[HN Gopher] Tips for analyzing logs
___________________________________________________________________
Tips for analyzing logs
Author : historynops
Score : 186 points
Date : 2022-12-13 16:47 UTC (6 hours ago)
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(TXT) w3m dump (jvns.ca)
| phillipcarter wrote:
| Surprised to see that under the section "correlate between
| different systems" tracing isn't mentioned as an alternative
| approach. That's what tracing is: logging across different
| systems and getting that structure all stitched together for you.
| tetha wrote:
| As much as I approve of a skillset to analyze local logs, but
| after a relatively small scale (10-20 systems), a central decent
| log aggregation like opensearch or ELK just brings so much value
| even on 1-3 nodes. It'd be one of the first changes I make to an
| infrastructure because it's so powerful.
|
| And its not just log searching and correlation value. At work,
| the entire discussion "oh but we need access to all servers
| because of logs" just died when all logs were accessible via one
| web interface. I added a log aggregation and suddenly only ops
| needed access to servers.
|
| Designing that thing with accessibility and discoverability in
| mind is a whone nother topic though.
| rsdbdr203 wrote:
| Agreed! Centralizing logs is so helpful, but you don't know it
| until you've done it. Too many people rely upon grep, when a
| handy tool is just a download away. Plug for said too:
| https://log-store.com
| emmelaich wrote:
| I found the histogram technique to be really helpful. Slight mod
| - I tend to sort reverse at the end of the pipeline (sort -rn);
| then |head is often more useful.
|
| It's also good to have histograms by hour or day. I've hacked up
| scripts to do this but I should really make something better!
| baud147258 wrote:
| A few weeks ago I had a windows installer that was silently
| failing when upgrading from an older version (installation from
| scratch was working without issues). And as windows install logs
| aren't exactly easy to read, I was stumped, until I took an
| upgrade log from an older, working build, strip all date
| information from both files and compare them, checking all the
| sections which were different, until I found a line indicating
| that a colleague had forgotten about a limitation when dealing
| with msp (don't delete components on minor upgrades, but I didn't
| throw any stones as I've done the same mistake, twice, one and
| two years ago...)
| the_arun wrote:
| Do we still use utilities like grep for searching logs? Are these
| when we cannot stream logs to tools like Splunk & Loggly and use
| their search services?
| ranger207 wrote:
| All of our logs are in Kibana, but sometimes I'll `kubectl logs
| pod > tmp; grep pattern tmp` because Kibana's search and
| filtering is often annoying. Actually, I'll usually open the
| logs in vim and use its search, which also get me the ability
| to eg delete every line not containing the pattern and then
| search only things matching the first pattern. I'm going to try
| lnav as mentioned in this thread but I've gotten by fine with
| judicious use of grep
| chaps wrote:
| One thing I've done to identify infrequent log entries within a
| log file is to remove all numbers from a file and print out a
| frequency of each. Basically just helps to disregard timestamps
| (not just at the beginning of the line), line numbers, etc.
| cat file.log | sed 's/[0-9]//g' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
|
| This has been incredibly helpful in quickly resolving outages
| more than once.
| chasil wrote:
| A minor optimization is collapsing the grep -v, from this:
| cat file | grep -v THING1 | grep -v THING2 | grep -v THING3 |
| grep -v THING4
|
| to this: egrep -v 'THING1|THING2|THING3|THING4'
| file
|
| That gets rid of the cat and three greps. Both POSIX and GNU
| encourage grep -E to be used in preference to egrep.
|
| A pcregrep utility also used to exist, if you want expansive
| perl-compatible regular expressions. This has been absorbed into
| GNU grep with the -P option.
| anotherevan wrote:
| Or the following if pipes or egrep make you nervous:
|
| grep -v -e THING1 -e THING2 -e THING3 -e THING4 file
| aargh_aargh wrote:
| I once compared the speed of these two approaches, rather
| accidentally. I did output colorization by adding ANSII
| sequences. I thought, of course one process must be more
| efficient than a pipe of processes. After the rewrite, I was
| disappointed about the slowdown and reverted back to the pipe.
|
| PS I checked back and I used sed rather than grep. I think the
| result would hold for grep but the morale is that you should
| verify rather than assume.
