[HN Gopher] Telegram has released user data to German Feds in mu...
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       Telegram has released user data to German Feds in multiple cases
        
       Author : CHEF-KOCH
       Score  : 188 points
       Date   : 2022-06-04 11:08 UTC (11 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (twitter.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (twitter.com)
        
       | traveler01 wrote:
       | > The NGO CeMAS monitors 3,000 German-language channels & groups
       | for "disinformation, antisemitism, and right-wing extremism."
       | 
       | So groups and channels that were already public in the first
       | case... No private chat data, no backdoors? I'm fine with that.
        
         | bayesian_horse wrote:
         | I think the idea is that CeMAS is monitoring those channels and
         | associates potential crimes with accounts. They can make a
         | criminal referral to the police that a crime may have been
         | committed, but they may not be able to find out the person's
         | actual name or persona from their account or other public
         | information.
         | 
         | But it would be easy for Telegram to just hand out the
         | telephone number, and in the majority of cases, the number
         | would be registered to the offender. We're mostly talking about
         | unsophisticated offenders here, people agitating for hate,
         | neonazis, unsophisticated child abusers...
        
       | juanani wrote:
        
       | that_guy_iain wrote:
       | I'm pretty sure Germany while having a reputation for being very
       | privacy focus makes more data requests per captia than any
       | goverment.
        
         | robonerd wrote:
         | Perhaps Germany makes more official requests _because_ of their
         | privacy laws, whereas in America the government simply buys
         | people 's data on the open market without having to go through
         | official channels, get warrants, etc?
        
           | legalcorrection wrote:
           | Under US law, it is illegal to give the government large
           | categories of user data, even if you can legally sell that
           | data on the open market to private parties.
        
             | robonerd wrote:
             | Maybe so, but do laws really count for much in this country
             | anymore?
             | 
             | > _DHS Authorities Are Buying Moment-By-Moment Geolocation
             | Cellphone Data To Track People_
             | 
             | > _The Department of Homeland Security also argues that
             | using the information is perfectly legal and that the
             | agency does not need a warrant to purchase it, according to
             | a memo obtained exclusively by BuzzFeed News._
             | 
             | https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/hamedaleaziz/ice-dhs-
             | ce...
             | 
             | > _Intelligence Analysts Use U.S. Smartphone Location Data
             | Without Warrants, Memo Says_
             | 
             | > _The disclosure comes amid growing legislative scrutiny
             | of how the government uses commercially available location
             | records._
             | 
             | https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/22/us/politics/dia-
             | surveilla...
        
         | guerrilla wrote:
         | Why are you pretty sure about that? All I hear about is the US
         | doing that every day that they can mandate the parties into
         | silence.... so how would you even know.
        
           | that_guy_iain wrote:
           | Lots of companies openly state how many requests they get
           | from each country. I think I saw a report where someone
           | tallied all the requests from all the major sites that report
           | on the requests they get and Germany was at the top.
           | 
           | For example, https://www.apple.com/legal/transparency/
           | Germany is at 11+k while the UK which is of similar size is
           | at 2+k
        
             | guerrilla wrote:
             | > Lots of companies openly state how many requests they get
             | from each country.
             | 
             | As I said, the US can stop you from making such disclosures
             | and they do, which we know because some such embargoes have
             | ended in individual cases. We have no idea how many are
             | still in place.
        
               | that_guy_iain wrote:
               | The US can stop you making disclosures for very specific
               | cases - aka the Patriot act which is a federal law. But
               | majority of requests are done by other people.
               | 
               | Quite simply saying "We have no idea how many are still
               | in place" actually, we have an idea. That idea is not
               | many. It's simply FUD to talk about the US' ability to
               | stop disclosures when talking about who is making the
               | most requests. Especially when the US is still pretty
               | near the top for countries making requests.
        
               | guerrilla wrote:
               | "Very specific cases", like the rest of their spying,
               | right.
               | 
               | You can believe that if you want, but I'm not remotely
               | convinced. We consistently find that the US spies and
               | abuses its power more than anyone imagines. By induction,
               | unless anything profound changes, I'll bet on that trend
               | continuing.
        
               | that_guy_iain wrote:
               | > We consistently find that the US spies and abuses its
               | power more than anyone imagines.
               | 
               | Spies, not law enforcement. Spies spy. It's kinda in
               | their job description.
        
               | guerrilla wrote:
               | Anyone can spy. Cops spy all the time.
        
         | legalcorrection wrote:
         | And in Germany, it's literally a crime to have certain opinions
         | and discuss them. Edit: downvote away, but this is literally
         | true.
        
           | robonerd wrote:
           | [You're technically wrong, now let me explain the ways in
           | which you're basically correct.]
        
