[HN Gopher] Why does anything exist?
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Why does anything exist?
        
       Author : ZacnyLos
       Score  : 101 points
       Date   : 2022-08-10 17:57 UTC (5 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (alwaysasking.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (alwaysasking.com)
        
       | whoisjuan wrote:
       | Our minds can only interpret the universe through a binary model,
       | but that doesn't mean that the universe conforms to our binary
       | interpretation of it.
       | 
       | "Why does anything exist?" becomes a silly question if you're
       | capable of abandoning your rational mind for a minute and humbly
       | accepting that perhaps the universe is an absolute system with no
       | dualistic nature.
        
         | nathan_compton wrote:
         | My problem with this attitude is what even are you talking
         | about? Suppose we "abandon our rational mind" for a moment and
         | sojourn into the irrational. How the heck are we supposed to
         | take anything back from that experience and into the world of
         | discourse? Presumably there is much more bullshit in the
         | endless tracks of irrationality than truth and whatever
         | mechanism by which we choose to carry ideas back clearly can't
         | distinguish the two as it has abandoned anything like
         | epistemology. So what is the point of even talking about it?
        
           | whoisjuan wrote:
           | First, assuming that the universe is an absolute system
           | doesn't mean we can't build models to interpret its nature
           | through binary interpretations. In the same way that a map is
           | not the territory, a mental model for the universe isn't the
           | universe.
           | 
           | So saying "abandon our rational mind" is just a rhetorical
           | mechanism to establish that perhaps this is the wrong
           | question, and we should reframe what we understand as
           | absolute or relative.
           | 
           | You're incorrectly interpreting my words as a call for
           | irrationality. I'm just saying that our interpretation of the
           | universe and the debates about its origins are often based on
           | ideas that can't be challenged because they are scientific
           | truisms.
           | 
           | The problem is that anything that doesn't comply with our
           | standard interpretation of the universe will be deemed
           | esoteric and unscientific. Therefore, it neuters debates that
           | could yield a valid interpretation of the universe.
        
             | nathan_compton wrote:
             | I still don't really get it. Not all ideas which disagree
             | with or go beyond the current best scientific models of the
             | universe are considered non-scientific or esoteric (if this
             | were the case scientific progress would be impossible).
             | 
             | How about this: state explicitly what strategies beyond
             | empiricism, model building, ontology refinement, and
             | epistemological reasoning you think can provide genuine
             | verifiable insight about the world?
        
               | whoisjuan wrote:
               | I'm not stating that any of those strategies are the
               | wrong approach to interpreting the world.
               | 
               | I'm saying that when those strategies are applied
               | axiomatically, there's no room to reinterpret what we
               | know about the world because there's a general feeling
               | that doing so will undo all scientific progress.
               | 
               | Take, for instance, the relativity vs. quantum mechanics
               | debate. I'm not a physicist, but it's pretty evident that
               | the biggest struggle of that debate is that most people
               | want to reconcile both theories by unifying them through
               | some other rational interpretation of the world. Whether
               | or not that's possible remains to be proven, but a theory
               | of everything may emerge from a completely different
               | interpretation of the world. One that is rationally
               | contrarian to what relativity and quantum mechanics tell
               | us.
               | 
               | And this brings me back to my original argument, which is
               | that perhaps we have the proper methods to understand the
               | world, but we are just asking the wrong questions.
        
         | SubiculumCode wrote:
         | there is much wrong with this post, I'm embarrassed to respond
         | to it. Our minds don't interpret the world through a binary
         | model. Abandoning your rational mind means what exactly?
        
           | whoisjuan wrote:
           | Look at the rest of the debate below the original answer, and
           | maybe you will get an idea of what I meant.
           | 
           | My choice of words shouldn't be the basis for attacking my
           | points, especially since there's more context in this very
           | same thread that expands on my ideas.
           | 
           | Maybe instead of coming against me with an incendiary
           | comment, make an effort to gain more insight into my views
           | and add some value to the discussion. Again, my choice of
           | words might be the wrong articulation of my ideas, but you
           | just need to ask politely, and I will gladly expand and try
           | to find better words.
           | 
           | Also, if you're embarrassed to respond, then why did you?
           | Please read the Hacker News guidelines if you forgot about
           | them: https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
       | humanistbot wrote:
       | I liked the table comparing many disciplines' default instance of
       | nothing:
       | 
       | Physics: No energy: the vacuum
       | 
       | Geometry: No dimensionality: a point
       | 
       | Set theory: No elements: the empty set
       | 
       | Arithmetic: No magnitude: zero
       | 
       | Information theory: No information: zero bits
       | 
       | Then they ask: "There is an unlimited number of possible
       | theoretical systems. Does this mean there are also unlimited
       | conceptions of nothing?"
        
         | soulofmischief wrote:
         | I would answer that there is surely a single supreme
         | nothingness, such as Wuji[0], which would contain all sets of
         | nothingness.
         | 
         | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuji_%28philosophy%29
        
         | tablespoon wrote:
         | > I liked the table comparing many disciplines' default
         | instance of nothing:
         | 
         | > Physics: No energy: the vacuum
         | 
         | And not being aware of the difference can lead one to dumbly
         | misunderstand the question with confidence (e.g. some physicist
         | explaining how the universe could have arisen out of "nothing,"
         | when they're really explaining how it could have arisen out of
         | a vacuum, which metaphysically is definitely a _something_ ).
        
       | Pixelbrick wrote:
       | A concise treatment of all of metaphysics... :)
        
       | jesuslop wrote:
       | There is a known old argument in St. Anslem, Leibnitz and Godel
       | for that in a pantheistic picture. Godel adopted higher order
       | modal logic, and factors the question via the axiom 'if possible
       | then actual' (god/reality existence). I'm now pleased to discover
       | that in 2017 someone has went through the pains of porting the
       | thing to a proof verifier, Isabelle/HOL (they start from Melvin
       | Fitting reconstruction of the idea in 1999).
       | 
       | [1]
       | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317956529_Types_Tab...
        
       | funwie wrote:
       | Because everything else exist
        
       | superb-owl wrote:
       | I love the "math, matter, mind" trinity. I think it originates
       | with Penrose - I first came across it in The Road to Reality.
       | 
       | I wrote a bit about it (incidentally) here:
       | https://superbowl.substack.com/i/65186479/metacognitive-trut...
        
       | vehemenz wrote:
       | As a philosopher, I recommend that anyone read up on ontological
       | anti-realism before they get too invested in the answer to
       | questions like these.
       | 
       | Carnap and Quine (to say nothing of Kant) wrote extensively about
       | the problems that arise when treating metaphysical "existence" as
       | a predicate.
       | 
       | There are strong reasons to adopt ontological anti-realism. I'm
       | amused when folks muse extensively in the ontological mode
       | without addressing the elephant in the room--most of it is likely
       | nonsense.
        
         | tobrien6 wrote:
         | I see how your response makes sense in terms of questions like
         | "why does an electron exist", but what about the general notion
         | of existence? It seems self-evident that there is something,
         | even just experience. I interpreted the question as more "why
         | something rather than nothing" which seems coherent.
        
