[HN Gopher] Plastic might be making us obese
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Plastic might be making us obese
        
       Author : 04rob
       Score  : 162 points
       Date   : 2022-09-12 12:33 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.washingtonpost.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.washingtonpost.com)
        
       | kccqzy wrote:
       | If a factor can't explain why non-Hispanic Asians have much lower
       | prevalence of obesity than any other race, I tend not to trust
       | it. Are Asians simply using less plastic than other races?
       | 
       | Look at the chart:
       | https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db288.pdf The chart is
       | simply striking. We should all be investigating what are the
       | Asians doing right that all of us should learn from.
        
         | causality0 wrote:
         | Exactly. Lack of obesity in Asians, like good grades, is only a
         | mystery to people who didn't grow up with Asian friends. It's
         | behavior. More specifically it's discipline, both personal and
         | familial. For an Asian kid, drifting out of line often means
         | getting insulted and humiliated at home. I'm not saying it's
         | worth it, but someone who gets shamed for ordering extra fries
         | tends not to grow up to eat fast food five times a week.
        
         | kgilpin wrote:
         | Is it lower consumption of alcohol?
        
           | brabel wrote:
           | Food. Just see what they eat (and how much). It really is
           | simple as that.
        
             | swyx wrote:
             | we eat a lot of noodles and rice though. speaking as a fat
             | asian i feel like that factors a lot into it (that i'm
             | actively working on now)
        
             | imeron wrote:
             | Don't forget that Japanese actively shame fat people! This
             | is very much frown upon in Western societies but it works
             | for them I guess.
        
               | NaturalPhallacy wrote:
               | They don't feel even slightly bad about it. It's as
               | prevalent as obesity isn't.
        
               | hollywood_court wrote:
               | Shame should be a powerful motivator. It doesn't seem to
               | work too well in the west though.
        
               | naikrovek wrote:
               | shame is just as unhealthy as obesity. the west
               | recognizes that, somehow.
        
               | hollywood_court wrote:
               | I suppose I should have clarified that I don't advocate
               | for shaming others.
               | 
               | But personal shame and shame avoidance has been the
               | single greatest tool for my own success.
        
         | bilsbie wrote:
         | Why not genetics?
        
           | scoofy wrote:
           | Any explanation to the American obesity epidemic needs to
           | explain why it exploded in the 1980s and has accelerated
           | since then.
           | 
           | Genetics would exactly fail this test.
        
             | sdflhasjd wrote:
             | Genetics _and_ plastic (or whatever else)?
        
               | scoofy wrote:
               | This is certainly plausible, but seems like a rather
               | unreasonably complex potential solution.
        
         | pseudalopex wrote:
         | The article said it isn't plastic only. The chart compared
         | groups of Americans. Asian Americans were the only mostly
         | immigrant group. The article said exposing mice to obesogenic
         | chemicals before birth had effects later in their lives. 1
         | chemical had effects for 3 generations.
        
         | insane_dreamer wrote:
         | diet (not dieting, but their diet)
        
           | rr888 wrote:
           | Dieting too, esp the women seem to have a huge amount of
           | pressure to be skinny.
        
         | noja wrote:
         | Why does the Mediterranean diet work so well? Because of the
         | socialized healthcare.
         | 
         | (in other words: "it's not the diet dummy", just like it's not
         | the plastic)
        
           | honkdaddy wrote:
           | After living a year in Florida and then living a year in
           | Serbia, I can't say I'm convinced it's the socialized
           | healthcare is what makes Europeans so much skinnier than
           | Americans.
        
             | floxy wrote:
             | Doesn't Serbia have one of the highest rates of tobacco
             | smoking in the world?
        
             | imtringued wrote:
             | I think the skinnier Europeans are what makes socialized
             | healthcare work. Lots of expensive to treat diseases are
             | just a result of a poor diet.
        
         | Dalewyn wrote:
         | >Are Asians simply using less plastic than other races?
         | 
         | Considering that Japanese use an absolutely terrifying amount
         | of plastic for food packaging and aren't landwhales, I'd say
         | the theory from TFA's headline is bunk.
        
           | iszomer wrote:
           | Or it could simply be explained as the Japanese culture of
           | eating conservatively; portions tend not be "supersized"
           | unlike in America.
        
             | scoofy wrote:
             | The data presented is Asian-Americans. Cultural traits,
             | sure, but trying to explain the phenomena by referring to
             | non-American Japanese culture is a bit of a stretch.
        
             | quietbritishjim wrote:
             | That's right, but it's consistent with what the parent
             | comment is saying: it's not the plastic packaging causing
             | obesity. You're agreeing with a tone of disagreement.
        
         | nostromo wrote:
         | This is the blank slate fallacy, but about food. Human
         | populations have natural variations -- and even if we all ate
         | the same foods, some populations would be heavier than others.
         | 
         | Imagine if you looked only to food to explain why the Dutch are
         | taller than the Vietnamese. At best you'd get a small part of
         | the answer.
        
         | tsol wrote:
         | Then why are lab rats also overweight?[1] What are they doing
         | that asians aren't? Really I think you can't look at one single
         | factor no matter how convincing you think it is
         | 
         | 1- https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-lab-rats-
         | are-...
        
           | spywaregorilla wrote:
           | This article is not stating that lab rats are overweight. It
           | is stating that some rats were made overweight by dosing them
           | with these chemicals.
           | 
           | There was a 2010 study that did suggest lab animals were
           | fatter than previous years. However, it was not statistically
           | significant for rats. Only mice. It did not specify a causal
           | factor.
        
             | nope96 wrote:
             | This article is."A significant rise in obesity incidence
             | has even been noted in laboratory rodents and primates -
             | animals raised under strictly controlled conditions of
             | caloric intake and exercise. The only possible factors
             | driving weight gain for these animals, researchers believe,
             | would be subtle chemical changes in the nature of the foods
             | they eat, or in the materials used to build their pens."
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | "This article" referred to the one cited by the parent
               | comment.
               | 
               | The OP article does make this claim, though it does not
               | cite a source. The only source for this claim that exists
               | is the study I referenced, which you can read here: https
               | ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081766/#!po=35..
               | .
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | Qem wrote:
         | Perhaps in those populations many generations consuming soy
         | products selected for resistance against ill-effects from plant
         | phytosterols, and against other endocrine disruptors as a side-
         | effect.
        
         | jabroni_salad wrote:
         | Well if you want the One Number That Affects Asians, I think
         | what stands out to me the most is the prevalence of lactose
         | intolerance over there, approaching 90% the more easterly you
         | go. They just do not do very much dairy.
         | 
         | Less scientific, but a couple years ago I decided to transition
         | to a more meat-lite diet and ended up turning to Asian
         | cookbooks to make that happen. Veg entrees are just a novelty
         | to western cuisines and everyone is stunlocked on meat
         | substitutes instead of just doing well with the stuff that
         | grows right out of the ground.
        
           | novia wrote:
           | You might be onto something. The US government has been
           | subsidizing dairy products [1] and it has caused a huge
           | surplus of whey, which people then try to add into anything
           | they can because it's a cheap filler. But it wouldn't be a
           | cheap filler if it weren't for the government propping up the
           | production of cheese and butter. Dairy farmers in this
           | country make so much milk that they will dump it. [2]
           | 
           | [1] https://www.farmanddairy.com/top-stories/a-brief-history-
           | of-...
           | 
           | [2] https://youtu.be/orTNTwaZauQ
        
         | Melatonic wrote:
         | I would say food - most asian people I know (even ones that eat
         | a pretty western diet) still randomly incorporate a lot of
         | things that are Real Foods or processed type foods that are
         | close to Real Foods. They also eat a lot (generally) more
         | mushrooms and fermented food (and great variety of fermented
         | food - not just yeast based stuff like yogurt).
         | 
         | Does it really make sense that Western diets basically just
         | ignore a whole kingdom of foods? Plants, Animals, Fungi. Those
         | are the three. Why do we eat so few of the latter?
        
           | less_less wrote:
           | > They also eat a lot (generally) more mushrooms and
           | fermented food (and great variety of fermented food - not
           | just yeast based stuff like yogurt).
           | 
           | Not that this detracts from the rest of your point at all,
           | but yogurt is fermented by bacteria. There are milk drinks
           | that are fermented by SCOBY though, like kefir.
        
           | klipt wrote:
           | Yeast is a fungus? So if you eat bread or drink wine/beer
           | you're probably consuming some amount of fungus that way.
        
       | elil17 wrote:
       | A very long series of essays about this:
       | https://slimemoldtimemold.com/2021/07/07/a-chemical-hunger-p...
       | 
       | The authors take the view that obesogens account for 100% or
       | nearly 100% of the rise in obesity, which is definitely a
       | controversial view. However, they do an awesome job giving an
       | overview of the arguments for obesogens.
        
         | Symmetry wrote:
         | A pretty thorough critique of SMTM's lithium hypothesis.
         | 
         | https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/7iAABhWpcGeP5e6SB/it-s-proba...
        
         | oneoff786 wrote:
         | I find this to be a pretty lame analysis.
         | 
         | > People in the 1800s did have diets that were very different
         | from ours. But by conventional wisdom, their diets were worse,
         | not better. They ate more bread and almost four times more
         | butter than we do today. They also consumed more cream, milk,
         | and lard. This seems closely related to observations like the
         | French Paradox -- the French eat a lot of fatty cheese and
         | butter, so why aren't they fatter and sicker?
         | 
         | Lard doesn't make you fat. If anything it fills you up so you
         | eat less and gain less weight. A lot more of the prior
         | generations were also laborers which this acknowledges but
         | really underplays.
         | 
         | The section on why hunter gatherers aren't obese is answered by
         | the fact that they are hunting and gathering.
        
           | briefcomment wrote:
           | This refutes your claims https://fireinabottle.net/torpor-
           | sloth-and-gluttony-part-1-a...
        
             | spywaregorilla wrote:
             | This article is pathetic.
             | 
             | It compares in excessive detail some old and frankly hard
             | to follow tables to the present day guideline of 2,500
             | calories and makes NO EFFORT to validate whether or not
             | that's realistic.
             | 
             | It also tries to use pictures from baseball game showing
             | thin people in the front row as evidence of... something.
             | This is still what you see today. Rich people are
             | significantly thinner on average in america. And even in
             | obese heavy areas, you don't see a lot of obese people
             | walking around. Because... they're not walking.
             | 
             | Here's an article citing an american average of 3,600
             | calories consumed per day, up a whopping 24% since 1961.
             | 
             | https://www.businessinsider.com/american-calorie-intake-
             | last...
             | 
             | Here's another article citing CDC data suggesting a 22%
             | rise in caloric consumption leading into the year 2000.
             | 
             | https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04news/calorie.htm
        
           | dec0dedab0de wrote:
           | _The section on why hunter gatherers aren't obese is answered
           | by the fact that they are hunting and gathering._
           | 
           | This is obvious to anyone who used to be more active, and
           | gained weight after they started sitting at a desk all day
           | for work.
        
           | elil17 wrote:
           | I think saying that physical activity accounts for the
           | differences in weight isn't supported by the evidence. I
           | mean, surely if eating pure honey for half your calories but
           | exercising a bunch led to good health outcomes and lower
           | weight, we'd see people losing weight by exercising without
           | dieting. We don't see that.
           | 
           | Similarly, look at their article on obesity in different
           | professions - it does not align with who does the most
           | physical labor. Rather, certain professions with high levels
           | of exposure to endocrine disruptions are the most obese on
           | average.
        
             | marcusverus wrote:
             | It seems like you're projecting modern abundance backwards
             | onto a period of relative scarcity. Hunter-gatherers could
             | not possibly have satisfied half of their calories with
             | honey.
             | 
             | A google search indicates that: a) a pound of honey (~1500
             | calories) would account for a little over half of a man's
             | daily required calories (Google says 2500, but presumably
             | an active hunter-gatherer required more), and b) the
             | average (wild) beehive creates ~50 pounds of honey per
             | year.
             | 
             | For a single man to satisfy half of his caloric intake with
             | honey, he'd have to consume ~7.3 beehives per year. A tribe
             | of 100 would consume the production of ~700 wild beehives
             | each year!
        
               | elil17 wrote:
               | The series of articles I posted talks about a tribe where
               | this is the case. Very fit people who get a ton of
               | calories from honey.
        
             | Tade0 wrote:
             | There's an interesting book supporting this idea:
             | 
             | https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/603894/burn-by-
             | herm...
             | 
             | Basically measurements of calorie intake and burn rate
             | indicate, that physical activity doesn't appreciably speed
             | up metabolism.
             | 
             | You still should exercise to avoid chronic diseases, but
             | you can't outrun a bad diet.
        
               | kiba wrote:
               | You can outrun a bad diet IMHO. There's a point in which
               | physical activity outrun the body's willingness to adjust
               | basal metabolism.
               | 
               | However, it is not really practical for most people to
               | use exercises to burn calories. Rather diets are more
               | important and more effective.
        
             | oneoff786 wrote:
             | Doing a tough 1 hour exercise is not the same as being on
             | your feet all day. You may be able to offset doing nothing
             | all day with a burst of effort. You may not. People who are
             | moving constantly are very rarely fat.
             | 
             | I cannot find their article on professions. I'd be very
             | skeptical. In general being poor in America means a
             | terrible diet is likely so that's a huge part of the
             | equation. It seems very unlikely that exposure to endocrine
             | disrupters varies enough to explain the differences. People
             | in poverty will have a huge variance in exposure but the
             | obesity rates are high across the board.
             | 
             | Especially if you see something like... idk, factory
             | workers being called high exposure having high obesity but
             | lower obesity than something like a dmv clerk that's
             | totally sedentary but at worst median level exposure.
             | 
             | Some groups will get HUGELY more exposure to some
             | chemicals. I'm not convinced at all they represent the
             | fattest groups. Which is a strong counterpoint if one is
             | trying to claim this is the strongest effect.
        
