[HN Gopher] Arecibo telescope won't be rebuilt
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Arecibo telescope won't be rebuilt
        
       Author : pseudolus
       Score  : 241 points
       Date   : 2022-10-17 11:58 UTC (11 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.nature.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.nature.com)
        
       | newaccount2021 wrote:
       | The cost to rebuild from scratch would be trivial for the
       | combined endowments of America's top universities, who are surely
       | the primary users
       | 
       | Harvard alone has tens of billions in its endowment.
       | 
       | ...and yet, comments here are talking about crowdfunding??
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | jmbwell wrote:
         | Crowdfunding comes up whenever those with resources are
         | indifferent to those with need.
        
         | ianai wrote:
         | People probably just don't default think of universities. But
         | yes universities have a history of funding stuff exactly like
         | this. And it absolutely fits into their operant model.
         | 
         | Maybe the way for us normies to push for this is to donate to
         | our alma maters and write letters/emails to alumni associations
         | and administrations to propose joint funding of this across
         | multiple schools.
        
           | toyg wrote:
           | _> the way for us normies to push for this is to donate to
           | our alma maters_
           | 
           | Unless you put explicit conditions on your donation, chances
           | are you're just going to fund the next round of salary
           | increases for university administrators.
        
             | hedora wrote:
             | Even with explicit conditions, they often just shuffle
             | other money around under the table.
             | 
             | "This $100 must be spent on science" => "route $100 of the
             | general fund away from science"
        
         | marcinzm wrote:
         | The general point of endowments is to support the university
         | perpetually off the interest and not to spend it directly. For
         | example, Stanford's $30 billion endowment returns $1.3billion
         | per year but that only covers 21% of the universities operating
         | costs.
        
         | ckemere wrote:
         | This comment reveals a misunderstanding about how university
         | research works. Individual professors are responsible for
         | raising money from the government or private philanthropists to
         | pay for research. University endowments are sometimes used for
         | seed investments, but the vast majority of endowment investment
         | into "research" is paying the professor salaries. Note that in
         | most fields the grant-funded graduate students, postdocs, or
         | research scientists are the ones who do the work. In this
         | respect, one could compare university professors to startup-
         | founders, with the return on the universities (meager)
         | investment being indirect returns (the 50% administrative fee
         | that is charged on grants) and fame to the university.
        
           | newaccount2021 wrote:
        
       | jl6 wrote:
       | Arecibo Memorial Skate Park.
        
       | ck2 wrote:
       | How about use all funds to build an interferometer to James Webb?
       | 
       | Plausible? Would be most advanced imaging ever made?
        
       | Andrew_nenakhov wrote:
       | This is probably a plot by some villain to make everyone think
       | that the facility is abandoned. Once everyone withdraws from the
       | area, it'll be used as a lair, from which the villain will direct
       | the execution of his sinister plans.
        
         | kjkjadksj wrote:
         | If you want a government built lair, former icbm silos
         | sometimes pop up on zillow
        
         | tjpnz wrote:
         | I believe that was the plot of Goldeneye.
        
           | dudeinjapan wrote:
           | The most sinister thing about this plot is using a radio
           | telescope to control a satellite orbiting in LEO, wasting the
           | poor engineers' time.
           | 
           | (Boris was lucky to be frozen in liquid nitrogen, consider it
           | a mercy kill.)
        
           | throw827474737 wrote:
           | No, you are wrong - GP wouldn't have said so if that would
           | have been the case already..
        
           | dr_orpheus wrote:
           | Can we get another Bond film to fund rebuilding it?
        
             | amlib wrote:
             | Nowadays all you are gonna get is a fancy CGI
             | reconstruction of the telescope...
        
               | hedora wrote:
               | Yeah, for it to work, we'd need to get Bezos to spend
               | $700M+ on an Expanse reboot.
               | 
               | (After a few seasons, the set will pay for itself!)
        
         | rob74 wrote:
         | That's a better plan than what the US government announced for
         | it. An "educational centre for science, technology, engineering
         | and maths (STEM)"? In the mountains of Puerto Rico, miles away
         | from larger populated areas? I mean, while there was a
         | telescope there, that actually made sense, but now that it's
         | gone?
        
       | j0hnyl wrote:
       | I got to visit this place a couple of years before it collapsed.
       | It was one of the coolest most cyberpunk things I've ever seen in
       | real life.
        
         | pseudolus wrote:
         | Also featured as the centerpiece of a James Bond Movie
         | (Goldeneye):
         | 
         | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vovVkvQhYEE&ab_channel=ostin...
        
           | thinkcontext wrote:
           | And Contact.
        
             | ninjin wrote:
             | As well as The X-Files [1], although apparently filmed in
             | Vancouver - as with most of early X-Files...
             | 
             | [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Green_Men_(The_X-
             | Files)
        
       | shiftpgdn wrote:
       | What would the cost to rebuild be? Could it be crowd funded?
        
         | WJW wrote:
         | Some quick googling reveals that it cost 9.3 million in 1963,
         | so inflation adjusted that would be about 100 million today.
         | Not completely out of the realm of crowdfunding, but it would
         | probably quicker to send a tweet to Elon Musk or Jeff Bezos and
         | offer them to name it the "Jeff Bezos Arecibo Telescope" or
         | somesuch if they fund the reconstruction by themselves.
        
           | pavlov wrote:
           | Show Elon the 1974 Arecibo message and explain that it's like
           | an interstellar tweet, and for a mere $100 million he'll be
           | able to send those himself.
           | 
           | Honestly sounds like a bargain compared to his recent tweet
           | spending habits.
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | closewith wrote:
             | > Show Elon the 1974 Arecibo message and explain that it's
             | like an interstellar tweet, and for a mere $100 million
             | he'll be able to send those himself.
             | 
             | Or just show him Goldeneye. I feel he'd be more likely to
             | do it for the meme.
        
           | bpodgursky wrote:
           | The cost disease for infrastructure has expanded dramatically
           | faster than inflation and I really doubt you could do this
           | for less than $2B today.
           | 
           | Unless you get a magic "no environmental review" exception
           | (you won't).
        
             | lupire wrote:
             | PR doesn't have the powerful NIMBY culture that California
             | does.
             | 
             | Folks there are less wealthy and more practical about the
             | value of adding local economic investment.
        
               | bpodgursky wrote:
               | True overall, but it still only takes one Sierra Club to
               | gum it up in court for years. It's not like the
               | neighborhood can vote to override federal courts.
        
               | elzbardico wrote:
               | A lot of construction costs are also related to the
               | insurance, specially against liabilities, financial costs
               | and other, non-enviromental costs. Even if you're
               | building a more amicable jurisdiction, those costs
               | cascade down from your upstream supply chain.
        
           | dotnet00 wrote:
           | I think that more than the reconstruction there probably
           | isn't any will to pay for operations or maintenance anymore
           | (after all, this probably wouldn't have happened in the first
           | place if maintenance was better). So even if any billionaires
           | decided to foot the bill, the issue would remain that a long
           | term commitment to supporting the facility is also needed,
           | and while short term large expenditures are tolerable to most
           | rich companies and individuals, the long term commitment with
           | no clear end or outcome is probably the limiter.
        
           | InCityDreams wrote:
           | Chinese tax breaks, and no piss-breaks for the workers could
           | help pay, too.
        