|
| I have around 50 seds in the pipe, running in parallel (which
| is what makes it faster), it would have been a half of that
| when I tried the rewrite.
| yakubin wrote:
| I usually prefer to pipe fgrep -v into fgrep -v. With egrep you
| need to escape brackets and other characters.
| mdaniel wrote:
| If you haven't seen it, there's been some noise recently
| about fgrep and its egrep friend $ fgrep -h
| fgrep: warning: fgrep is obsolescent; using grep -F $
| egrep -h egrep: warning: egrep is obsolescent; using
| grep -E
| chasil wrote:
| True, for absolute fixed strings, the author's approach is
| superior.
|
| Off the cuff, another way to do it is with awk's index
| function. I don't know what speed penalty this might impose.
| $ cat ~/fmgrep #!/bin/awk -f BEGIN {
| split(ARGV[1], s, ","); ARGV[1]="" } { m = 1;
| for(c in s) if(index($0, s[c])) m = 0; if(m) print }
| $ ~/fmgrep sshd,systemd,polkitd /var/log/secure
| anotherevan wrote:
| This also works:
|
| fgrep -v -e THING1 -e THING2 -e THING3 -e THING4
| burntsushi wrote:
| > A pcregrep utility also used to exist, if you want expansive
| perl-compatible regular expressions. This has been absorbed
| into GNU grep with the -P option.
|
| 'pcregrep' still exists. But with PCRE2 supplanting PCRE, it is
| now spelled 'pcre2grep'.
|
| I don't know the precise history of 'grep -P' and whether
| 'pcregrep' was actually absorbed into it, but 'pcregrep' is its
| own thing with its own features. For example, it has a
| -M/--multiline flag that no standard grep (that I'm aware of)
| has. (Although there are some work-arounds, e.g., by treating
| NUL as the line terminator via the -z/--null-data flag in GNU
| grep.)
| chasil wrote:
| Oddly, there are pcre2 packages in RedHat/Alma 9, but they do
| not include a pcre2grep.
|
| GNU grep is also linked to pcre, not pcre2. #
| pcre2grep bash: pcre2grep: command not found...
| # yum install pcre2grep Last metadata expiration check:
| 1:58:58 ago on Tue 13 Dec 2022 11:45:44 AM CST. No
| match for argument: pcre2grep Error: Unable to find a
| match: pcre2grep # yum whatprovides pcre2grep
| Last metadata expiration check: 2:09:25 ago on Tue 13 Dec
| 2022 11:45:44 AM CST. Error: No matches found.
| # rpm -qa | grep pcre2 | sort
| pcre2-10.40-2.0.2.el9.x86_64
| pcre2-syntax-10.40-2.0.2.el9.noarch
| pcre2-utf32-10.40-2.0.2.el9.x86_64 # which grep
| /usr/bin/grep # ldd /usr/bin/grep | grep pcre
| libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007efc473c4000)
| jldugger wrote:
| Honestly, the most amazing thing I did with logs was learn how to
| do subtraction. Any time you have multiple instances of a thing
| and only some of them are bad, you can easily find the problem
| (if anyone bothered to log it) by performing bad - good.
|
| The way you do this is by aggregating logs by fingerprints.
| Removing everything but punctuation is a generic approach to
| fingerprinting, but is not exactly human friendly. For Java,
| log4j can use class in your logging pattern, and that plus log
| level is usually pretty specific.
|
| Once you have a fingerprint, the rest is just counting and
| division. Over a specific time window, count the number of log
| events, for every finger print, for both good and bad systems.
| Then score every fingerprint as (1+ # of bad events) / (1 + # of
| good events) and everything at the top is most strongly bad. And
| the more often its logged, the further up it will be. No more
| lecturing people about "correct" interpretations of ERROR vs INFO
| vs DEBUG. No more "this ERROR is always logged, even during
| normal operations".
| 10000truths wrote:
| Isn't this basically what structured binary logs are? Instead
| of writing a string like `Error: foo timeout after
| ${elapsed_amt} ms` to the log, you write a 4-byte error code
| and a 4 byte integer for elapsed_amt. I know there are
| libraries like C++'s nanolog that do this for you, under the
| hood.
| jldugger wrote:
| That solves the fingerprint, but you still need to count and
| score.
| nerdponx wrote:
| You might be interested in the TF-IDF algorithm used in
| information retrieval and text classification.