               | elil17 wrote:
               | Why then, for example, are cleaning services workers,
               | mechanics, and health workers all more obese than
               | average? Those are jobs where you are much more active
               | than an office worker. Those are all cases where someone
               | gets exposed to chemicals (cleaning chemicals, lithium
               | grease, and PFAS-based medical fabrics). In fact,
               | healthcare support workers are more obese than healthcare
               | technicians, even though technicians are more sedentary.
               | Support workers are the ones changing PFAS-based
               | curtains, garments, etc.
        
               | spywaregorilla wrote:
               | The number one most obese job is a truck driver. Your
               | hypothesis is that chemicals cause obesity. You cite
               | cleaning services workers as receiving substantially more
               | chemicals due to their work than the average person. Why
               | then, are truckers more obese? If this is the primary
               | factor causing obesity, and these people are receiving
               | substantially more exposure than everyone else, why
               | aren't they substantially the fattest group?
               | 
               | Also fwiw, the idea that healthcare support workers are
               | supposed to represent the largest exposure to PFAS
               | because they're handling garments is ridiculous. I doubt
               | healthcare support workers are even in the top 10% of
               | actual exposure levels.
        
               | Qem wrote:
               | Fumes from upholstery and plastics in the dashboard may
               | explain it.
        
               | boltzmann-brain wrote:
               | it's easier to explain it by more stress, less money,
               | less ability to care for their health or eat healthily,
               | etc etc.
        
           | IMTDb wrote:
           | > They ate more bread and almost four times more butter than
           | we do today. They also consumed more cream, milk, and lard.
           | This seems closely related to observations like the French
           | Paradox -- the French eat a lot of fatty cheese and butter,
           | so why aren't they fatter and sicker?
           | 
           | Because the issue is - in fact - the sugar, not the fat
           | (https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/theres-no-sugar-
           | coating-...).
        
           | ianai wrote:
           | Those diets also didn't have added sugars and salts to
           | everything. It's serious work requiring reading all the
           | nutrition labels to get groceries sans questionable additives
           | in the US.
        
             | tstrimple wrote:
             | Thanks to corn subsidies, we have high fructose corn syrup
             | in many foods you wouldn't expect to find it. Milk by-
             | products are the same way. My wife recently developed
             | lactose intolerance, so we've been finding milk products in
             | tons of things you wouldn't have expected it. Instant
             | ramen? The flavor mix includes milk solids. Cheap hot dogs?
             | More milk solids. Flavored chips, even when not cheese
             | flavored? They have lactose too. Many brands of chicken
             | nuggets or fish sticks? Milk is everywhere! We subsidize
             | some of these industries to the point of over production
             | which leads to companies finding "clever" ways of utilizing
             | that excess often to the detriment of the population at
             | large.
        
               | cestith wrote:
               | French fries often have dairy in the coating. It's
               | everywhere.
        
               | artificial wrote:
               | Have you tried A2 or Raw milk? I'm sensitive and those
               | changed things. I like A2 since I can get it at Target,
               | and I have no problems with Raw milk. Consuming those
               | before say cheese or ice cream or pizza helps massively.
        
             | stevenwoo wrote:
             | The rise of transnational food companies helped make this
             | an almost ubiquitous global development in developed
             | nations, the growth of obesity in our neighbor to the south
             | Mexico over the last 40 years or so is a pretty good
             | example.
        
             | minton wrote:
             | I found the Yuka app makes this much easier. Just scan the
             | UPC and it'll show you a x/100 score. I use it for nearly
             | everything.
             | 
             | https://apps.apple.com/us/app/yuka-food-cosmetic-
             | scanner/id1...
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | ianai wrote:
               | Thank you! I've installed it and will try it out soon.
               | Looks good.
        
           | bombcar wrote:
           | It's calories in/calories out for the _majority_ - sure there
           | 's edge cases where you an discuss more "efficient" bodies,
           | etc, but I daresay our diets are way more _caloric_ than they
           | used to be.
           | 
           | And a lot of that is portion size and "added eating" between
           | meals. I'd love to work out just how many calories the
           | various soda companies ship a year.
        
             | oneoff786 wrote:
             | Eh. I think people drastically underestimate the variance
             | on calories absorbed (the effective amount in) and the
             | calories used for general homeostasis and metabolism (the
             | effective amount out) excluding exercise.
        
             | boltzmann-brain wrote:
             | what i find interesting is that most people don't realize
             | that the majority of your calories out is actually breathed
             | and peed out. it doesn't, eh, turn into heat or something
             | silly like that, which is common wisdom.
        
             | elil17 wrote:
             | But the key thing is _why_ are they more caloric. Is it
             | that we are hungrier, is it that foods changed? These are
             | questions that are testable if we start doing policy
             | experiments.
        
       | DiabloD3 wrote:
       | I don't know why they're still grasping at straws. We know why
       | we're fat, the science has already been concluded, and a dozen
       | papers get published every year continuing to hammer nails in a
       | coffin we already buried: diets low in salt and/or low in
       | saturated fat and/or high in oxidized unsaturated fats and/or
       | high in carbohydrates and otherwise devoid of nutrition case
       | weight gain, and the Standard American Diet prides itself on
       | being all four.
       | 
       | Washington Post doesn't publish stories about _those_ papers.
        
         | imtringued wrote:
         | Yes, pretty much. The problem is some cherry picked studies
         | from the 70s that are just plain misinformation. Atkins did a
         | huge disservice to humanity.
        
         | pjdesno wrote:
         | "A significant rise in obesity incidence has even been noted in
         | laboratory rodents and primates - animals raised under strictly
         | controlled conditions of caloric intake and exercise. The only
         | possible factors driving weight gain for these animals,
         | researchers believe, would be subtle chemical changes in the
         | nature of the foods they eat, or in the materials used to build
         | their pens."
        
       | notaboredguy wrote:
       | It's just calories in and calories out.
        
       | oliwarner wrote:
       | Maybe? It's easier to believe that 100 years of massively
       | increasing calorie density and engineering chemical perfection in
       | terms of hitting the body's pleasure markers might have had a
       | larger effect.
       | 
       | That and our move to sedentary, thinking jobs. Or prolonging the
       | day with evening entertainment, so eating later. And services
       | that make the worst food arrive on your doorstep in 30 minutes.
       | 
       | There are so many things above "plastics" we should blame first.
       | But I'm sure blaming someone else is far more appetising than
       | looking at our own lack of self control.
        
       | csours wrote:
       | Hunger is incredibly hard to study because it is made up of many
       | physiological sensations and psychological responses to those
       | sensations, and none of those are readily comparable between
       | individuals.
       | 
       | So we don't really study hunger very much - there are some really
       | good studies out there, but not very many.
       | 
       | And we don't talk about managing hunger, we talk about managing
       | calories and managing weight.
        
       | swamp40 wrote:
       | There is a Nobel Prize waiting for whoever figures this out. I am
       | glad scientists are finally taking it seriously. Statistically,
       | something is most definitely out of whack.
        
       | OJFord wrote:
       | This is absurd. The authors should look at what some people (or
       | perhaps they themselves, and that's the issue) have in their
       | trolley (cart?) next time they're shopping (storing? ;)).
       | 
       | Obesity is, for at least the most part, plainly not caused by too
       | many/wrong pesticides on fruit and vegetables. It is caused by
       | (far) too many things that are _not_ fruits and vegetables.
        
         | jonwinstanley wrote:
         | Agreed.
         | 
         | And it's not like everyone is obese.
         | 
         | There's a large proportion of people who eat healthily, avoid
         | processed food, keep their portion sizes regular and refrain
         | from too much alcohol.
         | 
         | Unsurprisingly these people are in good shape despite probably
         | being in close proximity to the plastics/chemicals described in
         | the article.
        
           | Tao3300 wrote:
           | I'm always really skeptical of claims about obesity for more
           | than one person. Obesity is defined in terms of BMI, which is
           | severely limited as a metric for health. An individual with
           | more muscle mass and higher bone density is healthier than
           | the alternative, but their BMI will be higher. Not all body
           | mass is bad.
           | 
           | This tends to confirm my own anecdata, which is that I'm not
           | surrounded by overfat people after all. I do see morbid cases
           | from time to time and in certain population centers. A mostly
           | healthy population with a small number of extremely overfat
           | cases is going to appear to have bad BMI stats on the whole.
        
         | scoofy wrote:
         | This is an utterly naive assessment:
         | 
         | To answer the question of "why are people obese" with "not
         | eating enough fruits and vegetables" completely ignores that
         | all the research that demonstrates that it's simply not true.
         | 
         | Why do obese people rapidly gain weight after losing it, even
         | with diets that wouldn't cause normal weight people to gain any
         | weight? Why do obese people seem to be simply more hungry than
         | normal weight people.
         | 
         | There are myriad questions that your thesis doesn't and can't
         | answer. It would also be _trivial_ to prove this thesis true,
         | yet obesity still tends to confound scientists, especially with
         | childhood obesity, which did not even exist three generations
         | ago.
        
       | kragen wrote:
       | My guess is that obesogens are to blame, but that they're in
       | food, not plastics. This is because people on weirdo diets
       | (vegans, carnivore, ultra low fat) all lose weight and keep it
       | off, even when they are using the same amount of plastic as
       | everyone else. The common denominator is that they stopped eating
       | industrially manufactured food.
       | 
       | I am no expert in the area, just wondering what the hell is going
       | on.
        
         | zdragnar wrote:
         | Blaming plastic seems incredibly strange to me, given that
         | plastics are practically universally present in American life
         | but obesity itself is not universal.
        
           | pseudalopex wrote:
           | Did anyone say plastic is the only factor?
        
             | spywaregorilla wrote:
             | They're claiming its the primary factor even though it's
             | not obviously higher among the obese populations.
        
               | pseudalopex wrote:
               | Who said plastic is the primary factor? The Washington
               | Post's expert said determining what fraction of obesity
               | is related to chemical exposure is difficult. The 1st
               | comment said plastic wasn't a factor.
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | Some kind of plastic might be a risk factor, even if not
           | everyone who is exposed to it becomes obese. Cigarettes were
           | once practically universally present in American life, but
           | that did not make lung cancer universal.
           | 
           | But blaming "plastic" is ridiculously general; it's not very
           | far from blaming "matter", "energy", or "technology". To take
           | one example, there's a fairly plausible causal link between
           | halogenated flame retardants in polyurethane foam for
           | furniture and feline hyperthyroidism. Polyurethane is a
           | plastic (WP: "Polyurethane is a commodity plastic."), or,
           | better, a large family of plastics, but even if the link
           | turns out to be real and strong, it would not be very
           | accurate to say "Plastic causes feline hyperthyroidism."
           | 
           | As for "incredibly strange", since most people have no idea
           | what is causing the obesity pandemic despite many researchers
           | looking, anyone who _does_ figure it out will unavoidably
           | have an incredibly strange idea. There 's nothing wrong with
           | an idea being incredibly strange; in this case it's a
           | necessary precondition to being correct!
           | 
           | Still, as I said, I suspect it's not a plastic, but one or
           | more food additives. There have been promising preliminary
           | results from fecal transplants for obesity treatment that
           | suggest that the intestinal microbiome is a significant
           | factor (see de Groot, Frissen, de Clerq, and Nieuwdorp 2017).
           | So my attention is particularly drawn to things that affect
           | the intestinal microbiome. Unfortunately, everything you eat
           | affects it.
           | 
           | Some of my own incredibly strange ideas, which probably are
           | not correct, are:
           | 
           | * Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: these are commonly used as
           | a white food coloring (E171), and there's some evidence they
           | migrate to the pancreas and stay there, where conceivably
           | they cause damage in ways that larger titanium dioxide
           | particles do not.
           | 
           | * Propionate salts: these are commonly used as fungicides,
           | for example, in bread and on peaches. Many bacteria produce
           | them as a fungicide, including human gut commensals, but it
           | wouldn't be surprising if adding them in effective quantities
           | changed the ecological equilibrium in the intestinal
           | microbiome. These are GRAS (E280, E281, E282, E283) and an
           | experiment apparently showed _behavioral_ difference in
           | children fed calcium propionate (Dengate and Rubin 2002).
           | (Many propionate _esters_ are also used as artificial
           | flavorings, but in much smaller quantities, and I don 't
           | think those flavorings are effective fungicides.)
           | 
           | * Xanthan gum (E415), a slime produced by the broccoli black
           | rot bacterium, commonly used as an emulsifier or thickener in
           | salad dressings, egg substitutes, and oil-well drilling mud.
           | Representing a significant source of energy that most gut
           | commensal bacteria cannot digest, it has been shown to
           | produce changes in the human intestinal microbiome.
           | 
           | * Widely used artificial sweeteners of various kinds (E950,
           | E951, E954, E955); there have been studies suggesting that,
           | although these do not provide a significant number of
           | calories, they may still provoke significant changes in the
           | human intestinal microbiome. This might also be true of
           | things like steviol (E960) or cyclamate (E952) but those
           | clearly aren't in wide enough use to cause the obesity
           | pandemic by themselves.
           | 
           | * High-fructose corn syrup has been suggested by many people,
           | but in my view it is an unlikely candidate, because sucrase
           | turns sucrose into high-fructose corn syrup in the human
           | small intestine.
           | 
           | * Livestock is commonly dosed with significant amounts of
           | hormones and antibiotics in order to promote rapid weight
           | gain, because meat is sold by weight. Some of these hormones
           | and antibiotics are present in the resulting meat. It
           | wouldn't be very surprising if, under some circumstances,
           | they also produced weight gain in the humans who eat it.
           | (But, as I said above, people on fad carnivore diets tend to
           | lose weight.)
           | 
           | But most likely it'll be something nobody has even suspected
           | previously.
        
