[HN Gopher] Using satellites to uncover large methane emissions ...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Using satellites to uncover large methane emissions from landfills
        
       Author : jacquesm
       Score  : 138 points
       Date   : 2022-08-11 08:56 UTC (14 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.science.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.science.org)
        
       | kingkawn wrote:
       | A city where a friend of mine lives harvests methane from a local
       | dump and uses it to power ice rinks
        
         | onemoresoop wrote:
         | Harvesting methane from landfills sounds like a good idea but
         | is it feasible and scalable in other places?
        
           | Melting_Harps wrote:
           | > Harvesting methane from landfills sounds like a good idea
           | but is it feasible and scalable in other places?
           | 
           | It is with the right incentive(s), moreover, many landfills
           | in the US are forced to have to install caps that require a
           | substantial investment on the landfill municipality, which
           | simply don't have the funds to do so.
           | 
           | Vespene just closed on a $4 million [0] round, and are set to
           | have a working prototype in CA this year: the business model
           | is actually really elegant use of GHG without the need to
           | install incredibly expensive infrastructure to send the power
           | to the grid and can in turn use the same model that miners
           | who have recaptured the flares from remote Oil and Gas
           | refiners and convert waste CH4 into C02, which is more stable
           | GHG but can also be further recaptured once an auxiliary
           | purpose is found--greenhouse prototypes have been a thing
           | that many miners have experimented with and something like
           | genetic research-grade hemp products could be the solution.
           | 
           | When people on HN complain about how little is being done by
           | tech to offset GHG and subsequent climate change [1] they
           | should really just be looking at themselves and where they
           | work, because as a staunch environmentalist I can't think of
           | a single form of non-research based tech in renewables that
           | has incentivized so many to invest and build recapturing
           | systems via it's economic incentive--be it relocating miners
           | to capture excess hydro in China, to now this.
           | 
           | The model is based on incentives and inducements, which as
           | we've seen in the 13 years is the only viable option, and
           | we're now getting to a matured incentives model (after lots
           | of failures) and as this scales we will reach an inducement
           | model where it is the only sound strategy to offset landfill
           | expenses, reduce damaging release of GHG, and comply with
           | environmental standards that should have been in place all
           | along, but are only possible now after the Climate Bill.
           | 
           | Honestly, people here are so opposing of something they
           | didn't get to reap wild benefits from and dismiss it entirely
           | to their own detriment because if they really cared about
           | what is discussed in the most recent heatwave thread they'd
           | be capable of looking beyond their own biases and see a much
           | more viable network to bring about effective solutions
           | towards climate change.
           | 
           | 0: https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/08/09/a-renewable-
           | ene...
           | 
           | 1: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32396651
        
         | throwaway48294 wrote:
         | The city I live in does something like this too! I thought it
         | was pretty cool: https://www.wakegov.com/departments-
         | government/waste-recycli...
         | 
         | > The Landfill Gas-to-Energy facility is currently producing
         | +-8.5 Megawatts of continuous power. 8.5 Megawatts of
         | electricity can power a minimum of 8,500 homes during peak
         | demand and about 17,000 homes off peak.
        
         | aaron695 wrote:
        
       | CTDOCodebases wrote:
       | I know that it is a polarising topic but it is possible to
       | capture this methane and convert it into Bitcoin for a profit.[0]
       | 
       | [0] https://www.whatbitcoindid.com/podcast/turning-garbage-
       | into-...
        
         | janandonly wrote:
         | This is a great option because it helps small and poor
         | municipalities to retrieve the initial cost of setup up a
         | Methane based power plant.
         | 
         | After some x years of BTC mining, the initial investment is
         | fully paid back. Afterwards, they can choose to continue mining
         | BTC or simply hook up the power plant to the electricity grid.
         | 
         | A classic win-win.
        
         | zwirbl wrote:
         | You could also use the generated electricity for something more
         | useful
        
           | nuccy wrote:
           | /sarcasm Or you can just burn it like Russia does [1] in
           | enormous scales, just because they cannot stop gas production
           | while reducing the transport to Europe to increase economic
           | pressure.
           | 
           | 1. https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/wfxzjr/russia_is_
           | no...
        
             | Silverback_VII wrote:
             | I still don't understand why Moscow doesn't look like Dubai
             | with all the resources Russians have.
        
