[HN Gopher] How Novell Netware lost the battle against Windows N...
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       How Novell Netware lost the battle against Windows NT (2013)
        
       Author : lproven
       Score  : 79 points
       Date   : 2022-12-28 14:27 UTC (2 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.theregister.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.theregister.com)
        
       | Jemm wrote:
       | I was team Lantastic. Still have the swag.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | oldnetguy wrote:
       | I was a CNE back in the 3.11 days and Microsoft was giving me
       | training and cert vouchers. Novel made me pay a ton to keep my
       | certs. I eventually went Windows.
        
       | mleo wrote:
       | Back in university days, I worked for a small department that had
       | NetWare 3 Server. It was mostly used for printer sharing and
       | email, using Pegasus Mail as the the client. I mostly remember a
       | separate PC that ran Charon gateway to bridge the TCP/IP SMTP
       | divide to provide larger Internet mail relay.
       | 
       | The educational pricing for NetWare 4 wasn't too bad and spent
       | one summer planning and upgrading to it. Since it was small
       | department it wasn't too bad to administer, but could see the
       | writing on the wall about the difficulties dealing with NDS
       | clients on Windows and Mac workstations.
       | 
       | Don't know what happened to the systems after graduation, but
       | assume some of it was eventually consolidated due to security.
       | All the desktops and servers had direct Internet connections and
       | were not NAT'd nor had hardware firewall. That could not have
       | lasted too many more years in the late 90's.
        
       | rzzzt wrote:
       | I remember one benchmark that made some waves around 1998-1999:
       | 
       | - http://www.mindcraft.com/whitepapers/nts4nw5filesvr.html
       | 
       | - http://web.archive.org/web/19990220215149/http://www.novell....
       | 
       | - http://www.mindcraft.com/whitepapers/response-novell-nts4nw5...
        
       | yalogin wrote:
       | Novell and NetWare to me is an illustration of how tough it is to
       | kill companies. Even today they get upwards of 500 million on
       | NetWare revenue. We, in the tech field, are scored about new tech
       | but it's a great thing to see that most people look at tech as a
       | tool, if it works why bother touching it? NetWare, works and
       | works very well for a given task.
        
       | bluedino wrote:
       | Everything else on the network ran Windows. A windows power user
       | could sort-of admin a Windows network, it was easy. All the
       | applications ran on Windows since VB, Access, and Foxpro made it
       | easy for people to build stuff.
       | 
       | It's that simple. NT being an insecure, slow system that required
       | a reboot every month didn't prevent it from taking over. And ten
       | years later, Microsoft made most of those things better (but
       | didn't fix them anywhere close to 100%)
        
       | vsareto wrote:
       | All I remember about Novell is that you could install games on a
       | school network locally, but often couldn't launch them. That was
       | okay because adding a link in Powerpoint to an EXE which would
       | then be executed because Powerpoint could.
        
       | efitz wrote:
       | NDS was overkill for what was effectively a departmental file and
       | print server.
       | 
       | NetWare failed to innovate as an application server platform - NT
       | had a much richer API.
       | 
       | NT was also viewed as much more easy to administer. This was a
       | double edged sword as many people at the time didn't (or
       | wouldn't) acknowledge it as a serious server platform due to
       | having a GUI. Also it enabled many people to run servers who had
       | no business running servers (tubes screensaver anyone?)
       | 
       | Finally Novell was really late grokking the internet. I remember
       | running early NetWare 4.0x and trying to configure TCP/IP and
       | having to configure IP addresses as dotted HEX quads. At that
       | point I mentally flipped the bozo bit on them.
        
         | bluedino wrote:
         | I worked at a team blue and team red shop, NDS was amazing
         | compared to AD.
        
           | efitz wrote:
           | The Microsoft code name for services for NetWare was "Visine"
           | because "it gets the red out".
        
         | lukeh wrote:
         | Around 2006-7 we added an Active Directory personality to NDS,
         | called Domain Services for Windows. It was an interesting piece
         | of engineering that highlighted both the similarities and
         | differences between the two technologies. (Note that it ran on
         | OES Linux only, not NetWare.)
        
