[HN Gopher] Silicon Values
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Silicon Values
        
       Author : danaris
       Score  : 63 points
       Date   : 2022-08-29 14:19 UTC (8 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (pxlnv.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (pxlnv.com)
        
       | burlesona wrote:
       | The author asks us to consider if social media is so large it
       | should be a state regulated entity, then concludes with an
       | implicit argument for decentralization, or perhaps more
       | specifically anti-trust.
       | 
       | So we have two mental models: (1) ubiquitous social media like
       | YouTube is so large and important that it has become a public
       | service, or (2) ubiquitous social media like YouTube is so large
       | and dominant that it has become a monopoly.
       | 
       | The weird part about the "public service" argument is that it's
       | hard to say I would ever want tax dollars funding "video
       | distribution," while I don't have those qualms around
       | distributing water and electricity. Content feels different to
       | me. But maybe future generations will look back on that and
       | laugh.
       | 
       | The weird part about the monopoly argument is that the barriers
       | to entry for video hosting and distribution are low, and there
       | are many different social media platforms, so the only thing
       | YouTube has a monopoly on is... being YouTube. But perhaps that's
       | enough?
       | 
       | Ultimately I'm more sympathetic to the anti-trust argument, that
       | we should take action to break up mega platforms (although I'm
       | not sure what that action should be).
       | 
       | What has more appeal to me personally is establishing a
       | Constitutional Right to Privacy, then apply that right to ban
       | surveillance capitalism. (US-centric framing, sorry; I would
       | advocate all democracies adopt such a right.)
       | 
       | Such a right would mostly break up social media, with the side
       | effect being an unknown degree of harm to online platforms in
       | general since it's pretty hard to operate the server-client model
       | without tracking your clients. But we could work around that,
       | perhaps with local-first software, or by common-sense provisions
       | like the idea that a store can keep a record of your purchases,
       | it just can't share that record with others.
       | 
       | There's no obvious easy solution here, but this is a big society-
       | shaking problem so I think there's no doubt we _will_ take steps
       | to solve it, the only question is which path will we choose, and
       | how will it work out in the end?
        
         | NCC1701DEngage wrote:
         | Social media should be considered common carriers, like
         | telephone companies, delivery services, or transportation
         | services.
         | 
         | An airline or UPS cannot just say "We don't like your politics
         | so we will not ship your packages."
         | 
         | Social media is extremely similar to all these common carriers
         | in that they are a "content" delivery mechanism. They do not
         | decide what item is in a box or what message is in a phone
         | call, they just distribute the box or phone call from the
         | originator to the consumers. Similarly with social media
         | content the social media company distributes content they have
         | little control over through its distribution network. There is
         | little different from a social media account than a (teletype?)
         | conference telephone call with answering machines.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carrier
        
           | triceratops wrote:
           | Or...we can let ISPs be common carriers. As they used to be
           | in the US, until the "free speech" party decided to kill it.
           | 
           | Surely you'd agree that ISPs are closer to telephone
           | companies than social media is. So many telephone companies
           | _are_ ISPs.
           | 
           | I love another comment I read on here: "Speech is free, reach
           | isn't." Your ISP shouldn't be able to disconnect you because
           | of your words. But equally you aren't entitled to an audience
           | on MyFaceTubeTwit.
        
           | nickheer wrote:
           | An airline or UPS can absolutely say "we don't like the
           | contents of what you are shipping so we refuse to transport
           | it". UPS will not ship marijuana, even for medical purposes,
           | even in Canada where it is entirely legal. It won't ship
           | watches over $500 or ammunition.
           | 
           | I disagree with turning platforms into common carriers. As I
           | wrote, I think this misses the issue: a protocol should be a
           | common carrier, but a specific provider has no obligation to
           | host things it doesn't want to or do not make sense for
           | certain territories.
        
             | NCC1701DEngage wrote:
             | >An airline or UPS can absolutely say "we don't like the
             | contents of what you are shipping so we refuse to transport
             | it".
             | 
             | Cf.:
             | 
             | >An important legal requirement for common carrier as
             | public provider is that it cannot discriminate, that is
             | refuse the service unless there is some compelling reason.
             | 
             | ibid
             | 
             | I suppose you can make "compelling reason" arguments for
             | some things, but the default is carry.
             | 
             | Like, you may as well say "Well there are 'compelling
             | reasons' exceptions so theoretically people can do the
             | exact opposite of what the law says."
        
