[HN Gopher] A step-by-step guide to our solar system's demise
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       A step-by-step guide to our solar system's demise
        
       Author : nsoonhui
       Score  : 143 points
       Date   : 2022-09-30 09:43 UTC (13 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (nautil.us)
 (TXT) w3m dump (nautil.us)
        
       | kaon123 wrote:
       | I love stuff like this. If you do too, then I highly recommend
       | this incredible youtube video of the end of time:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD4izuDMUQA&ab_channel=melod...
        
         | crmd wrote:
         | It's a crime this lovely video didn't end with a voiceover of
         | sir Roger Penrose explaining conformal cyclic cosmology theory.
        
         | whiteboardr wrote:
         | While interesting and putting perspectives into place I'm
         | having a really hard time following how there can be a black
         | hole merger area (let alone the black hole era) having the
         | model of redshift engrained in my brain.
         | 
         | Serious question: wouldn't all mass that had time to gravitate
         | towards and convene into galaxies, stars and black holes been
         | drifting too far apart by then to be even remotely close for
         | their gravities overcome these - then - unimaginable distances?
        
           | LorenPechtel wrote:
           | Any group of galaxies that is gravitationally bound will end
           | up in effect putting the black holes into orbit about each
           | other. The orbits will be across incredible distances and
           | move very slowly, but it will happen. Orbital energy over
           | time gets converted to gravitational waves and thus they
           | spiral inwards. (All orbits actually spiral inwards, it's
           | just the effect is so tiny that in all but extreme cases you
           | won't notice it within the current age of the universe.)
           | 
           | Galaxies which are not gravitationally bound won't encounter
           | each other, so it doesn't end up merging the whole universe
           | into a single black hole.
        
         | nofinator wrote:
         | Thanks. I also love Wikipedia's Timeline of the far future:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future
        
           | amflare wrote:
           | If you like that one, then you'd probably love
           | https://www.futuretimeline.net/. Fair warning, you may lose
           | your afternoon to it.
        
         | zikduruqe wrote:
         | ^^^ This is worth your time to watch.
        
       | lucb1e wrote:
       | That cookie wall uses a font too small to read without zooming.
       | Anyone pressing the 'go away' button on such screens can probably
       | not be considered to have freely given consent and their data
       | should be... Ah, who am I kidding.
        
       | Cyberdog wrote:
       | Clickbait title. Page does not contain a guide on how I can
       | destroy the solar system.
        
       | fortran77 wrote:
       | Is there anything we could be doing to prevent this?
        
         | dudeinjapan wrote:
         | No, but becoming a multi-planet species starting with Mars is a
         | good first step toward Plan B.
        
       | hilbert42 wrote:
       | Like entropy and the heat death of the universe, I find this
       | subject always fascinating--yet somehow it always seems
       | depressing.
        
       | marginalia_nu wrote:
       | This appears to possibly be a freebooted version of this link:
       | 
       | https://planetplanet.net/2022/09/15/the-end-of-the-solar-sys...
        
         | 300bps wrote:
         | It's the same author reported on both pages.
        
           | marginalia_nu wrote:
           | It's not the credit they're typically after, but the traffic.
        
             | explodingcamera wrote:
             | There's no way that this is free booting, nautilus is a
             | decently sized publication.
        
           | forgotpwd16 wrote:
           | Author by the way is a very active researcher in planetary
           | science. Man has h-index > 60.
        
         | mannykannot wrote:
         | There's an acknowledgement at the end:
         | 
         | Reprinted with permission from Sean Raymond's blog
         | PlanetPlanet.net.
        
       | Ygg2 wrote:
       | https://archive.is/YeVOS
        
       | marcus_holmes wrote:
       | I thought the Cloud Question was still unresolved?
       | 
       | More water vapour = more clouds. Clouds are highly reflective, so
       | reflect much of the incoming solar energy away.
       | 
       | Last I heard, the net effect of More Greenhouse vs Higher Albedo
       | wasn't worked out. Has this changed?
        
         | modo_mario wrote:
         | Will we get a much stronger Albedo effect considering all the
         | ice that's melting?
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | The clouds of Venus reflect most of the sunlight hitting the
         | planet. The 1% that reaches the surface is still enough to keep
         | that surface hot enough to melt lead.
        
       | layer8 wrote:
       | See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Earth.
        