           | greenbit wrote:
           | Maybe with an offer to be top of the list of who gets
           | notified when the aliens are first detected ..
        
         | unethical_ban wrote:
         | It's frustrating that isn't addressed in the article.
         | 
         | Does Arecibo do more than other comparable telescopes? Or will
         | science and humanity go on? Is it worth the billion, or $200m,
         | or whatever, to rebuild in the name of science?
        
           | shagie wrote:
           | It can transmit and it has a larger surface area (collecting
           | area) than other telescopes.
           | 
           | Didymos has been in the news recently... https://en.wikipedia
           | .org/wiki/65803_Didymos#/media/File:Didy...
           | 
           | Note the "Arecibo" in the file name.
           | 
           | > Fourteen sequential Arecibo radar images of the near-Earth
           | asteroid (65803) Didymos and its moonlet, taken on 23, 24 and
           | 26 November 2003. NASA's planetary radar capabilities enable
           | scientists to resolve shape, concavities, and possible large
           | boulders on the surfaces of these small worlds. Photometric
           | lightcurve data indicated that Didymos is a binary system,
           | and radar imagery distinctly shows the secondary body.
           | 
           | That was done with radio pulses sent from Arecibo.
           | 
           | Science will go on, but we've lost a tool. The area of the
           | dish remains unmatched.
           | 
           | https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/48666/arecibo-
           | adva...
        
           | gpvos wrote:
           | A similar, larger telescope[0] was put into service in China
           | in 2016. There are a few things Arecibo could do that it
           | can't (receiving frequencies above 3 GHz, transmitting), but
           | in other areas it's better. So on the whole I can see how the
           | need isn't that strong right now.
           | 
           | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-hundred-
           | meter_Aperture_Sp...
        
           | lupire wrote:
           | Pretty clearly not. It's natural advantage has faded over
           | time as tech progressed.
           | 
           | It's value would mainly be to show that we can afford to do
           | some luxury science and local science, and be a focal point
           | for Puerto Rico, which isn't necessarily bad.
           | 
           | If PR had representation in Congress, Arecibo rebuild would
           | be an easy pork barrel project.
        
             | Robotbeat wrote:
             | We have no other filled aperture radiotelescope of
             | comparable area, with transmit capability. Filled aperture
             | matters.
             | 
             | The only comparable telescope is the Chinese FAST
             | radiotelescope, which is somewhat larger in diameter but
             | without all the capabilities (and, you know. Being in
             | China.).
        
               | krapht wrote:
               | > Filled aperture matters.
               | 
               | Could say the exact opposite... sparse synthetic
               | apertures are more cost-efficient.
        
               | Robotbeat wrote:
               | Totally depends on what you're trying to do. Arecibo was
               | used in transmit mode, too, for studying asteroids, etc.
               | and the "thinned array curse" hits you hard if you don't
               | have a filled array for transmission as most of your
               | energy ends up in sidelobes, not the central beam.
               | 
               | Plus, sparse array only works well for high contrast,
               | high brightness sources. And it has a bunch of artifacts
               | that can get in the way of interpretation of the data.
               | Plus just pure filled area matters a lot.
        
         | yardstick wrote:
         | Sell/auction off pieces from the original telescope and use
         | that to help fund the replacement?
         | 
         | Or somehow convince Elon to buy it...
        
           | jnsaff2 wrote:
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33232914
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | RobLach wrote:
       | Good. Build something better.
        
       | z3c0 wrote:
       | Apparently Arecibo was the source for the cover art for Joy
       | Division's _Unknown Pleasures_. Neat.
       | 
       | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/sa-visual/pop-culture-p...
        
         | mosburger wrote:
         | I've wanted to get the "Arecibo messsage" as a tattoo for a
         | while now... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_message
        
         | soneil wrote:
         | Entirely unrelated, but I love that the actual album cover is a
         | missing image on that article. They're talking about how iconic
         | it is, and the image itself is the "broken image" icon - which
         | is iconic in itself.
        
       | rtanks wrote:
       | Very sad for the Puerto Rican people. My husband has great
       | memories there.
        
       | zackmorris wrote:
       | The US federal government should start a GoFundMe to pay the IOUs
       | from all the times it raided discretionary spending on science,
       | the arts and social security
        
       | mikepavone wrote:
       | Kind of a weird site for an educational facility. The Arecibo
       | telescope was kind of in the middle of nowhere. That's a feature
       | when picking a site for a radio-telescope, but not for education,
       | especially when you don't have a cool-looking giant telescope to
       | give people an excuse to make the trip
        
       | snowwrestler wrote:
       | Why rebuild it? While cutting-edge when it was originally built,
       | my understanding is that computationally combined arrays of
       | smaller dishes are today considered superior to what Arecibo was,
       | for radio astronomy.
       | 
       | I'd be interested to hear from folks with expertise whether that
       | is right or wrong.
        
         | rahen wrote:
         | It was supposed to be rebuilt as a phased array of about a
         | thousand 10m dishes mounted on a steerable plate about 300m
         | wide. That would have been some colossal engineering.
         | 
         | Have a look: https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=518&v=2qiu86-ZZdU
        
         | magnat wrote:
         | It could transmit at 22 TW EIRP, a feature quite rare in
         | smaller arrays.
        
         | bdamm wrote:
         | The unique capability is active radar. As far as I know,
         | combined arrays of smaller dishes can't pulse out a radar beam,
         | they can only sense via interferometry.
         | 
         | Unless there have been some advances in large scale wave
         | forming, a giant dish is the only way to beam out powerful
         | radar.
        
           | aqfamnzc wrote:
           | Could a large-scale array not transmit in the same way a
           | phased array would on, for example, a Starlink antenna?
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array
        
         | sigmoid10 wrote:
         | The thing is, even by rebuilding Arecibo the US (or more
         | specifically, the NSF) would no longer own the largest radio
         | telescope. China's 500m telescope [1] is already operational
         | and while there are some minor differences when it comes to
         | frequency range and field of view, there isn't much to justify
         | the expenditure for another telescope in the US beyond mere
         | political indulgences. From a strictly science based point of
         | view, a new Arecibo is very hard to sell considering the
         | implied costs.
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-hundred-
         | meter_Aperture_Sp...
        
           | shagie wrote:
           | The 500m telescope lacks transmitters - this is an important
           | distinction.
           | 
           | > Fifth, Arecibo's larger secondary platform also housed
           | several transmitters, making it one of only two instruments
           | in the world capable of radar astronomy. ... The NASA-funded
           | Planetary Radar System allowed Arecibo to study solid objects
           | from Mercury to Saturn, and to perform very accurate orbit
           | determination on near-earth objects, particularly potentially
           | hazardous objects.
           | 
           | China's 500m telescope wouldn't be able to capture
           | https://www.planetary.org/space-images/radar-images-of-
           | aster... because it can't send a pulse.
           | 
           | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010DPS....42.1317B/abstra.
           | ..
           | 
           | > We report Arecibo (2380 MHz, 13 cm) and Goldstone (8560
           | MHz, 3.5 cm) delay-Doppler radar observations of binary near-
           | Earth asteroid (NEA) 65803 Didymos (1996 GT) obtained on five
           | dates between November 14-26, 2003 during the asteroid's
           | approach within 0.048 AU.
           | 
           | You'll note the Goldstone mention there and the "making it
           | one of only two instruments in the world" from the wiki link
           | on the 500 meter article
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_astronomy
           | 
           | > There is one remaining radar astronomy facility in regular
           | use, the Goldstone Solar System Radar.
        