           | vehemenz wrote:
           | I don't really follow. I interpret "there is" and "something"
           | as quantifications, not predicates. What would be the
           | predicate here?
           | 
           | The general notion of existence, at least in natural
           | language, seems to be a shorthand for quantification or
           | negation. I'm not sure what it would mean for "existence" to
           | exist, short of adopting Platonism or some bizarre
           | metaphysical system.
           | 
           | The "something rather than nothing" question, if stated
           | coherently, would likely be beyond the scope of human
           | knowledge. Although ultimately I don't think it can be stated
           | in a way that makes sense.
        
             | tobrien6 wrote:
             | Experience exists. Whether the contents of the experience
             | are "real" or "not real", it is not coherent to claim that
             | there is truly nothing at all -- what could even cause one
             | to come to that conclusion if there's nothing at all?
             | Platonism is one of the few (only?) games in town in terms
             | of potential ability to furnish answers here (a Popperian
             | scientific method has well-defined boundaries on the scope
             | of explanatory power) -- and the more indications we get
             | that physics can be derived from number theory and
             | combinatorics, the more seriously I think it will be taken
             | as a research topic. A more formally developed Platonism
             | would also potentially be able to address the "something
             | rather than nothing" question.
             | 
             | Why do you think "something rather than nothing" question
             | doesn't make sense?
        
         | kordlessagain wrote:
         | Carnap and Quine both argue that treating metaphysical
         | "existence" as a predicate leads to a number of problems. In
         | particular, they argue that it is not possible to know what
         | exists independently of our own perceptions and experiences.
         | This means that any claims about the existence of things beyond
         | our own experience are necessarily speculative and cannot be
         | known for certain.
        
       | 6510 wrote:
       | even funnier: If there are non zero odds for something to arise
       | out of nothing the amount of nothing has disturbing consequences.
       | It must happen infinity often, it always did and will continue
       | forever.
        
       | nathan_compton wrote:
       | This is a lot of ground to cover to get to what is, in my
       | opinion, a very bizarre conclusion which is epistemologically
       | extremely lugubrious: that all structures expressible
       | mathematically also exist and we are (obviously) a subset of
       | those structures.
       | 
       | Frankly, this doesn't even feel like any kind of knowledge to me.
       | Its operationally meaningless! In any case, I think the author
       | has the cart before the horse: numbers (and other sorts of
       | mathematics) do not pre-exist reality. Numbers are abstractions
       | of regularities we see in nature.
       | 
       | Mathematics is nothing but the observation of regularities in
       | certain sorts of elaborate rituals involving making markings on
       | paper. Many of those rituals are inspired by and correlated with
       | regularities which exist in the world, but its difficult to me to
       | see any reason to believe that they have an independent
       | existence.
        
         | kcl wrote:
         | > numbers (and other sorts of mathematics) do not pre-exist
         | reality. Numbers are abstractions of regularities we see in
         | nature.
         | 
         | This is an open and ancient question. I don't suppose to have
         | the answer. I will say, the case for mathematics pre-existing
         | is stronger than what you refute here.
        
           | nathan_compton wrote:
           | You're right, of course, that this is an open question. But
           | the posted article saunters about the fields of an incredibly
           | deep question by glibly asserting idealism about mathematical
           | structures. It is an awfully weak foundation upon which to
           | build an answer to such a fundamental question.
           | 
           | It is _at least_ plausible that numbers supervene upon
           | existence and not the other way around, which makes the
           | entire exercise in the article seem suspect in its
           | presentation, at the very least.
           | 
           | Would you _really_ say that the case for mathematical
           | idealism is that strong? The Philpapers survey seems to
           | suggest philosophers are approximately evenly split on this
           | question (idealists at 39%, nominalists at 38%).
        
         | crdrost wrote:
         | Yeah I had to skim through it as well. I think the author
         | probably has written something that has passed peer review, but
         | has either written so many such things that he has gotten sick
         | of terseness and getting to the point, or so few things that he
         | has not learned to value it in the first place? Like the
         | writing is not god-awful like a lot of the crackpot takes, but
         | it's definitely tortuous.
         | 
         | As a theory goes, I don't think this one is successful. It
         | probably either implies that time is an illusion or that we are
         | all Boltzmann brains, and I would take it as a baseline
         | desideratum that our fundamental understanding of the universe
         | does not come in either of these shapes. (Both essentially
         | state "actions don't exist" in different ways, and if the
         | universe is the place where activities occur, the place where
         | things happen, then the idea that nothing is really happening
         | in there appears to fail hard.)
         | 
         | Of course is a Christian and a mystic, my understanding of my
         | own answer is that it is also carefully calculated nonsense,
         | nonsense in service of some sort of artistic goal, so I'm not
         | in a great place to really criticize. He can struggle with his
         | mythos and I can struggle with mine, haha.
        
           | plutonorm wrote:
           | Nice that you can step out of the frame and see your
           | motivations. I write this because I think that your self
           | knowledge is virtuous and like a moth to a flame I am drawn
           | to the good. By identifying with the good or ingesting it
           | like knowledge candy - I can come closer to this platonic
           | concept that my nervous system so craves.
           | 
           | I can no more step outside of my own seeking than a wave can
           | stand up from the ocean and make its way in land.
           | 
           | Pointless. All of it.
        
           | nathan_compton wrote:
           | Why believe anything about this question at all? I feel quite
           | strongly that the proper mental posture towards many
           | questions is "I don't have a very compelling reason to hold a
           | strong opinion on that." This feeling it buttressed by the
           | fact that there are a great many tractable scientific and
           | philosophical mysteries which are as yet unresolved. It seems
           | premature to tackle this particular one, perhaps because I
           | fundamentally disagree with the author that we are at a stage
           | in history where it can be tackled "scientifically."
        
       | tresqotheq wrote:
       | define "existence"
        
       | photochemsyn wrote:
       | I suppose this kind of thing is fun to think about, but this kind
       | of claim, which appears to be the main one, is metaphysical, not
       | scientific, in that it appears to make no testable predictions,
       | as far as I can see:
       | 
       | > "Mathematical truth implies the existence of all computations.
       | The existence of all computations implies the existence of all
       | observers. The existence of all observers leads to a quantum
       | mechanical reality populated with all possibilities and ruled by
       | simple laws."
       | 
       | Extra points to the author for including a link to Eugene
       | Wigner's "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the
       | Natural Sciences" (1960). For convenience:
       | 
       | https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/wigner.pdf
        
       | twanschik wrote:
       | Quantamagazin actually has an article that seems to fit perfectly
       | into the discussion:
       | 
       | https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-the-physics-of-nothing-un...
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | forty wrote:
       | Is there a clear distinction in English between "why" and "what
       | for" ? In french it's literally the same words ("pourquoi" vs
       | "pour quoi")
       | 
       | My 5yo daughter asked me "why do we exist". I answered the why as
       | in some events that happened that led to our existence, but
       | finding a reason is a bit tougher :)
        
         | wizofaus wrote:
         | Not a completely clear one, but "what for" is more precise than
         | "why", which can be asking "for what purpose" _or_ "due to what
         | cause". "Why are you in my room" is obviously asking the
         | former, "why are the cookies burnt" fairly obviously the latter
         | (unless you really did deliberately burn them to achieve some
         | particular further goal...).
        