         | rtb wrote:
         | http://achemicalhunger.com
        
         | themitigating wrote:
         | "Weirdo" diets? Why make such an insulating simplistic judgment
         | when discussing diets?
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | You're reading a value judgment into my wording that isn't
           | there, probably because you need to be more of a weirdo.
        
         | acuozzo wrote:
         | An omitted possible third factor here is that of selection
         | bias.
         | 
         | Perhaps those drawn to so-called "weirdo diets" are also those
         | more likely to maintain their weight loss.
        
           | kragen wrote:
           | It's possible!
        
       | betwixthewires wrote:
       | I have no doubt that many of these plethora of chemicals that are
       | in our every day environment are endocrine disruptors or worse,
       | most of us would be surprised just how significantly we have
       | changed the chemistry of our environments over the last century.
       | But I'm not convinced that they're the cause for obesity.
       | Contributors, sure. The cause? Your body has to make fat out of
       | something, with or without an endocrine disruptor. I've never met
       | a fat person that doesn't drink soda every day.
       | 
       | It's sugar and seed oil. That's what it comes down to. Most of
       | what we eat is not food really, but the last mile in a marketing
       | campaign, it barely even qualifies as a product. That combined
       | with the rise in sedentary work and recreation is all you need to
       | explain it.
        
       | kerrsclyde wrote:
       | I thought this article was going to cite plastic as being the
       | container of choice for most of the ultra processed junk that
       | supermarkets are selling and we shouldn't be eating.
        
       | mensetmanusman wrote:
       | I am very skeptical the effect would be meaningful relative to
       | diet/exercise.
       | 
       | We have never been more seditary, and sugar has never been more a
       | part of our diet.
       | 
       | When my mother moved in and we started going on daily walks, she
       | lost a pound a week for one year. When she injured her foot and
       | stopped, with no diet change throughout the entire time, she
       | gained it all back in a couple months.
       | 
       | I would be surprised if people gained weight with no diet change
       | and introduced mostly standing or walking throughout the day into
       | their life.
        
         | evancox100 wrote:
         | The problem with "calories in - calories out = weight gained"
         | is that even though it is of course true (thermodynamics), it
         | explains nothing. If I asked you "Why do children grow
         | bigger?", and you said "because they eat more calories than
         | they expend", again you would be correct but have told me
         | nothing. And if a child wasn't growing like they should, you
         | wouldn't say "just keep feeding them more", you would look for
         | possible disruptions of their hormonal system.
         | 
         | The reality is that the body is a finely tuned bio mechanical
         | system with feedback loops that are capable of regulating your
         | resting metabolic rate in order to target weight gain, loss, or
         | stasis. The question is why are so many people's regulation
         | loops so out of whack?
        
           | evol262 wrote:
           | They are eating too much, and their regulation of hunger
           | impulses is out of whack.
           | 
           | There are essentially zero studies which show subjects on a
           | controlled diet under observation having more than a +/-5%
           | different in metabolic efficiency. The burden of proof is,
           | frankly, on those who are looking for _anything except for_
           | overconsumption as the cause.
        
         | rockostrich wrote:
        
       | bradhe wrote:
       | I was pretty sure it was the over eating but I'll happily blame
       | plastic...
        
       | bgro wrote:
       | I don't know the last time I could trust an article or even
       | scientific paper about weight / diets / food effects.
       | 
       | You'd think the vast amounts of scientific papers would be
       | conclusive, but they're constantly contradicting each other or
       | people uncover ulterior motives, like having shares in a
       | questionable weight loss company.
       | 
       | In some of these cases, the source material uses inappropriate
       | sample sizes or has other similar problems, or references other
       | studies that had problems like this.
       | 
       | I bet if you type "X is the reason for obesity," you will find
       | information for any noun.
       | 
       | Here's a partial list of topics off the top of my head from the
       | best of my ability that I believe have been blasted as the
       | definitive one-and-only "root cause" of obesity: [Sugar,
       | Aspartame, Plastic, Butter, Margarine, Carbs, Milk, Bread, Fruit,
       | Nuts, Phones, The Internet, TV, Video Games, Your job in general,
       | Canned Products, Gluten, Pollution, Global Warming, Cars, Cheese,
       | Alcohol, No Exercise, Cardio-only exercise, Blue Light (from
       | electronics in general)]
        
         | oblio wrote:
         | It's sugar + sedentarity. It's always been sugar + sedentarity.
         | At least for high levels of obesity, towards morbid obesity.
        
           | tdehnel wrote:
           | Close. Not just sugar, but calories of any kind + sedentary.
        
             | oblio wrote:
             | True, but from I remember, sugar is worse than just fat.
        
       | CJefferson wrote:
       | I've recently started taking 'liraglutide', which is an appetite
       | suppressant.
       | 
       | I haven't been taking it that long, but so far it's amazing -- I
       | eat a balanced meal with an approriate amount of calories in it,
       | and then I am full, and don't want to eat any more. Sometimes I
       | snack and eat a biscuit, but then I don't feel any need to eat a
       | second biscuit.
       | 
       | I'm not saying this is a long-term solution for me, or people in
       | general, but what it has shown me is some people (me included)
       | have managed to mess up their digestive systems badly enough it
       | is incredibly hard to eat healthily -- I previously lost 8 stone
       | (50 kg), but I was hungry every minute of every day, no matter
       | what I tried. Once I had a bad patch I ended up putting all the
       | weight back on.
        
         | FollowingTheDao wrote:
         | The MUFAs in olive oil and a-linolenic acid (like from flax
         | seed) are natural GLP-1 agonists:
         | 
         | https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10...
         | 
         | Edited to add:
         | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/fo/d0fo0...
        
         | dstick wrote:
         | Interesting. Does that help with all forms of caloric intake?
         | Alcoholic / sugar beverages included?
        
           | sithadmin wrote:
           | In general, yes, but beverage intake results can vary a lot
           | based on behavioral factors. If one frequently drinks sugary
           | beverages or even alcohol to attempt to sate a hunger drive
           | (e. g., due to leptin resistance), it could dramatically
           | reduce intake of those things. But if intake of those
           | beverages are driven by other factors such as poor judgement
           | in beverage selection for hydration or alcoholism, it's not
           | likely going to result in much of a change.
           | 
           | As far as medical solutions go, something like naltrexone is
           | probably a better fit for discouraging unhealthy
           | food/beverage selection, especially (but not necessarily)
           | when paired with bupropion. The combo dramatically blunts the
           | positive neurochemical effects of eating artificially
           | sweet/salty/fat foods + drinking alcohol (and nearly
           | eliminates the perceptible benefits of alcohol as well - it's
           | a very surreal experience).
        
         | bilsbie wrote:
         | Was it hard to get it? Is it expensive?
        
           | hombre_fatal wrote:
           | https://m.goodrx.com/victoza
           | 
           | $1000 for 3 pens.
        
         | AuryGlenz wrote:
         | I'm not overweight and I tried liraglutide for other reasons
         | and it had the same effect on me.
         | 
         | Obviously it's the whole "is your blue my blue?" conundrum, but
         | at least some of us that aren't overweight could also eat all
         | day too. Dieting for anyone is hard. It seems like once you go
         | below what your body is used to you're going for be super
         | hungry.
        
         | sithadmin wrote:
         | 'an appetite suppressant' is really underselling liraglutide.
         | It also corrects insulin resistance, which accounts for some
         | degree of it's effectiveness as a weight loss aid beyond it's
         | effects on slowing the GI tract.
         | 
         | GLP-1 agonists are truly an amazing class of drugs. It's
         | absolutely absurd that they're generally not covered by
         | insurance for non-diabetics, even when they yield such obvious
         | benefits for obese people.
        
           | omginternets wrote:
           | >It also corrects insulin resistance
           | 
           | Is liraglutide doing that directly, or is it mediated by
           | people eating less sugar?
        
             | sithadmin wrote:
             | Directly. It stimulates insulin release from the pacreas.
        
               | omginternets wrote:
               | Eesh... that doesn't seem great. How does this not cause
               | further habituation?
        
               | sithadmin wrote:
               | Human and animal studies demonstrate that it doesn't seem
               | to worsen insulin resistance if treatment is ceased, but
               | probably doesn't significantly improve it either.
        
               | omginternets wrote:
               | Weird. That's quite intriguing.
        
           | psychphysic wrote:
           | Within the UK they remain restricted too.
           | 
           | However, more and more at target populations i.e. obesity +
           | diabetes/obesity related secondary condition or even at risk
           | for diabetes i.e. ethnicity based.
           | 
           | Are being offered these treatments.
           | 
           | It really will be a new age for obese patients.
           | 
           | The first and exercise tactic is a lost battle, ideally we'd
           | be bringing up a generation that can manage their weight but
           | we've failed at that. This is a really good option.
           | 
           | Metformin is similarly excellent drug even in absence of
           | diabetes.
        
             | sithadmin wrote:
             | As a non-diabetic (though demonstrably insulin resistant
             | and leptin resistant), I've found metformin's gastro side
             | effects and impact on blood glucose levels to be annoyingly
             | unpredictable. Metformin also causes a noticeable drop in
             | testosterone that can be especially counterproductive for
             | men if weight loss/maintenance is a goal and one already
             | has relatively low baseline testosterone levels.
        
               | psychphysic wrote:
               | Definitely heard that the gastro side effects are
               | unacceptable to many and can even impact social life.
               | 
               | I'd heard a bit about the testosterone, i.e. that you
               | don't get the testosterone rise associated with
               | successful management for diabetes. And perhaps Metformin
               | short circuits that. Also that it might correlate with
               | the life expectancy improvement and it does make sense
               | since Metformin is also used for PCOS with wide ranging
               | benefits not limited to insulin resistance but actually
               | reducing androgenic effects of the condition.
               | 
               | Do you think you'll continue with Metformin? I've
               | genuinely was close to starting on it some years back
               | (despite having no (pre) diabetes.).
        
               | sithadmin wrote:
               | Metformin never really yielded noticeable benefits for me
               | (neither in terms of fat loss nor any bloodwork metrics)
               | above and beyond other lifestyle changes I had already
               | made, so I discontinued it after a trial period of about
               | 4 months.
               | 
               | The MD I was working with argued that I could have seen a
               | impact on weight loss if taking a more extreme approach
               | to dieting (basically an extremely high protein, moderate
               | fat, moderate carb diet with 300-400 calories of intake
               | every ~4 hours from sunrise to sunset) in conjunction
               | with the metformin, but that approach didn't really fit
               | my lifestyle at the time. If done correctly, this
               | ostensibly maximizes the gluconeogenesis inhibition
               | effect of metformin in conjunction with minimizing fatty
               | acid synthesis by keeping blood levels at a consistent
               | glucose deficit (thus encouraging lipolysis). I was also
               | unconvinced that this isn't a just-so story, and thus I
               | preferred to take a traditional 'keto' diet route (which
               | has a lot more evidence backing it).
        
       | bilsbie wrote:
       | Why do they report these huge obesity rates but whenever I go out
       | in public almost no one is overweight?
        
         | spywaregorilla wrote:
         | Because the obese people are not walking around outside much.
         | They're also generally poorer and likely far outside your
         | social circle.
        
         | 0xfeba wrote:
         | Rural America skews it.
        
         | rory wrote:
         | Where do you live?
        
       | londons_explore wrote:
       | I doubt that obesity is caused by "hundreds" of chemical
       | pollutants... I suspect it to be more like a handful that cause
       | the most effect.
       | 
       | Since obesity causes millions of deaths annually, solving this
       | warrants a covid-scale response. It should therefore be easy
       | enough to direct a few billion dollars of funding into hundreds
       | of avenues of research to find which those handful of pollutants
       | are, what the main sources of them are, how to remove them, and
       | how the effects of damage already done might be reversed.
       | 
       | I imagine that with a covid-scale response, we could guarantee
       | that nothing new would contain any of the offending chemicals
       | within a year, and perhaps within 5 years we could have replaced
       | every piece of tupperware/insulation foam/whatever already
       | manufactured goods contain it.
        
       | mellavora wrote:
       | So something else I wonder. Over the last 50-90 years we've
       | selectively bred our entire food chain to prioritize rapid
       | growth, then pack it full of growth hormones to accelerate this.
       | 
       | My dad decided to raise chickens back in the 80's. The broiler
       | hens grew so fast that they broke their legs, and this was when
       | fed on our kitchen waste (i.e. no growth hormones).
       | 
       | I do wonder how much of this spills over into human obesity; if
       | everything you eat comes from a plant or animal which is
       | hyperoptimizing for unhealthy growth rates, what does that do to
       | the human body?
       | 
       | And if you are looking for a biological mechanism, it might be
       | related to epigenetics. Not saying it is so, but am saying that a
       | biological link is not a-priori impossible.
        
         | ThinkingGuy wrote:
         | For what it's worth, growth hormones are prohibited in poultry
         | in the US.
         | 
         | https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/publications/chic...
        
           | chasil wrote:
           | This is truly shocking.
           | 
           | "...tributyltin or TBT, a chemical used in wood
           | preservatives, among other things. In experiments exposing
           | mice to low and supposedly safe levels of TBT, Blumberg and
           | his colleagues found significantly increased fat accumulation
           | in the next three generations."
        
             | sherr wrote:
             | Where is that quote from? I could not see it in the
             | (interesting) linked article.
        