         | ghaff wrote:
         | Pretty much. Basically they could never recapture the NetWare
         | magic.
         | 
         | This is something I wrote in the early 2000s when they were
         | making another (and pretty much last) attempt with SUSE.
         | http://bitmasons.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/pubs...
        
       | turbobooster wrote:
       | An old friend told me years ago Eric Schmidt was what ruined
       | Novell. Do other people believe that?
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | I don't know. I really don't like Schmidt, I think he's one of
         | the biggest hypocrites alive but Novell was arguably already on
         | the way out when he took over.
         | 
         | Noorda made it go up, and he saw the beginnings of it going
         | back down and that's when Schmidt was hired, probably in an
         | attempt to turn the tide and avoid the inevitable victory of
         | Microsoft over Novell. But Microsoft really had an unfair
         | advantage and personally I do not think Novell ever had a
         | realistic chance of staying in the race in the longer term.
        
           | ido wrote:
           | Why is Eric Schmidt one of the biggest hypocrites alive?
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Because he said that we should all just get used to not
             | having privacy any more but when a publication listed the
             | things they found out about Schmidt he said that it should
             | have never been printed.
        
         | AlbertCory wrote:
         | Your old friend is full of it.
         | 
         | He tried to bring it back but it was too late. Nothing he did
         | could have mattered.
        
         | manishsharan wrote:
         | No. It was Ray Noorda's obsession with beating Microsoft and
         | diversifying their focus that was the root cause , in my
         | opinion. However, it was also Ray that led Novell to its
         | glorious heights.
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | Eric Schmidt ultimately failed to revitalize them in spite of
           | best efforts. But Noorda and Bob Frankenberg have to share at
           | least some of the blame as well--as does a whole lot of
           | internal politics. Novell basically managed to go essentially
           | nowhere through the 1990s while Windows NT was maturing.
        
       | nobody9999 wrote:
       | I thought then and still say that had Novell ported IPX/SPX to
       | Unix[0] (they did own Unix in the 90s), Microsoft would never
       | have been able to make them irrelevant.
       | 
       | Because the biggest reason Netware lost was the inability to
       | develop software _on the platform_.
       | 
       | This severely limited the value of Netware as a server operating
       | system, as developers (for the most part) prefer to develop on
       | the the platform (cross-compiling for other flavors of *nix
       | doesn't count) for which they're developing software.
       | 
       | What's more, IIUC, the development tools for Netware were just
       | awful. Which additionally limited the number of developers
       | working on Netware-related applications.
       | 
       | And even those few folks mostly abandoned it as NT gained
       | popularity as a server and a development platform. Had there been
       | a robust user/development environment (like Unix), that likely
       | wouldn't have happened.
       | 
       | [0] I am aware that Netware was mostly written in x86 assembler,
       | but porting IPX/SPX and a few other bits and bobs would have
       | allowed Novell to migrate to a Unix platform without having to
       | rewrite the entire OS.
        
         | timbit42 wrote:
         | What would be the benefit of porting IPX/SPX to Unix? Netware
         | already ran on TCP/IP.
        
           | spookthesunset wrote:
           | I remember back when doing LAN parties and stuff IPX/SPX for
           | some reason always seemed to work better for games.
        
           | nobody9999 wrote:
           | >What would be the benefit of porting IPX/SPX to Unix?
           | Netware already ran on TCP/IP.
           | 
           | Uhh...The millions of clients who _didn 't_ have IP stacks?
           | 
           | I'd note that Novell didn't include an IP stack in Netware
           | until 1996[0]. By then they'd already lost to Microsoft.
           | 
           | And they'd purchased Unix more than three years earlier, but
           | didn't port Netware to Unix _at all_. Rather it was Netware
           | on Linux, and wasn 't released until 2005 -- when Netware was
           | already irrelevant.
           | 
           | Had they migrated to Unix in the 1993-1994 time frame they
           | would have eaten Microsoft's lunch. But they didn't. And so
           | they lost. And they are gone.
           | 
           | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetWare#NetWare_4.x
        
         | nradov wrote:
         | Novell actually did port NetWare networking services to Unix in
         | 2005 but by that point it was too late.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | wslh wrote:
       | If I remember well this is the story that repeats every time with
       | Microsoft: Novell was the king in the initial phase of networking
       | in companies then Microsoft included the functionality in a
       | modern operating system, network growths, and their sales force
       | was greater than Novell one. Corollary: Microsoft sells s**t such
       | as Teams. We are too biased to technology that forgot the power
       | of strong businesses.
        