             | snowwrestler wrote:
             | Thanks for a substantive and well-sourced comment.
             | 
             | There is a comment lower down saying Green Bank might add
             | radar:
             | 
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33233119
             | 
             | I'm not in a position to confirm whether that is true
             | though.
        
               | shagie wrote:
               | https://greenbankobservatory.org/future-of-earths-
               | defense-is...
               | 
               | > The National Science Foundation has awarded funds for
               | the conceptual design of a higher-power radar system on
               | the GBT - one that would be nearly 1,000 times more
               | powerful than the proof of concept. In addition to a more
               | powerful transmitter, NRAO and GBO, working with industry
               | partners, will leverage new, solid-state amplifier and
               | array receiving-system technologies to maximize the
               | effectiveness of the new system. In parallel to this, as
               | additional funding is allocated, the team plans to move
               | to final design and construction activities, beginning in
               | 2023.
               | 
               | > The GBT's new radar capabilities will introduce a tool
               | that astronomy has not had before, collecting data at
               | higher resolutions and at wavelengths not previously
               | available. NRAO and GBO also are developing advanced data
               | reduction and analysis tools that have not been available
               | before. The flexibility and increased performance of this
               | new system will fill an important need for planetary
               | defense, and also allow astronomers to observe asteroids,
               | comets, planets and moons. The versatility of this system
               | will contribute to many areas of science.
        
               | snowwrestler wrote:
               | Does it seem like this would replace or improve upon what
               | was lost at Arecibo?
        
               | shagie wrote:
               | From the page on the test -
               | https://greenbankobservatory.org/successful-test-paves-
               | way-f...
               | 
               | > Using the information collected with this latest test,
               | the participants will finalize a plan to develop a
               | 500-kilowatt, high-power radar system that can image
               | objects in the Solar System with unprecedented detail and
               | sensitivity. The increased performance also will allow
               | astronomers to use radar signals as far away as the
               | orbits of Uranus and Neptune, increasing our
               | understanding of the Solar System.
               | 
               | > "The planned system will be a leap forward in radar
               | science, allowing access to never before seen features of
               | the Solar System from right here on Earth," said Karen
               | O'Neil, the Green Bank Observatory site director.
               | 
               | That use of the word "unprecedented" and looking at
               | Uranus and Neptune suggests to me that it will go further
               | than Arecibo did... three decades ago.
               | 
               | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000DDA....31.0803N/abs
               | tra...
               | 
               | > In October 1999 we obtained the first radar images of
               | Saturn's rings, using the recently-upgraded Arecibo
               | telescope operating at a wavelength of 12.6 cm. The
               | opening angle of the rings was 19.9o, and dual-circular
               | polarization data were collected over a period of 5 days.
               | The resulting delay-Doppler maps have a range resolution
               | of 100 msec and a frequency resolution of 2 kHz,
               | corresponding to a spatial resolution cell of 15000 x
               | 2000 km. Previous radar observations (e.g., Ostro et al.
               | [1982] Icarus 49, 367) demonstrated the rings' high cross
               | section and depolarization ratio, but did not yield
               | 2-dimensional images.
               | 
               | The key thing with this is the _radar_ astronomy rather
               | than _radio_ astronomy.
               | 
               | The tracking is likely what's at play for the Uranus and
               | Neptune though.
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Telescope
               | 
               | > The round trip light time to objects beyond Saturn is
               | longer than the 2.6-hour time that the telescope could
               | track a celestial position, preventing radar observations
               | of more distant objects.
               | 
               | Uranus is about 2.5 light hours Neptune is about 4 light
               | hours from us. Double that for the round trip time.
               | 
               | The primary interesting part of this is getting the
               | accurate ephemeris of near earth asteroids.
               | 
               | https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/acm2008/pdf/8285.pdf
               | 
               | > Arecibo Doppler measurements (2380-MHz, 12.6- cm) of
               | asteroid 99942 Apophis, obtained in August 2005 and May
               | 2006, have been combined with optical astrometry reported
               | through August 2006 to produce a new orbit solution.
               | 
               | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001910
               | 352...
               | 
               | > During these encounters the Arecibo and Goldstone radar
               | stations collected seven Doppler and 22 delay
               | measurements of Bennu. For a general description of radar
               | astrometry see Yeomans et al., 1987, Ostro et al., 2002.
               | This wealth of ground-based tracking data allows an
               | extremely accurate description of Bennu's motion (Chesley
               | et al., 2014). The trajectory of Bennu is deterministic
               | until 2135, when a close encounter with Earth leads to
               | strong scattering and makes the knowledge of its future
               | motion statistical.
               | 
               | ---
               | 
               | So it looks like Green Bank will have improved
               | transmitter and tracking. It won't have quite the
               | sensitivity of Arecibo, but it's still one of the more
               | impressive resources.
        
               | snowwrestler wrote:
               | Thank you!
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | onlyrealcuzzo wrote:
           | How much does it cost?
           | 
           | I see it was built for $9.3M in 1960.
           | 
           | Now they're estimating the cleanup cost alone to be $50M.
           | 
           | Inflation adjusted - it should cost ~$95M to re-build. I'm
           | not sure how if you'd need to include the total $50M cleanup
           | on top of that.
           | 
           | Either way - if it can be re-built for $95M - that seems like
           | a better deal than spending $50M to clean it up.
        
             | jws wrote:
             | There are 38,000 1mx2m perforated aluminum panels out
             | there. I would pay a nice premium for them as a wall
             | covering. Maybe not $50m/38000, but a good chunk of that.
             | Having a section of the iconic telescope would be worth it.
             | Now, are there thousands of people like me to make it work
             | at scale?
        
             | echelon wrote:
             | $50M is a lot to spend for nothing. Can't the site just be
             | fenced off (assuming it doesn't contaminate groundwater or
             | endanger in-use facilities)?
             | 
             | If a private developer wants to take it over and turn it
             | into a tourist destination, let them spend their own money.
             | Throw them some tax incentives, maybe.
             | 
             | $95M would be a great deal to new science projects. India
             | put an orbiter around Mars for less. We could start
             | studying a distributed array approach to whatever comes
             | after JWST.
        
               | nullc wrote:
               | The cost of cleanup (which includes restoring the forrest
               | to its natural state) is really what kept it running for
               | a long time-- basically within the budget horizon it was
               | cheaper to keep it running at limp-along levels (which
               | presumably contributed to the failure) than to shut it
               | down.
               | 
               | I've long assumed that complete restoration being an
               | assumed mandatory consequence of shutdown was itself a
               | successful gambit from parties that wanted to keep the
               | instrument operational. :)
        
               | onlyrealcuzzo wrote:
               | Why does it need to be cleaned up?
               | 
               | I thought telescope mirrors had to be absurdly pure.
               | 
               | It seems like it would make for a super cool museum.
        