               | redwood wrote:
               | The national wealth is not reinvested and instead is
               | extracted by kleptocrats and invested into places like
               | Miami and Dubai..
               | 
               | Honestly the bigger tragedy is that they're unable to put
               | their brilliant population with wonderful education to
               | use building a modern economy and instead put their minds
               | in a vice, put them in prison, and force them to flee in
               | droves. It's really a human tragedy
        
               | cpursley wrote:
               | Are you actually familiar with Russia (or just the
               | Reddit/Twitter depiction of Russia)?
               | 
               | For one, Russia has a lower prison population than the
               | USA. And that's even with some absolutely ridiculous and
               | archaic laws.
               | 
               | Russian consumer and tech companies are on par or in many
               | cases, surpass the US. Yandex Taxi (and their other
               | services), Ozon, Wildberries, Kusvil (grocery), banking
               | mobile apps, shipping/logistics services - these are just
               | some examples.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | Not the poster, but I know quite a few native Russians
               | and their description of the corruption and looting
               | matches the posters description.
        
               | cpursley wrote:
               | When was the last time they lived in Russia? That was
               | true in the 90s and 2000's but things have changed
               | drastically in the past 10 years.
        
               | lazide wrote:
               | About that time, but have family and friends in Moscow
               | and used to visit regularly until the war. What they
               | noted is had started to get better (albeit still with
               | corruption and kleptocrats everywhere outside of the big
               | Moscow foreign companies) then with the sanctions
               | everything imploded again - but it was still pretty
               | awful.
               | 
               | They're pretty left leaning and the wife is in tech and
               | had to leave because of the blatant discrimination/sexism
               | against her though, so I'm sure that weighs heavily on
               | her analysis.
        
               | redwood wrote:
               | I'm guessing you live in Moscow? the rest of the country
               | is half way between a developing economy and a western
               | state in terms of quality of living, and that's all on
               | top of the fact that Russia is pursuing a violent war of
               | aggression, by choice, against a large European-leaning
               | neighbor.
        
               | cpursley wrote:
               | No, but I've spent time living in Russia (outside Moscow)
               | and understand enough Russian to get by.
               | 
               | A Russian friend of mine recently ordered a fresh avocado
               | from the Delivery Club app and had it delivered to his
               | front door within 15 mins. For like $2. And that's after
               | 6 or 7 packages of sanctions and getting cut off from
               | SWIFT.
               | 
               | Yep, sounds like a place that's dysfunctional and on the
               | verge of collapsing...
        
               | redwood wrote:
               | Intimately familiar. The culture is so beaten down by
               | totalitarianism that no one even feels comfortable
               | speaking out even to their friends. All of the tech
               | you're mentioning was built during a unique period of
               | access to western technology that is now going to be
               | harder and harder to get. You're hitting the nail on the
               | head that during that period it was the perfect moment
               | for Russia to change and it was what the west was betting
               | on. The tragedy is that without institutions to nurture
               | an open society Russia became a totalitarian state yet
               | again and that has now gone beyond oppressing its own
               | people into living in squalor by western standards and
               | now into violently attempting to destroy a large western
               | leaning country: we're seeing a nightmare play out.
        
               | cpursley wrote:
               | > Intimately familiar
               | 
               | So you're Russian or spent time living there?
               | 
               | Have you visited in the past 5 years or so?
        
               | cpursley wrote:
               | You can't really compare the two as one was a greenfield
               | top-down project while the other is an old already built-
               | out and developed city.
               | 
               | And have you been to Moscow lately?
               | 
               | Current situation aside, Moscow is easily one of the
               | cleanest and most well functioning cities in Europe.
               | There's plenty of construction and a lot of renovation.
               | They recently completed their second ring metro line
               | (second!) complete with beautiful and unique stations:
               | 
               | https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/12/08/moscow-metro-
               | opens...
               | 
               | It's actually shocking to land there after spending a
               | couple days in NYC. I'd (and many Russians) would argue
               | that there's actually too much investment in Moscow and
               | not enough outside of it.
               | 
               | A lot of Westerns have an distorted understanding of what
               | Moscow is actually like due to how it's (intentionally)
               | depicted in Hollywood. If you want to get an idea of what
               | Moscow feels like check YouTube for the "Lost in Moscow"
               | channel and just scroll through a bunch of their videos.
               | Here's an example:
               | 
               | https://youtu.be/h6vpRtbuJfM
        