| jldugger wrote:
| Yes, this is pretty much TF-IDF for people too lazy to count
| the number of unique items in the corpus.
|
| Since that number should be the same (or at least close!) in
| both good and bad datasets, I'm not sure the extra math
| matters much.
| alexpetralia wrote:
| Has anyone tried passing logs into chatGPT? I had thought it
| would be especially effective here.
| viraptor wrote:
| It may work for a few lines, but you can't really pipe a GB of
| logs into it, which is what we typically deal with.
|
| It works for simple explanations though.
| didip wrote:
| If you are using Kubernetes, I highly recommend using
| https://github.com/stern/stern
| [deleted]
| kqr wrote:
| One thing that's improved my log analysis is learning awk (well
| actually Perl but I think 95 % of what I do with Perl I could
| also do with just awk). Often the most useful way to look at logs
| is statistically, and awk can quickly let you aggregate things
| like time-between-statements, counts, rates, state transition
| probabilities, etc for arbitrary patterns.
| digitalsushi wrote:
| One of my pet peeves is "The Useless Use of cat Award". Someone
| awarded it to me as a teenager in the late 90s and I've been sore
| ever since.
|
| Yup, it's often a waste of resources to run an extra 'cat'. It
| really demonstrates that you don't have the usage of the command
| receiving the output completely memorized. You know, the thousand
| or so commands you might be piping it into.
|
| But, if you're doing a 'useless' use of cat, you're probably just
| doing it in an interactive session. You're not writing a script.
| (Or maybe you are, but even still, I bet that script isn't
| running thousands of times per second. And if it is, ok, time to
| question it).
|
| So you're wasting a few clock cycles. The computer is doing a few
| billion of these per second? By the time you explain the
| 'useless' use of cat to someone, the time you wasted explaining
| to them why they are wrong, is greater than the total time that
| their lifetime usage of cat was going to waste.
|
| There's a set of people who correct the same three pairs of
| homophones that get used incorrectly, but don't know what the
| word 'homophone' is. (Har har, they're/their/there). I always
| liken the people who are so quick to chew someone out for using
| cat, in the same batch of people who do this: what if I just want
| to use cat because it makes my command easier to edit? I can
| click up, warp to the front of the line, and change it real
| quick.
|
| Sorry. I did say, it is a pet peeve.
| amarshall wrote:
| I do "useless" use of cat quite often because, in my brain, the
| pipeline naturally starts with "given this file", so it makes
| the pipeline more consistent e.g. `cat f | a | b | c` rather
| than `a < f | b | c` where one must start with the first
| "function" rather than with the data. I see starting with `cat`
| analogous to the `->` thread macro in Clojure, `|>` pipe in
| Elixir, and `&` reverse application operator in Haskell. If
| bash permitted putting the filename first, I'd stop using
| `cat`; alas, it does not.
| aendruk wrote:
| There's this. Though it would look nicer with another |.
| <f a | b | c
| amarshall wrote:
| That's actually not half-bad. I think I'll use that,
| thanks!
| civopsec wrote:
| Doesn't people like Rob Pike argue for `cat |` since it fits so
| orthogonally with the rest of the pipeline?
| infogulch wrote:
| > the time [used to] explain the 'useless[ness]' .. of cat to
| someone .. is greater than the total time that their lifetime
| usage of cat was going to waste
|
| If you look for situations like this they are surprisingly
| common.
|
| > _pet_ peeve
| dllthomas wrote:
| It's a lot more than the few extra cycles to spin up the
| process - it's also an extra copy of all the data. Usually
| that's also not much, but occasionally it's everything, as the
| consuming program can seek in a file, but not in a pipe, so
| might otherwise only need a tiny bit of the data.
| marcosdumay wrote:
| Well, you waste an entire fork and exec, so I believe you are
| underestimating the time by a few orders of magnitude. Also,
| it's almost always grep following the cat, so it's not much to
| memorize.
|
| But it's well worth wasting a process to have a nice pipeline
| where each command does a single thing so you can easily reason
| about them.
| sisk wrote:
| Loosely related: a few years ago I wanted a simpler alternative
| to some of the more feature-full log viewers out there so I threw
| together a tiny (50kb) app that might be useful to some folks in
| here.