       | yalogin wrote:
       | This is new for me, I have never thought about the fusion in the
       | sun and that its energy emission is actually increasing. Makes
       | total sense but never thought of it. However since we know this
       | is going to happen, over the next billion years, can we not build
       | some kind of "cover" in space away from the earth's atmosphere to
       | block or deflect this extra energy from entering the atmosphere?
       | I somehow believe humans will be capable of that in that time.
        
         | atty wrote:
         | Considering basically all of modern technology has been
         | invented in the last 150 years, and just how far we have come
         | in that time, i think it's relatively safe to assume that in
         | 100x that time (say 15000 years in the future) we will have
         | either destroyed ourselves, colonized other portions of the
         | solar system, or significantly terraformed earth and/or built
         | megastructures in space in such a way as to be able to better
         | control the environment.
        
         | forgotpwd16 wrote:
         | We could also remove, a process called star lifting, part of
         | the sun's matter to decrease its burning rate, retain its
         | current output, and consequently increase its main sequence
         | lifetime. Depending on the amount of material removed, we could
         | even alter its destiny from becoming a red giant to becoming a
         | white dwarf.
        
         | bricemo wrote:
         | I agree. 1 billion years is a lot of research and development
         | time. It only took us a few hundred years to go from
         | agricultural society to spacefaring. 10 million X that amount
         | of progress and we can either fix the sun, move the earth, or
         | repopulate on other stars. This will be a non-issue.
        
           | zasdffaa wrote:
           | > It only took us a few hundred years to go from agricultural
           | society to spacefaring
           | 
           | Exactly as long trash the ecosphere - not coincidental.
           | 
           | > This will be a non-issue
           | 
           | I despair.
        
           | Maursault wrote:
           | > It only took us a few hundred years to go from agricultural
           | society to spacefaring.
           | 
           | Arguably, since less than 600 individuals have made it to LEO
           | with 2 dozen going around the Moon, this doesn't translate to
           | "spacefaring _society_. " If only 600 people had cars among
           | 8B, we wouldn't describe this as an automotive society. When
           | thousands are _regularly_ traveling outside the Earth-Moon
           | system, then we will be spacefaring. Troubles are lowering
           | the expense and having the practical incentive beyond
           | discovery.
        
             | marcosdumay wrote:
             | Well, replace with borderline spacefaring if you prefer. On
             | the timeframes people are throwing around here, neither the
             | "borderline" nor our previous false start, or not even a
             | few more false starts in our future make any difference.
        
               | Maursault wrote:
               | It's still incredibly optimistic. It may very well remain
               | the domain of only a precious few career experts for
               | quite some time, if not indefinitely, unless space begins
               | to generate absurd revenue unavailable on Earth. There
               | are valid and practical reasons for LEO. Beyond that, the
               | Moon, Mars, Asteroid Belt, moons of Jupiter, etc., I
               | don't see any advantage other than discovery and the
               | benefit of working out how to do something (but not how
               | to do something cheaply). Somehow ferrying back a massive
               | asteroid made of pure gold matching the amount already on
               | Earth would likely not even be profitable.
               | 
               | I suppose that climbing Everest never had any practical
               | purpose, and an economy has developed around it. But
               | still, cost per person is a fraction of $1M to do so. It
               | costs an average of $58M/person to get to orbit and back
               | safely for a short trip, and that is just LEO for a few
               | days or maybe a couple weeks. Economies of scale may
               | never materialize for space travel. Even if we do
               | legitimately become spacefaring and stretch out into the
               | Solar System for some reason, high costs and accidents
               | may, like nuclear energy, cause it to scale back and
               | diminish to its current state of roughly 50 people per
               | year to LEO.
               | 
               | Without the incentive of profit, which I doubt tourism
               | could sustain by itself, I don't see how spacefaring ever
               | gets off the ground. Maybe mushrooms found on Europa
               | become an insanely expensive delicacy, or similar. But it
               | seems astronomically unlikely. If the profit incentive
               | can be found, then it could not be stopped, but it really
               | needs to do more than pay for itself, and at a current
               | pace of sinking $20B/yr into it without a return, ever,
               | who knows if it will ever even break even?
        
               | marcosdumay wrote:
               | Well, with the timeframes here, there exist only two
               | options: "never" and "very soon".
               | 
               | So, yeah, if you want to argue for "never", it's valid.
               | It's just talking about delays that isn't.
               | 
               | (But somehow the "no large enough group - and it means
               | 100 or 200 people - will ever want this" argument doesn't
               | look reasonable either. We are talking about an empty
               | ecological niche and a timeframe large enough for
               | biologic kingdoms to appear.)
        