               | richiebful1 wrote:
               | Agreed. As an American who lived in Moscow, I would
               | consider retiring there if Russia wasn't actively hostile
               | to the West. Excellent public transit, much lower cost of
               | living vs the United States, commuter train (electrichka)
               | access to the countryside
        
               | wongarsu wrote:
               | The way Russia transitioned from Socialist to Capitalist
               | was a bit of a mess. The widely accepted best practice
               | was to sell state-owned companies to raise capital to
               | operate the state. But Russia didn't want to sell to
               | Western countries for obvious reasons, and citizens from
               | the former Soviet Union weren't well equipped to pay fair
               | prizes. So companies more or less went for pennies to
               | those who could call in the most favors, cementing the
               | corruption that already plagued the USSR.
               | 
               | Of course there are also other factors, like Russia
               | spending a bunch on things that it deems strategically
               | necessary, but that don't result in immediate money flows
               | (like subsidizing cites beyond the Ural).
        
             | moffkalast wrote:
             | That is really both hilarious and depressing.
        
             | ZeroGravitas wrote:
             | Burning it is better than venting it unburned, which is
             | still subsidized in the US (though some recent, bipartisann
             | EPA changes will hopefully reduce this).
             | 
             | Russia also leaks lots of it unburned too, which new
             | satellite tech will be able to track, so hopefully there
             | will be a global improvement on this front with well
             | regulated oil and gas production being carbon taxed less
             | than irresponsible production.
             | 
             | An easy win, once you can confront people with irrefutable
             | evidence, but sad it takes that do something so simple.
        
             | moonchrome wrote:
             | Russia should generate bitcoin with that. And people say
             | blockchain isn't a solution for everything.
        
               | Semaphor wrote:
               | Hm, now I wonder. Would that actually make sense for
               | them? They'd have the hardware costs upfront, but could
               | then actually use the gas instead of just burning it. Or
               | do they not have enough gas power plants to use all that
               | excess gas? Anyone with background information and/or
               | some napkin math? ;)
        
               | misja111 wrote:
               | Yeah this is exactly what the world needs.
               | 
               | Finally we have a killer use case for Bitcoin: allow
               | Russia to circumvent Western European sanctions by
               | burning fossil fuels and generating money to buy weapons
               | for their war in Ukraine.
        
               | moonchrome wrote:
               | Nvidia would be all for it if it involved ETH.
        
             | greggsy wrote:
             | I hadn't considered the momentum of outflows across the gas
             | supply chain. Interesting.
        
           | throwaway0a5e wrote:
           | I.e. just pipe it to a genset and just contribute to the
           | local power grid.
        
           | sharperguy wrote:
           | The issue is that in the majority locations, the amount of
           | energy to be recaptured is too low, and the location of the
           | landfill is too remote to justify building the infrastucture
           | to distribute it. With bitcoin mining, the energy can be used
           | on-site.
        
         | leetnewb wrote:
         | There are many landfill gas projects operating in the US - see
         | https://www.epa.gov/lmop/project-and-landfill-data-state
        
         | janandonly wrote:
         | Ted Cruz seems to agree on that:                 Ted Cruz Says
         | Bitcoin Mining Can Fix Texas' Crumbling Electric Grid.
         | 
         | https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg8yj8/ted-cruz-says-bitcoin...
        
           | Melting_Harps wrote:
           | > Ted Cruz seems to agree on that:
           | 
           | Honestly, even as an optimistic Bitcoiner that is too much of
           | a stretch; Texas' electricity grid is a nightmare of Enron
           | proportions, and at best Bitcoin can provide stabilizers to
           | the grid to offset some unnecessary expenses and turn off
           | it's mining operations when the grid becomes overwhelemed by
           | demand, what is really needed there is much more than what
           | BTC can provide.
           | 
           | It's use and investment into Wind is laudable, but what is
           | needed as complete overhaul of how ERCOT does business, and I
           | honestly doubt a corrupt politician like Ted Cruz (or anyone
           | else from that state) will actually do anything about that as
           | he will just go to Mexico when the grid fails... again.
           | 
           | I said Texas was a bad place to relocate those miners after
           | China banned it, and yet it still provides a significant
           | amount of the hashing power proving the point that it cannot
           | be banned, and even more showed up after the uprising
           | situation in Kazakhstan earlier this year--El Salvador or
           | Tonga could have used them, or even Iceland would have been a
           | better choice. And still it went ahead and mining operations
           | were backed by tech 'luminaries' like Peter Thiel, which were
           | followed by continuous winter and summer based outages and
           | blackouts, proving that just coaxing something as energy
           | demanding as BTC is far more complex than just shoe-horning
           | something that sounds 'green.'
        