               | haneefmubarak wrote:
               | > I thought telescope mirrors had to be absurdly pure.
               | 
               | It's a radio telescope, so think more along the lines of
               | like a giant satellite dish. At the wavelength of the
               | radio frequency signals, the tiny dust etc don't matter
               | until they start to build up.
               | 
               | > Why does it need to be cleaned up?
               | 
               | The recent natural disaster(s?) in Puerto Rico damaged it
               | massively, which given its sophistication and size likely
               | means there's stuff strewn everywhere and facility
               | damage. You don't generally want to leave government
               | facilities to degrade to the extreme in disuse, so you
               | still want to stabilize things to make it safe to
               | traverse the area and be able to safely achieve the next
               | goal of the facility and surrounding area.
        
               | nullc wrote:
               | Arecibo was a radio telescope, like a satellite dish. The
               | 'mirror' is a great big metal mesh hemisphere covering 18
               | acres of land in a mountain valley.
               | 
               | It's not an ideal museum location in and of itself
               | because it's almost an hour drive out of the city across
               | some not-sutiable-for-high-traffic mountain roads (see
               | the beginning of the movie Contact for a pretty
               | reasonable view of what the trip out and in is like).
               | 
               | Presumably the idea is that if we go around building
               | stuff and just abandoning it we're doing unnecessary harm
               | to nature as well as creating hazardous environments,
               | e.g. when people go in to take the scrap metal and have
               | stuff collapse on them.
        
             | bee_rider wrote:
             | It is a big fiddly science instrument that requires
             | constant maintenance, the benefit of cleanup is to get rid
             | of that obligation. If we want to turn it into a museum or
             | something, that might be worth considering. But that will
             | require getting it into a safe state which is presumably
             | lots of the cleanup cost.
        
         | uplifter wrote:
         | While combined arrays can have equivalent reception resolution,
         | I don't believe they are equivalent for transmission. I recall
         | reading in a Carl Sagan book that one Arecibo could transmit
         | and receive messages from another Arecibo anywhere in the
         | galaxy.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | aardvarkr wrote:
         | The main purpose was militaristic and science benefited as a
         | result. Like others have said, the technology has advanced to
         | the point where it didn't have much scientific value and we no
         | longer need it to spy on the Russians so I highly doubt anyone
         | is willing to pony up the billions just to have something cool
         | and inspirational when it won't even be cutting edge anymore
        
           | nullc wrote:
           | > where it didn't have much scientific value
           | 
           | EEEeeee.. don't confuse the weird biases in scientific
           | research from publication incentives as being a true metric
           | of scientific utility.
           | 
           | There is a tremendous bias in favor of "new" instruments
           | because the low hanging discoveries made possible on
           | something new (not even necessarily 'better' just different)
           | haven't been made yet. But much of that research is extremely
           | superficial and doesn't go on to contribute much to the
           | forward body of knowledge -- it just helps churn out papers
           | to support career progression.
           | 
           | Arecibo was thoroughly unmatched in several respects,
           | particular as a radar[1]. It was also the premier instrument
           | for validating observations made on synthetic aperture
           | instruments since as a single aperture it's largely free of
           | the artifacts that synthetic aperture instruments. Validation
           | is scientifically critical but also doesn't tend to produce a
           | lot of high profile papers.
           | 
           | [1] E.g. consider these images of the moon imaged using
           | Arecibo as the transmitter and Green Bank Telescope as the
           | receiver https://sservi.nasa.gov/wp-
           | content/uploads/2014/05/craters2l...
        
           | jjk166 wrote:
           | Arecibo was never intended to spy on the Russians, nor is it
           | capable of doing so - it's facing completely the wrong way.
           | 
           | Arecibo did receive military funding, but that was because
           | the military was interested in the behavior of the
           | ionosphere. It was always a general science and technology
           | development platform.
        
             | nomel wrote:
             | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=33234109
             | 
             | Soviet tech allowed members, and equipment, to cross the
             | borders of the country. ;)
        
               | jjk166 wrote:
               | Again, this doesn't stand up to scrutiny. To pick up
               | radar transmissions reflected off the moon, the moon has
               | to be in line of sight for both the emitter and detector.
               | Puerto Rico is just about the worst positioned place in
               | the US for something to have the moon in line of sight at
               | the same time as the soviet union, and the particular
               | design of Arecibo further limits the angles it can be
               | directed at, so it can't even look towards the horizon
               | where it might conceivably stand a chance. It's fine for
               | a telescope as the rotation of the Earth allows it to
               | look at different parts of the sky at different times,
               | but there's a reason no radio receivers for terrestrial
               | communication are built that way.
               | 
               | Further, Arecibo works at frequencies of 10-40 MHz,
               | substantially lower than even the lowest frequency
               | radars. With secondary reflections you might be able to
               | detect that a radar pulse had been detected, but
               | determining where it came from or even what emitted it
               | would be extremely challenging.
               | 
               | I suppose perhaps Cuba could have been spied upon with
               | it, but again it's just the worst design for the
               | application.
        
               | nomel wrote:
               | If you have any insight into the (dis)credibility of
               | Steve Blank's talk, I would suggest opening a discussion
               | on the talk page, so it can be removed.
        
           | hengheng wrote:
           | Err, how was Arecibo able to spy on the Russians? Were there
           | satellites going right over the dish?
        
             | dwringer wrote:
             | On Wikipedia is the claim "The telescope also originally
             | had military intelligence uses, including locating Soviet
             | radar installations by detecting their signals bouncing off
             | the Moon."[0], which gives this[1](by name, but unlinked)
             | as its source. It would be interesting to know more.
             | 
             | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Telescope
             | 
             | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo
        
         | arbalasquide wrote:
         | It goes beyond being a state of the art tool. It is a part of
         | our culture having this observatory.
         | 
         | As a child, I loved going there and its the earliest part of my
         | childhood that I remember something motivating me to pursue
         | science/math. Even in my later part of my life I was able to do
         | some research with the observatory which kick started my
         | current career.
         | 
         | The island already suffers from a lack of funding in education,
         | thus I fear the youth might miss out on this sense of awe and
         | curiosity I was lucky enough to have as a child.
         | 
         | Another issue is that we have our brightest minds leaving the
         | island because there's no fulfilling or well paying work to be
         | done. The lack of this observatory is another reason more
         | people will leave.
         | 
         | Here's a white paper the people in the observatory wrote about
         | a new dish. It contains reasoning, beyond my socio-cultural
         | observations, for having a new one.
         | http://www.naic.edu/NGAT/NGAT_WhitePaper_v2_01022021.pdf
        
           | MichaelZuo wrote:
           | Funding for local projects is competitive at the federal
           | level from what I understand. If it doesn't serve a primary
           | scientific purpose, then why would Puerto Rico be put at the
           | front of the line?
           | 
           | i.e. there's 50 other states and D.C. competing to be the
           | most attractive to big ticket project funding, which also
           | deliver education, youth initiatives, high paying jobs, etc.
        
             | nameless912 wrote:
             | Because Puerto Rico is filled with American citizens who
             | also deserve those things, and it's a vibrant island filled
             | with scrappy, resilient people?
        
               | MichaelZuo wrote:
               | More deserving then all 50 other states and D.C.?
        
               | kelseyfrog wrote:
               | But you could ask this question of any state(+DC).
               | Therefore we should not do anything.
        