         | Projectiboga wrote:
         | It's gotten brighter over even just the last 20 million years.
         | The ice caps helped reflect nearly .39 of it, but soot and
         | melting are lowering that. It's called albedo and that loss
         | will dwarf the CO2 Heat trapping.
        
         | bena wrote:
         | > I somehow believe humans will be capable of that in that
         | time.
         | 
         | Why? Because we've done stuff before? We live past the times of
         | flying cars and meals in pill form. We are 40 years from the
         | Jetsons, three years past the original Blade Runner, etc.
         | 
         | This is just handwaving away all of the hard parts of the
         | solution and saying that otherwise, it would be simple. Yes,
         | yes it would. It would definitely be easy if it weren't hard.
        
           | yalogin wrote:
           | We have done incredible things just not flying cars yet. I am
           | talking 100s of millions of years (if we survive that far of
           | course)
        
             | bena wrote:
             | Once again, where's the evidence we will?
             | 
             | There's also the logistical practicality of what is being
             | proposed. We don't have flying cars for many reason, one of
             | them being that any benefits they may have is outweighed by
             | all of the very real logistical issues they have.
             | 
             | I find this level of "techno-optimism" just flat out naive.
             | It's a bet you never have to worry about being called. On
             | the time scale of thousands of years, neither you nor I
             | will be alive to find out who was right, but you are
             | willing to say with unwavering faith that we will be able
             | to do it.
             | 
             | Simply because you believe smarter people than you will be
             | able to solve the hard problems. Including problems we
             | don't even know exist yet. Just to get to the moon, we had
             | to first discover just how ill-equipped the human body is
             | for travel outside of our atmosphere.
             | 
             | But you talk as if building a giant shade in space is going
             | to be relatively trivial in the future. There is nothing
             | trivial about leaving the Earth. And it's quite possible
             | that it will never be trivial. Before we worry about solar
             | shades, we should wonder how we're first going to solve
             | those hard problems.
        
               | yalogin wrote:
               | The evidence is all around you. We are talking about 100s
               | of millions of years. You seem to be way too fixated on
               | flying cars for some reason. Look at the progress in just
               | the last 100 years, it's astounding. I am more than
               | comfortable to extrapolate from there. Also, it's not
               | like we haven't done space travel, unlike flying cars, we
               | are able to go to Mars too. Entering and living in space
               | outside the earth's atmosphere is something we do on a
               | continuous basis. I understand the problem is hard, but
               | given the timescales involved I am more than happy to be
               | optimistic about the human race. If anything I find your
               | take incredibly shortsighted. It's ok we can differ in
               | our outlooks.
        
               | bena wrote:
               | I'm not fixated on flying cars. I brought it up
               | initially, along with meals in pill form, and shows set
               | in the future that have either already passed or will
               | pass soon, to show how shit we are at predicting the
               | progress of progress.
               | 
               | You then said we haven't done flying cars yet. You
               | singled it out and made it the point of your response to
               | me.
               | 
               | So I was supposed to not respond? Because there are good
               | reasons to not have flying cars. And I mentioned that.
               | But most of all of my posts have been about things other
               | than flying cars.
               | 
               | We may feel comfortable to extrapolate on timescales
               | humans haven't even existed on yet, that doesn't make
               | that extrapolation good. You want to look at just the
               | last 100 years and extrapolate from that. First by
               | assuming that the last 100 years is geometric progress
               | and not linear. But even given that it is geometric,
               | where's the evidence that it will continue being
               | geometric. Look at the last 50 years. We haven't done
               | much more. We went to the Moon in 1969. We've thrown some
               | robots at Mars since then. It's possible that progress
               | isn't a vertical asymptote, but a sigmoid with a hard
               | upper boundary. We don't know.
               | 
               | And _we_ can 't get to Mars. As in actual people. It will
               | take a person 9 months to make it to Mars, assuming all
               | of the other problems are solved. Because there are other
               | problems. We are not built for space travel. The
               | radiation and lack of gravity are real problems with no
               | good solutions at the moment. We haven't been to space
               | (depending on your definition of space) since the Moon
               | missions. Everything we do now is technically in the
               | atmosphere and protected by the Earth's magnetosphere.
               | Yes, the ISS is above the Karman line, but it's still
               | within the thermosphere. And I'm not completely sure
               | about the Apollo missions, but the Moon spends some time
               | within our magnetosphere as well, so they may have done
               | those missions during the time when the Moon was under
               | Earth's protection.
               | 
               | And that magnetosphere is important. Like all life on the
               | planet would die without it important.
               | 
               | So, living outside the Earth's atmosphere is not
               | something we do. Ever.
               | 
               | I find this extreme long term techno futurist optimistic
               | thinking worse than useless. This is navel gazing at its
               | most extreme. It either wants us to ignore the problems
               | of today or ignore very real limitations imposed on us by
               | various aspects of reality. Thinking ahead is fine. But
               | techno-optimism forecasting out millenia is not thinking
               | ahead. It's wishing.
        
