. I think the correct thing to
             | actually discuss is if "nations" are true. Nationality just
             | means you belong to a nation, by definition. > >If we
             | stopped believing in nations, people would still form
             | groups. Groups would organise and govern, nations are
             | reborn again.
             | 
             | Well, nation-states didn't exist until the 19th
             | century/late 18th century, so there's that.
             | 
             | Just for example, 'Italians' didn't exist until the late
             | 19th century, and it took another 30 - 50 years for people
             | in places like Sicily and Naples to see themselves as
             | 'Italian': most immigrants from Italy to America spoke
             | Sicilianu (featured in The Godfather and Boardwalk Empire)
             | or Napolitano (featured in The Sopranos), not 'Italian',
             | which IIRC is actually _Tuscan_ , the language of Tuscany.
             | 
             | Similiar story in France, where a national identity only
             | emerged after the Revolution and the top-down imposition of
             | French-ness; people largely spoke their regional derivative
             | of vulgar Latin like Occitan or Picard. Hard to talk about
             | a 'nation' when there are around 20 regional languages
             | spoken in your borders. 'French', as we know it, is the
             | language of the ils-de-France urban center that was imposed
             | on everyone else; like wise with 'Italian'.
             | 
             | So I don't think 'nations' are inevitable, they're a fairly
             | recent and well-documented phenomena that we don't really
             | have to guess about its causes and origin.
             | 
             | A kingdom is not a nation-state, a kingdom is a large piece
             | of real estate whose legal identity is that _of the monarch
             | 's body_, or, where breaking the law is a personal attack
             | on the King or Queen (hence, the King's peace). Even if you
             | are King of all England, like Aethelstan was, you are not
             | the leader of a nation because that is an altogether
             | distinct entity, one where the law is ostensibly an
             | expression of the unitary will and identity of the people
             | irrespective of the offices of power (read: a
             | constitution).
             | 
             | So if people don't see themselves as a unitary identity
             | with others hundreds of miles away, the nation will cease
             | to exist. The American Civil War was just such an incident.
        
               | doix wrote:
               | You're right, the definition of nation I had in my mind
               | was wrong. Learn something new everyday :).
        
             | cratermoon wrote:
             | What nationality is someone born in Czechoslovakia or
             | Yugoslavia?
        
               | hef19898 wrote:
               | Depenfs on the olace of birth, and especially in the case
               | of Yugoslavia, his ancestry. The latter fought a couple a
               | very nasty wars trying figure that one out.
               | 
               | Those people are either Czech, Slovak, Serb, Slovenes,
               | Croat... Rather easy to answer.
        
               | floppydiskette wrote:
               | What does it mean to be Czech or Slovak? At one point,
               | those countries were combined into the nation of
               | Czechoslovakia. Was a person born in Czechoslovakia
               | Czech, Slovak, or Czechoslovakian? If we're going to take
               | ethnicity or language into account, then what does it
               | mean to be American?
               | 
               | Many of those Eastern European languages are more of a
               | sliding scale than divided by country borders. Moldovan
               | and Romanian are basically the same thing.
               | 
               | I met someone on my travels from Italy who was Italian,
               | but only spoke German, as they do in parts of Northern
               | Italy.
        
               | hef19898 wrote:
               | Nationality is pretty easy, just look at someones
               | passport. Ethnicity is much more difficult.
        
               | cratermoon wrote:
               | Did nations exist before passports? What is I don't have
               | a passport? If I hold a passport for a nation that no
               | longer exists, what nationality am I?
        
               | hef19898 wrote:
               | Well, the idea of nation states isn't that old. Passport
               | are pretty recent, in their current form at least. And a
               | person can be nationless, in which case they would be
               | eligible for a UN passport.
        