               | chasil wrote:
               | It's this paragraph in the article on the Washington
               | Post:
               | 
               | "Importantly, recent research demonstrates that obesogens
               | act to harm individuals in ways that traditional tests of
               | chemical toxicity can't detect. In particular,
               | consequences of chemical exposure may not appear during
               | the lifetime of an exposed organism but can be passed
               | down through so-called epigenetic mechanisms to offspring
               | even several generations away. A typical example is
               | tributyltin or TBT, a chemical used in wood
               | preservatives, among other things. In experiments
               | exposing mice to low and supposedly safe levels of TBT,
               | Blumberg and his colleagues found significantly increased
               | fat accumulation in the next three generations."
        
         | tdehnel wrote:
         | Utter nonsense. Even if growth hormone made it into finished
         | meat, and then if enough was bioavailable to have an effect on
         | humans, growth hormone causes the development of muscle (meat)
         | as well as fat. So you'd expect to see people being more
         | muscular (and taller, with stronger bones).
        
         | FollowingTheDao wrote:
         | Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors might be playing a role as well. We
         | have selected for this to be higher in crops since it leads to
         | greater pest resistance.
         | 
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4807301/
        
         | PartiallyTyped wrote:
         | > And if you are looking for a biological mechanism, it might
         | be related to epigenetics
         | 
         | Very unlikely as afaik everything non parasitic gets broken
         | down by our saliva and stomach acids.
        
           | jjallen wrote:
           | That's not my understanding, at least in animals. Those who
           | ate younger plants and/or animals lived longer.
           | 
           | Sorry can't find a citation right now.
        
             | PartiallyTyped wrote:
             | I had put some thought on this and my hunch was that
             | consuming younger plants and/or animals means fewer
             | "forever chemicals" getting accumulated in the body.
             | 
             | However, that doesn't disprove the hypothesis that DNA can
             | survive the digestive tract. If this [1] is to be believed,
             | it very much does so. The question is, can epigenetic
             | information / ie folds, survive?
             | 
             | [1] https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/d
             | oes-d...
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | Engineering-MD wrote:
         | Epigenetics is to do with how genes are activated and DNA is
         | folded around his histones. I would be very surprised if DNA
         | could survive digestion and influence human genetic
         | expression/epigenetics. There may be other mechanisms I guess
         | (and things like abnormal protein folding like prion diseases
         | can influence other nearby proteins) but I think I'm grasping
         | at straws.
        
           | aaomidi wrote:
           | Hormones are sometimes ingested and they have an impact.
        
             | Engineering-MD wrote:
             | That is certainly true, I was addressing the epigenetic
             | side of things. In his thread he was referencing fast
             | growing chickens fed scraps only
        
         | johnatwork wrote:
         | I've been wondering about this too.
         | 
         | I'm not well versed in the domain to say one thing or another
         | so I will wait to form a concrete opinion before I hear from an
         | expert in the field. I am very curious though like you, if
         | there's a relation between the two.
        
       | davidn20 wrote:
       | Yes, plastic MIGHT be making us obese. But, we definitely know
       | high caloric intake and sedentary lifestyle makes us obese. I
       | don't understand why obesity is such a mystery. People are
       | creatures of path of the least resistance. Developed countries
       | have highly dense caloric food and people are inactive most of
       | the day due to cars and office jobs.
        
         | sp332 wrote:
         | "Developed countries" don't have 40% of high school students
         | clinically obese. Only the US does.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | davidn20 wrote:
           | Yes, it's bad in the US, but obesity is rising worldwide.
           | Obesity, in general, correlates with GDP per capital.
        
             | sp332 wrote:
             | Then why are poorer people more obese?
             | 
             | Edit: still talking about the USA here.
        
               | davidn20 wrote:
               | Poorer people are more obese is only true in richer
               | countries or in countries where the poor doesn't have to
               | starve. As for why poor people are more obese in well-off
               | countries. Again, it's the path of least resistance. Poor
               | people are generally less educated and less likely to
               | think long term. It's easier to eat junk food than to put
               | in the time and effort to make a well balance meal.
               | 
               | Btw, I'm not blaming the poor, being poor is hard. I grew
               | up under the poverty line. Overcoming poverty is a huge
               | task and more should be done.
        
               | OJFord wrote:
               | Availability of cheap crap is much higher in more
               | developed/high GDP countries I suppose.
               | 
               | In extremis, if you only eat what you can grow, rear, and
               | trade for, then you're not eating breakfast ~cereal~
               | sugar, ready meals, crisps, etc.
               | 
               | It's a bit tangential, but this is similar to how such a
               | lifestyle isn't even cheaper - it's not the only shopping
               | those people can afford - most of my meals probably cost
               | less, because I take an interest in cooking and eating
               | (i.e. I'm buying vegetables not ready meals) but that
               | doesn't mean there's always (or even that often really,
               | especially amortised over all uses) an out-of-reach
               | expensive ingredient.
        
           | spywaregorilla wrote:
           | I haven't been able to find a source claiming higher than 16%
           | for US high school students, fwiw. I wouldn't bat an eye if
           | europe caught up soon.
        
         | aaomidi wrote:
         | And for me I don't understand why people think obesity is such
         | a simple problem?
         | 
         | Every single other thing in our body is complex and has chains
         | and chains of reactions and impacts. Why is obesity the single
         | one where the answer is "obvious"?
         | 
         | Anyway I agree that we should change how we design our cities,
         | etc to deal with our sedentary lifestyle.
        
           | TimedToasts wrote:
           | Eat less? No, too complex. Instead: change how we design our
           | cities.
        
             | aaomidi wrote:
             | I mean, yes. We have to do the redesign for a multitude of
             | reasons. Including the impacts our current cities have for
             | scalability of various services and growth. Also how it's
             | fucking our response to climate change.
        
               | tdehnel wrote:
               | Oh knock it off
        
               | aaomidi wrote:
               | Knock what off?
               | 
               | American cities are designed horribly. We are a nation of
               | car dependency.
        
       | rr888 wrote:
       | My pet theory on obesity is how varied and delicious food is
       | these days. Literally my grandparents ate homemade porridge,
       | cheese sandwiches, Potatoes/Carrots/Cabbage/BeefOrPork nearly
       | every day of their lives. No wonder they didn't over eat. New
       | generation has a huge number of yummy dishes to choose from.
        
         | csours wrote:
         | This isn't just your pet theory, it has a name and significant
         | support - The Cafeteria Diet https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33
         | 309818/#:~:text=The%20Cafe....
        
       | tdehnel wrote:
       | This has got to be the most idiotic, speculative comment section
       | of the year.
       | 
       | Literally not a single coherent explanation of how plastics might
       | actually cause obesity, and a bunch of people going on about
       | sugar and hormones.
        
         | Tao3300 wrote:
         | > Literally not a single coherent explanation of how plastics
         | might actually cause obesity
         | 
         | I don't think the onus for that is on the commentariat here.
         | Rather it's on the Washington Post article to bridge these
         | studies of mouse adipose tissue to human health outcomes. It
         | doesn't do that very well, so you're going to see some decrying
         | of potential alarmism and alternative explanations.
        
         | CountSessine wrote:
         | Diet is an HN magnet for bike-shedding and anecdotes.
        
       | garren wrote:
       | > Nearly 1,000 obesogens with such effects have already been
       | identified in studies with animals or humans. They include
       | Bisphenol A, a chemical widely used in plastics, and the
       | phthalates, plasticizing agents used in paints, medicine and
       | cosmetics. Others include parabens used as preservatives in food
       | and paper products, and chemicals called organotins used as
       | fungicides. Other obesogens include pesticides and herbicides,
       | including glyphosate, which a recent study found to be present in
       | the urine of most Americans.
       | 
       | It feels like modern, Western, society is like living in a big
       | Petri dish. It's one big experiment in which we're swimming in
       | chemicals that we later find out interact with us and each other
       | in negative ways. We should have reigned in these kinds of
       | "innovations" decades ago. Americans are now urinating
       | carcinogenic pesticides, rainwater even in most remote regions in
       | the would is undrinkable [0], and we've had strong evidence for a
       | while that some of the constituent components of commonly used
       | plastics disrupt biological processes in humans and other
       | animals.
       | 
       | In 50-100 years people will be looking back in horror at the
       | kinds of self-inflicted suffering we've produced. And for what?
       | Money? Convenience?
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a40859859/rainwater...
        
         | DeadMouseFive wrote:
         | For what: the profit of capitalists.
        
           | jjtheblunt wrote:
           | I don't think you need "capitalists", since socialists would
           | be using the same toxins by fiat from a central committee.
           | "For profit" is likely ok too.
        
       | moistly wrote:
       | Overlooked throughout this discussion, afaict, is an explanation
       | as to why _animals_ are also getting fatter.
       | 
       | > The problem of obesity isn't confined to just humans. A new
       | study finds increased rates of obesity in mammals ranging from
       | feral rats and mice to domestic pets and laboratory primates.
       | 
       | https://www.livescience.com/10277-obesity-rise-animals.html
        
         | Melatonic wrote:
         | This is certainly an interesting one if true
        
       | YeahNO wrote:
       | Calories certainly aren't the only factor. If you feed animals
       | the same exact diet and they have similar exercise habits and
       | their excrement has the same caloric value, why does one get
       | obese while the other doesn't? Genetics, epigenetics and gut
       | biome likely all contribute to the problem.
       | https://nautil.us/what-if-obesity-is-nobodys-fault-234639/
        
       | AuryGlenz wrote:
       | I do a lot of high school senior photography. It's hard to talk
       | about this without sounding crude as a guy but something that
       | I've noticed that contrasts with when I graduated high school
       | (2006) is just how many girls have huge breasts. I think there
       | were 2 girls in my grade that were skinny and had what would be
       | called "large" breasts. Most other skinny girls had the standard
       | A or B cups.
       | 
       | Now a very large portion have what must be D cups. I've tried to
       | look up studies but I couldn't find any that controlled for
       | weight.
       | 
       | This was also the first year I had not one, but two, morbidly
       | obese girls. One was so large I ran out of poses pretty much
       | right away as she couldn't clasp her hands together behind her
       | back, couldn't do the same near her waist in front, and she
       | couldn't even sit down on the ground - only kneel. She told me
       | she wanted to be a lawyer. I find it incredibly sad that you
       | could be that large already at that age. I can only imagine how
       | difficult it would make life.
        
         | cptcobalt wrote:
         | > I find it incredibly sad that you could be that large already
         | at that age. I can only imagine how difficult it would make
         | life.
         | 
         | As someone about this size, but has also been relatively "fit"
         | at this size (I used to be able to go on casual 10+ mile hikes
         | on weekends, pre-pandemic), it's also our health system failing
         | us. I've never had a doctor give me a better answer than "diet
         | and exercise" to change things. I got to a level of fitness
         | where I could go on 10 mile hikes, which is a hell of a lot
         | more fit than a lot than many Americans, yet they'd still give
         | me doom and gloom and uninterested answers. It's exhausting.
         | 
         | America does not _treat_ obesity well, and I feel like there 's
         | not good enough research going into it. I love to see reporting
         | like--and hope there's more to come, in hopes that it changes
         | both clinical mindsets and also how we think about obesity.
         | It's more than what you eat.
        
           | cnasc wrote:
           | > I've never had a doctor give me a better answer than "diet
           | and exercise" to change things. I got to a level of fitness
           | where I could go on 10 mile hikes
           | 
           | I don't mean this to be rude, but it sounds like you paid
           | attention to just one half of the doctor's advice?
        
             | cptcobalt wrote:
             | Not so--significant dieting, zero soda or desserts, etc.
             | But that's not as comparatively interesting for the
             | argument as "can go on 10 mile hikes any weekend, yet made
             | no progress". My point is directly intended to respond not
             | just with anecdata, but that we have more work to do in
             | research, diagnosis, and treatment of it.
             | 
             | I don't mean this to be rude, but it sounds like you jumped
             | to a quick conclusion based on preexisting simple
             | expectations about obesity?
        
               | cnasc wrote:
               | > I don't mean this to be rude, but it sounds like you
               | jumped to a quick conclusion based on preexisting simple
               | expectations about obesity?
               | 
               | I think this is unwarranted sarcasm, given that I could
               | only comment on the information you provided in your
               | post.
        
               | cptcobalt wrote:
               | I accept that feedback at face value.
        
         | spicyusername wrote:
         | > just how many girls have huge breasts.
         | 
         | One reason I've heard to explain this is a rise in the
         | consumption of certain kinds of hormonal birth control.
        
         | true_religion wrote:
         | So the funny thing is I was hearing the same thing ( that the
         | average cup size had increase to C) back when I graduated high
         | school in the late 90s.
         | 
         | I think non anectodally, this trend is something that has been
         | going on for a long time. If I remember correctly we blamed
         | microplastics in the water minicking estrogen, and starting
         | puberty earlier.
         | 
         | What is the truth is probably unknown.
        
         | bsder wrote:
         | 1) I have a suspicion that girls are getting birth control
         | pills at _much_ earlier ages than they used to. Putting a girl
         | on bith control pills in the middle of puberty is going to have
         | an effect somewhere and weight gain is one of the documented
         | effects of birth control.
         | 
         | 2) Girls getting fatter likely triggers other changes as well.
         | Given that the female body works very hard to shut down
         | reproduction when fat is scarce, it may very well supercharge
         | reproductive changes when fat is plentiful.
         | 
         | 3) I think you heavily underestimate the number of girls who
         | get breast implants. For a while, it seemed like every 16-year-
         | old girl was getting them. You could notice a significant
         | contrast when shifting between areas with different
         | socioeconomics--blue-collar areas mysteriously had lots of
         | girls with much smaller breasts than white-collar ones.
        