       | triyambakam wrote:
       | > The religious person is left with a mystery which is no less
       | than the mystery with which science leaves us
       | 
       | As a Hindu I find this baffling. For the Hindu there is a
       | consistency across science and religion, and sometimes the line
       | between the two isn't clear. They work together harmoniously to
       | form my worldview.
       | 
       | Based on the cursory information I have about the author's
       | background, I am assuming he was exposed to Western Christianity
       | growing up.
       | 
       | I find that this breeds a very narrow minded form of atheism, one
       | that rejects a very specific idea of what God is.
       | 
       | I have a suspicion that if many of the atheists in the West were
       | exposed to the full metaphysical understanding of the Eternal
       | Dharma they may not be atheists, or at least be a different kind
       | of atheist than simply a Not-Christian.
       | 
       | In Hinduism God is not a man or a woman, but instead the energy
       | that is manifest in every atom of every universe. God is the
       | universal wave function.
        
         | zmgsabst wrote:
         | That's true of Christianity, as well:
         | 
         | The philosophy of Christianity is rooted deeply in Platonic
         | ideas -- where "God" as the ultimate ideal is embodied both in
         | a human ("Jesus") and in the happening of the world ("Holy
         | Spirit").
         | 
         | I can't claim to be an expert in Hinduism -- but to my limited
         | understanding, it's akin to saying that Brahman manifests both
         | through avatars and the actions of deities, as forces of
         | nature.
        
         | uh_uh wrote:
         | Same question remains: why does that energy exist?
        
         | packetlost wrote:
         | Assigning a personification to a _concept_ is a common theme
         | among _many_ religions throughout the world. To that end,
         | Christianity and those based on it are more of an outlier than
         | the norm.
        
       | atwood22 wrote:
       | I had a shower thought the other day: clearly conservation of
       | energy is just a guideline and not a fundamental law. Otherwise,
       | how could anything exist?
        
         | Victerius wrote:
         | A former physics professor of mine said that energy was not in
         | fact conserved in the Universe because the expansion of the
         | Universe consumed the energy. The total available mass-energy
         | in the Universe is decreasing over time.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | ryandvm wrote:
         | Well... conservation of energy is just a law within our
         | universe. Everything in here is energy, e=mc^2 and all that.
         | 
         | But the creation of our universe definitely involved some
         | process that dumped a shit ton of energy into a very small
         | space about 14 billion years ago.
        
           | awb wrote:
           | Or, a prior universe collapsing in a "big crunch" and then
           | re-exploding back into existence. Or two objects colliding.
           | But those theories just push the moment of creation back
           | farther in time and the question is still relevant where
           | those objects came from.
        
       | ctrlp wrote:
       | Good book on this topic by Jim Holt:
       | 
       | "Why Does the World Exist? (An Existential Detective Story)
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Does_the_World_Exist%3F
        
       | efitz wrote:
       | Does "cause" exist?
       | 
       | I didn't spend the hours reading the entire article, but after
       | 10-15min I realized that the author has adopted a "caused" vs.
       | "uncaused" taxonomy, without really defining what "caused" means.
       | 
       | Does causality exist or is it simply an observational phenomenon
       | that is a side effect of our limited perception of space-time?
       | Kind of like "centrifugal force" is an observational phenomenon.
       | 
       | Maybe there is no such thing as causality, and we can never know
       | "why stuff exists" because we are incapable of perceiving the
       | answer.
        
         | kordlessagain wrote:
         | There is no single answer to this question as it is a matter of
         | philosophical and religious debate. Some schools of thought,
         | such as Buddhism, accept the existence of cause and effect,
         | while others, such as some forms of skepticism, deny or
         | question its existence.
        
       | breuleux wrote:
       | I think it's kind of silly to expect that a satisfactory answer
       | to that question exists. Given that there is an infinite number
       | of possible ways the universe could have been ("nothing" being
       | just one of these possibilities), pretty much all of these
       | possibilities are vanishingly improbable, including whichever one
       | them eventually obtains. So I think that "it is what it is", or
       | "it is arbitrary" is a perfectly reasonable answer to why our
       | universe exists. To put it a different way, I don't see why
       | existence couldn't be necessarily arbitrary, or what is repugnant
       | about that notion.
       | 
       | I only skimmed the article, but from what I can see they advocate
       | the mathematical universe theory. To me, that's just a
       | metaphysical choice that does not really add any useful
       | information: it is arbitrarily solving the issue by making every
       | consistent universe exist with probability 1, which strikes me as
       | little more than a parlor trick. If there are 100 balls in a box,
       | I draw one, and it has the number 23 on it, I don't think "there
       | are 100 parallel universes, one where I draw ball one, one where
       | I draw ball two, and so on" is a more compelling explanation than
       | "there is one universe and I happened to draw ball 23". I would
       | still want to know why I am in universe 23. Maybe (probably)
       | there is no answer, except that it is what it is.
        
       | ptmvp wrote:
       | I think it's interesting to see the ease with which a few
       | commenters on this thread assume they either 1) know how to
       | answer this question or 2) are comfortable hand-waving it away.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | Tycho wrote:
       | In a vacuum with no matter or radiation, presumably the laws of
       | physics still exist, and therefore it will be emptiness forever.
       | As King Lear said, nothing will come of nothing. But if the laws
       | of physics themselves did not exist, then nothing could indeed
       | come from nothing - what's to stop it?
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | vehemenz wrote:
         | The laws of physics are true; why do they need to "exist"?
        
           | themodelplumber wrote:
           | They are internally true; why do ? need to physics laws?
        
           | fluoridation wrote:
           | Are the states of the laws of physics being true and them
           | "existing", distinct?
        
             | vehemenz wrote:
             | Yes. One is a statement that describes the world, the other
             | is an ontological claim about what "exists" (whatever that
             | means).
             | 
             | What is added by saying the laws of physics "exist"? Note
             | that we already know they are true.
        
         | victor- wrote:
         | I wonder if the first part of the statement is true actually.
         | What if the laws of interaction between space, energy and
         | matter were poured in along with the space, energy and matter
         | itself?
        
           | Tycho wrote:
           | I suppose that amounts to the same thing as what I'm saying.
        
       | russellbeattie wrote:
       | I have a better question: Why does everything move, _forever_?
       | Newton 's first law is bewildering when you stop to think about
       | it.
       | 
       | From the smallest subatomic particle on up, matter and energy are
       | always moving, both through the universe, as well as within
       | matter itself. Gluons are constantly bopping back and forth among
       | the quarks that make up nucleons, electrons zip around from atom
       | to atom, photons fly off on infinite voyages. The Voyager space
       | probes will never stop unless something stops it.
       | 
       | Why? Seems like a fundamental question. Imagine if we discovered
       | the Ultimate Frame Of Reference and were able to lock an atom in
       | 3D space, completely removing its momentum? The first discovery
       | might blow a hole in the side of a mountain as a single stopped
       | atom suddenly gets hit by the Earth at whatever insane speed it's
       | moving through the universe. It'd be the ultimate kinetic energy
       | weapon.
        