             | masswerk wrote:
             | Ok, so I happen to be Austrian. A 105 years ago, Austria
             | was a big, multiethnic empire. Still, being Austrian was a
             | nationality, embracing what are now several countries and
             | nations. (This is the nationality my grandparents were born
             | into.) Back in the day, I probably would have identified as
             | a German-Austrian. However, there are at least 3 major
             | countries with a major population of mostly German
             | ancestry. 32 years ago, there had been 4. But I do not
             | identify as German. ("German" ethnicity is a construct, as
             | well. In this particular case, according to a once famous
             | Austrian saying, it's a mix of those left behind during the
             | great migration.) Instead, I do identify as part of a
             | community inhabiting a certain political territory. This
             | territory has lost considerable parts, entire countries and
             | nations, but it also has received regions and ethnicities
             | from what had been the Hungarian part of the Habsburg
             | empire. It even isn't the same political entity it had been
             | not that long ago. Over the last century, it had been an
             | empire, a small republic, part of the third Reich, and then
             | a newly reconstructed republic. It had been located at the
             | very outskirts of the Western hemisphere and is now right
             | in the middle of a greater Europe. Still, there is
             | identity, but this identity is undeniably fluid. - It's
             | hard to not to observe some fluidity in the concept of
             | nationality.
        
           | alexvoda wrote:
           | The definition of true is a rabit hole and spelunking its
           | depths is not especially productive. It is more productive to
           | replace the word with what is actually meant.
           | 
           | Is something part of objective material reality. Is something
           | a valid logical inference. Is something an action which had
           | the desired result even if the result was not caused, even
           | indirectly, by the action itself.
        
       | mwcampbell wrote:
       | On nationalities and religions, I'd like to live by Thomas
       | Paine's famous quote (which, incidentally, was set to music by
       | Dan Barker), "The World is my country, all mankind are my
       | brethren, and to do good is my religion." Of course, to take that
       | seriously, I'd have to care about bad things that happen to
       | others far away that benefit me, that it would be easier to just
       | ignore because they're happening to other people somewhere far
       | away. So believing in an in-group and an out-group may allow us
       | to remain blissfully ignorant of uncomfortable realities. But I
       | suppose that's not the best way to live.
        
       | inphovore wrote:
       | We are self deceivers. The question becomes, is this useful?
        
         | imbnwa wrote:
         | Enter Nietzche and the revaluation of all values
        
           | inphovore wrote:
           | Or Zarathustra, by Nietzsche the noble messenger.
        
       | masukomi wrote:
       | see also: why role playing games are an important form of play
       | for adults.
       | 
       | There are so many amazing Tabletop Role Playing Games (TTRPGs)
       | these days. They span every genre: sci-fi, horror, fantasy,
       | bronze age, lovecraftian horror in the 20s, pretending to be
       | babies pretending to be jumping over lava... you name it, there's
       | probably a game out there in a genre and play-style that you
       | would enjoy.
       | 
       | If you're interested in something like this, but don't know where
       | to start, or don't think D&D is the right thing for you, feel
       | free to message me. I love helping folks find the right game for
       | their kind of play.
        
       | fasterik wrote:
       | The author cherry picks a couple of positive examples while
       | ignoring all of the negative consequences of making believe.
       | Believing things are true when they aren't has also been the
       | cause of war, genocide, human sacrifice, and oppression.
       | 
       | It is also possible to have the positives (community, sense of
       | connection) without any unjustified beliefs.
        
       | jawns wrote:
       | What the author is proposing is known in philosophy as the
       | Pragmatic Theory of Truth, which says, essentially, something is
       | true if it is useful to believe that it is true.
       | 
       | This is in contrast to the more widespread Correspondence Theory
       | of Truth, which says that something is true if it corresponds to
       | the way things actually are. This is a classical theory of truth
       | held by both Aristotle and Aquinas.
       | 
       | Personally, I think the Correspondence Theory is far superior to
       | the Pragmatic Theory. I don't want to believe in a religion
       | because it feels good to believe in it. I want to believe in it
       | because it's actually telling us true things about the way things
       | actually are.
       | 
       | By the way, there are many other theories of truth, some quite
       | out there. This entry on truth in the Stanford Encyclopedia of
       | Philosophy gives a good overview:
       | https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/
        
         | narag wrote:
         | _What the author is proposing is known in philosophy as the
         | Pragmatic Theory of Truth..._
         | 
         | I've read a dozen comments and, except one by some adolph about
         | models, all of you seem to have read a different article.
         | 
         | >>> "None of these statements are true." <<<
         | 
         | >>> "while knowing they are make believe" <<<
         | 
         | That doesn't sound like some alternative theory of truth. To
         | me, at least.
        