           | tristor wrote:
           | > 3) I think you heavily underestimate the number of girls
           | who get breast implants. For a while, it seemed like every
           | 16-year-old girl was getting them. You could notice a
           | significant contrast when shifting between areas with
           | different socioeconomics--blue-collar areas mysteriously had
           | lots of girls with much smaller breasts than white-collar
           | ones.
           | 
           | Citation definitely needed for this. Cosmetic surgery in the
           | US is not covered by insurance and requires parental consent
           | for patients under 18. While I do see more young women (and
           | men) with "body modifications" like tattoos under 18, I
           | strongly doubt we have a significant number of parents who
           | are taking their teenage daughters in to get breast implants
           | before they've even finished high school.
           | 
           | Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | slowmovintarget wrote:
       | Maybe now we can finally get the FDA to ban glyphosate (Round-Up)
       | like they do in the EU. It is currently impossible to purchase
       | oat cereal in the U.S. that doesn't have some level of glyphosate
       | in it. Cheerios is loaded with it.
       | 
       | So something sold as "heart healthy" is loaded with obesogens and
       | will contribute to obesity.
        
       | mfer wrote:
       | Our food chain has a lot to do with obesity. There are many
       | studies on this stuff.
       | 
       | We eat 5 times as much meat on average as people did 100 years
       | go. Animal based products are a major source of fat. People used
       | to eat more fruits and vegetables. The fat type has shifted with
       | more fat (which has higher calorie per gram amounts than carbs or
       | protein) and fat moving from polyunsaturated fats to saturated
       | fats (which causes lots of medical problems).
       | 
       | In there is the growth hormone. Kids "mature" physically at
       | younger ages now than they used to. Kids to stop stop dairy or a
       | lot of mean may physically mature at the older slower pace.
       | 
       | Eating less fruits, vegetables, and whole grains means less
       | fiber. Most people (in the US anyway) are deficient in fiber.
       | Fiber traps certain fats and cholesterols so they aren't
       | absorbed. So, we absorb more fats.
       | 
       | Then there are processed foods.
       | 
       | So much about our diets have changed in the last 100 years. A lot
       | is known and we even know how to eat to be really healthy. It's
       | just not widely known by the general public.
        
         | reedjosh wrote:
         | We eat unnatural amounts of polyunsaturated oils today. You
         | have it completely backward.
         | 
         | The amount of vegetable based fats consumed 100 years ago was
         | significantly less. It wasn't until chemical extraction was
         | introduced that we could consume as much vegetable based fat as
         | we do today.
         | 
         | Saturated fat is actually more stable and by far healthier.
        
           | olddustytrail wrote:
           | I'm afraid you are the one who has it completely backwards:
           | https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-
           | types/different-f...
        
             | reedjosh wrote:
             | Checkout this book:
             | 
             | https://thebigfatsurprise.com/
             | 
             | Looks like the NHS is behind the times.
             | 
             | In the US they've removed statements like the one you
             | linked to. It's becoming scientific consensus that
             | saturated fat doesn't cause heart disease.
        
               | olddustytrail wrote:
               | I'd rather trust the expertise of doctors who've actually
               | studied this stuff than a moron journalist, thanks.
        
           | adrian_b wrote:
           | What you say is correct, but incomplete.
           | 
           | The unnaturally high consumption of PUFA is not for all kinds
           | of PUFA, but mainly for linoleic acid and related fatty acids
           | (a.k.a. omega-6 acids).
           | 
           | The consumption of the other main kind of PUFA, omega-3
           | acids, is frequently lower than before, as those are abundant
           | mainly in some animal organs (which are more seldom consumed
           | now) and in fish.
           | 
           | In small quantities linoleic acid is an essential nutrient
           | for humans, but in large quantities it must be converted into
           | other fatty acids, because it is not a normal component of
           | human fat, and that can be a burden for the liver.
        
         | inglor_cz wrote:
         | Your comment completely ignores the content of the article you
         | are commenting upon.
         | 
         | You concentrate on the "normal" nutrition stuff like fat, fiber
         | and carbohydrates, without even asking _why_ do people eat more
         | than 100 years ago.
         | 
         | The article talks about the fact that food now _contains a lot
         | of totally unnatural chemical substances_ that our ancestors
         | never encountered and that such substances may throw off our
         | sense of satiety and disrupt other mechanisms directly related
         | to obesity.
         | 
         | That is a serious problem. An apple or a piece of meat laced
         | with various chemicals isn't the same as 100 years ago. It
         | seems you choose to ignore this difference.
        
       | fortran77 wrote:
       | I'm very skeptical. I think there are some things that may make
       | us "feel hungrier" but there's nothing changing our metabolism.
       | 
       | If we are to believe this, it would mean that "plastic" is making
       | our bodies so much more efficient that there's extra energy
       | that's being stored as fat.
       | 
       | I like to keep my weight exactly at 155# (as a 5'10 59 year old
       | man).
       | 
       | Once a year, I "bulk" and go up to 160 while doing more strenuous
       | weight training. The math always works exactly -- for every 3000
       | extra k/cal I eat, I go up a pound. When it's time to "cut" back
       | to 155#, for every 3000 k/cal deficit I drop a pound.
       | 
       | 15 years ago, I got fat. I stopped paying attention to what I was
       | eating. Got my weight up to 205#. I lost it by strictly counting
       | calories. The math worked perfectly. I went to 1200 k/cal and
       | lost 2 pounds a week. Exactly. Every week.
       | 
       | Eating no more calories than your body needs works for everyone.
       | You cannot create matter out of thin air, no matter what fat
       | people will tell you.
       | 
       | The Obese and Overweight cost society greatly. The fact that
       | they're consuming more than they need, use more fuel to move
       | around, and get sick and require more medical care costs us
       | trillions. It's time they stopped pointing their fingers at
       | "plastics" and started obeying the laws of thermodynamics.
        
         | tstrimple wrote:
         | > but there's nothing changing our metabolism.
         | 
         | Why would you be so confident when we know for a fact that
         | hormone imbalances can absolutely impact our metabolism.
         | Including signaling to your body to produce and store more fat
         | than it normally would. Cortisol the hormone produced in stress
         | responses is shown to do exactly that. Using yourself as an
         | anecdote isn't useful in anyway.
        
           | fortran77 wrote:
           | Matter isn't created out of thin air.
        
             | tstrimple wrote:
             | That was never the claim. Nice attempt at a straw man
             | though. You seem to be under the impression that body fat
             | only accumulates in scenarios with excess calories. That's
             | explicitly wrong. What some of these metabolic disorders do
             | is prioritize the accumulation of fat from calories over
             | sustaining other parts of the body. There are multiple ways
             | that your body converts calories into energy, and they can
             | be thrown off by hormones. Some metabolic conditions, like
             | Cushings, overstimulates the production of body fat
             | starving the muscles of energy so they atrophy.
             | 
             | To put it in clearer terms, you could take two people of
             | identical sex, height and weight and feed them the exact
             | same diet with the exact same exercise routine and still
             | have one pack on more body fat due to hormonal issues
             | impacting how they metabolize food. Telling the person
             | who's gaining fat to just eat less isn't helpful or
             | healthy. They need to address the condition causing the
             | additional body fat accumulation and it's not excess
             | calories.
             | 
             | To be perfectly clear, I'm not suggesting that this is the
             | case with microplastics. I don't think we have the research
             | to determine that yet. I'm merely disputing the inane "just
             | eat less bro" nonsense that tends to crop up in these
             | threads.
        
             | librish wrote:
             | This assumes 100% of energy is absorbed from food which
             | isn't true as far as I know.
        
             | wtetzner wrote:
             | > I'm very skeptical. I think there are some things that
             | may make us "feel hungrier" but there's nothing changing
             | our metabolism.
             | 
             | > If we are to believe this, it would mean that "plastic"
             | is making our bodies so much more efficient that there's
             | extra energy that's being stored as fat.
             | 
             | I think it's likely the opposite, e.g. there's something
             | (not necessarily plastic) throwing off hormones, so the
             | body ends up storing more of the calories as fat than it
             | would if it was healthy. It's not at all clear (to me, at
             | least) that a healthy human body would continue to store
             | fat indefinitely, regardless of how many calories were
             | being consumed.
        
       | mylons wrote:
       | is it possible to be in a caloric deficit and still gain weight
       | if this is true? or is a caloric deficit + weight loss just a
       | thermodynamics problem
        
         | wtetzner wrote:
         | > is it possible to be in a caloric deficit and still gain
         | weight if this is true?
         | 
         | No, that would defy the laws of thermodynamics. However, it
         | _is_ possible to consume more calories than you burn and lose
         | weight, because there are complexities around how your body
         | decides to store fat, signals to burn fat, etc.
         | 
         | Even if it was simply a thermodynamics problem (which I don't
         | think it is), there are also issues with appetite. Sure, you
         | can count calories for the rest of your life, but doing that is
         | not only difficult to measure correctly, but very difficult to
         | maintain if you still feel hungry all the time.
         | 
         | I think one of the reasons a ketogenic diet works for a lot of
         | people is that after a period of adaptation, you stop getting
         | hungry every 4 hours.
        
         | bombcar wrote:
         | I suspect it's a modifier at the edges; if X calories you gain
         | Y weight per day, this can make that Y+(some percentage).
         | 
         | All these "we found the cause of obesity" dance around the
         | problem.
        
         | tstrimple wrote:
         | Sometimes it's a little more complicated than just calories in
         | vs calories out. See Cushing syndrome. We are aware of hormone
         | imbalances which promote excess fat build up, often at the
         | expense of muscle mass. It's possible plastics could be
         | effecting hormones in a similar way.
        
         | kazinator wrote:
         | I believe it's thermodynamically possible to be in a caloric
         | deficit while gaining _fat_. The body won 't gain mass, because
         | it will be losing lean tissue, and that has a lot more mass per
         | calorie stored than fat, due to protein being less energy dense
         | to begin with, but mainly due to lean tissue having a lot of
         | water mass.
         | 
         | Say that a body is in a caloric balance, and at the same time
         | in a strange state in which it is storing N calories as fat,
         | while releasing N calories from breakdown of lean tissue: a
         | lean-to-fat conversion is going on, so to speak. That body will
         | be losing mass, because a calorie of lean tissue represents
         | much more mass than a calorie of fat storage.
         | 
         | If that same body then starts to release N + M calories from
         | lean tissue, it will still be losing mass, while gaining fat.
         | 
         | The only question of how physiologically likely are these
         | thermodynamically valid situations. We do know that people who
         | experiment with "yo-yo dieting" can end up with worsened body
         | compositions, but probably not due to gaining fat _while_
         | dieting but rather (1) losing lean tissue while dieting, while
         | losing some fat and (2) rebound weight gain while not dieting
         | possibly exacerbated by a lowered metabolism due to less lean
         | tissue.
         | 
         | Still, consider this thought experiment. A dieting person wears
         | a backpack which is considered part of their body. Every day, a
         | hundred grams of lard is added to the backpack, and this lard
         | is counted as part of their caloric intake. The person diets
         | and exercises in such a way that there is a caloric deficit.
         | That person will be undeniably gaining fat in that backpack.
         | It's thermodynamically possible for the body to be promoting
         | fat storage in some area, regardless of what else is happening.
        
         | wyre wrote:
         | Appetite and metabolism is much more complicated than a
         | thermodynamics problem.
         | 
         | A calorie deficit implies knowledge of metabolic rate which can
         | be highly variable. While calories in can be trivially counted,
         | calories out needs to be calculated and cannot assume a
         | significant level of accuracy.
         | 
         | Regardless, the problem with solving the obesity epidemic isn't
         | that people can't lose weight, but is keeping weight off after
         | reaching a goal weight.
        
         | BizarroLand wrote:
         | Strictly, no, but it is possible to have the expectation that
         | your body would be burning 1700 calories a day by simply
         | existing (using any online calculator will give you a rough
         | idea of what your "Basal Metabolic Rate", or BMR, should be.
         | 
         | But if you have metabolic damage, you may have a lower
         | metabolic rate than expected, meaning that the same 1200
         | calories a day that should cause you to lose a lb a week is
         | actually just under maintenance calories.
         | 
         | Anecdotal, but this happened to me. I lost 100 lbs through diet
         | and just got stuck. Couldn't lose any more to save my life. I
         | ate 300-500 calories under my expected calorie expenditure
         | every day.
         | 
         | Then, I got my metabolism tested and found that my BMR was at
         | 300 calories a day under what it should have been, which meant
         | that I was eating maintenance or overeating by 200 calories a
         | day (and I was already feeling starving at that point!)
         | 
         | To cut another 300-500 calories out of my diet would have been
         | untenable. I'm still trying to figure out what I can do.
         | 
         | Exercise more? Check. Do blood work and make sure everything is
         | in order? Check. Vary my diet or try different diets? Check.
         | 
         | I think the only thing left is to try chemicals. Nothing else
         | seems to either raise by base metabolism or decrease my intake
         | needs.
        
       | dukeofdoom wrote:
       | I have a fri3nd that has an over active thyroid and she's very
       | fit. she had a six pack when she was younger. she didn't really
       | work out. so makes me think hormones are a big part of it too.
        
         | cestith wrote:
         | Plastics and many other things happen to mess with hormones.
        
       | aantix wrote:
       | "Thus, rigorously collected national data provide no support for
       | higher energy consumption as a driver of the obesity epidemic
       | since 2000. Strikingly, these data do not even support increasing
       | energy consumption as a consequence of the obesity epidemic,
       | i.e., that as people gain weight, they need to eat more. Rather,
       | the data suggest that Americans have been eating relatively less,
       | for their larger body sizes, over the last 2 decades."
       | 
       | https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/115/6/1445/6572830?fbc...
        