       | jawns wrote:
       | If you like the question of "Why does anything exist?" then an
       | obvious next question is: "What's stopping things from not
       | existing?"
       | 
       | In philosophy, there is a distinction between things that _must_
       | be (they 're called necessary) and things that _may or may not
       | be_ (they 're called contingent). For instance, if we use the
       | standard definition of a square, then every square you will ever
       | encounter will necessarily have four sides. In contrast, not
       | every square you encounter will be blue or tiny. Those are
       | contingent properties of a square. A square may be blue, or it
       | may not be. A square may be tiny, or it may not be.
       | 
       | Now, would you say that our universe's existence is necessary or
       | contingent? If its existence is necessary, it would mean that
       | there is no possible way for our universe not to exist. If its
       | existence is contingent, then our universe either could exist, or
       | it could not.
       | 
       | I happen to think it's contingent. But if our universe is
       | contingent, then it must be contingent upon something that is
       | necessary. Regardless of whether you view that necessary thing as
       | God or something else, if you agree that the universe is
       | contingent, then the contingency doesn't stop at its creation;
       | its continued existence is also contingent.
       | 
       | So, beyond needing a "first cause" to explain its existence (as
       | with a picture on a painted canvas), our universe requires a
       | "sustaining cause" (as with a picture on a TV set).
        
         | otikik wrote:
         | > But if our universe is contingent, then it must be contingent
         | upon something that is necessary
         | 
         | You say that as if it was a obvious why, but to me that looks
         | like a baseless assumption. The way I see it, if our universe
         | is contingent, then _that's all we can know_ , the journey
         | ends, there's nothing else we can deduce. I simply can't
         | "assume" that there's a "necessary substrate" just ... because.
        
           | eldenwrong wrote:
           | Everything we can observe in this universe has a cause and
           | effect. The first cause is God.
        
             | tmountain wrote:
             | Theology fits comfortably with our intuitive perception of
             | time, but that doesn't make it the definitive answer.
        
               | logicchop wrote:
               | It doesn't really have anything to do with time. The
               | "sustainment" question is different from the "causal"
               | question. Causal questions are typically temporal and
               | past-looking. Sustainment is a question about "now",
               | always.
        
         | hydrolox wrote:
         | but isn't the problem that you could get stuck in an infinite
         | contingency loop? i.e if you pick God, what if God is
         | contingent and so on. Sure you can say something is required
         | but it's rather arbitrary.
        
           | logicchop wrote:
           | That is the whole point of God as an explanation. God is
           | where the buck stops on contingency. God is necessary.
        
           | caloriesdont wrote:
           | >Sure you can say something is required but it's rather
           | arbitrary.
           | 
           | It's only arbitrary if there aren't good reasons.
           | 
           | Dozens of reasons have been given in philosophy, it's up to
           | you to decide if any of them work.
           | 
           | One of the big differences would be to point out that the
           | universe is completely composite, whereas a foundation could
           | be purely simple.
           | 
           | Josh Rasmussen is a great communicator about this!
           | 
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TX79xXgi44o&ab_channel=TheUn.
           | ..
        
         | teolandon wrote:
         | Can you give an example of a "necessary" thing? You brought up
         | the square having four sides thing, but that's not about
         | existence.
         | 
         | Furthermore, why does a contingent thing have to depend on a
         | necessary thing?
        
           | logicchop wrote:
           | Depends on if you mean direct-dependence or some ancestral-
           | dependence. Contingent things can depend on other contingent
           | things in some narrow scope. But a complete answer to "why
           | X?" (e.g., "because Y") should avoid begging the question
           | (e.g., "ok, why Y?").
        
           | jawns wrote:
           | The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy presents a brief
           | overview that addresses some of the questions you raise:
           | 
           | https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/god-necessary-being/
        
             | teolandon wrote:
             | No it does not.
        
         | caloriesdont wrote:
         | > our universe requires a "sustaining cause" (as with a picture
         | on a TV set).
         | 
         | Diving further into this, there's a hot debate about whether
         | the universe does require a sustaining cause (the Existential
         | Expiration thesis), or whether it can just exist unless
         | something stops it from existing (Existential Inertia Thesis)
         | 
         | Personally, I am inclined to think that things tend to keep
         | existing unless something stops them from existing, and that
         | the universe therefore needs no sustaining cause.
         | 
         | https://philpapers.org/rec/SCHEIA-20
        
           | packetlost wrote:
           | I personally think that time, and all dimensions (including
           | the 3 that we typically thing of as "space") are simply
           | caused by a few axioms: there is the concept of "something
           | else" (that is, 1 != 0, there is at least 2 possibilities);
           | there is "something" of which can we in at least 1 of those 2
           | possible states, but not both; there is something to a way in
           | which the answer to the question of state can be known; there
           | is cause -> effect. When taken to the infinite complexity,
           | you end up with coalescing densities of state all of which
           | cannot be simultaneously true and there fore
        
           | kordlessagain wrote:
           | Check out Sunyata:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81
           | 
           | Here's how Mitta summarized that page: "The term 'nyat' is
           | used in Early Buddhism to refer to the emptiness of all
           | things. This emptiness is seen as a meditative state, an
           | attribute of objects, and a type of awareness-release. The
           | term is used to emphasize the deceptive nature of all things,
           | and to show that they are all ultimately worthlessness and
           | vacuous."
           | 
           | Now we ask it directly to compare it to a monitor (I'm
           | pastel-mature-herring):
           | 
           | pastel-mature-herring~> Discuss this likening emptiness to a
           | blank computer monitor.
           | 
           | victorious-capuchin*> One way to think of emptiness is to
           | liken it to a blank computer monitor. Just as a blank monitor
           | contains the potential for any image to be displayed on it,
           | so too does emptiness contain the potential for any and all
           | things to arise within it. Just as a monitor cannot display
           | any image without the proper input, so too does emptiness
           | require the right conditions in order to give rise to
           | anything. And just as a monitor will eventually return to its
           | blank state when the input is removed, so too will things
           | eventually return to emptiness when the conditions that gave
           | rise to them are no longer present.
           | 
           | pastel-mature-herring~> And if someone understands this, what
           | does that say about them?
           | 
           | victorious-capuchin*> If someone understands that emptiness
           | is like a blank computer monitor, it suggests that they
           | understand that everything is ultimately emptiness and that
           | everything is ultimately impermanent. This understanding can
           | lead to a sense of detachment from the things of the world,
           | and can ultimately lead to a state of liberation from
           | suffering.
        
         | pdonis wrote:
         | _> would you say that our universe 's existence is necessary or
         | contingent?_
         | 
         | Neither. "Necessary" and "contingent" apply to properties, but
         | existence is not a property. It's a quantifier.
        
         | andyjohnson0 wrote:
         | Thank you for taking the time to write that and explain the
         | concepts so clearly.
         | 
         | How do you know that concepts/categories like "necessary" and
         | "contingent" apply to the universe? Specifically, if the
         | universe is everythibg that there ever is or ever will be, how
         | can it be contingent upon something external to itself?
         | 
         | Could it not be the case that there concepts come from a
         | causality-based view of reality that may be far from
         | universally applicable?
        
           | caloriesdont wrote:
           | > Specifically, if the universe is everything that there ever
           | is or ever will be, how can it be contingent upon something
           | external to itself?
           | 
           | It would be contingent upon a necessary foundation within the
           | universe.
           | 
           | So there is one specific part in the universe that is
           | necessary, and everything else around that is contingent.
        
             | cpr wrote:
             | It can't be contingent on something necessary within
             | itself. Within means being part of the contingency.
        
               | caloriesdont wrote:
               | Hmm, I don't see the problem -
               | 
               | Everything in the universe is contingent, except for one
               | thing which is necessary. Everything relies on that
               | necessary foundation.
               | 
               | What's the issue?
        
