[HN Gopher] Apple M2 Die Shot and Architecture Analysis - Big Co...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Apple M2 Die Shot and Architecture Analysis - Big Cost Increase and
       A15 Based IP
        
       Author : yurisagalov
       Score  : 224 points
       Date   : 2022-06-10 02:40 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (semianalysis.substack.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (semianalysis.substack.com)
        
       | drawingthesun wrote:
       | A few comments here about how Apple is losing a lot of top talent
       | to rival Rivos, a stealth startup.
       | 
       | What would Rivos business model be? I'm genuinely interested
       | seems interesting to me.
       | 
       | Would they be positioning themselves as the next Qualcomm?
       | 
       | Or perhaps sell a superior chip to Apple at some point?
        
         | ece wrote:
         | They could open up documentation and invite others to build an
         | ecosystem around a RISC-V socket and variety of motherboards. I
         | don't know what their plans might be, but this is the kind of
         | RISC-V ecosystem I'd like to see, like early-x86.
        
       | ParadisoShlee wrote:
       | Excellent read into the realities of making a SOC.
       | 
       | Every SOC I continue to keep my eyes open for MTE being used in a
       | mainstream ARMv8.5 processor... If we're to believe that M3 is
       | marked to be using ARMv9 as well. Maybe 2024 is the year?
        
       | hemantv wrote:
       | Apple generally pay very poorly for quality of talent.
       | 
       | I would love to live in world where 10x engineers are rewarded
       | 10x. Right now it's 25% better pay than median.
        
         | 999900000999 wrote:
         | Most 10xers aren't constantly 10x. You might have a 10x year
         | and then a 1.1x year.
         | 
         | With tech it's a bit of a catch 22, most engineers really
         | become effective after 18 to 24 months. At this point you know
         | how to really get things done in your org.
         | 
         | But after 2 years you can job hop and make significantly more,
         | so your interest might not align 100% with the company's
        
           | hunterb123 wrote:
           | This. I'll make a product for someone in a few weekends,
           | working 18 hours a day for a few weeks straight,
           | 
           | Then I won't have the energy for a few months.
           | 
           | Probably evens out to an employer, but imo you do better when
           | the snowball is rolling longer without breaks.
           | 
           | That's the secret to 10x. ADHD and don't stop. Stopping is
           | the enemy, you can't see the forest.
           | 
           | I hear regulation is nice, but tell my mind that.
           | 
           | Been at my employer for 10 years making cool shit if that
           | matters.
        
             | postalrat wrote:
             | You think it's rough being 10. Trying being 10,000x.
        
               | hunterb123 wrote:
               | Sleep deprivation is the limit. Whatever multiplier you
               | are, you're capped by that.
        
         | koonsolo wrote:
         | If you want 10x pay you need to start your own company. No
         | other way to get a 10x.
        
       | daguava wrote:
       | There's a lot of claims of poached talent in the article,
       | basically claiming [paraphrasing] "Apple, maintaining their
       | stressful work env and not paying to shore that up lost some
       | rockstars"
       | 
       | How true is this? If they're on the money it's an excellent
       | example of a talent retention miss leading to a demonstrable
       | mediocrity in delivery.
        
         | matwood wrote:
         | Work culture can mean a couple of things though. Building and
         | delivering the M1 was probably a great experience. Maybe like
         | the hardware equivalent of greenfield development. The M1 is
         | out, and now it's about continual refinements. The people who
         | love going from 0->1 are not always the same people who enjoy
         | going from 1->100.
         | 
         | And while Apple isn't the max payer in SV, I'm sure they pay
         | fine compared to other big tech. The issue is, chips are big
         | right now and no existing big tech can compete compensation
         | wise with shares in a growth chip startup. With VC drying up, I
         | expect this to change back in Apple (and other big techs)
         | favor.
        
         | bombcar wrote:
         | I suspect we're looking at Apple implementing tick/tock,
         | whether because they're forced to or because they want to -
         | they've already been doing something similar on the iPhones,
         | and supply constraint may make them do it on the chips, too.
         | 
         | Few people are going to upgrade from the M1 to the M2 anyway,
         | so it makes sense to keep powder dry for the M3.
        
           | innocenat wrote:
           | Intel tick-tock was alternating microarchitecture change with
           | process optimization every other year.
           | 
           | It looks like M2 is neither of those, and it's already 2
           | year.
        
         | dagmx wrote:
         | The author has been pushing this conjecture for a year over the
         | past year or so, and has been repeatedly called out on the
         | Hardware reddit.
         | 
         | I would recommend not taking their business conjecture without
         | a giant pinch of salt. Just today they were claiming Apple has
         | lost hundreds of engineers in the chip division. The idea that
         | a single division somehow lost hundreds without the industry
         | noticing is ridiculous.
        
           | skohan wrote:
           | I agree, reading this it just seems like this author has
           | found a market for people who want read news about how AAPL
           | is going to drop tomorrow
        
             | greedo wrote:
             | I remember reading ESR's blog a decade (or more) ago where
             | every single technical advancement was going to lead to
             | Apple's doom. Every new competitor that popped up was going
             | to lead to Apple's doom. Every legislative initiative was
             | going to lead to Apple's doom. After awhile, I stopped
             | reading his blog because despite a lot of good insight in
             | some areas, his cheerleading for Apple's Doom had clearly
             | created too much bias in his judgement for me to take
             | anything he said seriously.
             | 
             | Apple will eventually be overtaken by another company at
             | some point, but there's a world of journalists and pundits
             | who continue to cry wolf every day.
        
           | wmf wrote:
           | Why do you think the industry hasn't noticed? If it's not
           | hundreds, how many Apple employees have moved to Nuvia and
           | Rivos?
        
             | dylan522p wrote:
             | It has noticed. Look at Apple architects, validation,
             | layout, etc engineers moving to Nuvia + Rivos + Google +
             | Amazon + Microsoft + Meta + Intel + Nvidia + AMD + Apple +
             | Qualcomm.
             | 
             | It's there.
        
             | dagmx wrote:
             | In multiples of tens, I would believe it. Upto a hundred
             | over a couple years? That's a stretch but possible if you
             | count a very wide range of roles. Multiple hundreds as they
             | imply on Reddit? That would be catastrophic to any company,
             | even one as large as Apple. You would certainly see it
             | reflected in their job postings after even a few, let alone
             | hundred+
        
           | Josteniok wrote:
           | I wondered about this too and I like your advice about salt
           | but apparently Apple is suing Rivos about this very thing:
           | https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/apple-lawsuit-
           | says-...
        
             | dagmx wrote:
             | I never said or implied that they didn't take many, just
             | not hundreds. In the tens? I believe that. Up to a hundred?
             | That's a tall order. Multiple hundreds? That's catastrophic
             | to any org, including one as large as Apple
        
             | drawingthesun wrote:
             | The article says 40 employees not hundreds, but I imagine
             | that 40 of Apple's top chip talent is going to hurt, that
             | is a lot of brain power to lose!
             | 
             | Seems some employees took more than themselves to Rivos.
             | "at least two former Apple engineers took gigabytes of
             | confidential information with them to Rivos."
        
               | KerrAvon wrote:
               | I wonder if tha'ts subject to criminal prosecution or
               | merely civil remedies.
        
               | walterbell wrote:
               | Remember Apple cancelling their contract with Imagination
               | (GPU) and hiring their employees to work on Apple's GPU?
        
               | willis936 wrote:
               | Hurts donut.
        
         | dhanna wrote:
         | The youngest, strongest RTL engineer I know jumped from Apple
         | to Rivos.
        
           | exhilaration wrote:
           | I'm still amazed at how jumping to a rival firm like this is
           | possible in California, those of us in pretty much the rest
           | of the country are locked behind non-competes.
        
             | wbl wrote:
             | Horace Greely had the answer 150 years ago.
        
               | krasin wrote:
               | I am curious. Would it be possible to provide a more
               | direct reference?
        
               | wbl wrote:
               | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_West,_young_man
        
               | krasin wrote:
               | Thanks! Apparently, I knew the quote, but not the author
               | of it.
        