       | JKCalhoun wrote:
       | https://archive.ph/rmlCA
        
         | TacoToni wrote:
         | thank you
        
       | vallassy wrote:
       | Is it the plastic though, or is it the sugar? Over my last few
       | years of reading, I've convinced myself that sugar is the main
       | culprit in massive obesity in Western countries, especially the
       | US (i.e. high fructose corn syrup).
       | 
       | Sugar is in everything (like plastic, I suppose). Look at the
       | ingredients of what you buy and you'll be surprised where it
       | turns up. Peanut butter, mayonnaise, beef jerky, even bog
       | standard bread. It seems like sugar is the elephant in the room
       | that the mainstream doesn't want to talk about.
        
         | tarboreus wrote:
         | Timeline doesn't work out, really. People ate a lot of sugar
         | before the 80s and 90s where the obesity epidemic took off.
         | Timeline points more to plastic and/or lithium, as suggested by
         | Slime Mold Time Mold.
         | 
         | Sugar is pretty bad for you, though.
        
         | Ozzie_osman wrote:
         | It could be both, and might even include other factors as well.
        
           | bena wrote:
           | Here's the answer. It's a factor. As is sugar. No one thing
           | is going to solve the problem, but everything helps.
        
         | VyseofArcadia wrote:
         | > even bog standard bread
         | 
         | Yes, we definitely have too much sugar in everything, but as an
         | amateur baker I will defend sugar in bread. Sure, you don't
         | need it in a baguette or a rustic boule, but it is
         | indispensable for a nice, soft sandwich loaf. It's not there to
         | make the bread sweeter. It makes the bread softer, it boosts
         | the yeast for a nicer rise, and it keeps it from going stale as
         | quickly.
         | 
         | Granted, I don't use a ton of it. My favorite sandwich bread
         | recipe[0] is 8g of sugar to 500g flour, and with my long loaf
         | pan I typically get 20-25 slices, so maximum 400mg a slice.
         | Quite good compared to my favorite supermarket bread at 2g a
         | slice.
         | 
         | Sure, "bog standard" bread could have less sugar, but some
         | sugar is essential for this style of bread.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.nigella.com/recipes/old-fashioned-sandwich-
         | loaf, omitting the butter and oil and using cultured buttermilk
         | instead of spoiled milk or sour cream. I say "omitting the
         | butter", but I do still butter the loaf pan. I just don't
         | include any in the dough itself.
        
           | gwbas1c wrote:
           | > but it is indispensable for a nice, soft sandwich loaf
           | 
           | There's a difference between the kind of bread you're making,
           | and Wonder Bread. Wonder Bread is just an oversized
           | marshmallow.
        
           | ThePadawan wrote:
           | > Sure, "bog standard" bread could have less sugar, but some
           | sugar is essential for this style of bread.
           | 
           | I fully agree. As a German I do want to point out that
           | American style sandwich bread is a very specific style. Sugar
           | goes into it much as it does into challah dough or brioche -
           | but all these stradle the cake-bread boundary for me.
           | 
           | If you want sugar in your bread, you gotta suffer through the
           | process of making pumpernickel like everyone else, gosh darn
           | it! /j
        
             | boltzmann-brain wrote:
             | what does pumpernickel have to do with sugar?
        
           | Broken_Hippo wrote:
           | I'll add to this: A lot of home cooks were taught to add a
           | bit of sugar to the bread to help the yeast. I used to mix
           | yeast, water, and a bit of sugar together to get the yeast
           | started. I mostly did this because I learned to make bread
           | before the internet, and this was common in instructions that
           | I could access.
        
             | Tyr42 wrote:
             | https://youtu.be/AqFeXxa_NTk
             | 
             | This guy experiments with sugar levels and how it affects
             | yeast.
             | 
             | Turns out the water absorbing properties of sugar also has
             | a large effect in the other direction, so maybe it doesn't
             | really help the yeast
        
           | LeftHandPath wrote:
           | The difference between a nice brioche - made with plenty of
           | sugar, with a soft, fluffy character - and a standard loaf of
           | french bread is quite large. I spring for the french bread
           | only because it's cheaper. Bread with sugar is superior.
        
             | gretch wrote:
             | That's pretty much the point though isn't it? Everything is
             | a bit (or a lot) better to the human brain when you add
             | sugar
        
             | Eleison23 wrote:
             | I consume nothing but sourdough, because of the simplicity
             | of ingredients and no sugar is necessary in its recipe.
             | Lately I've found that "take-and-bake" loaves can be
             | purchased, frozen, and freshly baked on demand. It works
             | out great, and I love the simple, honest flavor of San
             | Francisco style sourdough for sandwiches or just a buttered
             | slice to go with my supper.
        
         | gwbas1c wrote:
         | Look for real sourdough bread. ("San Francisco style") The loaf
         | is round, and the bread has to rise more slowly.
         | 
         | Years ago I dug through every bread in the aisle to find the
         | one with the least amount of sugar. I went home with a weird-
         | looking sourdough loaf, and I've been hooked ever since.
         | 
         | In CA, most grocery stores carry it, because it's a local
         | style. In MA, I have to go to Trader Joes to get it at a good
         | price.
        
         | briefcomment wrote:
         | I consume multiple times more sugar than the average person,
         | and I'm thin as a rail with a healthy metabolism. Sugar in
         | itself isn't likely to be bad. Sugar in addition to a deranged
         | metabolism is probably bad. Fixing the deranged metabolism,
         | (which is likely to be caused by various environmental factors)
         | will probably be the best solution.
        
           | evol262 wrote:
           | What's your daily caloric intake, though? It's not _just_
           | sugar that 's negative. Traditional diets which are high in
           | either carbohydrates or fats are broadly ok, it's the
           | combination which is problematic, because it's all the
           | caloric consumption of fats at 9kcal/g along with
           | ghrelin/insulin spiking/dropping with carbohydrates (at
           | 4kcal/g) which is an issue, because all of a sudden daily
           | caloric intake is much higher.
        
             | briefcomment wrote:
             | The OP's point was that sugar is a problem in itself, so I
             | was addressing that. You're saying it's total caloric
             | intake which is a different claim. I do eat a good amount
             | of fat, from the fudge and the dosa for example. Idk what
             | my total caloric intake is like, but it's probably around
             | 2k
        
           | dominotw wrote:
           | > Fixing the deranged metabolism
           | 
           | > with a healthy metabolism.
           | 
           | how are you measuring that you have 'healthy metabolism'.
        
             | briefcomment wrote:
             | Standard measures like blood pressure, avg temperature,
             | thyroid levels
        
           | ac29 wrote:
           | > I consume multiple times more sugar than the average
           | person, and I'm thin as a rail with a healthy metabolism.
           | 
           | The average American consumes around 125g of sugar per day
           | [1, 2]. This is about 500 kcals. Multiple times that would
           | mean most of your daily calories are coming from sugar,
           | unless you are very physically active.
           | 
           | [1] https://www.sugar.org/diet/intake/
           | 
           | [2] https://www.thediabetescouncil.com/45-alarming-
           | statistics-on...
        
             | briefcomment wrote:
             | Yesterday, I had 3 bottles of coke at 40g of sugar each, 4
             | cups of OJ at 25g of sugar each, and 1/3 a pound of fudge,
             | which I think is about 50g. That's around 270g of simple
             | sugars. If you care about carb intake, I also had 7 idlis,
             | which is an indian rice cake, and a dosa, which is a rice
             | crepe, which probably adds a significant amount of starch.
             | 
             | I probably reliably have 2x the average for simple sugars
        
               | paulryanrogers wrote:
               | May I ask if you're under 45?
        
               | briefcomment wrote:
               | Yes haha. I'm sure my habits will change as I age
        
         | pengaru wrote:
         | > Is it the plastic though, or is it the sugar?
         | 
         | The two are not mutually exclusive.
         | 
         | We know fructose is a problem. We know bisphenols and
         | phthalates (endocrine disruptors found in plastics) are
         | problems as well.
         | 
         | It's both.
        
         | jjallen wrote:
         | I'm American living in Europe. There is sugar in every packaged
         | food here too just FYI.
         | 
         | And not just in the country I live in, it's basically
         | everywhere in grocery stores.
         | 
         | So sugar is not the only culprit.
        
           | dorchadas wrote:
           | I'm an American in Europe, and really, what I've noticed here
           | is it's _natural_ sugar in stuff, whereas in America it 's
           | HFCS. I can't help but wonder if that's part of the
           | difference. I list 5-10kg easily without watching what I ate
           | (and drank much more cause there's nothing else to do of an
           | evening in Ireland), while keeping the same activity level or
           | slightly less. There's _something_ different in the food, and
           | I can 't help but think real sugar and lower levels of it is
           | a key thing.
        
             | scoofy wrote:
             | This is going to be an extremely challenging thesis to
             | explain the phenomena, as HFCS and sucrose are effectively
             | chemically identical once they hit the stomach.
        
             | lupire wrote:
             | "Lower" is far more important than "real".
        
         | ThePadawan wrote:
         | I've found myself looking at 8 different kinds of mayonnaise
         | now, and still can't find one that has added sugar (apart from
         | the ingredients listed under 'contains less than 2% of...").
         | 
         | There is Miracle Whip but that is a bit of a reach to call
         | mayonnaise.
        
         | wyre wrote:
         | I've seen it discussed here in the past that when controlling
         | for sugar consumption there isn't any correlation with obesity
         | and that the causes of the obesity epidemic are more enigmatic
         | than blaming it on sugar.
        
         | spaceman_2020 wrote:
         | I've tracked my diet pretty regularly over the last several
         | years. The one constant in every weight-gain cycle for me is a
         | sugary treat after a meal. This is true even when I've
         | otherwise kept my caloric intake constant.
        
           | imtringued wrote:
           | Blood sugar spikes do strange things to our hunger response.
           | 
           | If your blood sugar is too high the body may produce an
           | emergency response to keep blood sugar down and it may
           | overshoot which makes you hungry much sooner.
        
         | loopdoend wrote:
         | Sugar and seed oils (vegetable oils). Practically impossible to
         | avoid especially in "food deserts".
        
           | arbitrage wrote:
           | So avoid "food deserts".
           | 
           | It's not difficult.
        
             | ketzo wrote:
             | So true -- I don't understand why so many people choose to
             | be poor!
        
             | Broken_Hippo wrote:
             | Yeah. It's not difficult.
             | 
             | Unless you are poor, that is.
        
             | imchillyb wrote:
             | So avoid "food deserts". It's not difficult. -arbitrage
             | 
             | > Food Desert: Urban area in which it is difficult to buy
             | affordable or good-quality fresh food.
             | 
             | Yeah, just move somewhere else! Lol. This is the kind of
             | half-baked bullshit answer I expect from reddit not from
             | Ycomb.
             | 
             | Troll somewhere else dude.
        
               | imwillofficial wrote:
               | There is a good point to this though.
               | 
               | Poor people immigrate all the time, for better work,
               | better opportunities, family, whatever.
               | 
               | My guess is rarely for access to higher quality food.
               | 
               | When I was poor I wasn't incapable of moving.
               | 
               | It's an interesting idea, migration based on quality
               | food.
        
               | decremental wrote:
        
               | revscat wrote:
               | And are you not upset because of psychopathic tendencies?
               | You certainly seem to be disdainful when someone
               | expresses empathy. I'm upset about climate change because
               | it personally affects me, but I'm also upset about armed
               | agents of the state murdering Black citizens without
               | repercussion. I'm white. Do you find my response to be
               | "overly-emotional"?
        
               | decremental wrote:
        
               | cestith wrote:
               | I'm fairly certain imchillyb is a member of the group of
               | humans who need to eat food and think other humans also
               | need to eat food.
        
             | travisjungroth wrote:
             | Did you mix up desert (sand) and dessert (cake)?
        
               | serf wrote:
               | a food desert is a (usually) hyperbolic phrase used to
               | describe areas where access to nutritionally balanced
               | food is hindered by something like scarcity or economy
               | and replaced with access to food that is cheap and
               | plentiful but nutritionally unsound.
        
           | JTbane wrote:
           | I've seen a lot of broscience that says "seed oils and PUFAs
           | are bad". Is there actual evidence for this?
        
             | rgrieselhuber wrote:
             | There is a great book that goes into this whole topic
             | called Deep Nutrition. Also, anecdotally, I see a lot of
             | correlation between PUFAs and FUPAs.
        
             | hombre_fatal wrote:
             | For balance, here's a rebuttal to the fad that seed oils
             | are our nemesis: https://www.the-
             | nutrivore.com/post/a-comprehensive-rebuttal-...
        
             | FollowingTheDao wrote:
             | Yes, broscience exaggerated the point, but they are not far
             | from correct.
             | 
             | It depends on genetics and the amount and type of PUFA
             | consumed. The Fatty Acid Destaurase genes will dictate how
             | bad short chain PUFA's (Seed oil's) are for a person. These
             | people should stick to fatty fish.
             | 
             | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0026
             | 0...
             | 
             | Omega 6 PUFAs are more inflammatory than long chain PUFA's.
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7990530/
             | 
             | It just so happens that most seed oils contain tremendous
             | amounts of Short Chain Omega 6 fatty acids.
        