           | dahart wrote:
           | Depends on what you mean by "discuss them", maybe you can
           | elaborate on what you're referring to and under what
           | circumstances. I don't think there's any country on earth
           | that has absolute freedom of speech. Certain things are
           | illegal to say for good reasons, because they can do real
           | harm to other people.
        
           | dabber21 wrote:
           | like?
        
           | that_guy_iain wrote:
           | And yet it's verision of freedom of speech is in my opinion
           | still stronger than the US.
           | 
           | In Germany, there is Meinungfreiheit, which is freedom of
           | opinion. This freedom cannot override others rights tho. So
           | your right to an opinion may not infringe on someone else.
           | For example, you can't insult others in a way that dehumanes
           | them. However, you can insult people just not in a way that
           | dehumanes them. A German court found an employer couldn't
           | fire an employee just because they called them an autistic
           | asshole in a text message. The employee was entitled to his
           | opinion that the employer was an autistic asshole. It did not
           | dehuman the employer because it was done privately and did
           | not interfer with the operation of the business. So in
           | Germany, private companies are not allowed to breach your
           | rights, unlike in the US where it only applies to the
           | goverment.
        
           | bayesian_horse wrote:
           | It's literally wrong. You can have any opinion you want, but
           | yes, there are certain, very much contradicted "opinions" you
           | can get in trouble for publicly announcing. But even that has
           | certain limits.
           | 
           | For example you can deny the Holocaust among a small circle
           | of friends, and that would not be "public".
           | 
           | And it's extremely hard to get anything of the sort
           | prosecuted on the internet. See "tatutata.fail".
        
           | nonstickcoating wrote:
           | This is not correct at all. You are perfectly entitled to be
           | a fascist in your own four walls, even discuss your fascist
           | ideals with your friends. You can not, however, advocate for
           | fascism in public or use insignias or texts of the NSDAP for
           | anything but educational purposes.
           | 
           | EDIT: The comment below phrases it even better.
        
             | patrec wrote:
             | > This is not correct at all.
             | 
             | A quick glance at
             | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial
             | suggests that you may have made up the public advocacy
             | requirement:
             | 
             | > (3) Whosoever publicly or in a meeting approves of,
             | denies or downplays an act committed under the rule of
             | National Socialism of the kind indicated in section 6 (1)
             | of the Code of International Criminal Law, in a manner
             | capable of disturbing the public peace shall be liable to
             | imprisonment not exceeding five years or a fine.[36][37]
             | 
             | Of course the distinction you are trying to draw smacks of
             | sophistry to begin with. From what I can tell, you can be
             | anti-islamic in your own four walls and even discuss your
             | secular ideals with your friends in Pakistan, beacon of
             | free speech, as well[1].
             | 
             | [1] As long as you don't defile the name of a prophet. That
             | seems to carry a mandatory death sentence (plus fine, to
             | really rub it in), even if it occurs within your own walls.
        
               | nonstickcoating wrote:
               | The wording might be off, but public advocacy is
               | basically what is meant by "in a manner to disturb the
               | public peace". This does not include discussing facsim in
               | your home, but does include you not being able to hang a
               | NSDAP-flag from your window.
               | 
               | I wonder why so many free-speech advocates are hell-bent
               | on enabling fascists to spread their propaganda. They are
               | certainly not the first but not the last group they will
               | drag to their camps or shoot.
               | 
               | To compare this kind of law to fundamentalist religious
               | law is a special kind of ignorant.
        
           | bruce343434 wrote:
           | Which opinions?
        
       | WastingMyTime89 wrote:
       | Honest question because I don't understand most of the comments
       | on this submission: what's supposed to be the issue with
       | cooperating with law enforcement?
       | 
       | I personally find mass dragnet-like unsupervised surveillance
       | extremely worrying especially in the US where federal authorities
       | like to abuse gag orders. But that's not what we are talking
       | about here. In this case we are speaking about judicially
       | supervised data gathering in the context of an ongoing
       | investigation. I have no issue with this as long as there is
       | proper limits and supervisions in place.
        
         | alaricus wrote:
         | > Honest question because I don't understand most of the
         | comments on this submission: what's supposed to be the issue
         | with cooperating with law enforcement?
         | 
         | Depends on the laws they are enforcing. There is a very thin
         | line between law enforcement and outright spying and
         | authoritarian opression.
        
         | loeg wrote:
         | It's not a problem, it's just directly contrary to Telegram's
         | and Telegram's supporters' previously stated privacy/security
         | arguments.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | perfecthjrjth wrote:
         | It all starts out with "judicially supervised data gathering",
         | a few years later these companies just create a portal for the
         | law enforcement to search for whatever the latter want without
         | any warrants whatsoever.
        
       | Havoc wrote:
       | hmm. The offending claim is certainly still there
       | 
       | https://telegram.org/faq#q-do-you-process-data-requests
       | 
       | >To this day, we have disclosed 0 bytes of user data to third
       | parties, including governments.
        