             | happyopossum wrote:
             | That's quite an exaggeration - many states disallow or
             | severely limit non-competes, and in many of the states that
             | allow them, they are often unenforced, or easy to get
             | around. So yeah - some people in some parts of the country
             | are locked behind non-competes (if they aren't willing to
             | move), but it's hardly everyone.
        
               | wikibob wrote:
               | That is a gross exaggeration of the situation.
               | 
               | California has a total ban on non-competes.
               | 
               | A very small handful of other states put restrictions on
               | non-competes, but even those generally allow non-
               | competition agreements if time limited, and the employee
               | makes over ~$100k.
               | 
               | It's widely accepted that prohibiting non-competes has
               | been a significant factor in the tech industry success in
               | California.
               | 
               | As one example, it is well known that Amazon aggressively
               | enforces non-competes, even against line engineers.
        
               | matwood wrote:
               | Non-competes without a monetary attachment are hard to
               | enforce from the employer side. Judges don't look kindly
               | to preventing someone from making a living. Of course
               | companies hope the threat of going to court makes people
               | back down - like Amazon who is known bully in this area.
               | 
               | But yes, I wish all states would just ban them outright.
               | Or at least make them require compensation. If an
               | employee is important enough to require a non-compete,
               | then they are important enough to pay during the non-
               | compete time period.
               | 
               | Does CA also ban them as part of an acquisition? I've
               | seen them as part of the sale so everyone doesn't quit
               | the day after the acquisition and start a competitor.
        
         | InvaderFizz wrote:
         | Looking at another article from the same author[0], we'll have
         | a pretty solid answer to the impact in September with the
         | release of the A16. Apparently the A15 had very minimal CPU
         | gains clock-for-clock over the A14.
         | 
         | To quote from that article:
         | 
         | "SemiAnalysis believes that the next generation core was
         | delayed out of 2021 into 2022 due to CPU engineer resource
         | problems. In 2019, Nuvia was founded and later acquired by
         | Qualcomm for $1.4B. Apple's Chief CPU Architect, Gerard
         | Williams, as well as over a 100 other Apple engineers left to
         | join this firm. More recently, SemiAnalysis broke the news
         | about Rivos Inc, a new high performance RISC V startup which
         | includes many senior Apple engineers. The brain drain continues
         | and impacts will be more apparent as time moves on. As Apple
         | once drained resources out of Intel and others through the
         | industry, the reverse seems to be happening now."
         | 
         | I was very optimistic on Apple on the CPU front until I read
         | this today. Now I'm waiting to see how the A16 pans out for
         | them to see if it's a two generation loss of progress, or just
         | a single generation stumble.
         | 
         | 0: https://semianalysis.substack.com/p/apple-cpu-gains-grind-
         | to...
        
           | skohan wrote:
           | Reads like FUD to me
        
           | AgentOrange1234 wrote:
           | I don't know Apple's turnaround, but processors are released
           | in products only long after their design is completed. Think
           | at least several months, even likely a year+ between design
           | and release.
           | 
           | Nuvia started early enough to be a factor here. But Rivos
           | wasn't even founded until June 2021. To release now, M2 would
           | already have been at finished with design by then.
        
           | dijonman2 wrote:
           | Chip manufacturing is difficult, this reminds me of the
           | Japanese entry into the semiconductor market.
           | 
           | There is an excellent video on this for anyone interested in
           | Japanese culture and the war against USA via semiconductors:
           | 
           | https://youtu.be/bwhU9goCiaI
        
         | somethoughts wrote:
         | Likely its a bit of hyperbole to get views.
         | 
         | I think there's always a desire to work at a startup in SV and
         | in a low/zero interest rate environment - VCs could probably
         | fund something in the chip design space.
         | 
         | But now that interest rates are going up, I think that will be
         | a lot tougher and Apple will be a better position due to their
         | direct access to free cashflow - to either compete or acquire
         | them at a later date.
         | 
         | Its also an observation that w.r.t. chip design and consumer
         | electronics, the pay is general lower than say Google,
         | Facebook, Salesforce, Web 2.0 based startups (i.e. AirBnb,
         | Uber, DoorDash), etc.
         | 
         | My presumption is that this is because as a chip designer or
         | embedded software/hardware engineer, the capital costs to do
         | anything interesting on your own as a startup (i.e. tape out a
         | chip, mass production in Asia, etc.) are very very high and
         | very fixed and very up-front. Even fabless semiconductors and
         | factory-less product design companies that outsource
         | manufacturing to Asia would need to go find outside capital for
         | IC masks or HW prototypes. You also need a cadre of supply
         | chain, biz dev, marketing, ad spend, channel sales
         | distribution.
         | 
         | Compare that to AirBnb, Dropbox where you need a good idea, a
         | handful of 10x SW engineers and an AWS account that can scale
         | as you grown and a free tier for onboarding customers.
         | Therefore, Google/FB etc. need to pay more to prevent these
         | folks from going off and starting their disruptor (i.e. Insta,
         | WhatsApp, SalesForce).
        
           | Sirened wrote:
           | ++, totally. I think a lot of people are linking CPU
           | engineering with SW engineering because they both work with
           | the same product at the end of the day, but the industries
           | are radically different both from a business and culture
           | standpoint. The "go fast and break things" mentality that
           | pervades the SV software startup scene is, in my experience,
           | no where to be found in hardware because it's both incredibly
           | costly to make any mistakes and because most CPU divisions
           | are lead by people with decades of experience (rather than
           | the mishmash that is startups).
           | 
           | The author's argument here about talent leaving after having
           | "gotten Apple off x64" is such an odd take. It's not as if
           | Apple started designing these chips after the M1 launched--
           | the pipeline for even small SoCs is often five or more years.
           | The bit about Rivos is especially bizarre because _that_
           | company was founded in 2021, well after this chip must have
           | been taped out.
        
             | somethoughts wrote:
             | Yep - also was going to add but it was getting kinda
             | long...
             | 
             | With respect to Rivos, reading the about page - it seems an
             | interesting take on RISC-V.
             | 
             | My take is that this will be rolled back into either Apple
             | or Google at a later date - mostly as a hedge against
             | someone (like Nvidia) acquiring the ARM IP now that its in
             | play - or to provide some realistic alternative that can be
             | used as a counter bid in licensing discussions with ARM.
             | 
             | Two of the founders of Rivos were involved in PA Semi which
             | was acquired by Apple and Agnilux which was acquired by
             | Google ChromeBook team.
        
         | modeless wrote:
         | Seems silly to me. CPU designs are important, but these
         | companies have more than enough engineers to make competent
         | designs even with some people leaving. There's another factor
         | that completely dominates. It's all about the fabs. Intel lost
         | the performance lead, was it because of their designs? No, it's
         | because they lost the lead in fabs. AMD passed Intel, was it
         | because of their designs? No, it's because they use TSMC's fabs
         | and TSMC passed Intel. Apple blew everyone away with M1, was it
         | because of their designs? No, it's because they paid TSMC
         | boatloads of money for exclusivity on their latest fabs. Apple
         | M2 disappoints on CPU performance, is it because of their
         | designs? No, it's because TSMC's next fab isn't ready yet so
         | they're still using the same fabs as M1.
         | 
         | These days I care more about which TSMC process node my chips
         | came from than which company designed them. I need a new
         | computer but I'm waiting until next year because there will be
         | a wave of new CPUs and GPUs coming out with much better
         | performance. Better designs? Maybe a little, but it's really
         | because they're all moving to TSMC N4.
         | 
         | I really hope Pat Gelsinger can save Intel's fab business
         | because we really need another company that can compete in fabs
         | and Samsung isn't doing too hot either.
        
           | iosystem wrote:
           | I thought AMD succeeded because they managed to get Jim
           | Keller and other great engineers? Unsure why you're placing
           | your hope on a CEO.
        
             | wmf wrote:
             | No one person deserves the credit for a processor and if
             | Intel had delivered on their roadmap (Ice Lake in 2017 and
             | Alder Lake in 2019) AMD would be dead today.
        
               | BackBlast wrote:
               | AMD survived bulldozer. They survived not because of the
               | quality of their chips, but because there exists a
               | sizable x86 market that is literally anything except
               | Intel.
        