       | andrewstuart wrote:
       | Novell wouldn't, or couldn't, make Netware use task preemption
       | and memory protection.
       | 
       | It's a startling deficiency that killed its chances of becoming a
       | general purpose server.
       | 
       | Without these things, the Netware server couldn't be trusted to
       | run independent applications.
       | 
       | There were some third party server applications built for
       | Netware, I think maybe CC:mail server and Lotus Notes, but the
       | memory protection and cooperative multitasking meant they didn't
       | last long.
       | 
       | I don't know if this is true but I heard it was Drew Major who
       | made this call, which IMO killed Netware.
       | 
       | The justification I heard at the time was that memory protection
       | was too slow. Better slow than dead. I think Novell just didn't
       | have the technical chops to do it.
       | 
       | Also Microsoft was at the height of its powers as a competition
       | killing machine and nothing that stood in its way survived. It
       | really genuinely looked back then like Microsoft was going to
       | wipe out everything and it would be a Microsoft only future.
       | Novell was no exception along with Lotus and Borland and many
       | others.
        
         | efitz wrote:
         | I remember that the beat practice was to reboot your NetWare
         | servers every weekend to work around the leaky NLMs :-)
        
         | mistrial9 wrote:
         | > genuinely looked back then like Microsoft was going to wipe
         | out everything
         | 
         | except for the thousands of companies, academics and
         | individuals who said NO
        
           | ghaff wrote:
           | There were some exceptions like Sun but the vast majority of
           | the technology industry absolutely saw Wintel as inevitable
           | whether they liked the idea or not. You may think they were
           | wrong--and they were to a large degree--but it was absolutely
           | the prevailing sentiment at the time.
        
             | mistrial9 wrote:
             | with all due respect, please re-think your words.. There
             | are millions of active minds, thousands of companies,
             | multiple world markets.. and you reduce the _entire globe_
             | to  "it was thought to be inevitable" ?! do I have to point
             | out the _reductio ad absurdum_ element to that statement? I
             | was there, others here too..
        
               | browningstreet wrote:
               | In party conversation parlance, I think the sentiment was
               | common. Microsoft was actually subject to a monopoly
               | decree, they invested in Apple to prop up a competitor,
               | they were eating the lunch of workstations, and we were
               | years away from the "Year of the Linux Desktop". Probably
               | many HNers were part of the other side -- running the
               | workstations, installing Linux, excited about Netscape,
               | but Microsoft felt like a Goliath. That they were
               | eventually humbled, now we live with many Goliaths.
        
             | TheRealDunkirk wrote:
             | It might have been the prevailing sentiment... of all the
             | Microsoft-subsidized trade rags. I just keep thinking how
             | differently "computing" might have evolved in the mid-to-
             | late 90's if other companies had gotten into a spending war
             | with Microsoft for favorable coverage in the press. It's a
             | tradition that Gates continues to this day with his
             | foundation, and which others seem still yet to learn.
        
               | ghaff wrote:
               | It really didn't have much to do with ad spending. There
               | were a bunch of Unix-oriented trade rags as well.
               | 
               | There was mostly a lot of appetite from both buyers and
               | application vendors to standardize at the operating
               | system level--which Unix in the mid-90s decidedly was
               | not. There was an effort to come up with a multi-vendor
               | Unix, which SCO predictably screwed up in their pre-
               | lawsuit guise. Linux would eventually mature sufficiently
               | and gain business support for this role on servers but
               | that didn't really happen in a major way until the 2000s,
               | accelerated by IBM's endorsement.
        
           | layer8 wrote:
           | Thousands!
        