               | renewiltord wrote:
               | Untrue. We'd simply spend federal funds into the best
               | bang for the buck not accounting for population
               | scrappiness.
        
               | kelseyfrog wrote:
               | Pick one and I'd be happy to ask if it's more deserving
               | than all the rest.
        
               | renewiltord wrote:
               | JWST.
        
               | kelseyfrog wrote:
               | I'm not familiar with this US state. I'll remind you that
               | we were taking about Puerto Rico being more or less
               | deserving than other states(&DC).
        
               | renewiltord wrote:
               | No. _You_ were talking about that. _I_ was specifically
               | saying that we aim for the best bang for the buck on
               | scientific projects with local scrappiness not of
               | relevance.
        
               | kelseyfrog wrote:
               | Correction: MichaelZuo set the topic and I followed. You
               | seem to be wanting to discuss a different topic which can
               | be done elsewhere.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | mcguire wrote:
               | So, Maryland.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | hedora wrote:
               | So, they should build something state-of-the-art there
               | instead of what will effectively be a museum.
               | 
               | (This would probably be a lot easier to get funded if
               | Puerto Rico were a state...)
        
               | avazhi wrote:
               | Who deserve what, a gigantic concrete telescope from the
               | 80s?
               | 
               | Maybe look past your sentimentality and notice that if
               | money in Puerto Rico goes to anything it should be the
               | electrical grid itself that manages to go down for weeks
               | anytime something as mild as a tropical depression looks
               | in the island's direction.
        
               | haneefmubarak wrote:
               | Sure, but the other 50 states are also filled with
               | American citizens who deserve things, many of whom are
               | scrappy and resilient. OTOH, the money being spent is
               | also ultimately that of the American citizens', so the
               | government should strive to accomplish the most it can
               | for any given mission and budget.
               | 
               | In this case, the calculus may simply be that the mission
               | can be more comprehensively and efficiently achieved via
               | investments elsewhere that will similarly benefit
               | Americans near those areas as a reinvestment would have
               | benefitted in Puerto Rico.
        
               | authpor wrote:
        
               | shadowgovt wrote:
               | The major difference, of course, is that those states
               | have federal representatives with voting power to
               | advocate for their needs and Puerto Rico does not.
               | 
               | The story of the death of Arecibo is a stain on the way
               | the United States treats its colonial territories.
        
               | whatshisface wrote:
               | That's a little over the top, if you want there to be a
               | radio observatory in PR it would still be better to build
               | a new one.
        
               | carbocation wrote:
               | > _(Also, the question of whether or not to make PR a
               | state comes up periodically, and PR sides against it.)_
               | 
               | All 3 referenda in PR since 2010 have favored statehood.
        
               | colatkinson wrote:
               | Notably many anti-statehood groups boycotted these
               | plebiscites, and analysts noted that the questions were
               | poorly structured. For example, the 2017 referendum had a
               | result of 97% in favor of statehood... because only pro-
               | statehood voters showed up.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Pu
               | ert...
        
               | sergiomattei wrote:
               | They were boycotted because they were sham, non-binding
               | referendums. There was never an effort from the mainland
               | to introduce this into Congress _seriously_.
               | 
               | Therefore. Since nobody in Congress or White House lifts
               | a finger, the referendum becomes just another political
               | rally cry for the local pro-statehood party.
               | 
               | The United States and their political class have made it
               | exceedingly clear that they favour the status quo -- both
               | economically and politically -- at the expense of the
               | island folk who suffer increasing austerity cuts and a
               | deteriorating standard of living.
        
               | JumpCrisscross wrote:
               | > _was never an effort from the mainland to introduce
               | this into Congress seriously_
               | 
               | Statehood and its benefits isn't something to be
               | unilaterally demanded. Puerto Rico should have the option
               | to declare independence. But it's far too corrupt for
               | political integration.
        
               | sergiomattei wrote:
               | I wholly understand your point, but there's a huge power
               | imbalance here. We can run all the referendums we want.
               | 
               | The US government has the full might of the US military,
               | a reluctant political class and an economic interest in
               | keeping the status quo.
               | 
               | There has to be cooperation in both sides for either
               | statehood or independence, if decolonization is to be
               | achieved peacefully. Sadly, there's no will to negotiate
               | from the US gov't.
               | 
               | About corruption, well, it's true. Our ex-governor was
               | recently indicted.
               | 
               | However, I also find corruption allegations a convenient
               | way to perpetuate this image of Puerto Ricans as
               | freeloaders--completely missing how much the mainland
               | benefits from us economically, both as a tax haven and as
               | a source of tax revenue (no IRS federal tax, but Jones
               | Act import restrictions).
               | 
               | For more on economic benefits, think about this: a market
               | of 2-3 million people locked in exclusively into US goods
               | and markets due to colonial import restrictions.
               | 
               | Taxation without representation.
        
               | hermitdev wrote:
               | Too corrupt as opposed to say, Illinois? I forget the
               | exact numbers now, but something like 6 of the last 12
               | governors have gone to jail for corruption, most recently
               | Blagojevich. That's just at the top level; there's
               | problems throughout the state... Not saying PR doesn't
               | have problems, just pointing out actual states do, too.
        
               | fluoridation wrote:
               | Sorry, but I fail to see the relevance. Did Illinois
               | declare independence from the US with its current
               | apparently corrupt political class?
        
               | whatshisface wrote:
               | If corruption prevented political integration several
               | current US states would not be integrated.
        
               | soulofmischief wrote:
               | I find it exceedingly impossible that Puerto Rico is more
               | corrupt than my home state of Louisiana.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | whatshisface wrote:
               | Interesting, I guess my information was out of date.
        
               | cbm-vic-20 wrote:
               | The state of the island's electrical infrastructure is a
               | much larger stain than the loss of an aging
               | radiotelescope. Spend the money on that, instead.
        
               | soulofmischief wrote:
               | This statement is a prime example of a fallacy known as
               | false dichotomy.
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma
        
               | enjeyw wrote:
               | I'm not convinced it is. The statement translates to:
               | 
               | "I think that the benefit for the community that
               | infrastructure investment provides is so much greater
               | than rebuilding the telescope, to the point that if I had
               | absolute control of the limited gov budget I'd allocate
               | all money to infrastructure."
               | 
               | That's debatable, but it doesn't seem like a logical
               | fallacy.
        
               | ComplexSystems wrote:
               | You can build infrastructure and a telescope.
        
               | trasz wrote:
               | Puertoricans are American citizens by name only - they
               | can't vote, for example. It's a colony, and US treats it
               | as such - it doesn't enjoy the privileges of actual US
               | territory.
               | 
               | If you want to help, becoming a proper, independent
               | country could be a good start. The majority of citizens
               | opposes the current colonial status, as evidenced by
               | several referendums, but, well, it's not theirs to decide
               | - because they are just a colony and aren't allowed to
               | vote.
        
               | sergiomattei wrote:
               | > Puertoricans are American citizens by name only - they
               | can't vote, for example.
               | 
               | The veterans who died for the continental US beg to
               | differ.
               | 
               | > If you want to help, becoming a proper, independent
               | country could be a good start.
               | 
               | The US government has the full might of the US military,
               | a reluctant political class and an economic interest in
               | keeping it that way. It's difficult -- whether you're
               | pro-statehood or independence.
        