         | frankzander wrote:
         | > Peanut butter, mayonnaise, beef jerky
         | 
         | But that's packed with fat calories as well and fat has a much
         | higher energy density as carbohydrates. As an European I'm very
         | very astonished over the size of the food portions in fast food
         | restaurants in the US. If this portion size is the same on the
         | diner table than it's not only sugar but a lot of non necessary
         | calories. I don't think it's entirely caused by sugar but by a
         | big surplus of calories in day to day food (combined with too
         | little physical activity)
        
           | CodeSgt wrote:
           | But fat increases satiety much more quickly than sugar. 500
           | cals of fats will make you feel "fuller" than 750 or even 1k
           | cals of sugar. That's what makes sugar so much worse. Is may
           | not be as colorically dense, but we can comfortably guzzle
           | down far more empty calories from sugar than from fat.
        
       | moneywoes wrote:
       | Seems impossible to avoid I guess?
        
         | odyssey7 wrote:
         | Especially if there is no cure for inherited damage already
         | done.
         | 
         | A solution would include medical therapies in addition to
         | avoidance.
        
       | Havoc wrote:
       | Well that plus the cheeseburger
        
         | mylons wrote:
         | which part of a cheese burger is bad for you?
        
           | suoduandao2 wrote:
           | The bun probably causes inflammation/leaky gut for a lot more
           | people than area aware it does. Modern wheat is a weird
           | organism.
        
             | steve_adams_86 wrote:
             | What's weird about it?
             | 
             | Is emmer or kamut much better? What about red fife, a
             | strain of wheat from ~170 years ago?
        
               | suoduandao2 wrote:
               | The hybrid varieties bred in the late 50's have about 50x
               | the amount of gluten as previous strains of wheat did.
        
               | steve_adams_86 wrote:
               | Fascinating. I was curious because I eat the three I
               | mentioned kind of like rice (along with barley and oats).
               | 
               | I'm behind on this science. A 50x increase in gluten
               | sounds crazy, but I don't know how much gluten is known
               | to be bad. For example, I sometimes eat things with wheat
               | gluten powder as a primary ingredient. It doesn't seem to
               | cause harm, but maybe I'm missing something.
               | 
               | I certainly don't think of it as a health food (nothing
               | so heavily processed is), but is it actually harmful?
        
               | suoduandao2 wrote:
               | The science on gluten is ongoing and controversial, but
               | the position I believe will ultimately be vindicated is
               | that some people seem to derive no ill effects while many
               | others develop a mild allergy to it, which can fly under
               | the radar and lead to all sorts of chronic inflammation
               | issues if the person keeps eating it. As a result,
               | there's no 'standard safe dosage' of gluten, some people
               | become violently ill if they encounter a trace, others
               | (myself included) find a lot of seemingly unconnected
               | annoyances clear up if they avoid it for a few weeks.
               | Excess weight gain seems to be one of those, though in my
               | case the major symptom was actually an excessively fast
               | metabolism.
        
               | rleigh wrote:
               | It's not necessarily the wheat itself, though residual
               | glyphosate and other herbicides are a concern, it's more
               | the industrial processing of it. Industrial baking is
               | very different to traditional baking, and the proteins
               | may be exposed to the immune system in very different
               | ways as a result, i.e. different epitopes.
        
           | mellavora wrote:
           | the 1/2 liter "small" soda which comes alongside it
        
             | mylons wrote:
             | which isn't in any of the words i used
        
           | oceanplexian wrote:
           | The burger itself is probably the healthiest part of it.
           | 
           | It's the bun (full of corn syrup and carbs), a massive amount
           | of sodium, the condiments (also corn syrup), a side of fries
           | (mostly carbs), a soda (even more corn syrup). By the time
           | you've finished a decently sized burger you've eaten enough
           | sugar, sodium and carbs for the entire day.
        
             | tzs wrote:
             | A Big Mac and large fries at McDonalds comes to 1040
             | calories and 102 g of carbs (9 g of which are added
             | sugars). That's 39% of the calories coming from carbs,
             | which is generally considered to be a moderate level of
             | carbs in the medical literature.
             | 
             | Get a double Quarter Pounder with cheese instead and its
             | 1230 calories and 101 g of carbs (10 g of which are added
             | sugars). That's 33% of calories from carbs, which is also
             | in the moderate carb range.
             | 
             | As far as the burger itself goes, a doubler Quarter Pounder
             | with cheese is 740 calories and 41 g of carb (10 g of which
             | is added sugars). That's 22% of calories from carbs and
             | would count as a low carb item in much of the medical
             | literature.
             | 
             | Americans tend to go overboard. They hear that cutting back
             | on carbs has been shown to have some benefits, and they
             | think this means they have to cut back from the 50-60%
             | calories from carbs diets they are on to 5-10%. That is
             | very hard since it eliminates most breads, pastas, rice,
             | potatoes, and deserts. It is costly and/or time consuming
             | to maintain such a diet. Most who try will fail for those
             | reasons.
             | 
             | In fact much of the benefits from reducing carbs will come
             | with a more modest reduction to around 40%, which can be
             | achieved without having to largely give up the
             | aforementioned foods. It is much easier to stick with it
             | when you can still eat at most restaurants, including most
             | fast food places.
        
         | MonkeyMalarky wrote:
         | People ate fast food and drove everywhere in 80s/90s what
         | changed that it's worse now?
        
           | lancesells wrote:
           | Fast food portions being larger, poorer eating habits passed
           | on from generation to generation, the internet, the
           | smartphone, presumably more stress and anxiety.
        
             | pc86 wrote:
             | Are fast food portions actually larger? I remember getting
             | super sized combos when I was a kid (maybe even in HS, I
             | forget when they got rid of them) but they're gone now, and
             | on the rare occasion I get fast food the portions seem
             | reasonable.
        
               | yamtaddle wrote:
               | > Are fast food portions actually larger?
               | 
               | Oh my god, yes.
               | 
               | "Free refills" also didn't become standard until some
               | time in the 90s. In the 80s, a refill cost money and
               | often the cups were smaller to begin with. You'd buy a
               | pitcher (just like with beer) if you wanted a lot at a
               | bit of a discount. You can see this on an ad on a pizza
               | hut in the skater movie Gleaming the Cube, near the end
               | of the film. Now the idea of buying a pitcher of soda
               | makes no sense because everywhere has free refills, but
               | almost none did in the 80s. In the early 90s some places
               | did but it was often just during certain hours (lunch,
               | say) as a draw. It spread from there until it became
               | normal, fast-food joints started letting you fill (and
               | re-fill) your own cup, et c.
        
               | mathewsanders wrote:
               | I moved from New Zealand to the United States and one of
               | my early culture shocks was the large portion sizes. I'd
               | order food to go and it would easily be two meals.
               | 
               | I wondered if it was some sort of expectation that when
               | you ordered food at a restaurant that there was always
               | excess you could take home in a 'doggy bag' which seems
               | to be fairly common in the US but not typical in my
               | experience in NZ or Australia.
               | 
               | I've definitely become accustomed to it and I can now eat
               | that full American sized serving :(
               | 
               | Funnily enough, most of the time the cheeseburgers are
               | smaller here in the US than NZ!
        
               | Hnrobert42 wrote:
               | Drink sizes are WAY bigger. I remember small fries used
               | to come in a little white paper sleeve. In the US, I
               | haven't seen those in years.
               | 
               | That said, this 2011 study from Cambridge University says
               | portion sizes have not grown significantly.
               | 
               | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-
               | the-n...
        
               | pc86 wrote:
               | I received one of those paper sleeves the last time I
               | went through a drive through maybe 4 or 5 weeks ago, but
               | that's not to say the sleeve itself didn't get larger.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | The "cost to supersize" seems to me (but I have no proof,
               | maybe I have more money now) to have gone down relative
               | to the meal cost, so it's more and more of a "no brainer"
               | upgrade.
               | 
               | Maybe if they were required to price it backwards, where
               | the meal costs $x and you can get a _ten percent
               | discount_ if you order small, that would  "trick" people
               | into eating less.
        
           | galangalalgol wrote:
           | The paper talks about epigenetics and these chemicals, but
           | isn't it possible the diet and lack of physical activity
           | affected future generations as well? If not via epigenetics,
           | perhaps via gut flora being passed down and spread?
           | 
           | They talk about lab animals with controlled diets and
           | activity becoming fatter on average over the decades, and
           | point to chemicals as the only possible culprit. I find that
           | quite possible or even probable, but isn't it also possible
           | the gut flora is evolving to be more efficient at processing
           | modern food?
        
         | elil17 wrote:
         | Just saying "cheeseburgers" or "calories in, calories out"
         | fails to explain why people eat more calories now than they did
         | before. There is a vague, and I think very unhelpful, sense in
         | society today that this is some sort of mass moral failing. In
         | reality there are a few factors that could, alone or in
         | combination, explain this change in average behavior. The most
         | convincing to me: chemicals could be messing with our endocrine
         | systems and making us hungrier or food scientists could be
         | designing more appealing food that just overloads our desires
         | to eat.
        
           | adrian_b wrote:
           | As an anecdotal experience, I have stopped eating any kind of
           | commercial bread many years ago, despite the fact that I like
           | bread.
           | 
           | The reason was that I could not become satiated when eating
           | commercial bread, before eating huge quantities, which filled
           | me up. It is much easier for me to not start eating something
           | than to stop after beginning to eat, so I gave up completely
           | on eating bread.
           | 
           | Nevertheless, I have started this year to make at home a
           | bread every day when I wake up, which I eat at breakfast.
           | Unlike commercial bread, this home-made bread satiates me
           | completely without eating too much of it, and until late in
           | the evening, when I usually have my 2nd daily meal.
           | 
           | This was unexpected and I am wondering about the cause. One
           | possible reason is because this home-made bread is more
           | protein-rich than commercial bread, because before baking I
           | wash the dough for a few minutes, to remove a part of the
           | starch.
           | 
           | There is also the possibility that it might matter that this
           | is pure bread, made of flour and water without anything else
           | added, unlike the commercial bread, which includes a huge
           | list of additives. I believe that the additives may also have
           | an influence because, as far as I remember, with the bread
           | eaten when I was a child I did not have the same problem of
           | lack of satiety like with the modern commercial bread.
        
             | elil17 wrote:
             | It could also be that home made bread is chewier and so it
             | takes longer to eat, or that it's a psychological effect
             | from having made it yourself.
        
               | adrian_b wrote:
               | I do not think that there is any psychological reason,
               | because I was very surprised by this, as it was contrary
               | to my expectations.
               | 
               | However you are right that it is chewier than commercial
               | bread and I have also thought that this may be an
               | additional explanation. I believe that the longer chewing
               | time contributes to the satiation effect, but it cannot
               | explain all of it, as I remain satiated for many hours,
               | and I do not believe that the extra chewing can have a
               | lasting effect.
               | 
               | In any case the fact that most modern food requires much
               | less chewing than traditional food is indeed a likely
               | contributory factor to the tendency of eating more at a
               | meal than it was common for the previous generations.
        
           | dayvid wrote:
           | Spend 2 days and write down everything you eat or drink in a
           | spreadsheet with calorie count (including oil and
           | condiments). Use a digital scale if possible for more
           | accurate measurement. The answer will be glaringly obvious.
           | 
           | Most people don't do this and spend their lives wondering why
           | they can't control their weight.
           | 
           | Some quick culprits: sodas and juices (huge amount of
           | calories), excess oil in food cooking (oil has a ton of
           | calories), side dishes and snacks (chips, French fries,
           | crackers, etc.).
           | 
           | On the satiety level, if you eat out a lot or processed
           | foods, most have little fiber and aren't that satiating (e.g.
           | you can eat a whole bag of chips or thing of crackers and
           | want more). Either more fiber or protein.
           | 
           | Really the main solution is to limit eating out if you live
           | in America. I eat out once a day maximum. Otherwise you'll
           | most likely hit a caloric surplus.
        
             | acuozzo wrote:
             | > Most people don't do this and spend their lives wondering
             | why they can't control their weight.
             | 
             | My experience with obese and morbidly obese individuals in
             | the northeast US suggests to me that the problem is more
             | related to mental health & addiction than a lack of
             | information & education.
        
             | bombcar wrote:
             | The immense marketing around "healthy" vs "unhealthy" food
             | has also contributed to it. Most people consider a glass of
             | orange juice to be "healthy" and a can of Coca Cola to be
             | "unhealthy" but a can of coke has 140 calories and the
             | exact same size of orange juice is 150 - but most people
             | drink a _glass_ of orange juice which is often 16-20
             | ounces, getting you up near 300 calories.
             | 
             | Sure the orange juice is probably "healthier" per calorie,
             | whatever that means, but you're still drinking a lot of
             | calories.
        
             | elil17 wrote:
             | Right, you'll see how many calories you eat. But you won't
             | see _why_ you eat that many calories. Plenty of people try
             | very hard to count and limit calories, but stories of
             | successful weight loss are still the minority of cases.
             | Most people can 't lose more than 10 or 15 pounds without
             | starting to get really hungry. Similarly, most people can't
             | intentionally gain more than 10 or 15 pounds without
             | starting to feel that they are unable to eat more.
             | 
             | You can say the main solution is not eating out, or
             | anything else, but the fact that losing weight is hard
             | demonstrates the fact that no solution is easy.
        
           | refurb wrote:
           | I lived in SE Asia for a while. Obesity is almost non-
           | existent, though rapidly increasing for children.
           | 
           | I tried to figure out why. Was it lifestyle? More manual
           | labor? No, even office workers weren't obese. Running was
           | viewed as some weird western habit. Few people went to the
           | gym. Most just went for walks for exercise.
           | 
           | Was it diet? Maybe. But plenty of local foods weren't exactly
           | healthy. Mostly processed carbs. Lots of salt. Plenty of deep
           | fried foods.
           | 
           | Then after eating like a local for a while I realized it.
           | Portion size. I'd say the average meal is maybe half the
           | portion size you'd get in the US. I'd go out to eat at a
           | restaurant and think "I'm not that hungry", then order
           | something anyways. But it was never a lot of food. Very
           | common for people to have a soup dish for lunch - maybe a few
           | strips of meat, an egg, a handful of noodles and ton of
           | vegetables. Add it all up and it's not many calories.
           | 
           | It looked to me like people weren't obese because _they ate
           | less_. But that was the societal norm. Sure people would
           | gorge themselves at special events like weddings or fancy
           | dinners out. But most of the time they were eating meals of
           | maybe 400-500 calories each.
        