         | nradov wrote:
         | Lack of memory protection and pre-emptive multitasking allowed
         | for faster performance of NetWare's core file and printer
         | sharing services. Everything ran close to the metal with
         | minimal OS overhead and few context switches. That was a major
         | selling point back when computers were orders of magnitude
         | slower. But by the time Windows NT launched, even though the
         | file sharing was slower than NetWare it was still good enough
         | for most customers.
         | 
         | One of the major SQL database vendors (maybe Sybase?) actually
         | ported their product to NetWare. But no one bought it due to
         | the problems you stated.
         | 
         | The NetWare development tools were also _terrible_. Whereas the
         | early Windows NT development tools were actually pretty good.
         | Unlike with NetWare, NT allowed developers to code on a
         | workstation platform and then deploy on a server platform with
         | an identical API which was a huge factor in getting third-party
         | developers onboard.
        
           | gadders wrote:
           | I think there was also a Lotus Notes server for NLM.
        
             | mobilio wrote:
             | Also Gupta SQL for NetWare
        
         | geoffdunbar wrote:
         | I worked at Oracle from 1993-1996, porting the Oracle database
         | to Netware.
         | 
         | > Novell wouldn't, or couldn't, make Netware use task
         | preemption and memory protection.
         | 
         | I actually remember being shown a pre-release version that had
         | memory protection, at least. I don't recall if pre-emptive
         | multitasking was included. It was a bit hacky; I think there
         | was a kernel but then most of the OS ran in one process
         | anyways, so perhaps it was a partial step. I think the problem
         | was trying to be backwards compatible while shifting to the new
         | memory model. Their development team was probably pretty small
         | compared to something like Windows NT, so they didn't have the
         | luxury of re-writing everything.
         | 
         | Looking at WikiPedia it is unclear if this upgrade was part of
         | Netware 5 (released in 1998). Your other comment suggests maybe
         | they killed this functionality. I was working for Microsoft by
         | this point anyways. :-)
         | 
         | > There were some third party server applications built for
         | Netware, I think maybe CC:mail server and Lotus Notes, but the
         | memory protection and cooperative multitasking meant they
         | didn't last long.
         | 
         | We did actually have quite a few customers for the Oracle
         | database on Netware. Mostly companies that were already locked
         | into Netware for other reasons. In retrospect it does seem like
         | madness to run an RDBMS on a server with no pre-emption or
         | memory protection. I think the performance was pretty good,
         | though. :-)
         | 
         | > Also Microsoft was at the height of its powers as a
         | competition killing machine and nothing that stood in its way
         | survived. It really genuinely looked back then like Microsoft
         | was going to wipe out everything and it would be a Microsoft
         | only future. Novell was no exception along with Lotus and
         | Borland and many others.
         | 
         | This 100%. It felt absolutely inevitable that Windows NT was
         | going to completely dominate this space once Microsoft came out
         | with a competitive offering. And we didn't really know that
         | Windows NT was a honest-to-goodness real operating system,
         | instead of something hacked together on top of Windows for
         | Workgroups (and DOS by extension). Of course, no one saw Linux
         | coming at this point.
        
           | AlbertCory wrote:
           | Did we know each other? (Oracle, 1991-98). I wrote two
           | articles about it on my Substack,
           | https://albertcory50.substack.com).
        
             | geoffdunbar wrote:
             | I don't remember... but it's long enough ago that that
             | doesn't mean anything. Virtually everyone I knew there left
             | the company around 1996 as the raises weren't keeping up
             | with the market. New hires were making more than everyone
             | else.
        
               | AlbertCory wrote:
               | if you read my second article: managing then absolutely
               | _sucked_. You couldn 't hire anyone.
        
         | treeman79 wrote:
         | I don't fully recall. But I believe passwords for Novell where
         | stored in plaintext. With letters incremented and reversed. So
         | getting admin privileges were crazy easy. All the computer
         | people had admin at my high school. Found out a few years later
         | that lots of grades had been changed for many students. School
         | never caught on.
        
         | spamizbad wrote:
         | It seems silly today, but back in the 90s there was a pretty
         | vocal (albeit small) contingent of people who didn't like
         | protected memory because of its performance impact, software
         | compatibility issues, and reluctance to relearn some
         | performance hacks.
         | 
         | Not just around Netware but on the MacOS side as well.
        