               | hn_go_brrrrr wrote:
               | Why does that market exist?
        
               | ChuckNorris89 wrote:
               | Because, before the mobile explosion, we had the PC
               | industry explosion which created a huge demand for X86
               | PCs and Macs in every home.
               | 
               | And even after the mobile revolution shrank the demand
               | for X86 PCs, the cloud revolution further entrched X86 in
               | the cloud.
        
           | inkyoto wrote:
           | > _No, it 's because they lost the lead in fabs. AMD passed
           | Intel, was it because of their designs? No, it's because they
           | use TSMC's fabs and TSMC passed Intel. Apple blew everyone
           | away with M1, was it because of their designs? No, it's
           | because they paid TSMC boatloads of money for exclusivity on
           | their latest fabs_.
           | 
           | The fixation on the fab process is bewildering. Yes, it does
           | help, but it is also an optimisation step that is decoupled
           | from and that bears no relevance on the chip design. Yes, the
           | smaller node size also brings the increased density along and
           | an increased number of things that can be whacked into the
           | same sized piece of silicon, but it will not magically
           | improve the overall system performance or result in the
           | linear architecture scalability.
           | 
           | The article is specifically calling out a potentially
           | decreased ROB size in M2 cores, and ARMv9 also potentially
           | not arriving until M3 which are crucial to the speed or
           | software performance. There is absolutely nothing the fab
           | process can do to make SVE2 and matrix instructions
           | automagically appear in lithographic chip designs - those are
           | the <<silicon>> design time decisions. As we have recently
           | been seeing more and more practical, mainstream use cases of
           | the advanced use of the SIMD instructions at the C/C++/Rust
           | runtime level that bring an order of magnitude level
           | performance gains, having the SVE2 implementation at the ISA
           | level is becoming somewhat critical.
        
             | ezconnect wrote:
             | Fab process is very important. The fast design is nothing
             | if you can't build it.
        
             | brigade wrote:
             | Android flagships are shipping with SVE2 as of this year,
             | which I actually didn't realize until like two weeks ago
             | because there's been nearly zero buzz about it. What's SVE2
             | being used for over NEON as of now?
        
               | inkyoto wrote:
               | Low level runtime optimisation that yields substantial
               | performance gains in the user facing or system level
               | software, ranging from cryptography through to data
               | processing algorithms and very high throughput JSON
               | parsing.
               | 
               | Take OpenSSL as an isolated example. By simply fiddling
               | with the C compiler flags to allow it to use NEON on M1,
               | the sha256 calculation speed-up is 4x for 128 and 256
               | block sizes, with performance gains quickly tapering off
               | for larger block sizes and resutling in a modest 10%
               | increase only. And that performance increase happens
               | without the involvement of hash functions having been
               | manually optimised for NEON/SVE1.
               | 
               | SVE2 with its variable vector size support could improve
               | performance for larger unit sizes. Perhaps it is the time
               | to spin up a Graviton3 instance and poke around with
               | clang/gcc to see how actually good or faster the SVE2 is.
        
               | brigade wrote:
               | Yeah that's NEON. And there's instructions that literally
               | calculate SHA256 so generalizing that is moot. My point
               | was first, what real benchmarks are there of SVE2's
               | benefits over NEON with mainstream CPUs that M2 would
               | compete against? Unlike AVX-512, NEON was already pretty
               | rich, so the new instructions have rather specialized
               | usefulness.
               | 
               | Because outside of servers where little cores don't
               | exist, 256b ALUs in big cores mean 256b registers in
               | little cores, and Cortex-A510 is _way_ smaller than
               | Gracemont. And then you 're giving Samsung another
               | opportunity to screw up big.LITTLE...
               | 
               | And even the server CPUs with SVE are 2x256b except A64FX
               | which is HPC exclusive, so no better than 4x128b.
        
               | adrian_b wrote:
               | SVE2 does not increase the maximum speed. That depends
               | only on the width and number of the ALUs, on the number
               | of cores and on the clock frequency.
               | 
               | The purpose of SVE2 is to simplify the writing of the
               | software that exploits the data parallelism, both when
               | that is done manually and when that is done automatically
               | by an autovectorizing compiler.
               | 
               | With SVE2 it should become much easier to deal with data
               | structures where the sizes and the alignments are not
               | multiples of the ALU width and it will also no longer be
               | necessary to write many alternative code paths, to take
               | advantage of any future better CPUs, like when optimizing
               | for Intel SSE/AVX/AVX2/AVX-512.
               | 
               | There are still a majority of programs that do not
               | utilize as frequently as possible the existing SIMD
               | units. With SVE2, their number should diminish.
        
             | modeless wrote:
             | Stuff like adding SVE2 can be great for specific
             | applications but it's really marginal when looking at whole
             | system performance. What's not marginal are the
             | improvements in power efficiency and room for more cache
             | that come with new process nodes. These chips are power
             | constrained in almost everything they do, because of heat
             | dissipation or battery life or both. Less power and more
             | cache benefits _everything_ automatically, not just the
             | very few things that actually start using new SIMD
             | instructions or other new hardware blocks each year.
        
               | inkyoto wrote:
               | > Stuff like SVE2 is really marginal when looking at
               | whole system performance.
               | 
               | It is not. A recent paper
               | (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.05982.pdf) from Google
               | engineering has compared performance of a vectorised
               | (SIMD) vs non-vectorised implementation of the quick sort
               | in the Highway library as well as the performance
               | difference of the AVX-512 vs NEON/SVE1 implementations.
               | By switching to the SIMD processing alone, the 9-19x
               | speedup has been reported, depending on the SIMD unit
               | size (32/64/128-bit numbers have been sampled and
               | measured up). Even the smallest of the two, the 9x
               | perfomance gain factor, is far from being _marginal_.
               | 
               | On the SIMD unit size of things, the performance
               | difference between AVX-512 (the average of 1120 Mb/sec
               | has been measured) and NEON implementation (the 478
               | Mb/sec throughput on average) is 2.4x smaller for
               | NEON/SVE1 largely due to the smaller width of the units
               | of processing. Again, the 2.4x factor is not in the
               | marginal territory.
               | 
               | > What's not marginal is the improvements in power
               | efficiency that come with new process nodes.
               | 
               | And that is an optimisation step, albeit a very important
               | one. However, it will not make a quick sort
               | implementation run 2.4x faster alone.
        
               | brigade wrote:
               | Soo... basically a 2x speedup in going from 4x128b to
               | 2x512b ALUs, after discounting the frequency difference.
               | But realistically, Intel's client configurations are
               | 3x256b, which is only 25-40% faster in that paper.
               | 
               | (I suspect any application doing enough quicksort that
               | the 2x speedup is significant, would be even happier
               | going slightly off-core to a coprocessor more specialized
               | in vector processing, like Hwacha. There's plenty of
               | space between "tightly-coupled CPU SIMD" and "GPU" that I
               | think makes more sense than needing to implement 512-bit
               | registers in little cores.)
        
               | inkyoto wrote:
               | > Soo... basically a 2x speedup in going from 4x128b to
               | 2x512b ALUs, after discounting the frequency difference.
               | But realistically, Intel's client configurations are
               | 3x256b, which is only 25-40% faster in that paper.
               | 
               | 2.4x difference was, in fact, reported, however I still
               | find it somewhat difficult to interpret the reported
               | results. The processing unit size difference alone and
               | the number of LU's can't account for such a big
               | difference in _transfer_ speeds as the M1 Max that was
               | used in the assessment has a very wide memory bus (256
               | bit wide for a performance core _cluster_ or 512 bit wide
               | for the _entire SoC_ ) as well as unusually large L1-D
               | cache and a large L2 cache, with both caches having deep
               | TLB's. The test set they used could also fully fit into
               | the L2 cache. I have asked the Google engineer a question
               | in a separate thread about what else could influence the
               | observed performance difference but have not received a
               | satisfactory explanation.
        
               | brigade wrote:
               | If something is bound by memory/cache bandwidth, then
               | increasing ALU width wouldn't help in the first place.
        