               | andyjohnson0 wrote:
               | > Everything in the universe is contingent, except for
               | one thing which is necessary. Everything relies on that
               | necessary foundation.
               | 
               | How do you know this?
        
               | smitty1e wrote:
               | How do we know anything, and how do we deem the human
               | mind a suitable tool for ascertaining the result?
               | 
               | At some point I understood that faith is orthogonal to
               | the mind, and the tension was lowered.
        
           | jawns wrote:
           | I think "universe" is an ambiguous word that is not helpful
           | when we talk about this stuff. Like, for instance, you've
           | probably heard of multiverse theory, where there is not just
           | one universe, but many. In which case, "universe" means the
           | subset of physical reality that we are a part of. Maybe there
           | are other universes that truly exist, but there's no door
           | between ours and theirs.
           | 
           | So maybe we can more precisely talk about all of physical
           | reality, regardless of whether they exist in our universe or
           | an alternative universe, or a realm that exists outside of
           | the universe but influences or produces the material of the
           | universe. Clearly, that includes all material things
           | themselves, but might also encompass the non-material but
           | very real and observable physical laws that govern how
           | reality operates.
           | 
           | How can there be something outside of that physical reality?
           | Well ... the Greeks had a word for that: meta-physics. And
           | generally, when it is posited that something necessary exists
           | (whether it be God or something else), that necessary thing
           | exists metaphysically. So yes, as you are suggesting, a
           | distinction does need to be made between physical reality and
           | metaphysical reality for it to make sense that the universe
           | (comprising only physical reality) is contingent.
        
         | jiggawatts wrote:
         | > our universe requires a "sustaining cause" (as with a picture
         | on a TV set).
         | 
         | The movie doesn't cease to exist because you turned the
         | television off, only the _projection_ of it into those
         | particular photons.
         | 
         | Top Gun will continue to exist even if you break every Blu Ray
         | of it into tiny pieces, crush those pieces to powder, and melt
         | the result into a formless goo.
         | 
         | Movies are purely information, a sequence of bits. Those bits
         | can have _manifestations_ such as copies on a hard drive, blu
         | ray, or whatever. The bit sequence doesn 't stop existing just
         | because we delete every manifestation. A sequence of bits is
         | _just a very big number_ , and all numbers continue to exist
         | whether we write them down or not. We can _discover_ specific
         | interesting numbers, such as the number  'T' that is the H.264
         | encoding of the Top Gun Blu Ray movie. It is 40 billion bits
         | long, but it's still just a number. It has adjacent numbers,
         | integer factors, and everything.
         | 
         | Here's the thing: the number 'T' existed _before Tom Cruise was
         | born_. It existed before the evolution of humanity and will
         | exist after the heat death of physical universe. It exists
         | _independent_ of time. It didn 't come into existence at any
         | point in time, or "before" time, or any nonsense like that.
         | 
         | Similarly, if[1] you believe that the universe follows strict,
         | mathematical laws of physics[2], then you can imagine it as
         | pure information, like a Mandelbrot set. Fractals in fact might
         | be a very good analogy. They're actually very simple things,
         | exist independent of time, and yet can produce intricate detail
         | if you look closely. That detail may appear chaotic, but
         | "seems" to follow oddly consistent rules, much like physics.
         | 
         | So this is my point of view: The Universe is "just"
         | mathematics, and mathematics exists independent of time, making
         | the Universe necessary. As in-universe observers, we're part of
         | the mathematics, not any particular manifestation or
         | representation of it. Even if there were some sort of God
         | scribbling the bits down on a napkin that represent the state
         | of the Universe, he's _discovering_ the numbers, not creating
         | them. If he destroys the napkin, the bits will not cease to
         | exist. Inside the universe, we would never know anything had
         | occurred.[3]
         | 
         | [1] Granted, this is a "if"!
         | 
         | [2] The more we know about the universe, the more this seems to
         | be true.
         | 
         | [3] This entire point of view is the main theme of the book
         | _Diaspora_ by Greg Egan, which I highly recommend.
        
           | arrow7000 wrote:
           | Diaspora is an extraordinary book and I second your
           | recommendation, but I didn't think of that as one of its
           | primary themes. Although it does fit.
        
           | prmph wrote:
           | Interesting point of view, but a few caveats:
           | 
           | - I don't think it can be taken for granted that math exists
           | independent of consciousness to think of it.
           | 
           | - Even if math exists independent of time and consciousness,
           | it need not have a physical manifestation (by your own
           | logic). So why does a physical universe have to exist?
        
             | jiggawatts wrote:
             | Physics _is_ the equation, not a scribble of one on a dead
             | tree.
        
             | thethirdone wrote:
             | Why do you assume the physical universe is a manifestation?
             | 
             | The Mandelbrot set exists and contains self reference
             | without any need for it to be graphed (a manifestation).
             | Similarly the universe as we experience it may exist
             | without any physical manifestation.
        
       | Animats wrote:
       | Why does anything exist? Funding.
        
       | kloch wrote:
       | On the similar theme of "things we don't have answers to yet":
       | 
       | When I was five years old I asked my dad what was beyond the
       | "edge" of the Universe. He said "There is no edge, it goes on
       | infinitely forever. Even if there was an edge, there would have
       | to be _something_ beyond that, even if it was a vacuum right? ".
       | 
       | I literally cried myself to sleep trying to visualize this.
        
         | weatherlite wrote:
         | I still occasionally cry myself to sleep and I'm nearing 40...
        
         | dieselgate wrote:
         | Cool to see someone articulate this specific point. My dad has
         | some grad schooling in astrophysics so we used to chat about
         | this kind of stuff when I was young (still now but less so).
         | I'd always ask "if the universe is expanding what is it
         | expanding _in to_" and he'd kind of always change the subject
         | to black holes or something. Thinking back on that it's amazing
         | how easy it is to "question" or "push/poke" the boundaries of
         | known (or even knowable) knowledge. But alas guess it just
         | furthers the point of how all people ponder these things.
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | one of the only question i want an answer from smartest people
         | on earth
        
       | lordleft wrote:
       | To generate value for the shareholders, silly.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | frogpelt wrote:
       | Steven Wright said, "You can't have everything. Where would you
       | put it?"
       | 
       | When I told this to a friend he answered, "Everywhere."
        
       | EMM_386 wrote:
       | If you like questions like this, you'll probably enjoy the Closer
       | to Truth series. All of its episodes since 1999 are on YouTube.
       | 
       | With regards to "why something rather than nothing", here's an
       | article on the "levels of nothing". Even if there were to be no
       | universe, no laws, etc ... could mathematics still exist?
       | 
       | https://www.closertotruth.com/articles/levels-nothing-robert...
        
       | abetusk wrote:
       | Turing Machine Equivalence is the norm, not the exception.
        
       | Pixeleen wrote:
       | I happen to believe it is because God willed the universe into
       | existence. There are more esoteric explanations, something about
       | him being lonely, but we're not supposed to even start worrying
       | about them until the age of 40.
        
         | CharlesW wrote:
         | > _I happen to believe it is because God willed the universe
         | into existence._
         | 
         | Ah yes, Phanes.
        
           | 93po wrote:
           | Hey, don't undersell Chronos and Ananke
        
       | xylifyx wrote:
       | Why does something exist? There is an easy answer: Because it
       | can.
       | 
       | Similar to the many world interpretation of quantum mechanics.
       | All possibilities exist. Both a something and a nothing.
        