|
| All it does is consistently colors the first field in a line from
| stdin so you can quickly see which log lines have the same first
| field.
|
| I used it in combination with the parallel[0] command to prefix
| log lines by replica name when tailing logs across machines:
| https://github.com/jasisk/color-prefix-pipe
|
| [0]: https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/
| chrisweekly wrote:
| Glad to see lnav (https://lnav.org) already getting some love in
| the comments. Hands-down the most reliable source of "thank you!
| I wish I'd known about this tool sooner!" responses, even from v
| experienced sysadmins / SREs.
| AtNightWeCode wrote:
| Usage of correlation ids and structured logs is pretty much
| standard. Don't go down this path.
| oxff wrote:
| Just use structured logs, its 2022 ffs.
| kamma4434 wrote:
| Jeez, this stuff is frontpage on HN? Sounds... pretty basic. I'm
| sure our AI overlords could produce deeper content.
| viraptor wrote:
| People on HN have varied level of skills, and this is a well
| structured introduction to diving into logs. It already started
| conversation about better tooling. Let's celebrate today's
| lucky 10000 https://xkcd.com/1053/ rather than talk something
| down for being basic.
| hex4def6 wrote:
| I'm interested in this idea as well. Seems like it would be
| useful for detecting unusual issues assuming you have a large
| enough data set of "normal" runs.
|
| I've been mulling this idea over in my head as well. I have a
| fleet of PCs out in the wild, all running the same software. It
| would be nice to have an easy way to detect strange behavior
| like processes that are continually respawning / segfaults /
| crashes / etc, without explicitly writing a bunch of search
| terms.
| phillipcarter wrote:
| Yours is an unhelpful and non-constructive comment. Clearly a
| lot of people have been getting something out of the content in
| this post, as it's started several discussions.
| kerblang wrote:
| > you'll get overwhelmed by a million irrelevant messages because
| the log level is set to INFO
|
| I know this happens, but I think it's because programmers are
| abusing INFO. In principle it's reserved for messages that are
| informative at a level sys admins and a few others can make sense
| of and use. Unfortunately abuse often leads to "We turned INFO
| off" making it much harder to diagnose things after the fact.
| pantulis wrote:
| I think there should be an counterpart to "log analysis" which
| is "logging strategies for your app". Which should be WHAT to
| log and WHEN.
|
| Stuff like, if you are exposing an HTTP endpoint, you should
| log the request URL and the time it took to serve it. Or if you
| are invoking an extenral service, you should log the response
| time of that service.
| lowbloodsugar wrote:
| And you should produce a single line of output for each
| request that identifies all of the pertinent information. You
| can have more than one, for e.g. a thread dump, but there
| should be one that provides a complete summary. I've lived
| with apps that logged at each stage of the process as
| separate lines, and that's just not useful data when grepping
| for anomalies.
| rsdbdr203 wrote:
| I hypothesize it's not useful _because_ you 're using grep.
| If you use a tool that can show you multiple lines all tied
| by a request ID, it becomes much more helpful.
| jeppesen-io wrote:
| also, journalctl. Very nice to have all logs in one place in a
| semi-structured nature
|
| `journalctl -u myservice -S "5 min ago"`
| heliostatic wrote:
| My biggest quality of life improvement for understanding logs has
| been lnav (https://lnav.org/) -- does everything mentioned in
| this post in a single tool with interactive filtering and quick
| logical and time based navigation.
| TeMPOraL wrote:
| Thanks for linking to this!
|
| Until now I thought logview.el[0] is the bee's knees, but now I
| can feel feature envy set in. There are some seriously powerful
| ideas listed on the lnav page, and it's also the first time I
| saw SQLite virtual tables used in the wild.
|
| --
|
| [0] - https://github.com/doublep/logview
| chrisweekly wrote:
| Yes! lnav (https://lnav.org) is phenomenal. Embedded SQLite...
| easily scriptable... OOB log formats galore, or define your
| own... it's a mini ETL powertool that scales to at least a few
| million rows and runs in your terminal. Maintainer's a friendly
| dude, too.
| francislavoie wrote:
| At my current company, we're using pdsh with tail -f piped into
| sed to follow logs from multiple remote servers at the same
| time, label them and colorize them. Works okay. Decent solution
| without needing to install much other software. Not my
| favourite because it doesn't deal well with SSH sessions timing
| out and leaves some tail -f processes hanging, and some other
| quirks. But out of laziness and risk of breaking things in
| prod, we haven't tried experimenting with much else.