       | towaway15463 wrote:
       | We're doomed if we don't spread out. Staying on earth guarantees
       | destruction by asteroid, super volcano, coronal mass ejection,
       | war, disease, ecological collapse, etc. Settling the solar system
       | is a bit better but still subject to rogue brown dwarfs or black
       | holes, gamma ray bursts, variability of Sol its eventual death.
       | Even settling our local group of stars could end badly with a big
       | enough super nova. Every year we delay expanding into the
       | universe is another light year of distance we may never get back.
        
         | cpsns wrote:
         | Of course we're doomed, on a long enough timeline our only fate
         | is extinction. The only question is how long it will take to
         | reach that point, it's not a matter of "if".
        
         | lisper wrote:
         | > We're doomed
         | 
         | That depends on how you define "we".
         | 
         | If you define "we" as "homo sapiens", or even "biological
         | creatures evolved (and therefore specialized) for survival on
         | earth" then you are almost certainly correct. And such a "we"
         | is almost certainly doomed even if "we" do spread out because a
         | "we" defined as organisms specialized for survival on earth
         | cannot survive anywhere except some place that is very similar
         | to earth. This is true _by definition_. This does not
         | necessarily mean that  "we" have to find other earths. "We" can
         | engineer earth-like environments. But that is a lot of work.
         | 
         | You can make the problem a lot easier simply by redefining what
         | you mean by "we". If by "we" you mean "systems that _think_ in
         | a manner akin to what we (humans) do " that dramatically
         | expands the scope of possible solutions. Being biological is
         | (almost certainly) not a pre-requisite to thinking. By
         | redefining "we" in this way we open the door to solving the
         | problem by sending robots or even just raw information out into
         | the universe. That is still a significant challenge of course,
         | but it's a hell of a lot easier than trying to keep bags of
         | water and meat alive (to say nothing of mentally competent) in
         | interstellar space.
        
           | towaway15463 wrote:
           | I'm always amazed when people seem to miss the obvious
           | answer. Robots won't get us there. Digitizing consciousness
           | won't either. We already have perfectly good nanotechnology
           | capable of adapting to any environment. It's staring us in
           | the face, literally when you look in a mirror. DNA and
           | proteins are how you do nanotechnology right. Add to that a
           | guiding consciousness so we don't have to wait millions of
           | years for the slow search algorithm of evolution to find the
           | answer and there's nothing we can't do. Our biggest task is
           | reverse engineering the machine and learning to control it
           | but given the tools we have now I believe we can master it
           | within this century.
           | 
           | Interstellar distances at sub light speed are no obstacle if
           | you have complete control over your
           | biology/lifespan/metabolism. Just bring a big enough pile of
           | enriched uranium, water and biomass and you're good to go for
           | hundreds of years.
           | 
           | Yes we do still need mechanical and electrical machines where
           | they are more efficient but biology can provide for the
           | lion's share of our needs once it is under our control.
        
         | CuriouslyC wrote:
         | We're all going to be gone at some point regardless. We
         | shouldn't make the effort to spread out if it's going to make
         | the average person's life worse over the course of humanity's
         | existence.
        
           | towaway15463 wrote:
           | The continued existence of humanity and life in general is a
           | good in itself. Besides that, why would you think that space
           | exploration and colonization would reduce living standards?
        
             | CuriouslyC wrote:
             | The continued existence of humanity is only a good to the
             | degree that it brings good. The continued existence of a
             | species of psychic vampires that draw sustenance from
             | causing pain to other conscious beings would very much not
             | be a good in itself, and with habit and environment
             | destruction and worker subjugation/disenfranchisement our
             | species causes in the name of unfettered capitalism we're
             | not so far off from that.
             | 
             | Big goals take sacrifice and hard work. Any cosmic human
             | diaspora would require sacrificing earthly abundance and
             | leisure, and the colonists wouldn't be having a good time
             | either, so the main beneficiaries would be the billionaires
             | and politicians that could wave their dicks around about
             | how they're responsible for sending man to the stars.
        