         | 93po wrote:
         | Why can something exist?
        
       | themodelplumber wrote:
       | Cool to see this. I'm interested in orthogonal models that
       | provide different types of leverage in the same broad arena of
       | thought. Replacements for "exist", "real", even "dream,"
       | "simulation," etc.
       | 
       | IOW words or phrases that skip the rather prominent liabilities
       | of those same (tired?) words/models but also work well at such a
       | global scope and scaffold nicely.
       | 
       | Thanks for posting.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | a-r-t wrote:
       | Because even the concept of nothing is something.
        
         | pineconewarrior wrote:
         | That discussion is among the largest cans of worms.
        
       | yes_man wrote:
       | Having listened to a dozen YT videos and podcasts on the subject,
       | I am kind of an expert (just kidding). But I can relay one view a
       | few brilliant people invested into the subject have about the
       | issue: that reality is a set of all possible states. Of what
       | states? Well literally anything.
       | 
       | Imagine a wave that can at any point oscillate up or down. If it
       | does both and splits, it eventually will create all possible
       | states of anything imaginable. Some of the waves become more and
       | more complex, until in very rare cases structure and rules form
       | within the wave function itself. Akin to Conway's Game of Life.
       | So universes with (seemingly) deterministic laws of any kind are
       | just extremely rare sub-trees of this wave of "every possible
       | wavestate".
       | 
       | All the peculiarities like dimensions are illusions the same way
       | a multidimensional array to a computer is ultimately just one-
       | dimensional, with logic to treat it as multi-dimensional.
       | 
       | I also like the explanation that concept of nothingness is
       | categorically invalid because there clearly is existence (or is
       | there? Maybe this is the ultimate "nothing"?), but the theory of
       | all possible states sounds even better.
       | 
       | Definitely not claiming this is true but intuitively feels like
       | the best explanation for this existence... that this universe
       | with all its laws is a rare sub-tree of all possible states of a
       | simple oscillator. Other universes with other laws exist further
       | up the tree in its other branches. In between, voids and vacuums
       | and undeterministic universes
        
         | enw wrote:
         | > So universes with (seemingly) deterministic laws of any kind
         | are just extremely rare sub-trees of this wave of "every
         | possible wavestate".
         | 
         | Wow!
         | 
         | This is very similar to what I experienced when I accidentally
         | ingested a large amount of psilocybin (and went to ER just in
         | case, it was the most terrifying experience of my life).
         | 
         | This is what I wrote in my notes post the bad trip:
         | 
         | "I felt a disconnection from my self and could see the fabric
         | of existence, that life is an inconceivably large tree of
         | choices that forms the current state of the universe among an
         | infinite amount of universes (for each infinitesimal choice)"
         | 
         | e.g. I "felt" that there is a sibling branch in this tree of
         | choices in which the universe is a slight modification of the
         | current one. But curiously even when my whole personality
         | disassociated from my "self", there was a "foundation" of my
         | consciousness always attached to the current existence, and to
         | it all parts of my personality that form my consciousness
         | (id/superego/whatever) eventually converged once I got back
         | normal.
        
         | DantesKite wrote:
         | Stephen Wolfram actually wrote an article suggesting that
         | that's basically it although he frames it as the set of all
         | possible formal rules interacting with each other:
         | 
         | "So how does this help us understand why the universe exists?
         | We're starting from all possible rules. And basically we're
         | saying that having a universe that operates in the way we
         | perceive ours to operate is an inevitable consequence of there
         | being all these possible rules. Or, in other words, if these
         | rules "exist" then it follows that so will our universe.
         | 
         | But what does it mean for rules to "exist", and in particular
         | for all possible rules to exist? The key point, I believe, is
         | that it's in a sense an abstract necessity. The set of all
         | possible rules is something purely formal. It can be
         | represented in an infinite number of ways. But it's always
         | there, existing as an abstract thing, completely independent of
         | any particular instantiation.
         | 
         | It's crucial that we're talking about all possible rules. If we
         | were talking about particular rules, then we'd need to specify
         | which rules those are, and we'd need a whole language and
         | structure for doing that. But that's not our situation. We're
         | talking about all possible rules. We can construct some
         | explicit symbolic representation for these rules, but the
         | deductions we make ultimately won't depend on this; they would
         | work the same whatever representation we chose to construct.
         | 
         | We might have assumed that to get our universe we'd need some
         | definite input, some specific information. But what we're
         | discovering is that our universe is in some sense like a
         | tautology; it's something that has to be the way it is just
         | because of the definition of terms. In effect, it exists
         | because it has to, or in a sense because everything about it is
         | a "logical inevitability", with no choice about anything."
         | 
         | https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2021/04/why-does-the-uni...
        
           | humanistbot wrote:
           | The part positing the existence of a hypothetical set of all
           | possible formal rules sounds a lot like the cosmological
           | argument for the existence of God.
        
             | arrow7000 wrote:
             | How so?
        
         | ashtonbaker wrote:
         | Ever since I read this xkcd comic https://xkcd.com/505/ I've
         | suspected something like this - once you abstract a simulation
         | of the universe this far, if you can accept that a person
         | inside this simulation would not be able to tell that they were
         | in a simulation, then it kind of raises the question of whether
         | actually performing the simulation is necessary. I can't see
         | why it would be. If that's the case, then it follows that
         | "reality" is merely an expression of one possible consistent
         | set of rules. Which solves a lot of mysteries, I think.
        
         | themodelplumber wrote:
         | This all-states model has a lot of impact in relevance to
         | claims like "belief systems generally have a knob you can turn
         | to point at (and accommodate) any desired outcome/belief".
         | 
         | It seems like a good idea to move away from such a reality
         | model in that case. Ideally to replace it with either several
         | good plugins or a new metamodel which can encompass its
         | strengths and weaknesses.
         | 
         | I.e. reality can be a helpful term to describe "I found a new
         | and helpful perspective for looking at a thing." That's a big
         | strength and one commonly seen as people migrate between
         | beliefs.
        
         | trebbble wrote:
         | Looks like an appeal to the divine, in that it doesn't explain
         | anything but does push the question up a level.
         | 
         | "Why does something exist?" "God did it." "Uh, ok, why does God
         | exist?" "Dunno, just does." <- sure seems like you could have
         | simply applied that last answer to the first question and it'd
         | be exactly as useful and valid.
         | 
         | "Why does something exist?" "The set of all possible wave
         | states exists and behaves such-and-such way" "OK, but why does
         | _that_ exist and why does it do that? " "Dunno, just does". <-
         | Ditto.
        
           | yes_man wrote:
           | I guess you are right. Maybe it's more of a way to get in
           | sane terms with the question.
           | 
           | On that note though it definitely feels more logical and
           | harmonious concept than "God did it". But I do get your point
        
           | function_seven wrote:
           | There is something about this that at least partially
           | satisfies the question, in that it simplifies as you go one
           | level up.
           | 
           | With the "God did it" explanation, something vastly _more_
           | complex and inscrutable is required (i.e. God) to make the
           | explanation work. With this explanation, there is but a
           | simple wave that splits on its possible oscillations. Our
           | existence is on one of these.
           | 
           | No explanation will ever find the "bottom turtle." There will
           | always be space for another "why?" question. The interesting
           | part is probably more to do with the "asker" this question
           | rather than the answer to it. That we have this capacity to
           | think abstractly about this is, to me, more mind-blowing than
           | the nature of existence itself.
        