| tstack wrote:
| lnav has some support for tailing files on remote hosts --
| https://lnav.org/2021/05/03/tailing-remote-files.html
|
| It works by uploading a stub that is an "actually portable
| executable" to the remote over ssh. lnav then talks to the
| stub to sync files back to the local host. I don't know the
| scale of the hosts or files, but if they're not too big, it
| might work fine.
| UI_at_80x24 wrote:
| Run that in a tmux session. Problem solved.
| clumsysmurf wrote:
| Interesting! Do you know how it compares to multitail?
| (https://www.vanheusden.com/multitail/) They look very similar.
| tstack wrote:
| I don't think multitail really understands logs like lnav
| does, it's just following the last lines in the file. For
| example, if you try to follow multiple files in multitail
| like so: $ multitail /var/log/install.log
| -I /var/log/system.log
|
| You get a view with the tail from one file followed by the
| tail from the other, they are not collated by timestamp. In
| contrast, if you do the same thing in lnav:
| $ lnav /var/log/install.log /var/log/system.log
|
| You will get a single view with all of the log messages from
| both files and they're sorted by their timestamps. Here is
| all of what lnav is doing: * Monitoring
| files/directories for updates * Decompressed
| files/archives * Detected the log format for each file
| * Created SQLite vtables that provide access to log messages
| * Built an index of all the log messages in all the files so
| you can jump to a certain point in time or to the
| next/previous error message. * Display all log messages
| with syntax highlighting
| aargh_aargh wrote:
| I migrated from multitail to lnav. Turned out to be a no-
| brainer.
|
| I second the above, just one pain point with multitail to
| add. I often page/search/filter in the scrollback buffer (I
| typoed "bugger" - Freudian slip?) and in multitail the
| scrollback is a separate window with a frame and
| everything, which is a pain (copying whole lines using
| mouse includes the frame, ugh). The filtering/searching
| being a separate pain.
|
| One thing I used in multitail and not sure if I migrated
| wholly to lnav was log file syntax highlighting using
| regexes.
| oefrha wrote:
| Huh, I almost posted a duplicate recommendation. My only
| complaint with lnav was that it had to be built from source on
| Linux and the build was frigging huge. Apparently they have a
| pre-compiled linux-musl binary now.
| amarshall wrote:
| > that it had to be built from source on Linux
|
| Seems to be packaged quite widely
| https://repology.org/project/lnav/versions
| hermitcrab wrote:
| Our Easy Data Transform software is intended for data wrangling
| and desktop ETL. But it has lots of features useful for
| browsing and manipulating log files, including:
|
| * powerful filtering (including with regex)
|
| * smooth scrolling of millions of rows of data
|
| * support for csv, text, xml, json, Excel and other formats
|
| * available for Window and Mac
| dj_gitmo wrote:
| I love lnav and use it constantly, but it crashes a lot. I do
| wish there was something like lnav that was a little simpler to
| use, and written in a more resilient way that crashed less. I
| can cut lnav some slack for the crashes because identifying and
| parsing arbitrary log formats seems like a messy problem. Still
| it shouldn't crash 1/3rd of the time I use it.
| heinrichhartman wrote:
| Looks great, but I struggle to get this working with the two
| main log sources on my system:
|
| 1) systemd logs (binary data stored at /var/log/journal)
|
| 2) docker logs (from various containers running on the host)
|
| Any hints on getting this working? I don't see this covered in
| the docs (https://docs.lnav.org/en/latest/formats.html).
| ljw1004 wrote:
| I wrote https://github.com/ljw1004/seaoflogs - an interactive
| filtering tool, for similar ends to what's described here. I
| wrote it because my team was struggling to analyze LSP logs
| (that's the protocol used by VSCode to communicate with language
| servers). But I made it general-purpose able to analyze more log
| formats too - for instance, we want to correlate LSP logs with
| server logs and other traffic logs.
|
| (1) I wanted something where colleagues could easily share links
| in workplace chat with each other, so we could cooperatively
| investigate bugs.