               | towaway15463 wrote:
               | Plenty of people choose sacrifice, hard work and
               | discomfort because they find more fulfillment in it than
               | idle leisure. Those who wish to remain behind can stay
               | put, just don't stand in the way.
        
         | jjulius wrote:
         | >We're doomed if we don't spread out.
         | 
         | And we're doomed if we do. Ultimately, the universe will
         | experience heat death and everything will cease to be.
         | 
         | Have a wonderful weekend, everybody! :D
        
           | towaway15463 wrote:
           | If that's the limiting factor then it gives us a heck of a
           | lot of time to work on the answer.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | toofnbad wrote:
         | I disagree. The Earth will end, but not in the timelines they
         | provide. In a million years it is unlikely we won't have the
         | technology to hold the sun back from expansion. All we need are
         | orbiting superconducting supermagnets to hold back the sun,
         | tame volcanos, hold back cosmic radiation, etc. Asteroids would
         | be nothing but mining prospects to humans in 1 000 000 AD.
        
           | bhedgeoser wrote:
           | I disagree. Forget about sun, the strongest weapons we have
           | are microscopic even at the geological scale:
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSjratvNGmo
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUREX8aFbMs
        
             | toofnbad wrote:
             | You're not telling me anything I don't already know. The
             | strongest weapons we have /right now/ have no implications
             | for what we will have in the future. A million years is a
             | lot of time. Long live the Earth! We cannot conceive of how
             | we will contain the suns expansion, just like cavemen could
             | not conceive any of our technological advancements mundane
             | to us.
        
           | _fat_santa wrote:
           | One would think in a million years if we have that sort of
           | technology, we would no longer be dependent on Earth for
           | humans survival. Whether we would colonize other planets and
           | make them habitable through terraform or build our own
           | planets at that point.
           | 
           | One could imagine an "Earth 2.0" that we can move around the
           | solar system, positioning it perfectly for the right weather.
        
             | withinboredom wrote:
             | That would probably destroy the solar system. Without the
             | moon, the earth would just exit the solar system.
             | Increasing the mass of earth by mining too much asteroids
             | would cause the earth to fall into the sun. It's a quite
             | delicate balance.
        
               | towaway15463 wrote:
               | Excuse me, what? Maybe if you somehow added enough energy
               | to immediately jettison the moon from Earth's orbit or
               | steered every asteroid in the solar system into the
               | surface of the Earth. This is just nonsense otherwise.
               | Any future mega projects can easily account for orbital
               | mechanics, it's just physics not magic.
        
               | withinboredom wrote:
               | The mass of the moon is "not that much" on a solar scale.
               | The comment was about adding another planet and moving it
               | around the solar system to "adjust the thermostat." We
               | can't even get a rocket off the ground without blowing it
               | up sometimes... I have little faith that we can move a
               | whole freakin planet around without killing everyone.
        
             | toofnbad wrote:
             | When you can tune the fusion of the sun using advanced
             | particle physics and as of yet undiscovered branches of
             | science, you don't need to move planets.
        
           | towaway15463 wrote:
           | The key challenge is getting to 1000000AD intact as a
           | civilization. For that to happen we need to get our
           | collective asses to Mars in the next 50 years and then
           | continue to develop space habitats and colonies on other
           | bodies at a steady clip from there on out. If we stay put
           | something will get us whether it's nuclear war or just plain
           | apathy.
        
         | Symmetry wrote:
         | I'm all for spreading out but prudent stellar husbandry[1] is
         | another potential solution to the problem.
         | 
         | [1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_lifting.
        
         | denton-scratch wrote:
         | > We're doomed
         | 
         | Yup. We're doomed, because we're an evolving species. In a few
         | hundred thousand years we'll be very different - perhaps our
         | overweight brains will have shrunk, and we'll no longer be
         | curious about silly things like the origin or final fate of the
         | Universe.
         | 
         | "Spreading out" is more likely to happen to fungus and bacteria
         | spores, than bipedal mammals.
        
           | mellavora wrote:
           | > In a few hundred thousand years we'll be very different..
           | 
           | And thanks to the magic of epigenetic regulation, I'd say
           | we'll be pretty different in 600 years.
           | 
           | We are following the path of the social insects, becoming
           | more drone-like, docile, and specialized.
           | 
           | Also more humane and selfless.
           | 
           | Also more childlike.
        
             | Mtinie wrote:
             | Eloi-esque.
        