               | modeless wrote:
               | You completely ignored the "whole system performance"
               | part of my statement. What percentage of your CPU time is
               | spent running SIMD-optimized implementations of
               | Quicksort? Now apply Amdahl's law.
        
               | inkyoto wrote:
               | <<Whole system performance>> is a meaningless term as it
               | is a function of many, usually poorly controlled, input
               | variables, and _your_ whole system is different from _my_
               | whole system. If _my_ VPN tunnel allows _me_ to have
               | faster transfer speeds simply by virtue of having ISA
               | assisted optimisations in the cryptographic library it
               | uses, the net result will be very noticeable to _me_ but
               | perhaps not for you unless you also have to use the same
               | VPN client.
               | 
               | Even the web browser you are using right now to comment
               | on HN likely makes use of the very same Highway library
               | (Chrome and Firefox certainly do, unsure about Safari)
               | the speedup gains have been reported for. The <<overall>>
               | browser performance will also improve as the result due
               | to it receiving gains transparently, by simply dropping
               | an optimised implementation into the browser build.
        
               | modeless wrote:
               | The idea that my overall browser performance might
               | improve in a noticeable way because it is switching from
               | NEON optimized Quicksort to SVE2 optimized Quicksort is
               | simply laughable. On the other hand, switching to a
               | processor fabbed on a better process node could easily
               | have a noticeable impact on overall browser performance,
               | or battery life while browsing, or both.
        
               | inkyoto wrote:
               | It is certainly not laughable to me. You have singled out
               | Quicksort as the sole example of performance gains
               | whereas I have used it as a single isolated example of
               | very large performance gains that can be had. SIMD
               | instructions have seen a lot of other mainstream use
               | cases recently which also includes the memory copying or
               | memcpy(3) optimisations amongst others. Your browser has
               | a Javascript engine, and since it a Javascript engine, it
               | has a garbage collector. Garbage collectors move memory
               | blocks around all the time, and a SIMD optimised memcpy
               | will yield substantial performance gains. Or faster JSON
               | processing. Therefore, SIMD + an improved fab process
               | will result in much larger _overall_ performance gains
               | for _you_ and _me_ as browser users as opposed to an
               | improved fab process alone. It is also a realistic
               | example of the <<whole system performance>> improvements
               | if the browser is treated as a <<whole system>>.
               | 
               | And an optimised QuickSort can also come in handy if one
               | pokes around a large browser history or uses it as a
               | knowledge base, which I do and use it on a regular basis.
               | My browser keeps a uninterrupted record of all visited
               | websites over the last 15+ years and being able to zoom
               | in on a particular time span to find something within
               | that temporal range quickly is important to me. I am
               | almost certain that a sorting of sorts is involved
               | somewhere behind the scenes.
        
               | modeless wrote:
               | Forget Quicksort. What percentage of your CPU time is
               | spent running SIMD-optimized implementations of
               | _anything_? And what percent of _those_ are upgraded to
               | new SIMD instructions each year? And what real world
               | percentage gains are they getting considering other
               | constraints like memory bandwidth, power, etc? The
               | answers to these questions, multiplied together, put a
               | _very_ small upper bound on the overall benefit of new
               | instructions per year.
        
           | Sakos wrote:
           | Key talent is incredibly important. If you lose enough senior
           | engineers, it doesn't matter how talented the rest are.
           | You've lost so much institutional knowledge that is either
           | extremely difficult or impossible to regain. And Apple is
           | notoriously under-staffed for a lot of their projects. With
           | the staffing losses to Nuvia, I wouldn't be surprised if they
           | lost enough key talent that it's going to take them a long
           | time to recover and be able to deliver significant
           | performance improvements again. That's what happens when you
           | treat software developers/engineers like commodities.
        
       | MBCook wrote:
       | Thanks to being based on their phone chips Apple came out of the
       | gate with the M1 and cleaned everyone's clock on performance-per-
       | watt while putting in good to great numbers in general (as a
       | CPU).
       | 
       | But their rate of improvement on the A series has been slowing on
       | general tasks. They're on the same process node, and only
       | increased frequency a bit.
       | 
       | Is it really that surprising that performance didn't take a
       | massive jump? You can't keep up a 20% increase in normal stuff
       | every release for long.
       | 
       | You can use accelerators like they do for video and ML to help
       | some tasks. You can improve your GPU some and make it a little
       | bigger.
       | 
       | It seems like in some places people are trying to push a "the M2
       | is a failure because it's not a huge leap above the M1"
       | narrative. But no one exits that from Intel or AMD every year
       | anymore. Or Apple's A-series.
       | 
       | So why here?
        
         | highwaylights wrote:
         | Get that performance from where though?
         | 
         | The big M1 numbers came from getting ahead of the rest of the
         | market on 5nm TSMC, and critically from packing everything into
         | the SOC so physical distances were reduced by multiple orders
         | of magnitude (which has already been the case for the A
         | series). That's been done now, so the low hanging fruit is gone
         | there.
         | 
         | Performance gains from _here_ should be expected to be
         | identical to AMD as they'll be moving on TSMC's cadence (it's
         | AMD who might actually see similar jumps on the low end if they
         | go the Apple route and move everything to the package).
         | 
         | I wouldn't be surprised if Apple has already started looking to
         | stand up it's own fab. They have large and very predictable
         | needs now, and could likely get ahead of ASML's queue by
         | throwing money and scale at the problem - not least because it
         | would help them muddy the waters as to what Apple Silicon
         | actually is more, which fits the marketing better.
        
           | smoldesu wrote:
           | > and critically from packing everything into the SOC so
           | physical distances were reduced by multiple orders of
           | magnitude
           | 
           | I don't think that reduces chip power so much as it reduces
           | latency. Apple's "power" here comes entirely from using the
           | 5nm node and refining a stupid-high IPC.
           | 
           | > it's AMD who might actually see similar jumps on the low
           | end if they go the Apple route and move everything to the
           | package
           | 
           | No? Again, making everything an SOC has
           | advantages/disadvantages, but your raw performance metrics
           | are almost never significantly influenced by distance of the
           | components (unless the distance is significant enough). AMD's
           | _real_ advantage will be jumping ahead 1.5 generations at
           | TSMC, and then later it will be an architectural change (eg.
           | big.LITTLE). I think Apple is the only one interested in
           | shipping computers with SOCs.
        
           | boringuser1 wrote:
        
         | epolanski wrote:
         | > But no one exits that from Intel or AMD every year anymore.
         | 
         | I've been hearing that since Skylake, at every single processor
         | generation that the gains are too modest. That's more than a
         | decade at this point.
        
           | formerly_proven wrote:
           | Skylake (6th) came out in 2015. It's just that due to the
           | 10nm delay we then had Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake and Comet Lake
           | all being refreshes of Skylake on the same process until we
           | got to Rocket Lake (11th) - a backport of a 10nm uarch to
           | 14nm with the somewhat predictable power issues. Only with
           | Alder Lake (12th) we actually got the first _real_ new uarch
           | on the process it was designed for since Skylake.
        
         | tyrfing wrote:
         | > They're on the same process node, and only increased
         | frequency a bit.
         | 
         | It's going from N5 to N5P, chosen by Apple over N4.
         | 
         | > But no one [expects] that from Intel or AMD every year
         | anymore.
         | 
         | That's not accurate, a minor performance upgrade after almost 2
         | years is the exact thing Intel has gotten a lot of flack for in
         | recent years. The fact that people are willing to defend it is
         | really exclusive to Apple and their unbeatable marketing.
         | 
         | Zen 4 on an almost identical timeline will be ~ 30-40%
         | performance, and people were widely disappointed by the
         | announcement of ">15%" S/T - very close to Apple's +18% M/T.
         | Intel will have gone from Rocket Lake to (almost) Raptor Lake,
         | doubling performance.
        
           | uluyol wrote:
           | Intel got criticized for minor improvements year after year.
           | It's important to look at these on 5+ year timescales, since
           | the improvements aren't evenly spread out. Especially since
           | gains often depend on manufacturing process improvements.
        