           | roryirvine wrote:
           | Oh yes - Amiga fans were loudly anti-protected memory,
           | Archimedes / RiscOS users poo-poohed preemptive multi-
           | tasking, and Mac owners claimed that neither was necessary.
        
         | calrain wrote:
         | I started on Netware 2.x but mostly worked with Netware 3.1x.
         | 
         | There was a guy at our office that was extremely proficient
         | with Netware, so much so that if he got physical access to a
         | Netware server, he could press the special 'Admin key sequence'
         | (from memory it was about 4 keys pressed at once on the
         | keyboard) and then he would issue commands to peek into memory
         | and tell you the Admin password. This trick only worked if you
         | had already unlocked the screen console with the Admin account
         | since the server booted, but it showed us very early on how
         | important physical security to even a keyboard was.
         | 
         | I do remember a key fight that happened back then with Netware
         | and Microsoft was how Netware gave you a free 2 user license to
         | a server if that server was only running network services, such
         | as maybe a DHCP server. If you wanted to do file sharing, then
         | you had to buy the appropriate user license.
         | 
         | Microsoft introduced the ability for a Windows NT server to
         | mount a share locally where the contents of that share was data
         | from a Netware server. This way you could get a free 2 user
         | Netware server license, have the NT server use one of those
         | licenses, and then hundreds of people could access the data
         | without Netware being able to technically block it.
         | 
         | I recall (can't find any images on the Internet to back it up)
         | that Microsoft changed the traditional 'hand under a folder'
         | icon for this feature so that if you looked carefully, the hand
         | had it's middle finger extended.
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | Desqview had that more or less solved, I wonder why Novell
         | couldn't.
        
           | mike_hearn wrote:
           | Probably compatibility? Protected memory and pre-emptive
           | multitasking were a notoriously difficult transition. Apple
           | never managed it with classic macOS, and scars from the
           | transition are visible all over the Windows API even decades
           | later.
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | I can see why Apple couldn't do it, the MMU on the Mac
             | wasn't up to the task but on the PC anything post 386 was
             | more than up for it from a technical perspective. Even the
             | 286 machines could do it very well (QnX was originally
             | built on a 16 bit platform).
        
               | rwmj wrote:
               | Even the awkward segmentation on 8086 was arguably a form
               | of memory protection. Minix on 8086 was surprisingly
               | robust in practice (obviously not in theory) as a rogue
               | 'near' pointer would usually only corrupt the current
               | program.
               | 
               | But on the original topic, yes once you've got a 286+
               | there's no excuse for your OS not having true memory
               | protection.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | The 68851 was more than up to the task, to say nothing of
               | PowerPC chips.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | That only really happened from the 68030 onward didn't
               | it? Until the 030 processes needed to be pretty careful
               | not to step on each others address space.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | It started with the 68020 which came out with 68851
               | support in an Apple product in 1987.
               | 
               | Despite that Mac continued with only partial process
               | protection up until the release of OSX in the early
               | 2000s.
               | 
               | My point is their problem wasn't hardware support, but
               | software compatibility.
        
               | spookthesunset wrote:
               | God I remember those days. The Mac was way late to the
               | party.
               | 
               | Was Win95 preemptive or cooperative? I totally forget.
               | Pretty sure only the NT versions of windows were
               | preemptive.
               | 
               | I recall there was a period of time when you'd run
               | Windows 2000 because it was so much more stable than
               | 98/ME. It worked mostly okay but it didn't have as good
               | of support for gaming and was pretty late to the party
               | with DirectX support.
        
               | twoodfin wrote:
               | Win95 was preemptive and with full memory protection.
               | 
               | They obviously had to make compromises for performance
               | and compatibility's sake that made the long term move to
               | NT essential, but I feel like the Chicago kernel team's
               | efforts have never (to my knowledge) been well-documented
               | or -appreciated.
        
               | monocasa wrote:
               | I wouldn't say full memory protection. The shared arena
               | was kind of a "don't touch but the hardware isn't
               | enforcing it" shared 1GB region that all processes had
               | access to.
        