               | denton-scratch wrote:
               | Not really. The Eloi seem to be like wealthy students -
               | young, good teeth, straight blonde hair, nice duds, no
               | job they have to do. There doesn't appear to be any
               | significant evolution that could have affected them since
               | the present. Only the Morlocks appear to have changed;
               | there are no contemporary humans that are remotely like
               | Morlocks.
               | 
               | Dammit, this is scifi from 100 years ago; it doesn't
               | throw any light on the future of humanity. I'm going to
               | butt out, because I think this is OT.
        
               | tomrod wrote:
               | Obesity rates and cultural milieu suggest that it's not
               | just Eloi-esque, unfortunately. But I think you nailed
               | the general trend.
        
           | yamtaddle wrote:
           | > Yup. We're doomed, because we're an evolving species. In a
           | few hundred thousand years we'll be very different - perhaps
           | our overweight brains will have shrunk, and we'll no longer
           | be curious about silly things like the origin or final fate
           | of the Universe.
           | 
           | You might enjoy Vonnegut's _Galapagos_ , if you've not read
           | it. It's a quick and easy read like most of his books.
        
             | denton-scratch wrote:
             | > Galapagos
             | 
             | Yes, I read it. There's a twist in the tail that nobody
             | should spoil.
             | 
             | I haven't yet encountered anything by Vonnegut that I
             | didn't enjoy reading. I want to re-read Breakfast of
             | Champions. My first encounter was Slaughterhouse 5,
             | followed closely by Cat's Cradle.
             | 
             | So it goes.
        
               | yamtaddle wrote:
               | > I haven't yet encountered anything by Vonnegut that I
               | didn't enjoy reading.
               | 
               | Attempted _Slapstick_ or _Happy Birthday, Wanda June_?
               | :-)
               | 
               | Or most of the posthumously-released material, for that
               | matter.
               | 
               | But yeah, his batting average was pretty damn high.
        
       | dudeinjapan wrote:
       | No mention of Galactus?
        
       | rbanffy wrote:
       | > From that point on, there won't be any more liquid water on
       | Earth
       | 
       | Not so fast - we can build a parasol and place it a bit closer to
       | the Sun than the Earth/Sun L1 point so it'd act as a solar sail
       | to keep itself in place. This can buy us a lot of time.
       | 
       | Moving to Saturn's moons is also an option for a while - the'll
       | be warm and cozy for a couple billion years after the Earth is
       | toast.
       | 
       | If we don't learn how to do things like this (and to travel to
       | other stars and settle Earth-like planets) in these billion of
       | years, well, then we deserve that fate.
        
         | ufmace wrote:
         | I saw a paper just a few years ago about how to shift the Earth
         | to a higher orbit to mitigate solar brightening/expansion. It
         | involved a large asteroid in a careful orbit that could
         | gradually pull the whole Earth to a higher orbit.
         | 
         | Probably couldn't do it tomorrow, but sounded like something we
         | might be able to do in a few hundred years instead of tens of
         | thousands.
        
           | cevn wrote:
           | I was just wondering about this problem, that's an incredible
           | solution..
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | In Charles Stross' Palimpsest, humans use a fleet of solar
             | sails that constantly transfer momentum to the Earth over
             | very long periods.
        
         | denton-scratch wrote:
         | Our species has evolved from apes over about a million years. A
         | billion years ago, we were bacteria.
         | 
         | Who is this "we" that you think might be around in 50 billion
         | years, to colonise the moons of Saturn?
        
           | rbanffy wrote:
           | We have removed most of natural selection from our evolution.
           | It's entirely possible we could evolve to be H. G. Well's
           | Eloi, served by mechanized Morlocks, or just that we
           | extinguish ourselves after a couple centuries of Idiocracy.
        
             | denton-scratch wrote:
             | > We have removed most of natural selection from our
             | evolution.
             | 
             | Ho-ho! So nobody died from COVID-19, because we have
             | defeated disease?
             | 
             | There's a new outbreak of Ebola in West Africa. QE2 just
             | died of "old age". New variants of COVID-19 Omicron are
             | circulating in EU, and killing people vaccinated against
             | the old variants. I've been reading of new polio outbreaks.
             | But it's great that we've defeated natural selection;
             | clearly the Brave New World has arrived.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | I said most, not all.
               | 
               | We'll eventually grow resistance to COVID or Ebola
               | provided enough exposure, the same way we developed
               | resistance against the flu (that, for instance, South
               | American indigenous populations didn't when the Spanish
               | first arrived), as we'll weed out those with propensity
               | not to vaccinate their kids, because their kids may not
               | be able to reproduce.
               | 
               | But you won't die because you are not strong enough to
               | hunt a mammoth.
        