               | afiori wrote:
               | The US does not grant the states a right to become
               | independent countries either.
        
               | Art9681 wrote:
               | Puertoricans wear the same uniform and fight in the same
               | wars as all Americans so that folks can continue to say
               | ignorant stuff like the comment above. My great
               | grandfather did it. My grandfather. I did it. And I'm
               | sure the tradition will continue.
               | 
               | From Title 8-ALIENS AND NATIONALITY CHAPTER
               | 12-IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY SUBCHAPTER III-NATIONALITY
               | AND NATURALIZATION Part I-Nationality at Birth and
               | Collective Naturalization
               | 
               | All persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11,
               | 1899, and prior to January 13, 1941, subject to the
               | jurisdiction of the United States, residing on January
               | 13, 1941, in Puerto Rico or other territory over which
               | the United States exercises rights of sovereignty and not
               | citizens of the United States under any other Act, are
               | declared to be citizens of the United States as of
               | January 13, 1941. All persons born in Puerto Rico on or
               | after January 13, 1941, and subject to the jurisdiction
               | of the United States, are citizens of the United States
               | at birth.
        
               | sophacles wrote:
               | Yes, they get to die for the USA. But they don't get a
               | say like real citizens - no congressmen, no electoral
               | votes, no senators. They do get to pay taxes though.
               | Before you rant about how that's not important, I'd like
               | to remind you of a certain group of English citizens who
               | didn't have representation but were allowed to die and
               | pay taxes for England.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | Was I not a citizen until I was first able to vote for
               | federal representation at the age of 25 after moving out
               | of my hometown of DC?
        
               | sophacles wrote:
               | Yes.
               | 
               | Real is probably the wrong term here, but certainly a
               | citizen without the full suite of rights granted to you.
               | If you have all the obligations without all the rights,
               | you are a second class citizen. It's frankly absurd that
               | someone can live within the US as a "citizen" without
               | getting have meaningful representation.
        
               | gambiting wrote:
               | That's a weird argument. By the same logic current and
               | former convicts are not citizens either.
        
               | dr-detroit wrote:
        
               | sophacles wrote:
               | Well no - convicts are being punished for breaking the
               | law.
               | 
               | People born, raised and still living in DC, Puerto Rico,
               | US virgin islands, Guam, and Marianas are being punished
               | for not breaking the law.
        
               | gambiting wrote:
               | That's a different argument though. Punished or not, they
               | are still citizens - so clearly whether you can or cannot
               | vote doesn't change your citizenship.
        
               | sophacles wrote:
               | See the first post of mine that you responded to:
               | 
               | > Real is probably the wrong term here, but certainly a
               | citizen without the full suite of rights granted to you.
               | 
               | I acknowledged the thing you are objecting to before you
               | started objecting. If you want to bikeshed a loosely used
               | term after it's been acknowledged as being the incorrect
               | term - have fun.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | Many Americans are second-class citizens because they
               | live in areas where even if they DID vote, it wouldn't
               | count for anything.
               | 
               | If Puerto Rico and DC were suddenly made part of
               | California, nothing would change but suddenly they'd be
               | "first class citizens"? (Besides now paying federal
               | income tax)
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | I wish residents of DC didn't have to pay federal income
               | tax :P
               | 
               | DC being part of California would marginally change the
               | distribution of the House. Agreed the Senate & FPTP is
               | undemocratic.
        
               | philistine wrote:
               | It's not that the people of Puerto Ricans are lesser
               | americans. It's that Puerto Rico itself as an institution
               | has less rights. If a Puerto Rican moves to Alabama, they
               | get the same rights and privileges, like voting, as
               | anybody else.
        
               | thehappypm wrote:
               | The arrangement of Puerto Rico being a territory was a
               | strategic decision. PR independence has a long history,
               | but ultimately the economic and military benefits of
               | being US citizens ended up outweighing the desire for
               | independence. Being a self governing territory won out as
               | being a sort of best of both worlds.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | boredumb wrote:
               | NOT a colony.... we're a territory. If you think puerto
               | rico becoming it's own country and missing out on the
               | aid, support and ease of travel provided by the federal
               | government you are either malevolent or naive.
               | 
               | Puerto Rican residents can vote on everything aside from
               | federal elections.
        
               | colatkinson wrote:
               | > NOT a colony.... we're a territory
               | 
               | How did the US acquire said territory? And after they
               | acquired it, what did they do to those who did not want
               | their nation to be a "territory?" For those unaware, I'll
               | give you a hint: it did not involve a hearty Socratic
               | discussion followed by a game of badminton [0].
               | 
               | > If you think puerto rico becoming it's own country and
               | missing out on the aid, support and ease of travel
               | provided by the federal government you are either
               | malevolent or naive.
               | 
               | This worked out rather well for the Hawaiians, who are
               | currently having their groundwater poisoned by the US
               | military [1], and their ancestral land acquired by
               | mainlanders while they are made homeless [2].
               | 
               | In the recent non-binding referenda, and the bill to have
               | a binding referendum which recently died in committee,
               | there has been an option for "independence with free
               | association" -- that is, an independent nation-state but
               | with strong free trade and free travel agreements baked
               | in [2]. Statehood is that, plus being subject to the
               | whims of voters in Wisconsin, Idaho, et al. as to whether
               | Puerto Ricans should be allowed funding for things. Keep
               | in mind that there is no way out of this setup short of
               | insurrection.
               | 
               | Given Puerto Rico has a distinct language, culture, etc.
               | from the US, I can only assume we're deciding that the
               | Westphalian model of the nation-state is not a
               | consideration. Given this, I would also like to propose
               | the following for statehood:
               | 
               | 1. Korea
               | 
               | 2. Vietnam
               | 
               | 3. Iraq
               | 
               | 4. Iran
               | 
               | 5. Afghanistan
               | 
               | 6. Somalia
               | 
               | 7. Syria
               | 
               | 8. Mexico
               | 
               | 9. Haiti
               | 
               | 10. Dominican Republic
               | 
               | These countries would surely flourish with the support
               | and aid provided by the US federal government. And they
               | were already, at one point or another, occupied by the
               | US. So I can think of _no_ reason not to annex them,
               | short of naivete or malevolence.
               | 
               | [0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utuado_uprising
               | 
               | [1]: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/0
               | 4/the-us...
               | 
               | [2]: https://thehomemoreproject.org/blog/the-hawaiian-
               | homelessnes...
        
               | MockObject wrote:
               | America acquired it fair and square, the same way nearly
               | all land is acquired throughout human and animal history.
               | Conquest. Those other areas haven't been annexed in the
               | same way, because, after developments in the post WW2
               | era, acquisition evolved from outright colonization, to
               | control using local proxies and a comprador class
               | economically dependent on the core.
        
               | trasz wrote:
               | Yukon is a territory. Here, the "territory" is just a
               | pretty name for a colony. You can't vote, US constitution
               | doesn't quite apply, you're getting peanuts from federal
               | aid, and when there's a humanitarian catastrophe you're
               | left for a month without electricity - but you are very
               | welcomed in armed forces, because you're competent and
               | when you die it doesn't matter to decision makers,
               | because you can't vote. In short - you pay the price, but
               | you don't get the benefits. How's that different from a
               | colony?
               | 
               | And yeah, becoming a US state would be better than
               | independence, but it won't happen, because - you guessed
               | it, you can't vote. By becoming an independent country
               | you could get major powers to compete to do business with
               | you - I'm pretty sure China would invest billions into
               | your infrastructure, you could literally become America's
               | Taiwan.
        