         | CharlesW wrote:
         | > _The weird part about the monopoly argument is that the
         | barriers to entry for video hosting and distribution are
         | low..._
         | 
         | They're low for Google, but prohibitively high for any
         | potential competitors. To me, this supports the argument that
         | YouTube is a monopoly.
         | 
         | https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/04/cheaper-bandwidth-or...
         | 
         |  _" Remember YouTube's $2 million-a-month bandwidth bill before
         | the Google acquisition? While it wasn't an overnight
         | transition, apply Google's data center expertise, and this cost
         | drops to about $666,000 a month."_
        
       | yazzku wrote:
       | It certainly does feel that The Rest of the World currently must
       | choose between one empire's surveillance machine or another's.
       | You point out that many of TikTok's employees come from Chinese
       | state media, but many higher-ups in Silicon Valley similarly come
       | from CIA or defense. The big platforms are an unofficial
       | extension of government to exert power and control.
       | 
       | > The question of how to apply more local customs and behaviours
       | to a global platform is, I believe, the defining challenge of the
       | next decade in tech.
       | 
       | Government involvement aside, banning targeted advertising could
       | be a start. Twitter and Facebook and others are centralized shit
       | shows primarily because that maximizes their advertising revenue.
        
       | kareemsabri wrote:
       | > But platforms like Rumble which trumpet their free speech
       | bonafides are missing the point: moderation is good, normal, and
       | reinforces free speech principles. It is right for platform
       | owners to decide the range of permissible posts.
       | 
       | This is a very Canadian take.
        
         | decebalus1 wrote:
         | I find it funny when people who spend most of their waking
         | hours under a de facto totalitarian leadership (the workspace)
         | expect that companies extend the same rights to their userbase
         | as the US constitution.
        
           | NavinF wrote:
           | > de facto totalitarian leadership (the workspace)
           | 
           | Can't relate
        
           | kareemsabri wrote:
           | I don't.
           | 
           | I wouldn't consider most workplaces I've been in totalitarian
           | - though maybe you've lived in some pretty nice totalitarian
           | countries I'm not aware of. But I also don't see why
           | customers shouldn't demand what they care about from
           | companies.
        
             | decebalus1 wrote:
             | Do you have any say in employee compensation?
             | 
             | Do you have any say in employee perks/benefits? I mean a
             | real say, not preferences which are allowed by some
             | benevolent analyst from HR.
             | 
             | If the CEO goes rogue and the company is private, can rank-
             | and-file employees oust them?
             | 
             | Can you vote out your manager or your manager's manager? Is
             | there even a process in place to do that?
             | 
             | Do you follow orders from management? What happens if you
             | don't?
             | 
             | What happens if you disobey your manager in a public
             | setting?
             | 
             | Can you get fired without notice? How about laid off?
             | 
             | Can you get fired because you said something?
             | 
             | Do you have a dresscode? What would happen to your
             | employment if you dressed like a clown in customer
             | meetings?
             | 
             | Do you risk getting fired if you start talking about
             | unionizing?
             | 
             | Do you get fired if you sue the company?
             | 
             | Can you bring a gun to work?
             | 
             | Does your employee handbook say something about how your
             | run your personal life? Does your employer have rights over
             | IP created outside of working hours? Can you get fired over
             | a DUI outside of company hours? Can you get fired for
             | smoking cigarettes in your free time?
             | 
             | etc..
             | 
             | Some literature for you:
             | https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32889465-private-
             | governm...
        
               | tqi wrote:
               | You're just describing any structure with a formal
               | hierarchy.
        