               | samatman wrote:
               | The number of people of childbearing age who died of
               | COVID is a rounding error, which is true of everything
               | else you mentioned as well.
               | 
               | Did you think the Queen was due to have a couple more
               | heirs before her untimely passing?
        
           | jillesvangurp wrote:
           | I think the more urgent question is 50 years from now when we
           | might have general AIs that are smarter and faster than us.
           | Maybe they'll figure something out for us. From there to the
           | end of the solar system and eventually the universe will be
           | quite a bit of a journey that may or may not feature some of
           | the more wacky stuff that Ian Banks and other authors have
           | already imagined. Given how we struggle to foresee even the
           | very near future, I'd say all bets are off that far out.
        
         | bloopernova wrote:
         | Assuming we could stabilize the Earth's climate as it is now,
         | and discarding any questions of resources, I wonder if humanity
         | could remain as-is for a billion years? We'd still be under
         | (non-natural) evolutionary pressure, unless we learned enough
         | to stop that happening too.
         | 
         | If we did become a stable species that decided to stick around
         | the Solar system, maybe we'd be powerful enough to move Earth
         | slowly outwards as Sol expanded? Maybe with the gravitational
         | effects of millions of planetoid flybys.
         | 
         | Makes me wonder if we could do the same with stars, lol! Become
         | a shepherd of our local galactic area, carefully keeping stars
         | away from our precious birthplace over timescales of trillions
         | of years...
        
           | hotpotamus wrote:
           | I mean, large engineering projects for the greater good of
           | humanity don't really seem like our thing as a species, but
           | the answers to most of your questions are yes in theory. If
           | you can surround a star with a Dyson Sphere/Swarm, you can do
           | all kinds of things to it including concentrating all its
           | energy into a beam to destroy a planet like the Earth in
           | seconds (though you can't blow it apart like in Star Wars
           | that easily).
           | 
           | There's a youtube channel dedicated to this kind of stuff
           | called "Science and Futurism with Isaac Arthur".
        
           | denton-scratch wrote:
           | > I wonder if humanity could remain as-is for a billion
           | years?
           | 
           | Are you kidding? What was humanity a billion years ago?
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | Remember evolution is based on the survival of the fittest.
             | Not necessarily of the smartest.
        
               | Aperocky wrote:
               | Frankly, there are no evolution pressure on humans right
               | now. The only "Evolutionary" pressure today is the
               | willingness to procreate, which is generally low across
               | much of the developed world.
               | 
               | This "pressure" is completely different from evolutionary
               | pressure for virtually every other single species on
               | Earth.
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | > there are no evolution pressure on humans right now
               | 
               | I don't think all humans have the same chance of making
               | successful descendants. Whether that has correlation to
               | genetics is an open question.
        
               | SoftTalker wrote:
               | In fact for humans the evolutionary pressure has
               | reversed. We're able to save many people who are too
               | "unfit" to have survived without modern medicine and
               | industrial technology.
        
               | vlovich123 wrote:
               | Said another way, the fitness criteria for survival has
               | shifted. A reversal implies there's a single linear
               | direction for evolution when we know there definitely
               | isn't. That's why there's a mix of heights, body builds,
               | intelligences, soft skills like charisma, skin colors,
               | etc etc. In fact, ops claim that we could somehow stop
               | evolutionary pressure is itself bonkers. At that point
               | the evolutionary pressure might become for the traits
               | that enable you to maintain some definition of stasis.
               | Above all else, human culture is never static so there's
               | always a bias for internal evolutionary pressure even if
               | we manage to control external factors (which even then
               | we're not able to beyond some point).
        
               | rbanffy wrote:
               | Survival of the hottest?
        
               | wrycoder wrote:
               | That would be fungi.
        
               | denton-scratch wrote:
               | There was a book published in the early 70's, called
               | "Musrum", by Thacker and Earnshaw. It inspired in me the
               | idea that Fungus spores are maybe the most-likely way for
               | life to travel star-to-star.
               | 
               | That's not what's best about that book, BTW; it's a
               | magical book. I'd love to see a copy.
               | 
               | [Edit] Not Bradshaw - Earnshaw.
        
               | denton-scratch wrote:
               | Not only on "survival of the fittest"; evolution also
               | supposes that species change more-or-less randomly.
               | 
               | TBH, I'm not sure what your point is; my point was that
               | whatever evolution is based on, evolution happens, and on
               | these timescales it happens in the blink of an eye.
        