             | adrian_b wrote:
             | Actually the reason why Intel got criticized is not that
             | their improvements were minor because Intel could not do
             | better than that.
             | 
             | When studying the evolution of Intel CPUs over many years,
             | it is obvious that most of the time they could have done
             | greater improvements, but as long as their competition was
             | weak they delayed the improvements that they could have
             | done in a single year over 2 or 3 yearly CPU generations,
             | in order to minimize their manufacturing costs, therefore
             | maximizing their profits.
             | 
             | Only during the many years that have passed between Skylake
             | and Alder Lake, Intel was no longer able to implement all
             | the improvements that they would have wanted, due to the
             | failures in the development of the new CMOS processes, so
             | they were forced to make random minor improvements because
             | greater improvements were impossible and they did not have
             | a good Plan B as an alternative to the erroneous Plan A,
             | which was every year that the next year will be the year
             | when the Intel "10 nm" CMOS process will become
             | competitive.
        
             | chippiewill wrote:
             | Yeah, I'm not personally surprised by there not a massive
             | jump in an 18 month span.
             | 
             | It looks as though Apple are gearing up for armv9 and
             | smaller process node for the next round of chips which
             | would be more of the "large jump" people are expecting. I
             | think as long as Apple alternate the big jumps with the
             | small jumps then they're not doing anything different from
             | anyone else.
             | 
             | They needed to deliver M2 to show they're not resting on
             | their laurels. If M3 is a similar kind of improvement then
             | that's when to be worried.
        
               | kemotep wrote:
               | I would agree. Third times the charm an all that. Looking
               | at AMD, with Zen 1 that was a huge leap but their second
               | generation Zen+ was quite small in comparison. Zen 2
               | showed the path forward and Zen 3 showed they could
               | continue to deliver performance with their methods. I
               | would hold Apple Silicon to the same test (as well as
               | Intel's dedicated GPUs), M3 or whatever the third
               | iteration is will be the true test of Apple's vision.
        
             | eigen wrote:
             | 2015 Sky Lake i5-6600K single core 1092 [1]
             | 
             | 2017 Kaby Lake i5-7600k single core 1157 [2]
             | 
             | 2017 Coffee Lake i5-8600k single core 1206 [3]
             | 
             | 2018 Coffee Lake i5-9600k single core 1233 [4]
             | 
             | 2020 Comet Lake i5-10600k single core 1307 [5]
             | 
             | 16% improvement over 5 years, average 4.6% improvement per
             | release, range from 2.2% to 6% per step. didn't realize
             | that they released 2 Coffee Lakes.
             | 
             | [1] https://browser.geekbench.com/processors/intel-
             | core-i5-6600k
             | 
             | [2] https://browser.geekbench.com/processors/intel-
             | core-i5-7600k
             | 
             | [3] https://browser.geekbench.com/processors/intel-
             | core-i5-8600k
             | 
             | [4] https://browser.geekbench.com/processors/intel-
             | core-i5-9600k
             | 
             | [5] https://browser.geekbench.com/processors/intel-
             | core-i5-10600...
        
               | formerly_proven wrote:
               | Those are all _Skylake_ CPUs with very minor tweaks. The
               | biggest change being clock frequencies steadily
               | increasing due to 14 nm evolving into the ultra-mature
               | 14+++ nm process.
        
           | bin_bash wrote:
           | Intel didn't get flack because of minor improvements, they
           | got flack because they couldn't release 10nm or any other
           | major improvements for the better part of a decade.
        
           | prvc wrote:
           | >It's going from N5 to N5P, chosen by Apple over N4.
           | 
           | Any info as to why?
        
             | Kognito wrote:
             | N4 is still (despite the name) part of TSMC's 5nm process
             | family and offers little to no performance/efficiency
             | improvement over N5P.
             | 
             | N4 increases the number of EUV layers so the main
             | improvements should be in cost and yield which would have
             | been interesting to Apple, but N5P hit volume manufacturing
             | earlier allowing Apple to ship the M2 earlier and with more
             | capacity.
             | 
             | Waiting for N3 would have offered a considerable
             | performance and efficiency boost but that'd realistically
             | have delayed M2 to the first half of 2023.
        
         | matthewmacleod wrote:
         | _You can't keep up a 20% increase in normal stuff every release
         | for long._
         | 
         | But this chip is literally 18% faster "in normal stuff"
        
         | boringuser1 wrote:
        
         | ip26 wrote:
         | When M1 came out, I remember a lot of excitement around the
         | past progress of performance in the A* core line; people
         | extrapolated future performance and thought they were going to
         | get +20% (ST) every 18 months on top of M1.
         | 
         | I think this expectation of sustained performance gains was a
         | part of some of the more glowing reviews, rather than a narrow
         | evaluation of M1 itself.
         | 
         | Anyway, it wasn't a reasonable expectation. But I think people
         | expected it anyway.
        
           | danieldk wrote:
           | And yet, the M2 has 18% performance improvement in about 18
           | months. Presumably also single-threaded, since the CPU core
           | configuration is the same as the M1. 18% is close enough to
           | 20%.
        
         | awill wrote:
         | AMD, releases CPUs every 2 years, so it's still impressive that
         | in just 1 year Apple can have these gains.
        
           | nixgeek wrote:
           | Apple announced M1 in November 2020 and the new MacBook Air
           | M2 isn't currently available to order in June 2022. It's not
           | accurate to say M-series iterations are annual.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_silicon
        
         | Gigachad wrote:
         | Tech journalism needs a dramatic story. So every product is
         | either world changing or a complete failure.
        
           | ArtWomb wrote:
           | SemiAnalysis may be burying the lede and underhyping the
           | story of the decade here: head of apple arch leaves and takes
           | 100 process engineers to start stealth risc startup and its
           | creating a delay effect in consumer tech innovation,
           | bombshell!
        
           | AshamedCaptain wrote:
           | Someone will probably mention that "it's not tech journalism,
           | but all journalism", and I would probably agree. However
           | please keep in mind that there is a significant selection
           | bias here itself -- non-dramatic stories will be less
           | frequently featured here on HN, and even if they are, attract
           | less comments.
        
           | jsiaajdsdaa wrote:
           | To their credit, with many billions on the line, products do
           | have a bit of a tendency to be a failure if all they can do
           | is tread water.
        
             | Gigachad wrote:
             | Not if the rest of the market is the same. Most products
             | get yearly updates that are completely unremarkable. No one
             | gets hyped up for the next year edition of a car.
        
               | tssva wrote:
               | M1 to M1+ would be like the release of the next year
               | edition of a car. M1 to M2 would be like the release of
               | the next generation of a car. A lot of people get hyped
               | up for the release of the next generation of a car.
        
               | Gigachad wrote:
               | The MacBook Pro M1+ Pro is just too much.
        
               | hx833001 wrote:
               | Major car models are introduced every ~6 years with
               | refreshes at 3 years.
        
               | tssva wrote:
               | Different types of products have different product cycle
               | times, but that doesn't make the comparison between
               | stages of the product refresh inaccurate.
        
             | skohan wrote:
             | Does anyone seriously think the performance of the M2
             | processor will have any meaningful impact on Apple's
             | success?
             | 
             | They made a big splash with the M1 macbook air, which was
             | at the time an incredible value, and the clear best laptop
             | on the market in terms of price/performance hands down.
             | Apple was able to get splashy headlines, and assert their
             | silicon was not just competitive with, but better than
             | Intel and AMD. That's the critical goal they had to reach
             | to validate Apple Silicon as a valid contender in the
             | market.
             | 
             | This year, they're iterating on the design, and getting the
             | market to accept a 20% price increase on the macbook air,
             | which is their mass-market product.
             | 
             | Does anything they do from here on out actually depend on
             | them continuing to win in the semiconductor space? It's not
             | as if these chips are competing for server slots, where
             | winning comes down to raw numbers in terms of
             | performance/Watt.
             | 
             | These macbooks are going to be absolutely fine for the
             | foreseeable future for everything anyone needs a mac to do:
             | video editing, coding, content consumption etc. run
             | absolutely great on these devices which have excellent
             | battery life and great user experience.
        
               | gumby wrote:
               | Also Apple has lots of knobs to turn due to the high
               | degree of vertical integration. There is a lot of slack
               | they can pick up in OS performance (e.g. process
               | scheduler, memory management). So their overall
               | benchmarks can continue to trend up even if the locus of
               | improvement varies.
        