         | braindead_in wrote:
         | In ancient Indian philosophy, the Charvakas (materialists)
         | considered the world to be real because it is seen whereas the
         | Advaitins (nondualists) considered the world to be an illusion
         | because it is seen.
        
         | cratermoon wrote:
         | But are you familiar with Gettier problems[1] and justified
         | true beliefs?
         | 
         | 1 https://iep.utm.edu/gettier/
        
           | eternalban wrote:
           | I missed the bit where belief in "anybody" was justified by
           | the facts regarding "Jones" getting the job. Given that all
           | sorts of smart people have looked at this before, I'll plead
           | to being dumb and hopefully someone will help me understand.
           | 
           | [For me] All that seems to reinforce the need for the
           | 'correspondence' variety of truth. Smith is free to believe
           | all sorts of non-sense, and this in fact happens in real life
           | all the time. People around us have all sorts of funny
           | theories about the world and reality. We all have them. That
           | sort of 'knowledge' -- actionable and informative theories
           | about the world regardless of completeness or factuality --
           | serves its purpose in every day life. The degree to which it
           | is false and contextually relevant determines the probability
           | of a collision between _actual reality_ and _one 's theories
           | about reality_ modulo 'chance' events. This is basically how
           | human society operates and has operated for ever. We have
           | (hopefully) learning agents navigating a partially error
           | tolerant environment. "Live and learn". So this is a
           | practical sort of knowledge that can be well served by a
           | pragmatic take on truth.
           | 
           | The only question really is more fundamental and this asks if
           | philosophy is itself a sort of mental appendix, a part that
           | really serves no purpose :_, for every day conduct of life.
           | To wit, this 'unassailable' sort of knowledge, who needs it?
           | And if we can't answer that, why ask the question?
        
         | jeffreyrogers wrote:
         | Aristotle also recognized that there are a wide variety of
         | people and what works for one group might not work for another.
         | The Sivers piece reminds me of a phenomenon I see all the time:
         | people assuming that what works for them will work for
         | everyone. People are really different in a lot of important
         | ways and that makes advice hard to generalize unless it is
         | pretty banal (spend less than you earn, do the things you need
         | to get done, etc.)
        
           | jawns wrote:
           | I think you're addressing a different topic, though. The
           | first topic is, "What determines whether something is true?"
           | The second is, "Are all things that are perceived as helpful
           | by one group universally helpful?"
           | 
           | If you hold to a pragmatic theory of truth, these two
           | questions might be related.
           | 
           | But if you instead hold to a correspondence theory of truth
           | (as Aristotle did), you can still acknowledge that what is
           | helpful to one person might not be helpful to another. But
           | you would assert that it has nothing fundamental to do with
           | whether something is true or not.
        
       | gmuslera wrote:
       | Some Hogfather vibes. Believing small lies make you ready to
       | believe the big ones. Yes, they are useful, till they are not,
       | when following the lie instead of the truth is really harmful.
       | Will we face that kind of situations? or we will prefer to
       | believe that it won't happen?
        
       | jchw wrote:
       | If I'm going to make-believe for fun I'd rather pick something
       | that invokes enjoyable thoughts and not religion. I'd rather take
       | up something lame but fun like role playing, or I dunno ...
       | Y'know, suddenly, I feel like I now understand overly-attached
       | adult anime and video game fans a little better.
        
         | krembo wrote:
         | Go pastafarians
        
           | jchw wrote:
           | I had my time of being angsty about religion in HS, but now
           | I'm indifferent. Doesn't affect me, at least anymore.
           | 
           | I think it's amusing trying to guess what in my comment
           | caused it to get downvoted. Could be suggesting that religion
           | isn't "fun", calling role playing "dumb", or the note about
           | anime and video game fans. I feel like any one of those
           | things could have been polarizing on HN. I'll imagine it's
           | the last one, since I think that's the funniest
           | interpretation.
        
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