       | mistrial9 wrote:
       | MethanSAT project description
       | 
       | https://www.methanesat.org/2021/06/28/edf-announces-satellit...
        
       | karol wrote:
       | Why bother with mini farts when there are far larger methane
       | leaks? https://www.ecowatch.com/methane-leak-russia-coal-
       | mine.html A clear case of over-focusing on the problem.
       | 
       | Should I applaud that in a few years we will be able to visualise
       | individual animals' methane emissions when clearly this follows a
       | Pareto distribution and shutting down the largest offenders will
       | have the greatest impact.
       | 
       | Instead it seems we want to congratulate ourselves again that we
       | created more data points about our methane-guilt. It is clear to
       | me that if this kind of tech can be used to slap fines on people
       | it will. And so we can create new markets for allowable methane
       | emissions!
        
         | ZeroGravitas wrote:
         | That was the same satellite source that was used in this paper.
         | 
         | https://mobile.twitter.com/ghgsat/status/1537051266127482880
         | 
         | https://www.ghgsat.com/en/case-studies/coal-mining-methane/
         | 
         | So now they have the data they should only look at Russian coal
         | mines?
        
         | DFHippie wrote:
         | Why not do what we can rather than shake our fists at greater
         | problems we cannot address?
         | 
         | We fine people for littering even though there are also
         | murders.
        
       | ZeroGravitas wrote:
       | See also https://www.methanesat.org/
        
         | franksvalli wrote:
         | Woot, thanks for the plug! I work at MethaneSAT with a bunch of
         | smart folks trying to make this happen (have to also say we're
         | hiring ;)).
        
       | defrost wrote:
       | Nitrous Oxide from Nitrogen fertilizedrs applied to broadacre
       | grains is another gas being watched and thought about:
       | 
       | > In broadacre cropping, fertiliser production and use accounted
       | for 58 per cent of the Australian wheat crop's greenhouse gas
       | footprint in the past five years, according to the Department of
       | Agriculture.
       | 
       | > Of that, 31 per cent occurred on-farm, a large part of which
       | came through the volatilisation of nitrogen fertiliser, where
       | nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere.
       | 
       | > Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that is almost 300 times more
       | potent than carbon dioxide.
       | 
       | There are mitigating strategies, in principle the most appealing
       | would be legume crop rotation, however:
       | 
       | > "I guess naturally the go-to option is to grow more legumes in
       | the rotation, because when we grow legumes we don't need to apply
       | nitrogen to meet production," he said.
       | 
       | > "But it's not as simple as that, because there are greenhouse
       | gas emissions such as nitrous oxide associated with the breakdown
       | of legume stubbles."
       | 
       | so that needs quantification and further study.
       | 
       | Other approaches are discussed:
       | 
       | https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-11/grain-industry-push-t...
        
         | greggsy wrote:
         | You can see N2O emissions as a layer in Null School [1], which
         | clearly shows the tracks left by aircraft.
         | 
         | https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/chem/surface/level/ani...
        
           | philipkglass wrote:
           | That's NO2, nitrogen dioxide. It contributes to acid rain but
           | not to global warming:
           | https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-
           | no...
           | 
           | Unless you already _know_ this fact it 's hard to search for,
           | though. Even with an exact-quotes Google search for "nitrogen
           | dioxide" "global warming potential", Google shows me an info
           | snippet for N2O, nitrous oxide.
        
           | defrost wrote:
           | Cheers for that link, it's a really nice little layered GIS
           | globe :-)
        
         | pfdietz wrote:
         | There are also denitrification inhibitors. Some are even
         | natural (procyanidins and others). I can imagine growing crops
         | engineered to produce and release these.
         | 
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7466050/
        
       | DoingIsLearning wrote:
       | Here is a cool infograph to put the methane budget in context:
       | 
       | https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/1561/2020/essd-12-15...
       | 
       | One question I raise is how much of the methane leaks related to
       | oil & gas activity also include accurate data on abandoned
       | oil/gas wells?
       | 
       | The method described in the paper should perhaps in the future
       | confirm the accuracy of the current estimates.
        