               | kareemsabri wrote:
               | I've listened to enough Richard Wolfe debates to know the
               | talking points. Dropping a book link isn't really helpful
               | in the context of this discussion, I'm not going to go
               | read your favorite book before I reply to you.
               | 
               | Yes I'm aware that corporations set up a legal hierarchy
               | in which management has more power than labor within the
               | corporation. I'm not going to go through your specific
               | questions one by one, since they're largely rhetorical,
               | though some of them don't have the answer you hope for.
               | Some people seem to interpret the lack of formal,
               | democratic processes with a totalitarian dictatorship.
               | I've personally witnessed the firing of C-suite execs in
               | response to employee revolts.
               | 
               | A totalitarian system requires _complete_ subservience.
               | Depending on your position in the labor market, your
               | leverage may vary. My objection isn 't to the notion that
               | the employer-employee power balance is lopsided in many
               | cases, to the point where some sectors of the economy are
               | exploitative, but rather that an office by it's nature is
               | akin to a totalitarian dictatorship. Maybe you're just
               | using that phrase for effect, or maybe you genuinely
               | think that working at Google and living in Egypt under
               | President Mubarak is a good comparison. To me it comes
               | off as a bit out of touch.
        
               | decebalus1 wrote:
               | There's no point in getting defensive, that's not my
               | favorite book and nobody expects you or anyone to
               | actually read it, let alone before replying. It's just a
               | reference to the ideas I mentioned, put in a more
               | academic format.
               | 
               | > maybe you genuinely think that working at Google and
               | living in Egypt under President Mubarak is a good
               | comparison
               | 
               | Nice way of picking two extremes to make a point. Also,
               | not sure what you're comparing here. Nobody is gonna kill
               | you at Google. You can get fired though (which is more or
               | less like some sort of corporate execution or something)
               | and if you're at the wrong end of a recession you're
               | gonna have a bad time.
               | 
               | Fine then, it seems I struck a nerve here. How about
               | authoritarian? Is that better? And maybe Russia instead
               | of Egypt. Would that be more palatable?
               | 
               | I did live under a totalitarian government myself. And to
               | be honest, I see a lot of the behaviors I grew up with,
               | in the current corporate culture (at least in the US). Do
               | I live a better life? Sure, of course, there's no doubt
               | about it. But that's solely because I submit to that
               | culture. But I will be kicked off the gravy train at the
               | first sign of dissent (same as under said dictatorship).
        
               | AnimalMuppet wrote:
               | > Nice way of picking two extremes to make a point. Also,
               | not sure what you're comparing here. Nobody is gonna kill
               | you at Google. You can get fired though (which is more or
               | less like some sort of corporate execution or something)
               | and if you're at the wrong end of a recession you're
               | gonna have a bad time.
               | 
               | You're the one claiming "totalitarian". But when someone
               | brings in _real_ totalitarian, you say  "hey, that's too
               | extreme". Um, yeah, that's the point. Your claim of
               | "totalitarian" is a bogus over-the-top rhetorical
               | flourish, and you have now pretty much agreed that it is.
        
               | decebalus1 wrote:
               | > You're the one claiming "totalitarian". But when
               | someone brings in real totalitarian, you say "hey, that's
               | too extreme".
               | 
               | I was referring to the comparison itself to be extreme.
               | There's a difference.
               | 
               | Can you define your view on what totalitarianism means?
               | And please don't use countries as examples. I think
               | there's a disconnect here and people are arguing
               | semantics and language accuracy while missing the
               | original point, which still stands.
        
               | AnimalMuppet wrote:
               | Nope. You chose the word; you made the claim. It's _your_
               | definition we 're arguing about; mine is irrelevant.
               | 
               | So if you've got a definition where your claim makes
               | sense, state it. Then we can argue about whether _your_
               | definition is reasonable. My definition is a distraction.
               | (I don 't know whether you were trying for a distraction
               | or not, but my definition isn't the point.)
        
               | kareemsabri wrote:
               | Fair enough. My defensiveness is based on the assumption
               | prevalent in these sorts of discussions that if you don't
               | share a viewpoint you are just suffering from
               | insufficient education on it.
               | 
               | I'm picking extremes because the OP made a blanket
               | statement about life in workplaces. They didn't say, life
               | as an Amazon warehouse worker is exploitative for
               | example. The statement was extreme to begin with. There
               | are lots of different types of workplaces in America. You
               | didn't really strike a nerve beyond I guess that I'm not
               | a huge fan of hyperbole / sloppy language.
               | 
               | I don't really think you'll get kicked off the gravy
               | train if you dissent at all. There's a good bit of anti-
               | capitalism, "tear down the system" type talk in tech.
               | That said, I agree with you that corporations are not
               | democratic organizations.
               | 
               | My first corporate job was as a cashier at a grocery
               | store. Yes, if I refused to wear the uniform, or ring up
               | customers when they stood in my line, I'd probably be
               | written up and after 3 write ups, fired. I guess you
               | could call that authoritarian. I don't see how it gets
               | you much though.
        