               | sergiomattei wrote:
               | > Puerto Rican residents can vote on everything aside
               | from federal elections.
               | 
               | So, a colony? Taxation without representation. We might
               | not get taxed IRS federal planillas, but all the levies
               | and duties plus the harmful Jones Act beg to differ with
               | your characterization.
               | 
               | The US is choking our economy in its current status.
               | Statehood or independence, a binding referendum is
               | _urgent_ at this point.
               | 
               | Oh, and don't you remember how the US Supreme Court
               | declared us second-class citizens recently? [0]
               | 
               | [0]: https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/scotus-
               | declares-u-...
        
               | killerdhmo wrote:
               | "Vote on everything aside federal elections" - what
               | precisely did you think this means? We can't vote for the
               | president, our elected officials to Congress can't vote
               | on the laws that are passed. What "voting" can we do,
               | other than yes, local elections?
        
             | jgalt212 wrote:
             | and their residents pay taxes too.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | Some taxes, not all.
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Puerto_Rico
               | 
               | > Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the
               | United States and Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens;
               | however, Puerto Rico is not a U.S. state, but a U.S.
               | insular area. Consequently, while all Puerto Rico
               | residents pay federal taxes, many residents are not
               | required to pay federal income taxes. Aside from income
               | tax, U.S. federal taxes include customs taxes, federal
               | commodity taxes, and federal payroll taxes (Social
               | Security, Medicare, and Unemployment taxes).
               | 
               | Any attempt to give PR statehood or make it part of an
               | existing state (Florida, I guess?) would meet with
               | vociferous objection _from Puerto Rico_.
        
           | ApolloFortyNine wrote:
           | >As a child, I loved going there and its the earliest part of
           | my childhood that I remember something motivating me to
           | pursue science/math. Even in my later part of my life I was
           | able to do some research with the observatory which kick
           | started my current career.
           | 
           | Honestly seems like this is what they considered most when
           | deciding to turn it into an education center.
        
           | Kalium wrote:
           | > Another issue is that we have our brightest minds leaving
           | the island because there's no fulfilling or well paying work
           | to be done. The lack of this observatory is another reason
           | more people will leave.
           | 
           | The problem with this line of logic isn't that it's wrong or
           | even that it ignores the goal of scientific funding to
           | produce scientific research. The primary problem with this
           | line of argument is that it's equally good for Wyoming, West
           | Virginia, and a dozen or more other deprived places that
           | could all benefit substantially from the STEM-inspiration of
           | a local megaproject.
        
             | nocoiner wrote:
             | West Virginia already has Green Bank, no?
        
           | rahen wrote:
           | They also published a video with some renders of the NGAT:
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=518&v=2qiu86-ZZdU
           | 
           | I really wish it had been built.
        
         | rtkwe wrote:
         | A single large collecting area still has sensitivity advantages
         | vs arrays of smaller dishes. It was also used for radar and
         | measuring distances to various objects in the solar system and
         | the beam pattern from a single source there is vastly simpler
         | than trying to use a phased array for the same task.
        
         | mandevil wrote:
         | Arecibo had an active capability: radar mapping Venus most
         | famously, that really can't be substituted with synthetic
         | approaches. You can use aperture synthesis (from VLBA all the
         | way to IVS) for greater resolving power, but they don't solve
         | the coherent output problem.
        
       | cproctor wrote:
       | I don't see how $1-3M per year, for five years, is going to lead
       | to "a world-class educational institution."
        
         | photochemsyn wrote:
         | In reasearch and education terms, that's literally peanuts. For
         | comparison, the US Department of Energy operates 17 national
         | laboratories, with an average budget of ~$700 million per year
         | each.
        
         | evrydayhustling wrote:
         | Makes zero sense, and NSF's best answer is that they are
         | soliciting ideas about how. Arecibo is somewhat remote -- it's
         | in a karst terrain that was chosen because it was so bumpy that
         | it formed a convenient bowl for the dish. Its easy for the
         | roads connecting it to San Juan to get shut down or degraded by
         | storms. Without the telescope, it's really hard to imagine
         | which students would aspire to go there. But it's a _great_
         | place for.... A telescope.
        
           | boredumb wrote:
           | Arecibo isn't remote. From San Juan I can get there in 40
           | minutes and it's directly off the 22 which is definitely not
           | an easy freeway to be shut down short of a hurricane. It's
           | also directly in between mayaguez and san juan both of which
           | have a ton of students.
           | 
           | I guess I don't see how using 1-3 million dollars to operate
           | an educational center is nonsensical. It's a central area
           | between major universities, fairly flat terrain, northwestern
           | coast so it's generally not going to see the worst of the
           | storms and also has some existing infrastructure.
           | 
           | With that said it's a tragedy that they aren't going to
           | rebuild the telescope in it's original glory.
        
             | evrydayhustling wrote:
             | I guess San Juan sprawls a bit -- took me almost 2h when I
             | was there in 2020 (not too long after Maria), and we did
             | face a partial washout and downed trees slowing down the
             | last bit of the trip. But obv I trust a local that it's
             | usually accessible :).
        
             | lupire wrote:
             | World class means it attracts people from around the world.
             | 
             | It's 40 minutes from San Juan, which is on a relatively
             | small island on the ocean.
             | 
             | And hurricanes have a habit of hitting there.
             | 
             | PR deserves great local institutions, but it is less
             | accessible than most places that have much larger nearby
             | population.
        
               | shkkmo wrote:
               | Puerto Rico is a fairly large (top 100 largest) island
               | with international airports. It is larger than many other
               | islands that have observatories.
               | 
               | Areceibo already WAS a world class telescope and was
               | closer to an international airport than many other
               | observatories.
               | 
               | The only valid point you've made is about hurricanes and
               | earthquakes. However I haven't seen any discussion as to
               | how those effect contruction costs at that site vs
               | others.
        
         | tokai wrote:
         | $1m a year is not gonna get much. It might not be the case, but
         | it smells a bit like a token amount to keep something going -
         | so they don't have to deal with the drama of closing the site.
        
       | jeffheard wrote:
       | Feels like a prime opportunity for a National Park. Restore it to
       | the point where it won't degrade further, add a museum,
       | plantetarium, library, and preserve the land around the
       | telescope. It'd be really neat! I'd take my kids to be sure.
        
         | bee_rider wrote:
         | I think (at least last time I looked into it, it may have
         | changed since then) the problem was that some of the scientific
         | equipment is heavy and suspended by cables which are degrading
         | over time. I don't think it is like a battleship for example,
         | which degrades into a battleship shaped hunk of steel which can
         | be easily restored into a museum ship -- cables under tension
         | fail catastrophically.
        
           | nomel wrote:
           | > cables under tension fail catastrophically.
           | 
           | I'm not sure there's much left, with the last failure:
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PZsblS1BUc
        
       | Aroga wrote:
        
       | mihaic wrote:
       | What I think this misses is that one of the main purposes of
       | something like Arecibo is to be inspirational.
       | 
       | The coolness factor is something that helps science as a whole,
       | from making kids interested in scientific activities and even
       | boosting morale for scientists in the field.
       | 
       | Morale is one of those things that can't be quantified, but that
       | can't be ignored.
        