               | burnte wrote:
               | Win95 was both, it didn't preempt Win12 apps, they'd all
               | run in the same VM space, but 32bit ones could be
               | preempted, but still take down the system. Full protetion
               | eeded the NT kernel.
        
               | kjs3 wrote:
               | Not that Apple used it, but the even earlier 68010+68451
               | gave you segmented (not paged) memory protection.
        
               | Maursault wrote:
               | > software compatibility
               | 
               | A/UX ran with memory protection on the 68020 Mac II in
               | 1988, probably in 1987 in beta also.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Hm, ok, I wasn't aware that the 020's already had a full
               | MMU on board, thanks for the correction. Probably they
               | made too many assumptions about being able to mess around
               | in other processes address space to enable it by the time
               | they got it.
        
           | mrweasel wrote:
           | The topic is briefly touched on in the book: "In search of
           | stupidity". Basically the NetWare kernel wasn't actually
           | developed by Novell, at least not initially, but by a team
           | from a company called Superset. As described you could
           | suggest things to the Superset team, but they wasn't actually
           | someone your could order around, partly because they weren't
           | even employees for many years. This team completely ignore
           | customer demands, and focuses solely on technical improvement
           | that have little real-world tie-in.
           | 
           | The book is "In Search of stupidity" by Merrill R. Chapman,
           | this particular topic is covered on page 173-174.
        
       | vhold wrote:
       | This article from 1993 has the most important detail missing from
       | the Register article:
       | 
       | https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993...
       | 
       |  _> The NetWare operating system installed on the server computer
       | acts as a traffic cop, masterminding the flow of information over
       | a network. (The latest version costs $4,695 for 25 users, $47,995
       | for 1,000.)_
        
         | jon-wood wrote:
         | I'm not convinced that was much of a reason. Windows NT 4
         | Server pricing was similar, with licenses needed for each
         | client connecting, plus additional licensing for the OS running
         | on those clients.
        
           | tssva wrote:
           | The pricing quote is from 1993 when Windows NT 3.1 was
           | released. A Windows NT 3.1 server license cost $1500 and
           | didn't require client access licensing. Many of my clients
           | jumped ship from Netware because of the huge price
           | difference. Almost all of them were pissed when NT 3.5 was
           | released and required client access licensing but having just
           | finished migrating off Netware they weren't going to migrate
           | back.
        
           | EvanAnderson wrote:
           | I was deploying a lot of small office networks in the late
           | 90s. I found NT 3.51 and 4.0 a ton easier to purchase for
           | Customers (i.e. the company I worked for needed a much looser
           | "partnership" arrangement with Microsoft vs. Novell).
           | 
           | NT was definitely cheaper, too. That made a difference in
           | small deployments where I was often getting nickel-and-dimed.
        
           | merlyn wrote:
           | I think licensing was a huge factor in Microsoft winning.
           | 
           | Microsoft's license was soft, and depending on the customer
           | buying enough paper to cover, if you could even find a
           | reseller that could describe how to properly license Windows
           | Server (exteremely doubtful).
           | 
           | OOTH, Novell's licensing was a hard limit. Once that # of
           | workstations logged in, those without a license were hosed.
           | 
           | On all the jobs I did in those days, Novell networks at each
           | customer site _never_ had enough licenses to cover every
           | workstation. There was always somebody left out and they had
           | to go bug people to see if they were done with the network so
           | they could get in their tasks. Nobody ever seemed to
           | overprovision their licenses to cover every single
           | workstation (or even to have extra).
           | 
           | I never met a company using Microsoft server that properly
           | had their CALs licensed, and they didn't want to hear it from
           | me. Finding somebody to sell you the proper CALs was an
           | interesting exercise.
           | 
           | Most other network server OSes at the time (the Unix vendors
           | were trying hard in this space in those early days too) also
           | had hard licenses. Which was part of why they didn't gain
           | traction at all.
        
             | EvanAnderson wrote:
             | MSFT licensing being "soft" with enforcement has always
             | seemed like a major strategic advantage for them.
        
               | TillE wrote:
               | They got serious about license activation in the Windows
               | Vista - Windows 7 era, but now they're back to where
               | anyone can install a Windows license of their choice with
               | just a few commands, using a pirate KMS server.
        