             | thundergolfer wrote:
             | Check out Philosopher Elizabeth Anderson and her work on
             | workplace democracy for more on how modern corporations are
             | like dictatorships and at least certainly anti-democratic.
             | Her New Yorker profile is very good, for an intro.
        
               | kareemsabri wrote:
               | I don't think they're all that democratic. But there's a
               | world of difference between democratic, which itself has
               | degrees, and being totalitarian.
        
             | nemothekid wrote:
             | > _I wouldn 't consider most workplaces I've been in
             | totalitarian_
             | 
             | Where did you work where you could vote for the CEO?
        
               | multiplegeorges wrote:
               | Not voting for the CEO doesn't make something
               | totalitarian.
        
               | ben_w wrote:
               | Ironically, I think one could argue that the military of
               | any democratic nation would pass that test despite being
               | a lot closer to totalitarian states[0] than almost all
               | modern companies.
               | 
               | [0] Not a judgement call, I think that is necessary given
               | what they do and the risks they have to be ready to face
               | the moment they are ordered to do so
        
               | kareemsabri wrote:
               | I don't think that's what totalitarian means.
        
         | multiplegeorges wrote:
         | Peace, order, and good government.
         | 
         | There's something to it. More people will be able to express
         | themselves fully and openly if a tiny minority isn't screaming,
         | throwing excrement, and/or threatening violence.
        
           | kareemsabri wrote:
           | So goes the argument. I don't think the author has really
           | proven it, it was pretty theoretical. It's not clear the tiny
           | minority won't just weaponize the powers that be to silence
           | those that disagree with them even further.
           | 
           | That said, I don't think free speech is a utilitarian
           | principle (greatest good for the greatest number) but rather
           | a deontological one, that it is wrong to muzzle an
           | individuals right to express themselves as a first order
           | effect. The author's argument describes second or nth order
           | effects.
        
         | JacobThreeThree wrote:
         | Do people think that Rumble doesn't have a moderation policy
         | and moderation team?
         | 
         | https://rumble.com/s/terms#policies
        
         | nickheer wrote:
         | For what it is worth, Rumble is Canadian and I linked to an
         | American writer in justifying the latter part of my argument.
        
           | kareemsabri wrote:
           | Yeah, it was a bit tongue in cheek. I'm also Canadian.
        
             | nickheer wrote:
             | Sorry I missed that. Whoops. Sorry.
        
       | SQueeeeeL wrote:
       | >At the beginning of the book, York points to a 1946 U.S. Supreme
       | Court decision, Marsh v. Alabama, which held that private
       | entities can become sufficiently large and public to require them
       | to be subject to the same Constitutional constraints as
       | government entities.
       | 
       | We actually live beyond a time where this is possible. The
       | political conditions of the US have basically deteriorated to
       | where any meaningful regulation of corporations can't really
       | happen because of the changing laws around how corporate
       | contributions to political campaigns work. It actively hurts
       | whichever political party attempts to regulate (by reducing
       | finical contributions/increasing them to the other party or
       | rivals in primaries who "stay in their lane".)
       | 
       | The only group who benefits from regulation are individuals who
       | live in the country, which really isn't enough to get laws
       | passed.
        
         | tablespoon wrote:
         | > The political conditions of the US have basically
         | deteriorated to where any meaningful regulation of corporations
         | can't really happen because of the changing laws around how
         | corporate contributions to political campaigns work.
         | 
         | It's also probably worth drawing distinctions around the
         | different meanings of "corporate." The sense of "large for-
         | profit, limited liability business entity" has eclipsed all
         | other meanings, which is a shame.
        
         | fintechjock wrote:
         | > The political conditions of the US have basically
         | deteriorated to where any meaningful regulation of corporations
         | can't really happen because of the changing laws around how
         | corporate contributions to political campaigns work.
         | 
         | I've run a US Senate campaign. We raised tens of millions of
         | dollars, and I can confidently say that corporate donations
         | made no impact in any policy decisions - on the campaign or the
         | official side.
         | 
         | That extends to individual donations as well. The caps are
         | ~$10,000 per couple. Considering the cost of a federal
         | campaign, no person or corporation can buy a campaign when
         | costs are in the tens of millions and contribution caps are in
         | the thousands.
        