         | aardvarkr wrote:
         | The main purpose was militaristic and science benefited as a
         | result. We no longer need it to spy on the Russians so I highly
         | doubt anyone is willing to pony up the billions just to have
         | something cool and inspirational when it won't even be cutting
         | edge anymore
        
         | rippercushions wrote:
         | Eh. I visited Arecibo almost 20 years ago, and even back then
         | it was more historical monument pickled in time (I still recall
         | some exhibits celebrating the Space Shuttle as the greatest
         | thing since sliced bread) than anything scientifically
         | inspirational, much less "cool". It very much felt neglected
         | and the subsequent collapse, while sad, was entirely par for
         | course.
        
           | rtkwe wrote:
           | The Shuttle is IMO still really cool and there are missions
           | it could do like repairing Hubble or the initial stages of
           | the ISS construction that would be really hard to do with the
           | tiny little capsules we've reverted to. It's size and
           | separate airlock alone give it abilities you can't get in any
           | capsule flying today.
        
             | dotnet00 wrote:
             | To be fair, we reverted to capsules because the Shuttle was
             | so expensive that there was no additional will to spend the
             | necessary amount (when accounting for defense contractor
             | bloat) on an effective successor that wasn't a flying death
             | trap.
             | 
             | Even those capsules (especially the one actually flying
             | people right now) only barely got the funding they needed.
        
             | dale_glass wrote:
             | But at this point, why not build a new one instead? It's
             | old tech at any rate.
             | 
             | Also, why not try an iterative approach? What would be the
             | cost to build an extra copy?
             | 
             | In fact, doesn't the Hubble share parts with spy
             | satellites?
        
               | rtkwe wrote:
               | There's a lot invested already in just getting the main
               | mass up there and the core development of the system so
               | building and installing small improvements can keep the
               | investment useful for lower cost than replacing it.
               | 
               | Documentation on the spy satellite connection is sketchy
               | but it seems to be designed similarly to an NRO satellite
               | KH11 iirc but I think it was modified a lot and the more
               | modern spy satellites might not be as readily convertible
               | to deep space observation. So you have that work and the
               | cost to loft it vs the cost to install some upgrades to
               | and existing satellite.
        
               | dotnet00 wrote:
               | The reason to not iterate on the Shuttle is that it was a
               | fundamentally dangerous design, fixing the issues would
               | be comparable to just making a new ground-up design. It
               | would also be really expensive because the companies that
               | made it have gotten used to the government teat. Modern
               | American spacecraft are the 'new' Shuttle in that they
               | incorporate all the safety lessons learned. The closest
               | functionality-wise Shuttle successor would be crewed
               | Starship.
               | 
               | Hubble shares a chassis with old spy satellites but IIRC
               | all the optics have been replaced. There is a study
               | ongoing for the potential of docking a Dragon capsule to
               | it to boost its orbit and possibly service it via EVA.
        
           | nullc wrote:
           | I think that's at least equally the fault of the visitors
           | center as anything about the instrument itself. The visitors
           | center gave a very much working instrument a "historical
           | monument pickled in time" feel.
           | 
           | I think there is a reasonable case to be made that the
           | ultimate cause of the collapse was that not enough was spent
           | on the visitors center, leaving guests with the impression
           | that it wasn't a valuable instrument, leading to sustained
           | absolutely minimal funding, leading to deferred maintenance
           | (since they preferred to spend the money they got on actually
           | operating!), leading to collapse.
           | 
           | So perhaps think of this in the future if you're about to
           | criticize a scientific instrument for frivolous spending on
           | visitor center upgrades.
        
         | nocoiner wrote:
         | Yeah. Maybe I'm just soft-hearted, but I really don't think the
         | benefit of this can be overstated. By dint of its location,
         | configuration and instances of cultural cachet, this was a
         | particularly unique and inspiring facility. I was pretty moved
         | by it when I visited it in my 30s a decade ago - I can only
         | imagine how many Puerto Rican elementary students were inspired
         | to pursue science following a field trip to the telescope.
         | 
         | To me, rebuilding the scope is a no-brainer. Whatever it costs
         | (assuming the number is in the low nine-digits), it's worth it
         | for the public relations value alone.
         | 
         | It's too bad the Puerto Rican government is so cash-strapped -
         | I wouldn't be shocked if they could realize a positive ROI
         | (based on tourism, research, local support, etc.) if the feds
         | gave them the money that would go to clean-up and PR pursued
         | reconstruction on its own. Unfortunately, while I think federal
         | dollars could be put to efficient use here, I think the
         | commonwealth has higher priorities they need to pursue.
        
       | softwaredoug wrote:
       | FWIW you can still buy Arecibo merchandise here
       | 
       | https://ao-galaxy-eshop.myshopify.com/
        
         | z3c0 wrote:
         | Surprisingly cool merch. Love the Arecibo Message tee, thanks
         | for sharing
        
       | pantojax45 wrote:
       | Is it in a particularly climate susceptible place? Seems like if
       | it was just hit by a hurricane, there will be more in the future.
       | Perhaps not a good place in an eta of climate change?
        
         | rtkwe wrote:
         | It's up in the mountains in a bowl though so it's shielded in
         | many ways from the worst effects of storms. It weathered them
         | fine for about 50 years.
        
       | Nokinside wrote:
       | Time passed it.
       | 
       | FAST (five-hundred-meter aperture telescope) already exists and
       | combining smaller ones is also an option.
        
         | Robotbeat wrote:
         | FAST being in China is problematic.
         | 
         | Emblematic of decay of American power that we aren't rebuilding
         | it. And a betrayal of Puerto Rico, for which this is a symbol
         | of pride.
        
       | seydor wrote:
       | Looking at the megatelescopes that they are building in Chile, i
       | think its memory will soon be forgotten
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Magellan_Telescope
        
         | rrss wrote:
         | why? these are optical telescopes
        
         | blamazon wrote:
         | https://xkcd.com/1294/
        
       | dudeinjapan wrote:
       | "For England, James?"
       | 
       | "No, for me."
        
       | superkuh wrote:
       | On the plus side, the Green Bank Telescope has been fitted with a
       | test radar transmitter and there are solid plans to put in a
       | 500-kilowatt radar. This isn't quite a replacement for Arecibo,
       | but it'll help fill the gap.
        
       | sebastianconcpt wrote:
       | It's a testimony that its ROI is too bad for this human epoch and
       | technology.
        
         | lupire wrote:
         | Testimony that technology has advanced to more efficient and
         | less location sensitive telescope designs?
        
           | Robotbeat wrote:
           | Technology hasn't progressed past the need for large, filled
           | apertures.
        
           | sebastianconcpt wrote:
           | It's decoupled of when that happens but tightly coupled with
           | the rejection of that attempt.
        
             | Miraste wrote:
             | I'm not sure what your point is here, but even if you look
             | only at single-dish radio telescopes, humanity already has
             | a better one in FAST.
        
         | hiccuphippo wrote:
         | And yet we preserve places like Stonehenge, when modern
         | calendars are considered superior.
        
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