               | Karunamon wrote:
               | The cynical take on this is that Microsoft has pivoted
               | hard into being a services and advertising company, so it
               | is more important to them that you run Windows with all
               | of its data gathering and advertising and cloud BS then
               | it is that you paid for Windows at all.
               | 
               | They could easily break the fake KMS but choose not to.
               | It speaks a lot to their priorities.
        
               | robotnikman wrote:
               | That's what I figured as well. To Microsoft right now,
               | more devices running windows = more data gathered,
               | regardless of whether the device was activated by a
               | pirated KMS server or not.
        
               | DaiPlusPlus wrote:
               | LTSB/LTSC doesn't have the anything like the levels of
               | telemetry in the Home SKUs, but even so, as a (former)
               | MSFT SE I can give you my personal assurances that the
               | telemtry is about seeing how the product is used and not
               | for marketing/money-making reasons (beyond, ostensibly,
               | making the product better to entice people to pay for
               | upgrades or subscription services).
        
               | robotnikman wrote:
               | Thanks for the info, that squashes that theory then. I
               | guess its more of a case of just not being work it for
               | Microsoft to go after the very small fraction of non-
               | business users who pirate windows.
        
               | Alupis wrote:
               | You can still use a Windows 7, 8, or 8.1 license to
               | activate Windows 10.
               | 
               | I'm unsure if this still works with Windows 11, but
               | judging by how the upgrade process works, I would guess
               | so.
        
               | EvanAnderson wrote:
               | The server / client access license side, other than
               | Remote Desktop / Terminal Services (which I assume is
               | because of licensing with third-party developed code) has
               | trended "softer" over the years.
        
             | brk wrote:
             | This is roughly my recollection as well. Along with another
             | comment above about lack of apps for Novell.
             | 
             | Every small business was going to be running Windows
             | already, so an NT server was kind of a logical conclusion.
             | Couple that with the fact that the NT server was likely
             | cheaper to license (even if it was ultimately not properly
             | licensed), and that the NT server at least offered the
             | appearance of being more flexible and capable than a Novell
             | server, and it made sense that NetWare died off.
             | 
             | As a reseller, I also seem to recall needing to have a
             | bunch of techs certified on all the various Novell apps to
             | get a good discount. I remember going for my Groupwise
             | certification specifically so our company could get a
             | better discount level from Novell to try and be more
             | competitive. I think I only ever installed one GroupWise
             | deployment.
        
       | themadturk wrote:
       | My first job in IT was implementing a NetWare 3.0 environment for
       | a law firm. Eventually we used their distributed office system to
       | network between three branches using modems to move shared
       | documents and email once an hour. When I moved to another law
       | firm a few years later, with a mature NetWare system in place, I
       | evaluated and tested Windows 95 and saw the effort Microsoft put
       | into making sure NetWare networking worked well in the new
       | system...NT was a thing then, but they knew NetWare was the
       | dominant enterprise networking system.
        
         | Neil44 wrote:
         | I remember there being a Microsoft netware client right up to
         | XP, not sure about 7 as most customers got rid of their netware
         | by then.
        
       | lifeisstillgood wrote:
       | Even today when I hear "Network Operating System" I cannot grok
       | what on earth it is supposed to mean. Back in the day when I was
       | trying to understand how to setup these horrors, I remember
       | thinking I was missing something that would magically "work on
       | the network" (at some lower OSI level) not "a server that sent
       | things over the network"
       | 
       | If we are talking confusions that killed netware, my money is on
       | marketing "network operating system" as opposed to "buy microsoft
       | NT on your server to run your network"
        
         | jacquesm wrote:
         | Well, Sun did it under 'the network is the computer' so they
         | weren't exactly alone in that. And that story didn't quite have
         | a happy ending either. It think the single biggest factors was
         | the Microsoft was so dominant on the desktop that they had a
         | really strong advantage to beat Novell at their own game with
         | NT as a server operating system. That made it 'single source
         | supplier' which is worth gold to any IT director that doesn't
         | want to get caught in the middle between two parties pointing
         | at each other when things don't work.
        