         | CartyBoston wrote:
         | I agree with your assessment as of today, we can accomplish
         | some amazing things by electing different leaders over time
         | though. I read this as a call to activism.
        
         | whatshisface wrote:
         | If contributions to both parties get reduced equally, what's
         | the issue?
        
         | spamizbad wrote:
         | I actually think the biggest hurdle won't be political
         | obstacles but judicial ones. The courts have been reshaped to
         | be extremely deferential to the interests of business/capital.
         | And these court decisions cannot be narrowly interpreted enough
         | to say "These laws apply to Twitter (a website the vast
         | majority of Americans do NOT use), but cannot apply to Walmart
         | (A business a majority of Americans _do_ utilize) "
        
         | jmeister wrote:
         | This is wrong and out-of-date for multiple reasons.
         | 
         | 1. Corporate spending in politics has had negligible impact
         | after Citizens United: https://www.nber.org/papers/w30352
         | 
         | 2. These days, the ostensibly pro-business party(GOP) gets more
         | of its money from individuals and SME donors than the
         | Democratic party.
         | 
         | Your real problem is public opinion itself. The public in
         | America simply trusts corporations over government
         | institutions(except maybe the military). David Shor has
         | great(but damning for progressives) analyses of this
         | phenomenon.
        
           | germinalphrase wrote:
           | Your NBER resource is specific only to the impact of
           | corporate spending on _state-level tax policy_ , not
           | "politics" writ large.
        
           | lbwtaylor wrote:
           | While the article you cite does not identify changes to US
           | state taxation, in this period we've had an incredible
           | reduction in corporate taxation at the federal level, so I'm
           | not sure I find the research paper convincing for the larger
           | point being discussed.
        
           | dnissley wrote:
           | Ironically the above take about money in politics is _so
           | popular_ that the narrative around it is basically impossible
           | to change at this point (at least among people left of
           | center). I don 't think any amount of evidence could change
           | most people's minds, and I've tried many times.
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | jacobolus wrote:
           | Hint: when you say "Democrat party" rather than "Democratic
           | Party" you are giving away your game too easily. This is what
           | GOP partisans call the party as an intentional slight. The
           | only ordinary people I ever hear use this name are those who
           | habitually watch Fox News.
        
             | jefftk wrote:
             | Context and history:
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(epithet)
        
               | jmeister wrote:
               | I didn't know the history behind the pejorative usage.
               | Thanks for pointing out.
               | 
               | EDIT: I'm a recentish immigrant, so help me out with this
               | inconsistency: Why Democrats and not Democratics? Why
               | Republicans and not Republics?
        
               | pc86 wrote:
               | Democrat is a noun, Democratic is an adjective.
               | Republican is both (depending on context).
               | 
               | "Republican" and "Democratic" are modifying the noun
               | "Party" when referring to the political organizations, so
               | you use the adjective in those cases.
        
               | jmeister wrote:
               | Thanks!
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | ad404b8a372f2b9 wrote:
             | There is no game to be given away, this is not sports and
             | these are not teams to be cheered for or jeered against.
             | The modern version of the Godwin's law is people bringing
             | up dog-whistling in a conversation.
        
             | peteradio wrote:
             | And yet Democrat's party or party of Democrats is entirely
             | correct. How exactly is it supposed to be interpreted as a
             | slight in this day and age?
        
             | jwond wrote:
             | Seems like tilting at windmills to me.
             | 
             | Republicans are members of the Republican party
             | 
             | Democrats are members of the Democrat party
        
         | wpietri wrote:
         | > meaningful regulation of corporations can't really happen
         | 
         | Isn't that overstating the case?
         | 
         | I agree corporate lobbyists have an outsized and often harmful
         | impact. But just recently we have seen California moving toward
         | ending sales of gasoline-powered cars. Or at the federal level,
         | greenhouse gasses are now legally a pollutant that the EPA can
         | regulate. With just one more Democratic senator, we would have
         | seen the end of the carried-interest loophole. And organized
         | labor, which serves as an important check on corporate power,
         | has been on the rise, in part due to Federal support.
         | 
         | I'll also note that places like Facebook, although not yet
         | particularly regulated, are running scared from a lot of
         | proposed legislation, and so are increasing transparency and
         | reducing harm in hopes of heading it off. That too checks
         | corporate power, and is a strong sign that they don't see
         | themselves as untouchable.
         | 
         | Personally, although the challenges are large, I think there's
         | a fair bit of cause for optimism.
        