       | thimkerbell wrote:
       | As a casual reader, I notice the "die shot bleeding" and wonder
       | if that was intended. I hope it wasn't, but I also hope not to
       | have to wonder this about the posts here.
        
         | dylan522p wrote:
         | Author here. What do you mean die shot bleeding?
        
         | ganbatekudasai wrote:
         | What do you mean? "die shot bleeding"?
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | RcouF1uZ4gsC wrote:
       | > The bleeding hasn't stopped in recent years as Apple's work
       | culture simply isn't the best and other firms, namely the
       | hyperscalers such as Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Meta, are
       | paying more than Apple was to poach talent.
       | 
       | I really hate that word "poach". Using "attract" works much
       | better in that sentence.
       | 
       | I find it appalling how entering into a free contract with
       | someone to give them more money for their work is called
       | "poaching".
       | 
       | Words matter, and how we describe something has an impact in how
       | it is viewed ("piracy" is another example).
        
         | walterbell wrote:
         | Poaching expresses a specific viewpoint that was challenged by
         | the U.S. Department of Justice, https://arstechnica.com/tech-
         | policy/2014/06/should-tech-work...
         | 
         |  _> A group of big tech companies, including Apple, Google,
         | Adobe, and Intel, recently settled a lawsuit over their  "no
         | poach" agreement for $324 million. The CEOs of those companies
         | had agreed not to do "cold call" recruiting of each others'
         | engineers until they were busted by the Department of Justice,
         | which saw the deal as an antitrust violation. The government
         | action was followed up by a class-action lawsuit from the
         | affected workers, who claimed the deal suppressed their wages._
        
         | dymk wrote:
         | Seems like quibbling over words that everybody understands the
         | meaning and intention of
        
           | GoOnThenDoTell wrote:
           | Words matter. Apple failed to retain these employees with
           | cash, its not some hunting game where you catch some
           | unsuspecting engineer
        
             | compiler-guy wrote:
             | ... who is owned by some other firm.
        
         | ulfw wrote:
         | So what is it? Work culture or pay?
         | 
         | How many really move from Apple to Amazon for the work culture?
        
         | ianai wrote:
         | It's corporate America. "Performance improvement plans" and "at
         | will states" are also part of the same lexicon. (Judge that as
         | you will.)
         | 
         | On poaching though, Apple could choose to respond to the market
         | signal by improving their work culture and policies to retain
         | talent. I do wonder about the supply for these highly skilled
         | hardware engineers though.
        
       | butterisgood wrote:
       | My thoughts are it doesn't even matter that much. Apple is not
       | selling me a CPU - they're selling me a laptop. Yeah it's a
       | critical piece but Apple is all about your overall outcome.
       | 
       | If they were a CPU "arms dealer" like Intel or AMD it'd matter
       | more I think.
        
       | Invictus0 wrote:
       | If the author had taken the time to define some acronyms, this
       | would have been way more accessible to a layman. Had to give up
       | halfway through.
        
       | kzrdude wrote:
       | What does the M2 mean for linux support, any porting needed?
        
       | GeekyBear wrote:
       | From Anandtech's deep dive into the performance and efficiency
       | cores in the A15, which are reused here in the M2.
       | 
       | Performance Cores:
       | 
       | >Apple A15 performance cores are extremely impressive here -
       | usually increases in performance always come with some sort of
       | deficit in efficiency, or at least flat efficiency. Apple here
       | instead has managed to reduce power whilst increasing
       | performance, meaning energy efficiency is improved by 17% on the
       | peak performance states versus the A14. If we had been able to
       | measure both SoCs at the same performance level, this efficiency
       | advantage of the A15 would grow even larger. In our initial
       | coverage of Apple's announcement, we theorised that the company
       | might possibly invested into energy efficiency rather than
       | performance increases this year, and I'm glad to see that
       | seemingly this is exactly what has happened, explaining some of
       | the more conservative (at least for Apple) performance
       | improvements.
       | 
       | Efficiency Cores:
       | 
       | >The A15's efficiency cores are also massively impressive - at
       | peak performance, efficiency is flat, but they're also +28%
       | faster.
       | 
       | The comparison against the little Cortex-A55 cores is more absurd
       | though, as the A15's E-core is 3.5x faster on average, yet only
       | consuming 32% more power, so energy efficiency is 60% better.
       | 
       | Conclusions:
       | 
       | >In our extensive testing, we're elated to see that it was
       | actually mostly an efficiency focus this year, with the new
       | performance cores showcasing adequate performance improvements,
       | while at the same time reducing power consumption, as well as
       | significantly improving energy efficiency.
       | 
       | The efficiency cores of the A15 have also seen massive gains,
       | this time around with Apple mostly investing them back into
       | performance, with the new cores showcasing +23-28% absolute
       | performance improvements, something that isn't easily identified
       | by popular benchmarking. This large performance increase further
       | helps the SoC improve energy efficiency, and our initial battery
       | life figures of the new 13 series showcase that the chip has a
       | very large part into the vastly longer longevity of the new
       | devices.
       | 
       | https://www.anandtech.com/show/16983/the-apple-a15-soc-perfo...
        
         | sushicat wrote:
         | This is a really great article from Anandtech with benchmarks
         | and analysis, it explained a lot of things.
         | 
         | > The overall performance gains are quite disappointing when
         | you factor in the raw cost increase that comes with this new M2
         | and the fact that it has been nearly 2 years since the M1's
         | introduction.
         | 
         | Also the logic of article in the title is little weird to me.
         | M1 was introduced in the same year as A14, they use the same
         | core; while M2 uses the same core as A15, which introduced 1
         | year after M1. So technically M2 increased the performance by
         | 18% in one year, not two years.
         | 
         | Though I'm curious why Apple didn't use A16's core in M2.
        
           | chippiewill wrote:
           | > Though I'm curious why Apple didn't use A16's core in M2.
           | 
           | Probably the smaller process node. There's low capacity and
           | low yields for the first year or two of the smaller node. It
           | might not be an issue for the base-level M2s, but they'll be
           | expected to update the Pro/Max/Ultra line up as well in the
           | next 8 months which have much larger die sizes and they'd end
           | up throwing away most of the wafer.
        
           | BackBlast wrote:
           | Phones are the flagship product. They will always get the
           | latest and greatest first, including cores, die shrinks, etc
           | etc.
        
             | solarkraft wrote:
             | Which is weird because most iPhone users use all the power
             | for stuff like WhatsApp. iPhones are plenty fast already
             | (honestly probably mostly due to a well cared-for UI).
        
               | macintux wrote:
               | I assume Apple wants the phones to have the most
               | efficient CPUs, since battery life is much more critical
               | than laptops & desktops.
        
               | mnholt wrote:
               | It's my opinion that Apple sees putting the best
               | processors in iPhones as being able to extend the life of
               | the product. With that available compute overhead today
               | it will feel "faster" longer and can take advantage of
               | software features they develop 1-3 years down the line.
        
           | dylan522p wrote:
           | M1 2020, M2 2022?
        
           | hjnilsson wrote:
           | It is looking like A16 will be on a smaller node. Likely
           | manufacturing it on the current node would be too expensive
           | due to increased transistor count.
           | 
           | Available volume on the new node will be much smaller, so
           | they had to prioritize. This is likely why only the iPhone
           | pro will get the A16.
        
       | brokencode wrote:
       | Why does the biggest and richest company in the world ever have
       | to suffer from talent leaving because they don't get paid enough?
       | It just doesn't make any sense.
        
         | jltsiren wrote:
         | Why would compensation be the decisive factor for top talent in
         | a highly compensated field? They have probably already made
         | enough money that they don't have to work for living, and they
         | are probably genuinely interested in their work because they
         | made it to the top. Apple processors are already in the market,
         | so the most interesting work is done, and it may be time to
         | start looking for new challenges.
        