|
| (2) For LSP we're often concerned with responsiveness, and I
| thought the best way to indicate times when viewing a log is with
| whitespace gaps between log messages in proportion to their time
| gap.
|
| (3) For LSP we have lots of interleaved activity going on, and I
| wanted to have visual "threads" connecting related logs.
|
| (4) As the post and lnav say, interactivity is everything. I
| tried to take it a step further with (1) javascript, (2)
| playground-style updates as you type, (3) autocomplete which
| "learns" what fields are available from structured logs.
|
| My tool runs all in the browser. (I spent effort figuring out how
| people can distribute it safely and use it for their own
| confidential logs too). It's fast enough up to about 10k lines of
| logs.
| unwind wrote:
| That sounds really interesting, although too limited for my
| current work focus which deals with Really Big logs.
|
| I tried the demo link, it rendered a lonely @ at the top left
| of the page, the rest was blank. The console said:
| Uncaught TypeError: [].filter(...).reverse()[0] is undefined
| onload https://ljw1004.github.io/seaoflogs/demo.html:14
|
| This was in Firefox 98.0 in Windows.
| Manjuuu wrote:
| > Often log lines will include a request ID.
|
| Yes, always include a request id in every request structure you
| create and include it also in the response and print it. It would
| seem something obvious that everyone does by default but instead,
| no, it's not so obvious it seems.
| janci wrote:
| Not so obvious. How to implement it without passing request id
| to all the functions, when they are unrelated to request/http ?
| Especially in languages without thread-locals such as
| javascript?
| yakshaving_jgt wrote:
| You can stick it in a middleware which wraps the request
| lifecycle.
| gh123man wrote:
| Many frameworks solve this with logger context. Add the
| properties you want to the logging context and all future
| logs in that context will have that property.
|
| One simple example - Serilog enrichment
| https://github.com/serilog/serilog/wiki/Enrichment
|
| This does however assume your entire application uses the
| same logger. But this is generally a requirement in services
| that require tracing like this.
| mrloba wrote:
| Nodejs now has async local storage built in, which makes this
| fairly easy.
| 29athrowaway wrote:
| Your friends
|
| - grep (or ripgrep), sort, uniq, head, tail, cut, colrm, tr
|
| - diff
|
| - jq
|
| - bat
|
| - ministat
|
| - less, more, percol
|
| - Facebook Path Picker (fpp)
| Severian wrote:
| My tips:
|
| 1) Fuck grep, use ripgrep, especially if you have to scour over
| an entire directory.
|
| 2) Get good with regex, seriously, it will shave hours off your
| searching.
|
| 3) For whatever application you are using, get to know how the
| logging is created. Find the methods used where said logs are
| made, and understand why such a log line exists.
|
| 4) Get good with piping into awk if needed if you need some nice
| readable output.
| nerdponx wrote:
| Piping into AWK feels like a misuse of the tool in all but the
| simplest of cases. Don't forget that you can write complete AWK
| scripts and invoke them from a file!
| geocrasher wrote:
| One thing I didn't see was how to use GREP to view the lines
| before and after a match: grep regex
| /var/log/logfile -A5 #To view the next 5 lines grep regex
| /var/log/logfile -B5 #To view the previous 5 lines grep
| regex /var/log/logfile -05 #To view the 5 lines before *and*
| after the match
|
| This is super handy to find out what happened just before a
| service crashed, for example.
| danjc wrote:
| We've added a log tailing feature into our product UI which also
| has a basic find/filter. It's been enormously useful for cases
| where something weird happens as you can immediately access the
| last few mins of logs.
| terom wrote:
| Re timing, logs like nginx access logs have their timestamp from
| when the request completed, not when the request came in. That's
| a significant difference for long duration (~10s+) requests, and
| matters when trying to correlate logs or metrics to a request.
| trashcan wrote:
| Also, sometimes logs stretch across multiple lines, and the other
| lines won't have the identifier you are searching for. For
| example, Java stack traces. In that case if you are stuck parsing
| unstructured logs, the simplest thing to do is to look at the
| entire file and search for the timestamp that found the first
| line.
| par wrote:
| My tips for analyzing logs:
|
| cd ~/logs
|
| cat * | grep <my string>
| mxuribe wrote:
| I guess it depends, but would you not encounter issues like
| permission blocks, or there being so much content in the logs
| that it is slow to find what you need?
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