           | lifeisstillgood wrote:
           | There is another comment here basically saying "Microsoft was
           | on a serious roll and nothing stood up to them". It's
           | probably the best explanation when so many factors might
           | explain different facets, if you aggregate everything then in
           | the end the favourite to win is the one to bet on.
        
         | starik36 wrote:
         | That's exactly it. It was confusing to me as well, still is.
         | Netware basically provided networking and login services -
         | something that Windows NT basically threw in as a "feature" on
         | top of it being a general purpose OS.
         | 
         | Netware's demise was a matter of time. I am reading other
         | comments here stating that it was the lack of preemptive
         | multitasking that doomed it. Not even close. Netware was a
         | feature mascarading as an OS.
        
       | AlbertCory wrote:
       | Some nits first:
       | 
       | > Using a file server meant that PCs could share data with one
       | another, for example permitting the first network-aware PC
       | program of any kind - Novell's network game SNIPES
       | 
       | Utter garbage. He didn't even say "first game" which would have
       | been tougher. "first network-aware PC program" ?? get real.
       | 
       | > Novell's proprietary IPX/SPX protocol
       | 
       | Which were Xerox's XNS protocols in all but name.
       | 
       | > TCP/IP - or Internet Protocol as we used to call it
       | 
       | No, we called it "TCP"
       | 
       | LAN Manager was a "joint effort" with 3Com (where I was). It was
       | a stunningly bad deal for 3Com and we hated Microsoft at the
       | time. It was Gates' first attempt to defeat Novell, and it failed
       | at that.
       | 
       | All the same, Novell wiped the floor with 3Com in the 80s. Their
       | stuff ran on every LAN hardware and ours, of course, only ran on
       | Ethernet.
        
         | mistrial9 wrote:
         | second this - I saw TCP/IP protocol running alongside other
         | network protocols on Ethernet cables at that time. There was
         | fierce business competition already; the technical media
         | usually parroted the marketing leads from the various
         | companies. Within technical academia (ivory tower) and close
         | dot-mil (ARPA) they didn't make much of a public msg, so Byte
         | Magazine readers didn't hear that terminology. Here in
         | California, I never heard anyone say "Internet Protocol" in
         | those days, not once.
        
           | AlbertCory wrote:
           | everything was a TLA then.
        
       | manishsharan wrote:
       | Developing NLMs for Novell Netware was my first job and here is
       | my take:
       | 
       | I think Novell lost its focus and the other market factors also
       | played a role. Novell's decline started when they also tried to
       | compete with Microsoft for Wordprocessor market. Novell's then
       | CEO became obsessed with beating Microsoft at everything . And
       | also the Netware Directory services began losing to Active
       | Directory as Windows 98 shipped with AD client built into it
       | where as one had to manually install NDS clients on Windows. It
       | was simply easier to manage your Windows deployments with AD than
       | NDS. Moreover, IBM throwing in the towel with OS/2 ceded the
       | desktop market to Microsoft Windows AD became the natural
       | solution for managing and administering those desktops.
        
         | merlyn wrote:
         | Novell users at the time 4.0 came out had no clue what a
         | Directory was, and why they should use it. They were quite used
         | to v3.11, and everybody turned their back on v4.0 as too
         | complex, totally unneeded, and why bother.
         | 
         | By the time Microsoft AD came around, there were actual uses
         | for Microsoft AD, and plenty of buy-in.
        
           | tssva wrote:
           | I had several customers that ran large NDS instances covering
           | 10s of thousands of users distributed globally.
        
         | Neil44 wrote:
         | When Microsoft went from simple domains to AD around 2000 they
         | really streaked ahead on the management side. Novell did have
         | something comparable - was it called Zen or something - and it
         | looked decent but Novell just didn't have the numbers.
        
       | smm11 wrote:
       | I was at a Netware place where a lot of us used System 7 then OS
       | 8 Macs, and the in-house Solaris webserver was actually where a
       | lot of our network files were since the Novell "client" was a
       | little weird on early Macs. We stuck early OSX on soemthing, went
       | to Network, and a few heads exploded.
        
         | mistrial9 wrote:
         | early OSX being NeXTStep, not A/UX I would think.. all of this
         | was very early days
        
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