           | lostlogin wrote:
           | The article specifically lists culture and money as the
           | reasons people are leaving. It also adds that there is a need
           | for a challenge amongst a successful and accomplished group.
           | 
           | " The bleeding hasn't stopped in recent years as Apple's work
           | culture simply isn't the best and other firms, namely the
           | hyperscalers such as Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Meta, are
           | paying more than Apple was to poach talent."
        
           | riffraff wrote:
           | If you consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs, you have
           | "esteem" at a high place. Money becomes a proxy for that.
           | 
           | Big management negotiate higher pay all the time not because
           | there is a difference between earning 30 or 40 millions, but
           | because they need to feel their own "value" go up.
           | 
           | This is discussed at length in "thinking fast and slow",
           | iirc.
        
           | marcinzm wrote:
           | Spending goes up with compensation in general. Then it
           | becomes the norm and you don't want to lose it. Sure you can
           | retire but probably not at a level where you can fly first
           | class everywhere, stay in five star hotels and stay on
           | private islands.
           | 
           | That aside once people have kids the sky is the limit for
           | giving them the "best life possible." Nanny, private tutors,
           | private schools (and/or a house in Cupertino since it's
           | Apple), college funds, house with good amenities nearby, etc.
           | I probably missed some costs in there.
        
         | postalrat wrote:
         | Well they aren't the richest and certainly aren't the biggest.
        
           | rowanG077 wrote:
           | Depending on how you define richest Apple could very well be
           | the richest. It has something like 200 billion dollars in
           | cash in hand. I would be surprised if any company could match
           | that.
        
             | green-eclipse wrote:
             | Often unreported, Apple also has $100B in debt. Google and
             | Microsoft have a better net cash and cash equivalents
             | position than Apple.
             | 
             | https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/AAPL/apple/long-
             | te...
        
               | ezconnect wrote:
               | Getting debt is the only way they could bring their cash
               | home to avoid tax.
        
               | adrr wrote:
               | Can you explain the process? I can't make it work to
               | avoid tax. I assume Apple's debt is credit lines to fund
               | inventory.
        
               | macintux wrote:
               | Repatriating cash earned outside the U.S. involves a
               | hefty tax (afraid I don't recall the number).
               | Occasionally the government offers a tax holiday to
               | encourage companies to do so.
               | 
               | So, rather than bring the money home at the high rate,
               | Apple has been taking on debt for U.S. operations while
               | waiting for (and perhaps lobbying for) another tax
               | holiday.
        
               | tasty_freeze wrote:
               | And I hope you know that the phrase "repatriating"
               | implies something false. The cash is not stuck in a box
               | overseas. Even though Apple (and google and others) would
               | transfer their profits to a company they set up overseas
               | where there is a lower tax rate, that money ends up in
               | banks and holdings in the US. The hitch, to Apple or
               | Google, is those monies have restrictions on its use, eg,
               | they can't use that pile of cash to build a factory or
               | pay dividends. But what the can do is use that money as
               | collateral for a nearly equivalent amount as a loan which
               | is not so encumbered. It just becomes a game for them to
               | avoid paying most taxes until they are able to get an
               | administration / congress which gives them a tax holiday
               | so they can convert all that deferred money back into
               | normal cash holdings at a much lower tax rate.
        
         | green-eclipse wrote:
         | Jony Ive would call it courage.
        
         | Jyaif wrote:
         | There are a downsides to paying a lot:
         | 
         | * you attract/retain more people that are interested in
         | money/status.
         | 
         | * the employees become entitled.
         | 
         | Also, just like Apple's customers are OK with paying a premium
         | price because it's Apple, employees are OK with paying a
         | premium price to be an employee of Apple (by accepting lower
         | salaries).
        
           | gnicholas wrote:
           | Economists call it 'psychic income'; it's often cited as a
           | reason why salaries for teachers are not higher.
        
             | davidgould wrote:
             | John Kenneth Galbraith called this phenomenon "convenient
             | social virtue".
        
         | TylerE wrote:
         | Things don't become the "est" anything by being wasteful.
        
           | imwillofficial wrote:
           | That's such a contradictory statement given the facts I don't
           | even know where to begin.
        
           | riffraff wrote:
           | My dad used to tell a story when as a kid he worked at a gas
           | station. Guy shows up with a Ferrari, asks for a full tank,
           | pays with a large note and my dad asks him to keep the
           | change. The guy replied
           | 
           | - boy, I got a lot of money Really, a lot. You know how I got
           | them? I never gave anything away for free. Hand that change
           | over.
        
             | cyberpunk wrote:
             | If someone asked to keep my change I would say no too.
             | 
             | Why the fsck? Is it normal to beg during work where you're
             | from?
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | > Is it normal to beg during work where you're from?
               | 
               | Yes - but they call it _tipping_ 'round these parts. They
               | even have prominently displayed tip jars and everything.
        
             | dEnigma wrote:
             | Interesting. Was it common in the past, or in your region,
             | for the service worker to actually ask for the change? I've
             | never heard of that, or experienced it in my own life.
             | Usually the customer plays the only active part in the
             | "keep the change" interaction.
        
             | heurisko wrote:
             | Reminds me of the Simpsons episodes when Bill Gates "buys
             | out" Homer's internet business.
             | 
             | "Well I didn't get rich by writing a lot of cheques!"
             | 
             | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=H27rfr59RiE
        
             | otikik wrote:
             | That just illustrates that a lot of rich guys are entitled
             | assholes. The correlation between assholery and driving an
             | expensive car in particular has been studied.
             | 
             | https://youtu.be/1EHhFwGeQLc
        
               | imwillofficial wrote:
               | I know! People shouldn't feel entitled to their own
               | change! It's such a dick move.
        
               | otikik wrote:
               | The assholery part here is not about who keeps the
               | change. It's about telling a gas station boy "that's how
               | you got rich". What makes you rich is first of all being
               | born rich, which most rich people tend to ignore. On the
               | few cases were we are really talking about people with
               | humble beginnings, it's all about making your time count.
               | If the guy was really rich, the time it would take the
               | boy to get inside, take 2 dollars from the cash register
               | and give them to him was just not worth it. It was all
               | self aggrandising bravado.
        
               | cft wrote:
               | Jeez, do we have to turn the discussion about a
               | microprocessor die shot into a forum to push your
               | socialist agitprop? What did your post contribute to the
               | technical discussion?
        
               | edgyquant wrote:
               | The majority of wealthy Americans were not born rich.
               | Almost half of Americans own stock and a significant
               | portion of retired Americans are millionaires.
        
               | cstejerean wrote:
               | A retired American with a $1M+ in their retirement
               | account but who needs to stretch that over 20+ years
               | isn't what I'd consider rich.
        
               | nicky0 wrote:
               | I doubt it's even a real story. I've heard variations of
               | it. The basic idea is "just because I'm rich doesn't mean
               | I'm giving stuff away, how do you think I got (and stay)
               | rich?". The ferarri, the $50 note, and other details are
               | just embellishments in this version of the tale.
        
               | fastball wrote:
               | https://www.ramseysolutions.com/retirement/how-many-
               | milliona...
               | 
               | https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/26/majority-of-the-worlds-
               | riche...
        
               | UncleEntity wrote:
               | > I know! People shouldn't feel entitled to their own
               | change! It's such a dick move.
               | 
               | Back when I was driving cabs I just assumed whatever they
               | handed me was mine and if they wanted the change they had
               | to ask for it. Mostly worked but plenty of times I gave
               | them their change back and got no tip.
               | 
               | My absolute favorite was this guy taking a girl out to
               | the fancy part of town and making a big deal about giving
               | me a bunch of money then as soon as she was out of
               | earshot asking for the change. Guess you gotta pay for
               | those overpriced drinks somehow.
               | 
               | Some people just don't ever tip and when the non-tipping
               | profile groups collide in a single person but they do
               | leave a tip it messes with your mind a bunch.
        