       | AlexandrB wrote:
       | > The problem is that I should not be able to find so many
       | similarities in the use of technology as a form of soft power,
       | and certainly not for spying, between a democratic nation and an
       | authoritarian one.
       | 
       | This sums up my feelings nicely. Western governments are quietly
       | outsourcing surveillance to private companies. "Social credit" as
       | a formal system may be limited to China, but between government,
       | insurers, and employers using data from data brokers to make
       | decisions about people in the west, we're not far from building
       | our own ad-hoc version.
        
         | peteradio wrote:
         | A difference is that in a market driven economy it may turn out
         | to be a losing strategy (fingers crossed).
        
           | Cyberdog wrote:
           | Sadly, government behavior is rarely reigned in by the
           | market.
        
       | Bakary wrote:
       | I often have periods of anglosphere fatigue where hearing about
       | the same values, debates, and cultural norms every day starts to
       | take its toll. That's why learning languages is so
       | psychologically helpful.
        
         | Cyberdog wrote:
         | Are you saying all Anglophones have the same values and norms?
         | That's an odd take.
         | 
         | I mean, foreign language learning is great and I'd definitely
         | encourage people to do it, but if your true goal is just to
         | break out of whatever echo chamber of ideas you find yourself
         | in, there's easier ways to go about it.
        
       | bovermyer wrote:
       | I wonder if the takeaway here is that we should be less global
       | and more local in all of our interactions with each other.
       | 
       | If one of the problems here is that the one-size-fits-all
       | approach is dangerous and counterproductive in social networks,
       | then it seems an experiment in local-only networks is worth
       | investigating.
        
         | RichardCNormos wrote:
         | > an experiment in local-only networks is worth investigating.
         | 
         | That's what church is. The experiment has been successful for
         | at least 2,000 years.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | paulryanrogers wrote:
           | For definitions of 'success' so narrow as to be useless, if
           | not harmful. Having been raised and spent decades in
           | churches, even the most liberal are toxic places that pollute
           | the mind with fallacies, platitudes, or worse.
        
           | shitpostbot wrote:
        
           | Eupraxias wrote:
           | It's a good model, and more active church communities would
           | likely be a net positive for society. But the model does come
           | with some nasty side-effects, not the least of which is a
           | required subscription to the invisible-friend belief service.
        
             | CharlesW wrote:
             | As a former Catholic, subscription authentication is not
             | strict. It's also apparently not difficult to get admin
             | privileges -- one of the priests teaching at my tiny high
             | school was gay, and the pastors of both churches in my
             | small midwestern town were eventually discovered to have
             | been uncomfortably handy with children.
             | 
             | In the faith, the joke is that all Catholics are "a la
             | carte Catholics" to some degree or another. Many will even
             | dismiss papal _ex-cathedra_ statements that they don 't
             | like, even though papal infallibility is Catholic dogma.
        
               | Eupraxias wrote:
               | This is among the reasons I very nearly converted to
               | Catholicism, though doesn't everyone have to at least
               | believe in the divinity of Jesus?
               | 
               | I've always thought that churches should solicit people
               | of the same general morality to participate, regardless
               | of god-belief. As such, it's sad that there isn't
               | something like a community church that filled this need
               | for those of on the outside.
               | 
               | Speaking of admin privies, I can verify. I had a close
               | friend many years ago who was a card-carrying member of
               | the Church of Satan. He went on to become a Catholic
               | priest, swear to God.
        
             | 082349872349872 wrote:
             | I understand some Unitarians only ask of their congregants
             | that they believe in _at most_ one god.
             | 
             | Edit: upon reflection, the side-effects are probably
             | contained in the etymology of the english adjective
             | 'parochial'
        
             | invalidOrTaken wrote:
             | Empirically, that side effect is in actuality an
             | engineering constraint.
        
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