           | tshaddox wrote:
           | The only thing problematic about "appeals to the divine" or
           | other explanations that "push the question up a level" is if
           | part of the explanation is the prohibition of "where did that
           | thing come from?" or "why is it this way and not some other
           | way?"
           | 
           | But pushing things up a level is actually the only option we
           | have for good explanations. For any explanation about
           | anything whatsoever, you should _always_ be able to ask "why
           | is it this way rather than some other way?" It's not some
           | paradox or contradiction that there will never be an end to
           | this series of explanations and questions, and any claim that
           | there _is_ an end is the bad kind of "appeal to the divine"!!
        
             | breuleux wrote:
             | From a mathematical/algorithmic point of view, you could
             | define a good explanation as a sort of compression process:
             | on one hand, you have observations, data to explain,
             | totalling a certain number of bits. On the other hand, you
             | have a process or algorithm that can generate these
             | observations, and if that process can be described in less
             | bits than the original observations, then you have a "good
             | explanation". For example, our current theories for the
             | laws of physics are excellent explanations, because they
             | can explain a virtually infinite number of real
             | observations from finite information.
             | 
             | On the other hand, if the observations are truly random,
             | then in general no shorter process can produce them, so
             | there can be no good explanation for them. And the
             | interesting thing is that if every good explanation
             | compresses the original observations at least one bit
             | further (otherwise they would not be good), there must be a
             | point where the result is as short as it could possibly be.
             | At this point, the series of good explanations would _have_
             | to end (although I believe that it is undecidable to know
             | when the end is reached).
             | 
             | It is also always possible for something that has a good
             | explanation to actually be a brute fact, like the idea that
             | the Earth was created with the appearance of old age: the
             | good explanation would be that it aged, but the truth would
             | be that it didn't.
        
               | tshaddox wrote:
               | I don't think the length of the explanation is very
               | relevant, and finding shorter explanations doesn't seem
               | like a primary concern. Explanations should be judged on
               | what problems they solve and how well they stand up to
               | criticism and competing explanations. And since I don't
               | think any explanation can be "final" or "100% true" or
               | "guaranteed" or anything like that, the notion of a
               | shortest possible explanation doesn't even make much
               | sense.
        
             | trebbble wrote:
             | True if the level you shift it up to has some further
             | explanatory value and/or can be demonstrated or proven in
             | some fashion. If it's just "well, it _might_ be this thing
             | that we can 't prove" then, until you've turned that notion
             | into something you can test or at least support with
             | observations, it's just "god did it".
             | 
             | I think "there's something rather than nothing because the
             | set of all possible waves exists... like, somewhere" is
             | roughly identical to "god did it", as opposed to, say, a
             | hypothesis that things fall and planets orbit due to a
             | universal force that causes matter to attract other matter,
             | even if both just prompt another "why?" You can go _do
             | stuff_ with the latter--not so much with the former, which
             | is more of a dodge than even a partial explanation.
             | 
             | A good test might be whether you can apply the answer to
             | _any_ "why?" that lacks an existing answer, with exactly
             | the same utility and validity in every case. Take the
             | example of the question suggested by the explanation of
             | universal gravitation:
             | 
             | "OK, why does _gravity_ exist, then? "
             | 
             | "God did it / that's just what our little corner of the set
             | of all possible waves happens to look like"
             | 
             | There's simply no specificity to them, and they amount to
             | "just because".
        
       | jpeter wrote:
       | Does somebody now what the author is up to now. I have been
       | waiting for a new article for over a year
        
         | 93po wrote:
         | Assuming his LinkedIn isn't full of hot air, he's probably
         | retired. I don't see any online presence in the past year
         | though.
        
       | skeltoac wrote:
       | Logged in to say something about how the question is based on a
       | false dichotomy, but now I think it better just to say nothing.
        
       | throwaway290 wrote:
       | Tl;DR
       | 
       | > Why does anything exist?
       | 
       | > Because necessity requires logical laws; logical laws imply
       | incontrovertible truth; such truth includes mathematical truth;
       | mathematical truth defines numbers; numbers possess number
       | relations; number relations imply equations; equations define
       | computable relations; computable relations define all
       | computations; all computations include algorithmically generated
       | observers; and these observers experience apparent physical
       | realities.
       | 
       | I'm not convinced. Does anyone follow this?
        
       | jorjordandan wrote:
       | I had a mushroom trip that made this all make sense (at the
       | time). The gist of it was, there was never nothing. Nothing is a
       | made up concept. It's deeply valuable, but there is no instance
       | of any kind of nothing that actually exists. There is only
       | "exists". The most basic form of existence is change. Even if
       | there had been nothing, and something came from it, in order for
       | something to come from it, there would first need to have been
       | some change. So regardless of how it could have started, change
       | has to be the first thing. But in my opinion, recursive cycles is
       | a more likely explanation than a linear universe with a start and
       | end that are both in 'nothing'. I'm posting this nonsense tongue
       | in cheek but.. I don't think it's completely wrong.
        
         | 93po wrote:
         | A big chunk the posted article addresses this exact topic:
         | https://alwaysasking.com/why-does-anything-exist/#A_Self-Exi...
        
         | emerged wrote:
        
         | greenonions wrote:
         | Mushroom origins or no, I completely agree.
        
         | Galaxeblaffer wrote:
         | My favorite cyclic theory so far is probably Roger Penrose's
         | conformal cyclic cosmology. In essence the universe keeps
         | expanding exponentially which in the end becomes equivalent to
         | a new big bang since the universe at that point will loose all
         | notions of scale due to their being no more particles to drive
         | scale. A much better explanation is given here
         | https://youtu.be/FVDJJVoTx7s
        
       | dasil003 wrote:
       | > _For most of history, the question remained beyond the
       | possibility of being answered. But we live in a most-exciting
       | point in time: one where this question has fallen to the progress
       | of human knowledge._
       | 
       | > _[...]_
       | 
       | > _We now have viable answers to great questions of existence:_
       | 
       | > _[...]_
       | 
       | > _It required us to assume math, rather than matter, is
       | fundamental._
       | 
       | For all the length of this exposition, the conclusion is pure
       | Streetlight Effect. Despite the fact that our brains have allowed
       | us to achieve quite a high level of abstract reasoning relative
       | to other Earth fauna, we main inextricably coupled to our meat
       | sack nature. It doesn't matter how many logical theories and
       | models you stack up that map to observable phenomena, the truth
       | is that there is no basis to assume that math is fundamental.
       | Math, is just a tool for building models, and to paraphrase
       | George Box: despite being useful, all models are wrong.
       | 
       | The irony of attempting to answer the hardest philosophical
       | questions in this way, reflects a very human emotional need to
       | transcend our obvious physical and observational limitations. We
       | can no more explain why the universe exists than an amoeba could
       | explain why a skyscraper exists, and actually the gap is much
       | much bigger, because whatever we observe and determine as
       | causality can always elicit another "why". A three year old can
       | master this trick, and yet here we have grown and supposedly
       | rational person who does not want to come to terms with the fact
       | that "what" can never fully explain "why". This existential
       | ambiguity is our birthright and is actually beautiful and
       | inspiring if you unclench your bowels a bit.
        