         | marcosdumay wrote:
         | Every time we get better instrumentation and revise that data,
         | the share of emission from fossil fuel handling explodes. I can
         | only imagine it will keep growing until we have satellite
         | surveys of all sources on the entire world.
        
         | ZeroGravitas wrote:
         | Yes, current data for most of these things are estimates based
         | on complicated extrapolations.
         | 
         | Being able to measure them more accurately, particularly in
         | countries that don't publish any reliable information is going
         | to be interesting.
         | 
         | As far as I'm aware the current new info is generally
         | summarized as "worse than we expected" since overestimates
         | (i.e. accurate estimates) would get heavy pushback without
         | solid data to justify them.
        
       | ZeroGravitas wrote:
       | Note this is just further, more detailed confirmation of stuff we
       | already knew for a long time.
       | 
       | This is why landfill is, and always has been, near the bottom of
       | the waste hierarchy, below even incineration with energy
       | recovery.
       | 
       | People who sell fossil fuels have regularly argued that we should
       | just bury trash and have lots of silly arguments as to why that
       | is the case.
       | 
       | But the various recycling schemes used in EU, Singapore etc. are
       | clearly better on basically every metric which isn't "sales of
       | fossil fuels".
       | 
       | For the methane issue, seperate recycling of food, agricultural
       | and other organic waste into biogas and fertilizer is the obvious
       | solution. GHG negative methane!
       | 
       | Germany is a world leader in this, but even they can do more.
       | 
       | https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-technology-busines...
        
         | gitfan86 wrote:
         | Methane goes away after 20 years. Carbon Dioxide stays around
         | for thousands of years. We should spend 100% of our resources
         | transitioning to extremely cheap sustainable electric energy.
         | 
         | That is the only option for turning the tide on climate
        
           | bognition wrote:
           | Not sure what you are arguing when you say methane "goes
           | away". It does not disappear, it reacts with oxygen in the
           | atmosphere to become becomes carbon dioxide and water.
        
             | gitfan86 wrote:
             | It becomes much less of a greenhouse gas, does that make
             | more sense?
        
               | irishsultan wrote:
               | Your original statement was that carbon dioxide stays for
               | thousands of years, methane goes away after twenty.
               | 
               | So the fact that "going away" in this context means "is
               | replaced by carbon dioxide, which stays for thousands of
               | years" seems a rather important part of the total warming
               | potential of the two greenhouse gasses.
        
               | thatcat wrote:
               | No
        
           | boredemployee wrote:
           | and what about everything else, from farting cows and crazy
           | vulcans?
        
             | ZeroGravitas wrote:
             | It's burps, not farts.
             | 
             | We will almost certainly soon be able to track cattle based
             | emissions via satellite and use that to enforce usage of
             | the various solutions we have (seaweed based food
             | supplements apparently work) and/or price in the
             | externality.
             | 
             | Here's some work on that from the same info source used for
             | the above:
             | 
             | https://www.ghgsat.com/en/newsroom/cow-burps-seen-from-
             | space...
        
               | Schroedingersat wrote:
               | And the fugitive methane from fracking? Or will we just
               | blame the farm that was fracked under without consent
               | which had its bore water ruined?
        
           | ZeroGravitas wrote:
           | I agree with your second statement but your first is a bit
           | ambigous.
           | 
           | Methane is a much more potent GHG than Carbon (about 8-30x),
           | and is a big chunk of the emissions (about 20%).
           | 
           | In fact after 20 years of being worse than carbon dioxide, it
           | mostly turns into carbon dioxide and then hangs around for
           | millenia, meaning it is categorically worse.
        