             | elil17 wrote:
             | Or they have less exposure to obesogens and therefore don't
             | want to eat as much, leading restaurants to offer smaller
             | portion sizes. There's a correlation, but not necessarily a
             | causation.
        
             | bombcar wrote:
             | This is almost certainly the sum and totality of it. Edge
             | cases? Sure. But it's pretty obvious that portion size has
             | something to do with it, when a standard "American
             | breakfast" rocks in at near a thousand calories (before
             | adding juice and sides).
        
           | KaiserPro wrote:
           | In the UK average calorie intake has been dropping, but thats
           | negatively correlated to kids being fat.
           | 
           | I would suggest that the big change is the amount of activity
           | that an average kid does. which seems to be conducive to the
           | calories in/vs out. the cause of this is complex. But a lot
           | of it relates to stranger danger. Parents don't let their
           | kids out after school unattended (for various reasons) which
           | means they are inside not burning off as many calories.
           | 
           | The other thing to remember is that food is now cheap. Its
           | perfectly possible to be in the bottom 20% of the UK income
           | bracket and still have enough cash to eat more calories than
           | you need. (This is a good thing. People starving in the UK is
           | unforgivable.)
        
             | InitialLastName wrote:
             | Not just "stranger danger", but fewer people (in the US,
             | and AIUI increasingly other parts of the developed world)
             | live in a place where you can do anything without driving.
             | As a result, not only are children barred from operating
             | independently of their parents' time, but _everyone_ is
             | more sedentary, by nature of replacing active travel with
             | automotive travel at every opportunity.
        
             | bombcar wrote:
             | Also, it's not the activity that matters much as simply
             | being further away from food while doing it. The amount of
             | calories you burn running through a forest playing Robin
             | Hood is minuscule; but since you're thousands of feet
             | (miles even) from your fridge, you can't just continue to
             | eat all the time.
        
             | wtetzner wrote:
             | I suspect something we're eating more of now (seed oils,
             | chemicals in processed foods, something else?) is causing
             | us to store more fat that we otherwise would have. i.e. we
             | seem to store all excess calories as fat, but maybe that's
             | not actually what a healthy human body would do.
        
           | CharlieDigital wrote:
           | > fails to explain why people eat more calories now than they
           | did before
           | 
           | Wouldn't this also intuitively be related to the fact that a
           | calorie today is much, much "cheaper" (in terms of labor
           | required to acquire the calorie for both the producer and the
           | consumer) than a calorie was even 100 years ago due to
           | advancements in agriculture and distribution?
        
             | scarmig wrote:
             | To an extent, but we're 10x richer than we were in 1900; we
             | do not eat 10x as many calories. And it's poor people who
             | eat more calories now, not rich people.
        
               | CharlieDigital wrote:
               | > it's poor people who eat more calories now, not rich
               | people
               | 
               | That's my point; if you look at a map of obesity rates in
               | the US overlaid with a map of poverty, there's a very
               | strong correlation.
               | 
               | The cheap access to calories today makes it easier to
               | overconsume. In the past, the high cost of calories meant
               | that only the wealthy could really ever become obese
               | (outside of genetic factors).
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | The snide comment would be that obesity and unbearable
               | debt are indicators of lack of control, and that poor
               | people will have this more (because lack of control leads
               | to being poor).
               | 
               | But even if absolutely true, how do you solve for that?
               | Laws limiting what you can purchase/eat would simply be a
               | non-starter.
        
               | CharlieDigital wrote:
               | There have been many studies looking at this phenomenon.
               | 
               | One hypothesis is that this is due to "food deserts"
               | where the lack of access to fresh foods leads to over-
               | reliance on processed foods for caloric needs.
               | 
               | It is no coincidence that there is also a strong
               | correlation between food deserts (at a national and local
               | level) with lower income. The solution probably isn't
               | banning specific foods, but to solve the access problem
               | and address socio-economic factors. Better health and
               | nutrition education may also be key.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | The food desert thing should be testable, no? Like
               | identify one of the worst ones, and subsidize a normal
               | grocery store for however many years necessary, and see
               | what it has done?
        
               | scarmig wrote:
               | I mean, if we were confident one particular food source
               | contributes more to obesity than others, we have a
               | solution that we know would work: tax it (and ideally
               | dedicate revenues to some kind of universal food tax
               | credit). People would consume less of it at the margin
               | and then be less obese.
               | 
               | It would rankle some people, but so do taxes on alcohol
               | and nicotine. My big concern is that I'm skeptical
               | whether we can really identify those "bad" foods and that
               | even if we could whether we could ensure the government
               | would whitelist/blacklist the correct foods.
               | 
               | As far as lack of control goes, I'd be curious if
               | fatter/poorer people would do worse on some kind of adult
               | marshmallow test. Maybe see if you can get them to sit
               | perfectly still for 20 minutes in exchange for a monetary
               | reward. I don't have a strong sense that they'd do worse
               | than skinnier/richer people.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | That's the solution everyone wants "identify bad food and
               | tax/ban it" - but when apple juice has as much or more
               | calories than soda, what do you do? A per-calorie tax
               | might work if you rebated it correctly, but the mechanics
               | of that would be insane. Perhaps it could be tied to
               | basic income - we will tax calories at ten cents per
               | calorie, and give each person 2000 calories (200$) a day
               | ...
        
               | scarmig wrote:
               | That's interesting. A large side of fries at Macdonald's
               | would be $50 (though I suppose everything else would also
               | jump a lot in price). Definitely creates a strong
               | incentive to consume less.
               | 
               | Implementation wise, it probably would be best to begin
               | at something like half a cent per calorie and then
               | ratchet it up until we hit some target number (or until
               | we discover it doesn't actually influence behavior). Then
               | at the end of the year people get a $4000 dollar tax
               | credit.
        
             | TheCoelacanth wrote:
             | Possibly, but intuition is often wrong. We need actual
             | research to prove or disprove that hypothesis.
        
           | galangalalgol wrote:
           | And some of these metastidies indicate our measure of calorie
           | may be off. Lab rats fed controlled diets with measured
           | activity have gotten fatter over the decades. Somehow those
           | rats are extracting more energy from their food or becoming
           | more efficient at producing the measured amount of activity.
        
             | oneoff786 wrote:
             | The whole lab animals got fatter on controlled diets thing
             | is based on a single study. It's not a statistically
             | significant trend for rats. It is for mice. I don't have
             | any particular gripes with the methodology but I am not
             | totally convinced it's well controlled
             | 
             | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3081766/#!po=3
             | 5...
        
           | erispoe wrote:
           | It's also much easier to eat a very high amount of calories
           | in relatively little volume, compared to any other time in
           | history. It's very easy to eat thousands of calories in what
           | would be a healthy volume of vegetables. Pack more calories
           | and people will eat more calories before they actually feel
           | full.
        
           | slothtrop wrote:
           | > Just saying "cheeseburgers" or "calories in, calories out"
           | fails to explain why people eat more calories now than they
           | did before.
           | 
           | Junk foods at high-availability, low cost, offering low-to-
           | zero satiety per-calorie, and habit-forming addictive
           | potential. The answer is pretty much in your sentence. Add to
           | the fact, eating well on a budget requires you to prepare
           | food at home. Lots of pressures funnel people to obesity. In
           | the before-times (if you want to set your clock well before
           | the obesity epidemic), two-income households weren't a thing
           | for the most part and manufactured junk foods were a novelty
           | on the market. People kept more active even at leisure, with
           | tv being the novel and singular screen-based entertainment
           | device that not everyone could afford at outset.
        
             | elil17 wrote:
             | Sure, I think that's a very plausible explanation. It also
             | points to specific, testable policy changes. For example, a
             | government could build a low cost (subsidized), healthy
             | competitor to fast food. Alternatively, a government could
             | implement a comprehensive "sin tax" scheme on "low quality"
             | calories coupled with expanded food stamps (to ensure the
             | poorest people can afford healthy alternatives).
             | Governments could even go into food desserts and open
             | health-focused grocery stores. We could see if low cost/low
             | quality calories are the issue via a legislative
             | experiment.
        
               | bombcar wrote:
               | I've often thought that government-run "soup kitchens"
               | providing basic nutritional food in small portions should
               | be _everywhere_ - no requirements to eat there, if Bill
               | Gates and Buffet want to have lunch at the free soup
               | kitchen who cares.
        
               | slothtrop wrote:
               | I like the Japanese school-lunch system. Kids develop a
               | familiarity with real food, which stays with them into
               | adulthood (and reduces the likelihood of obesity ever
               | occurring), and parents don't have to worry about it.
        
         | WhompingWindows wrote:
         | What a low effort comment - as if burgers and cheese and big
         | ole pieces of meat didn't exist before plastics? HN's comments
         | are supposed to make the conversation more interesting and more
         | engaging.
        
         | xkbarkar wrote:
         | Would it change your perception if you look at overeating as a
         | symptom rather than a cause? A common enough symptom for
         | untreated diabetes is eccessive thirst. Why should some
         | ailments not cause lack of satiety or edcessive hunger. Or even
         | metabolic issues. Complex ones.
         | 
         | Imagine that the basis for the obesity pandemic may in fact lie
         | in other, lack of proper digestive bacteria and yeast for
         | example. I feel that pointing at obesity as just lazyness is
         | just not constructive. I am not obese and have never suffered
         | from it so this is not from a point of self defense. Just a
         | thought.
        
           | 2000UltraDeluxe wrote:
           | Regardless of the causes of the caloric intake, managing said
           | intake is still the responsibility of said individual. Unless
           | the chemicals involved block the ability to take dietary
           | decisions, of course, but that's a different discussion.
           | 
           | From my point of view as an obese individual: It _is_ the
           | cheeseburgers. And the lack of excersize. And the long days
           | working at a screen with few breaks.
           | 
           | Change is hard and bad habits are not easy to get rid of.
           | Especially when you've spent a few decades getting used to
           | them when you were young and unwise.
        
             | acuozzo wrote:
             | > Change is hard and bad habits are not easy to get rid of
             | 
             | Which is exactly why no expert in treating addiction
             | suggests using willpower to "cold turkey" as a treatment.
        
               | 2000UltraDeluxe wrote:
               | I don't think anyone suggested going cold turkey on food.
        
               | acuozzo wrote:
               | Your reply is delightfully pedantic.
        
             | seventhtiger wrote:
             | Can heroin addiction be treated with heroin intake
             | management?
        
               | 2000UltraDeluxe wrote:
               | Going cold turkey on food would be unhealthy, so some
               | kind of management _is_ required.
               | 
               | I didn't grow fat because I have a slow metabolism (and I
               | do), or because I'm addicted to a specific unhealthy type
               | of food; I'm fat because I made a major switch in
               | lifestyles (hard labour to desk job) without any changes
               | to my diet, and because I kept prioritizing other things
               | than my health for decades. After a while it became
               | obvious that change is needed, but boy is it difficult to
               | lose weight once you've had it for 20 years!
               | 
               | The solution is managing my diet. Sure, some variables
               | may change (such as chemicals affecting my body), but I
               | still need to keep consuming less calories than I burn in
               | order to do something about the issue.
        
               | seventhtiger wrote:
               | This nuance you're adding is not optional or dismissable.
               | It's essential complexity to solving the problem.
               | 
               | Calorie in calorie out is not false. It's just not
               | useful. Like saying to go to the moon you need to go up.
               | 
               | Calorie in is appetite. Calorie out is metabolism. The
               | specifics of how these are affected, and the solutions to
               | fixing them, are a lot more fruitful than reaffirming the
               | second law of thermodynamics.
        
         | samatman wrote:
         | A cheeseburger is a terrible metonym for unhealthy food.
         | 
         | The large fries and enormous glass of corn syrup aren't welded
         | to the burger, which has a perfectly fine nutritional profile
         | for an entree.
        
       | baremetal wrote:
       | There is an old saying "If you want something done right, you
       | have to do it yourself"
       | 
       | I take that to heart. Including what I put in my body. I have
       | little to no faith in modern food. And so I grow my own. I know
       | where it came from and what went into it. And yes, I have had my
       | soil tested.
       | 
       | Rely on modern food at your own peril. You are what you eat, as
       | they say.
        
       | hamiltonians wrote:
       | maybe the bmi is also wrong. if your index is labelng half or
       | more of ppl as diseased, maybe the index is broken. except for
       | jockeys, meth addicts, and runners, most men are going to be
       | aleast borerline overweight by 30. i dont know any thin people.
       | maybe we need to make drugs legal..that will fix it. perhaps
       | there is a good biological reason people weigh more, why fight
       | nature.
        
         | jscheel wrote:
         | BMI was not created to be a marker for health, it was created
         | by a mathematician to calculate government food allocations. It
         | blows my mind that we still use it.
        
       | dataflow wrote:
       | If we assume everyone agreed tomorrow that the cause is 100%
       | plastics, what can we actually do about this? What would our
       | lives look like if we were to address this?
        
         | Taikonerd wrote:
         | Probably not "ban all plastics." That's not practical.
         | 
         | But we _could_ do more research into what compounds
         | specifically are harmful, and then find substitutes for them.
        
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