               | TremendousJudge wrote:
               | No, individual mutations are random. Selection of the
               | mutations in the gene pool happens through environmental
               | constraints. Species don't change randomly, they change
               | in an infinite optimization search for fitness. We humans
               | aren't immune to this just because we have culture and
               | medicine of course.
        
           | towaway15463 wrote:
           | For a good sci-fi take on this, read Dark is the Sun by
           | Philip Jose Farmer
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | Also recommended: Palimpsest by Charlie Stross. It's an
             | interesting take on Asimov's End of Eternity that explores
             | deep time like few others.
        
           | LorenPechtel wrote:
           | I would be astounded if "humanity" exists a million years
           | from now. I wouldn't be surprised if it doesn't exist a
           | thousand years from now. The thing is we are a technological
           | species, we don't need to rely on random chance for
           | evolution. We can already create DNA on demand and insert it
           | into microorganisms. AFIAK we currently only do this with
           | already-known proteins, but that is a limit of knowing what
           | will be useful, not a limit of the technique.
           | 
           | As time goes on it seems inconceivable that we will not reach
           | the point we can apply this to human DNA at conception. I
           | expect the first manifestations will be editing out known-bad
           | genes and replacing them with the properly-working
           | equivalents. Next will come replacing ordinary genes with
           | known-superior genes. Then they'll be inventing new superior
           | genes.
           | 
           | I expect in almost all cases they'll make the edits
           | backwards-compatible but we've all seen it with software--
           | backwards compatibility only works over a range of
           | generations. Don't expect v20 to play nice with v2. Once the
           | mods reach the point that reproduction with a stock human is
           | no longer possible we have a speciation event--the results
           | can no longer be considered human even if they would not
           | raise an eyebrow if dropped into today's society.
           | 
           | As for long-term protection of our solar system--I can't
           | imagine why. It would be a lot easier to protect the Earth by
           | moving it rather than moving anything that might threaten it.
        
             | rbanffy wrote:
             | > Then they'll be inventing new superior genes.
             | 
             | The thing is, they only need to do it once in all those
             | billions of years, and they become a totally different
             | species. And that's assuming they'll still be fond of
             | organic bodies and not decide to live in simulated
             | environments that are much easier to move than planets.
        
       | kar1181 wrote:
       | Ganymede sounds like it will be great!
        
       | 2-718-281-828 wrote:
       | I actually don't care what happens in a thousand years and beyond
       | that. I'm fine with humanity going extinct. This obsession with
       | getting to Mars for the sake of surviving the collapse on our
       | planet is beyond me. I find those ambitions rather cheesy.
        
         | Teever wrote:
         | What motivates you to write a comment like this?
         | 
         | That's an honest question, like in your nihilistic worldview
         | where humanity going extinct is no big deal, what drives you to
         | do your every day things?
         | 
         | If you could prevent humanity from going extinct by pressing a
         | button, would you do it?
         | 
         | If you could cause humanity to go extinct by pressing a button,
         | would you do it?
         | 
         | What _do_ you care about, and why?
        
           | unbalancedevh wrote:
           | > in your nihilistic worldview where humanity going extinct
           | is no big deal, what drives you to do your every day things?
           | 
           | Having a nihilistic worldview doesn't mean that a person
           | doesn't have the same drives, emotions, desires, etc. as
           | other people. It's not a contradiction to both enjoy being
           | happy and be a nihilist.
           | 
           | > If [something impossible], would you ...?
           | 
           | The answer to questions like this is always "maybe." If the
           | impossible is possible, who knows what other considerations
           | there are?
        
         | bricemo wrote:
         | But humans thousands of years ago made decisions that make our
         | lives today possible. Aren't you glad that you had the chance
         | to exist and enjoy your own life?
         | 
         | I highly recommend Ian McCaskill's recent book " what we owe
         | the future." He makes a compelling rational argument that it
         | makes no less sense to discount future generations than it does
         | to discount physically distant people who are suffering today.
        
           | cpsns wrote:
           | > Aren't you glad that you had the chance to exist and enjoy
           | your own life?
           | 
           | Not particularly no, but that's a very unpopular opinion to
           | hold. I remain unconvinced that this is preferable to non-
           | existence.
        
           | 2-718-281-828 wrote:
           | It doesn't make sense to be glad one exists given that
           | 
           | 1) you will go back to nonexistance anyway
           | 
           | 2) you wouldn't care about not exisiting
           | 
           | One just exists and has some fun, some worries - and that's
           | it
        
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