             | s1artibartfast wrote:
             | >it mostly turns into carbon dioxide and then hangs around
             | for millenia, meaning it is categorically worse.
             | 
             | This too is inaccurate. CO2 has a half-life in the
             | atmosphere variously stated between 27 and 49 years.
             | 
             | If the world magically went zero Co2 today, The atmospheric
             | levels would decrease about 2.5%/yr
        
               | ZeroGravitas wrote:
               | 1000 years is definately a figure I've seen bandied about
               | by NASA, and the Bern model suggests that some percentage
               | is effectively permanent, so millenia doesn't seem
               | outlandish.
               | 
               | Where are you citing your numbers from?
               | 
               | A quick Google suggests it's a Climate Change Denial
               | source:
               | 
               | http://euanmearns.com/the-half-life-of-co2-in-earths-
               | atmosph...
               | 
               | And even they cite the climate scientists as saying
               | hundreds of years (before going on to prove them wrong in
               | their blog post of course):
               | 
               | > We hear all the time form the climate science community
               | that even if we stop burning fossil fuels (FF) today the
               | CO2 we have already produced will still be in the
               | atmosphere for centuries to come. We have already lit a
               | long slow burning fuse that will lead us to climate
               | Armageddon. How much of this is actually true?
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | You can find the numbers in the IPCC reports.
               | 
               | Headline numbers like 1,000s of years are are always
               | talking about about a fraction of emitted CO2.
               | 
               | Like radiation, CO2 Decay has an infinite tail. When it
               | is "gone" depends on how much you are talking about (50%,
               | 90%, 99.9% ect)
               | 
               | CO2 decay is complicated because there are several
               | removal pathways, and some cap out, and some keep going.
               | 
               | The IPCC doesn't talk about it in terms of half-life
               | because it isn't true exponential decay. The 2007 Report
               | said the following:
               | 
               | "Carbon dioxide cycles between the atmosphere, oceans and
               | land biosphere. Its removal from the atmosphere involves
               | a range of processes with different time scales. About
               | 50% of a CO2 increase will be removed from the atmosphere
               | within 30 years, and a further 30% will be removed within
               | a few centuries. The remaining 20% may stay in the
               | atmosphere for many thousands of years" * More recent
               | reports essentially provide an asterisk that says _its
               | complicated_.
               | 
               | https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg1-c
               | hap...
        
               | adrianN wrote:
               | The carbon cycle is complex and simple half life numbers
               | are always wrong. A lot of the carbon we emit is removed
               | from the atmosphere relatively quickly, for example into
               | the biosphere or into the oceans. But the only way to
               | "permanently" get rid of it is by sequestering it into
               | the lithosphere. These processes take geological time.
               | Until they are complete the equilibrium concentration in
               | the atmosphere is larger than before we burned that piece
               | of coal. So it is relatively accurate that _some_ of the
               | carbon we emit stays in the atmosphere  "forever".
        
               | s1artibartfast wrote:
               | I completely agree. Certainly you would also agree that
               | the following statement is misleading at best.
               | 
               | >it mostly turns into carbon dioxide and then hangs
               | around for millenia, meaning it is categorically worse.
        
           | snewman wrote:
           | Transitioning to sustainable electricity is necessary but not
           | sufficient, we also need to address methane, cement and steel
           | production, and a bunch of other things. Regarding the
           | urgency of methane in particular:
           | https://climateer.substack.com/p/aerosols
        
           | adrianN wrote:
           | The people involved in recycling infrastructure are usually
           | not qualified to build wind turbines or electrolyzers, so I
           | think we can safely do 100% of both.
        
           | onion2k wrote:
           | It's also useful though. Capturing it means we can use it.
        
         | skybrian wrote:
         | I believe some landfills burn off the methane? I wonder how
         | effective that is.
        
           | ZeroGravitas wrote:
           | It's relatively common to capture it and use it in places
           | where air pollution is taken serioisly (it also avoids the
           | occaisiobal ecplosion). Definately worth doing if the
           | landfill already exists, but much easier to keep the organic
           | material seperate in the first place.
           | 
           | It's one of the remedies the paper mentions for the sites
           | they identified
        
         | mrpopo wrote:
         | Korea is another great example in recycling food waste. The
         | country's food culture historically created a lot of food waste
         | (although the total food waste had been reducing lately), and
         | being a limited territory like Singapore, they recycle
         | everything they can. Separating food waste is mandatory and you
         | can get fined for not doing it. They use the recovered food
         | waste as pig feed, compost and bio-gas.
         | 
         | https://earth.org/food-waste-south-korea/
        
           | rob74 wrote:
           | Feeding pigs with food waste has a long tradition of course,
           | in Eastern Europe many rural households still have one or two
           | pigs just for this purpose, but in 2006 the EU banned that
           | for commercial pig farming after outbreaks of Foot and Mouth
           | Disease...
        