       | 1970-01-01 wrote:
       | This question _always_ breaks my brain. It 's the ultimate
       | question. I physically jerk back after thinking about it. The
       | initial conditions of this universe are perfect. Maybe there are
       | others that weren't.
        
       | phkahler wrote:
       | I'm mostly down with the Mathematical Universe and might have
       | independently reached that conclusion. I like to use the example
       | of the Mandelbrot set - did that set/image/fractal exist prior to
       | someone writing a program to create a map of it? I would argue
       | that it did. So a mathematical object exists independently from
       | our ever "discovering" it or its definition. That point of view
       | quickly leads to "All things that have a mathematical definition
       | exist in that same sense" which leads to "If there is a
       | mathematical definition of our universe, that is sufficient cause
       | for it to exist".
       | 
       | I do object to the talk of computability. Not all mathematically
       | well-defined things are computable. I also don't like the
       | following from the article:
       | 
       | >> Are we to take as serious the idea that we live inside an
       | equation? And this equation somehow produces all computations by
       | virtue of its solutions? And that the whole physical universe is
       | just some kind of shared hallucination?
       | 
       | A mathematical definition is not limited to "an equation". What
       | does he even mean by "produces all computations"? And then
       | "shared hallucination" also seem nonsensical - we experience
       | things however the definition allows/causes.
       | 
       | The only thing I grapple with is why we perceive the passage of
       | time. If there is a mathematical definition of the entire span of
       | the universe and time, that doesn't satisfy me in understanding
       | why "I" am experiencing "now". Some might argue that a
       | "simulation" is "running" but like the Mandelbrot set, the entire
       | thing is defined at once by the definition, and any need to "run"
       | it pushes the whole problem down one level (like where did god
       | exist before he made the universe?) it's turtles all the way
       | down. So while defining the universe over time might involve a
       | definition that looks like a simulation, that still doesn't
       | explain why we experience the simulation at a single point in
       | time.
        
       | silent_cal wrote:
       | >So long as we operate from a theory of geometry, we can't define
       | nothingness as anything less than a space of zero-dimensionality.
       | 
       | >This leaves us with a point.
       | 
       | That's still not nothing.
        
         | soulofmischief wrote:
         | What interests me is that if there is only the point, there's
         | no external system for reference. So the point has no
         | coordinates, no observable properties... right?
        
           | silent_cal wrote:
           | You said "there is only the point", which means there is
           | something. That's not nothing.
        
       | Victerius wrote:
       | Survivor bias. If nothing existed [1], we wouldn't be here to ask
       | the question.
       | 
       | It's like asking what is P(A|A).
       | 
       | The question "Why do I not exist" has never and will never be
       | (seriously) asked.
       | 
       | [1] To be clear, if _only_ nothing existed, and there existed
       | nothing other than nothingness. [2]
       | 
       | [2] I sense epistemologists warming their guns here, asking if
       | the "existence" of "nothing" counts as the existence of
       | "something". I.e. is "nothing" something?
        
         | ptmvp wrote:
         | I don't get what point you're trying to get across with this
         | comment. The question at hand is essentially one of causality,
         | but you seem to be avoiding it? Addressing your points one by
         | one:
         | 
         | >Survivor bias. If nothing existed [1], we wouldn't be here to
         | ask the question.
         | 
         | Survivor bias leading to the question is not the reason
         | anything exists, in the same way you being alive to ask this
         | question is not the reason you're alive. In both cases
         | existence is simply a pre-requisite to asking the question, but
         | it does not answer it.
         | 
         | >It's like asking what is P(A|A).
         | 
         | No, that is misinterpretation of the question. The question is
         | not "What is the probability that anything exists, given that
         | anything exists?", it's asking "Why does anything exist?", as
         | per the title.
         | 
         | >The question "Why do I not exist" has never and will never be
         | (seriously) asked.
         | 
         | Haven't given much thought to this, and at face value, yes,
         | you're right. But "seriously" is ambiguous and there are some
         | interesting questions here regarding the possibility of an evil
         | demon like entity, or, more interestingly, GPT-3 posing this
         | question.
        
         | captainclam wrote:
         | Doesn't this just completely dodge/dismiss the original
         | question?
         | 
         | If I asked how biology worked, you wouldn't say "Survivorship
         | bias: if biology didn't work, you wouldn't be here to ask the
         | question."
        
           | Victerius wrote:
           | I see what you mean. But with biology, every organism has a
           | different biology. I can take a plant or an animal and study
           | its biology as an external and impartial observer.
           | 
           | With respect to the question of the existence of everything,
           | I can't take the Universe or a Universe and study its
           | properties as an external and impartial observer.
           | 
           | If I was the only organism in the Universe, I could still try
           | to study my body and reach limited conclusions, like we do
           | with physics, but I couldn't go further without dissecting
           | myself or injecting myself with potentially hazardous
           | substances, which would kill me. And I certainly would never
           | be able to answer the question of where I came from if I
           | didn't know about the concept of gender, sex, and
           | reproduction, which I couldn't know about if I was the only
           | organism to have ever existed from my point of view.
           | 
           | So I am dismissing the original question.
        
         | xnoreq wrote:
         | Anything exists because of survivor bias? That's backwards
         | logic / you've missed/evaded the question.
         | 
         | It's not like asking P(A|A), it's not even asking why P(A) >
         | P(N). It's asking _why_ P(A)  > 0, which it evidently is.
         | 
         | Statistically, one could make the argument that there are
         | infinite possibilities of A(nything) and just one of N(othing),
         | so the odds are stacked infinitely high against nothingness.
        
           | User23 wrote:
           | > Statistically, one could make the argument that there are
           | infinite possibilities of A(nything) and just one of
           | N(othing), so the odds are stacked infinitely high against
           | nothingness.
           | 
           | This reminds me of the classic joke that all probabilities
           | are 50/50. Either a thing happens or it doesn't.
        
         | amelius wrote:
         | It is still possible that nothing exists. For example, if
         | physics rules are an algebra where you start with nothingness,
         | and nothingness is then combined with nothingness in various
         | ways. Then, from the inside it appears as if things exist, but
         | from the outside it seems that nothing exists. Somewhat similar
         | to a computer game which may look like an entire world from the
         | inside, but you see only a bunch of computer chips from the
         | outside.
        
           | criddell wrote:
           | Are you talking about the mathematical universe hypothesis
           | where everything is just mathematics?
        
         | nsxwolf wrote:
         | Stephen Hawking famously confused gravity for "nothing" when he
         | said "Because there is a law such as gravity, the universe can
         | and will create itself from nothing."
         | 
         | He was an incredible intellect, but not everything he said is
         | going to be a winner.
        
         | mecsred wrote:
         | You say this like it's a solved issue, but you're still
         | debating with yourself in the footnotes.
        
         | dibujante wrote:
         | I don't think so. There has to be a plausible survivor for
         | survivorship bias. Living forever is advantageous to being a
         | member of a survival cohort, and yet survivorship bias hasn't
         | discovered any immortal people. Is there a plausible reason for
         | things to exist that would explain why existence survived as an
         | outcome?
        
         | gnulinux wrote:
         | Isn't it the opposite of what you suggest? If there was
         | nothing, there would be nothing to investigate; but now that we
         | now the universe exists, it does make sense to ask why is that
         | something exists rather than nothing.
        
       | markkat wrote:
       | Existence is interaction.
        
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