               | mrtksn wrote:
               | I worked in the service industry in UK for a few months
               | for the richest and most privileged people out there. I
               | got the chance to work in events where members of the
               | royal family were present or events where the most famous
               | and rich people in the world were the guests.
               | 
               | My observation is, the assholes are everywhere but also
               | the nice and polite people. I can't really generalize it
               | for rich or poor, I did not see that simple pattern.
               | 
               | At that time my hourly wage was about 8 pounds and a lady
               | at an extravagant event gave me 5 pounds and told me to
               | keep extra good care of the table. She somehow expected
               | to have private waiter for the night for 5 pounds
               | sterling but I took extra good care for about 45 minutes
               | and when she asked me why I wasn't working for her
               | specifically any longer, I explained that 5 pounds will
               | do just that much and she agreed.
               | 
               | I recall once a very rich person screaming at the waiter
               | because did not like the foam of the coffee and a few
               | instances of rudeness but overall these were rarities.
               | 
               | If anything, the managers were much much bigger arsholes
               | towards the employees because they could afford
               | it(because the employees were mostly students or
               | immigrants like me who need the money to sustain life
               | until they find a proper job). Employees with higher
               | status were big assholes towards the more junior ones.
               | 
               | Most social interactions with the rich or famous that I
               | had or have seen were very positive and polite.
               | 
               | In some instances I was at fault and they were very
               | understanding and tolerant. Once I failed to deliver the
               | coffee of a famous F1 racer at breakfast and he didn't
               | make a big deal of it(If I was him, I would probably be
               | much more rude). Victoria's Secret models were just fine
               | too when received flat champagne.
               | 
               | I'm not convinced that rich people being assholes in
               | social interactions is a real thing. IMHO the pattern is,
               | people who are privileged in their own social group are
               | the assholes.
        
               | washadjeffmad wrote:
               | People in privileged positions often have the support of
               | others like themselves. "Enablement" is probably a more
               | accurate term.
               | 
               | There's an old family in my town that came from the kind
               | of wealth that had each of their children for a few
               | generations married into important or powerful families
               | across the state. Today, the main family has no income
               | other than from what they inherited, but they maintain
               | their position and membership in society through being
               | horrible to deal with. The center of the family is a vile
               | gossip and has nothing but time to hear about everything
               | that happens and think up ways to use it to her
               | advantage.
               | 
               | They're notorious for showing up to functions uninvited,
               | sitting at your table and ordering, and leaving before
               | the bill comes. They hire the best local artisans and
               | builders, complain to everyone about how shoddy the work
               | is until they get extra for free, and then never pay,
               | threatening to sue for imagined problems. When the grand
               | children were in school, the family would try to walk
               | into functions without tickets because "their child was
               | performing", as if no one else's were.
               | 
               | When their daughter married a pro athlete, no one in town
               | would build them a house, so they had to hire from other
               | parts of the state. Their reasoning? No one in town was
               | skilled enough to build them what they wanted.
               | 
               | They wrote a letter of complaint to the White House about
               | a cavalcade driving through town during a family member's
               | wedding reception and were sent an apology and a bottle
               | of champagne by the POTUS. The family apparently sent
               | back a letter letting him know that they didn't vote for
               | them.
               | 
               | No one here even needs TV. Just hold a dinner party at a
               | place they like and they'll show up and entertain for the
               | cost of a few drinks and a meal.
        
               | mrtksn wrote:
               | I think we can point out horrible people from all kind of
               | backgrounds. Wealth can definitely amplify their impact
               | on others.
        
               | epolanski wrote:
               | > I can't really generalize it for rich or poor, I did
               | not see that simple pattern.
               | 
               | My SO works as a consultant in a bank here in Rome,
               | Italy.
               | 
               | She moved from a bank in the periphery to a very central
               | one in the Parioli neighborhood.
               | 
               | There was a night and day difference between her old and
               | new clients in wealth (with the Parioli ones being
               | largely millionaires).
               | 
               | Old clients would treat her with the utmost respect and
               | call her doctor, "dottoressa", and always listen to what
               | she had to say. New ones were on average much more rude,
               | pretending and overall uneducated. She would have to
               | explain them that she couldn't activate them some service
               | because she needed their signatures and they would go all
               | mad and call her director or some friend in the bank.
               | 
               | They are on average much worse people and they're also
               | much more money aware.
               | 
               | Another anecdote she recalled me was how some rich woman
               | wanted to set up a bank account for a no profit to send
               | money to some african country. Not only there was no way
               | to explain her that it was not that easy to do such
               | operations, especially for large sums because this would
               | have to automatically trigger money laundering controls,
               | she would just not listen and blame her, but the client
               | was MAD she had to pay 8 euros commissions on 60k+ euros
               | wire transfer, pretending it to be free because it was a
               | "no profit".
               | 
               | Yes, there's good and bad people in each wealth tier, but
               | rich people on average are _much_ worse assholes. There
               | 's no comparison.
        
               | nickpp wrote:
               | When working with money, the rich are also more likely to
               | hit the countless rules and limitations the banking
               | regulations impose on us "for our own good".
               | 
               | Just like as a programmer I am going mental when
               | encountering absurd and ineffective account password
               | rules lets say (one special char, one upper case, one
               | non-letter, etc) while a lay person would just sigh and
               | comply.
        
               | yieldcrv wrote:
               | exactly, on the other side of this, the rich person
               | should have learned how to get better banking service
               | that doesn't encumber them with these fund movement
               | limitations
               | 
               | most "anti money laundering" or "security" stuff is
               | actually just that one bank's poor and inaccurate
               | implementation of a law. most of it is just company
               | policy and nothing related to the law.
               | 
               | with electronic funds, the entire banking system relies
               | on assuming that the prior and next bank has already done
               | the checks necessary
               | 
               | because the law only creates a firewall of reporting at
               | the deposit and withdrawal of physical notes (its same
               | across europe, across us, and elsewhere)
        
               | yieldcrv wrote:
               | some banks waive fees for non profits
               | 
               | your bank did not
               | 
               | one of my biggest pet peeves is how low-level employees
               | cant tell that their organization isn't doing the normal
               | thing
        
               | theplumber wrote:
               | The more we automate the better. Computers don't ask to
               | keep the change.
        
               | danuker wrote:
               | Google doesn't ask whether you agree to account
               | suspension either.
        
               | latexr wrote:
               | Instead, computers will keep the change without asking
               | and point you to an unreachable (or unhelpful) customer
               | support number. You'll either give up on trying to
               | recover your change or you'll regret not having done it
               | sooner, after spending more of your time and sanity than
               | the money was worth.
        
               | silvestrov wrote:
               | This could be self-selecting: entitled assholes with
               | money buy Ferraris while non-asshole rich people drives
               | normal cars.
               | 
               | How would you know that the person in the normal family
               | car is rich?
        
               | yieldcrv wrote:
               | anybody would say something snarky if the _clerk_ asks
               | _you_ if they dont have to give you the rest of your
               | money back
               | 
               | summer child labor conscript: your total is $15 and your
               | change is $85, lemme keep that
               | 
               | you: ..... uhhhh you kidding me?
               | 
               | audience: rich people are assholes!
        
           | 29083011397778 wrote:
           | Not even the poorest?
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | smcleod wrote:
         | Also their push to try and make people work from the office
         | again went down like a lead balloon.
        
         | koonsolo wrote:
         | So you claim that 10 well paid engineers are better than 15
         | average paid engineers?
        
           | brokencode wrote:
           | Apple has enough money that they don't have to reduce
           | headcount to be able to afford higher salaries.
        
         | KerrAvon wrote:
         | Steve was notoriously and sometimes arbitrarily cheap. Apple
         | retains some of that.
        
           | pdnell wrote:
           | Yet they'll buy their own quarry or glass factory...
        
             | colechristensen wrote:
             | Because it's cheaper...
        
           | jsiaajdsdaa wrote:
           | Shame that the market is slow to punish and inertia continues
           | to reward.
        
         | prvc wrote:
         | They lack a culture of advancing technology _per se_ , as
         | opposed to making use of it.
        
         | walterbell wrote:
         | New companies offer an absence of technical and cultural debt.
         | 
         | Nuvia was purchased for $1.4 billion by Qualcomm, a couple of
         | years after being started.
        
       | travisgriggs wrote:
       | It's dated, and the subject has shifted to processor design, but
       | 
       | The Apple Product Cycle
       | (https://misterbg.org/AppleProductCycle.html)
       | 
       | still sums it all up pretty well.
        
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