             | mrpopo wrote:
             | I didn't know about that. For me this is also an ethical
             | issue. Raising a household pig and feeding it your own food
             | waste and leftovers is fine, but when done on an industrial
             | scale, for commercial purposes, we are bound to see regular
             | abuse, possibly with sanitary consequences.
        
               | thfuran wrote:
               | Why do you think that pigs fed on food waste are more
               | likely to be abused than pigs fed other feed?
        
               | cumshitpiss wrote:
               | There are a lot of extras that appear happen in food
               | waste i.e., plastics, paper etc.
               | 
               | In industrial settings this is not easy to filter out, so
               | pigs end up consuming more of these non food waste
               | products more than they would in small farms or feed-fed
               | pigs.
               | 
               | There are many articles on the practice of hog garbage
               | feeding recently
        
         | hulitu wrote:
         | Composting of organic matter is not used for biogas and the
         | plastic, when not sent to other countries, is burned. A lot of
         | big cities have a "MVA".
        
           | ZeroGravitas wrote:
           | I don't know what you are trying to say.
           | 
           | Organic matter is used to generate biogas and other useful
           | things all over the world.
           | 
           | https://www.epa.gov/anaerobic-digestion/types-anaerobic-
           | dige...
           | 
           | Burning plastic is, as I mentioned in my post, better than
           | landfill if you use the energy for something and displace
           | fossil fuels.
           | 
           | We don't really need to do that for much longer, since
           | renewables are so cheap, so recycling is getting to be a
           | better and better option and has been a good option for
           | decades now.
           | 
           | Landfill has always been a last resort.
           | 
           | edit: figured out that with the reference to MVA you might
           | have been saying that the US recycled too. They do, they
           | don't do as much as they could and should because there's a
           | lot of disinformation about it, but yes it's so obviously a
           | good idea that even the US does it.
           | 
           | What I meant with reference to non US places was: recycle
           | more and more stuff, don't moan and lie about it all the
           | time, be an industrial leader not merely allow the US to get
           | dragged kicking and screaming into saving money and improving
           | people's health against the will of half the nation.
        
             | atwood22 wrote:
             | Burning plastic is only good if you capture the released
             | CO2. Otherwise, I have a hard time imagining plastic is a
             | more efficient fuel than most fossil fuels, meaning you
             | release more CO2 for the same result when burning plastic.
        
               | noselasd wrote:
               | You can either pull oil out of the ground, make plastic
               | of it and bury that plastic, where the decomposition will
               | release greenhouse gases. Or you can burn it and capture
               | the energy.
               | 
               | The difference in greenhouse gases isn't big - provided
               | you burn it properly.
               | 
               | Except if burning the plastic is a replaceement for
               | buring other kinds of fossil fie, in which case it's a
               | win vs burying it.
        
               | ZeroGravitas wrote:
               | To be clear, if what you have is just plastic, you should
               | really be recycling it. If it's mixed solid waste and
               | it's too late for that then...
               | 
               | > According to the Environmental Protection Agency,
               | burning municipal solid waste emits nearly as much carbon
               | per unit of energy as coal, and almost twice as much as
               | natural gas.
               | 
               | And while gas is definately better than coal (due to
               | burning clean, cheap to build, fast ramping) many
               | estimates of methane leakage in the fossil fuel
               | extraction process mean it could be (depending on how and
               | where you source it) more than double the GHG impact than
               | just the burn itself.
               | 
               | For me, the extra money diverted from the fossil fuel
               | industry tips it in burnings direction, as long as
               | sufficient effort is made to scrub the exhaust gas of
               | toxins and if recycling wasn't clearly better.
               | 
               | Which it is. So we should do that instead.
               | 
               | I just see a lot of people saying it's worse than
               | landfill, which it isn't.
        
               | ErikCorry wrote:
               | Agreed. In addition I think people overestimate the CO2
               | produced by burning plastic. A plastic shopping bag is
               | 6-8 grammes. Burning it produces about as much CO2 as
               | driving a car 200 yards. If you pick a supermarket one
               | mile further from your house because they have a better
               | policy on plastic bags then the environment loses.
        
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