         | ffpip wrote:
         | > 0 bytes
         | 
         | Such a weird way of saying they haven't disclosed data. They
         | might say they disclosed the data by writing the user's details
         | on a piece of paper and submitting that to the government.
        
           | nicce wrote:
           | Information on paper can still be measured on bytes.. so
           | maybe maybe
        
         | asldjajlfkj wrote:
         | I think Spiegel and Telegram use different definitions of "user
         | data" here:
         | 
         | Telegram says with the E2E chats they had no data to share, but
         | that only refers to the content of the chats, obviously not the
         | IP address or the linked phone number, which Telegram says it
         | can also share with governments. When they mention later in the
         | paragraph that they didn't share any data from unencrypted
         | chats, that's with the caveat.
         | 
         | That Telegram has shared _more_ than just metadata I think is
         | unlikely.
        
       | UltraViolence wrote:
       | People, the only safe (textual) chat app is TorChat. Everything
       | else is merely smoke and mirrors.
        
       | d0mine wrote:
       | So, what I'm hearing that unlike all the other sufficiently
       | popular apps to matter, Telegram doesn't provide unlimited access
       | to their user data.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | tapoxi wrote:
         | WhatsApp is end-to-end encrypted for all messages by default,
         | so Telegram is worse by having full access to the plaintext for
         | the vast majority of messages on the service.
        
           | 0des wrote:
           | I have doubts, given their owner is Facebook.
        
             | kasey_junk wrote:
             | You can of course go verify it. Or you could trust the many
             | many people who have.
             | 
             | Or you can spread FUD on the internet...
        
               | sodality2 wrote:
               | How can this be verified? WhatsApp isn't open source.
        
               | kasey_junk wrote:
               | Software verification rarely uses the source (at least
               | exclusively) because you can't trust it.
               | 
               | Typically it's a combination of decompiling and traffic
               | analysis.
        
               | dcsommer wrote:
               | You could use a network traffic analyzer, Frida, or trust
               | third party security audits that WhatsApp publishes like
               | https://research.nccgroup.com/2021/10/27/public-report-
               | whats...
        
               | sodality2 wrote:
               | What if it acts normal for a vast majority of users, but
               | a user which is secretly flagged on Facebook's back end
               | will secretly report plaintext? Or a certain list of
               | conditions will trigger more snooping? Network traffic
               | works for proving that the app, _right now, in this exact
               | circumstance and time and date and location etc_ ,
               | _probably_ isn 't snooping on me. There's lots of sneaky
               | ways to exfiltrate data that you wouldn't notice. Imagine
               | encoding data through the timing of requests made or the
               | exact ordering of simultaneous requests.
        
               | baisq wrote:
               | >What if it acts normal for a vast majority of users, but
               | a user which is secretly flagged on Facebook's back end
               | will secretly report plaintext?
               | 
               | You can see that by reverse engineering the binary.
        
           | afiori wrote:
           | I am very happy that they cannot MitM my convos, I am less
           | happy that they literally control the app I use to
           | see/send/store those messages.
           | 
           | E2EE only means stuff if you have a baseline of trust for the
           | app developer.
        
             | zaik wrote:
             | That's why there are vendor indepedent standards like IRC
             | or XMPP. We need to stop talking about messaging "apps" and
             | make compliance with internet standards a requirement.
        
       | impetus1 wrote:
       | Lesson learned, don't close your API. Maybe your users will trust
       | you more.
        
       | bsnal wrote:
       | Just the fact that the app is currently not banned in a country
       | that is so much against free speech like Germany says all you
       | need to know.
        
         | frozencell wrote:
         | Does Germany have digital wallet for finance, health, etc?
        
       | UltraViolence wrote:
       | Why is Telegram making allowances for CP and terrorism related
       | crimes? Why is child abuse being tagged as worse than, say,
       | drugs-related offenses or murder?
        
       | throw457 wrote:
       | The privacy movement should really distance itself from criminals
       | it always looks sketchy when the most vocal advocates are people
       | that just got caught doing something illegal.
        
         | teddyh wrote:
         | "The trouble with fighting for human freedom is that one spends
         | most of one's time defending scoundrels. For it is against
         | scoundrels that oppressive laws are first aimed, and oppression
         | must be stopped at the beginning if it is to be stopped at
         | all."
         | 
         | -- Commonly attributed to H. L. Mencken (1880-1956)
        
           | throw457 wrote:
           | Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of
           | tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who
           | are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant
           | society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the
           | tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.--In this
           | formulation, I do not imply, for instance, that we should
           | always suppress the utterance of intolerant philosophies; as
           | long as we can counter them by rational argument and keep
           | them in check by public opinion, suppression would certainly
           | be most unwise. But we should claim the right to suppress
           | them if necessary even by force; for it may easily turn out
           | that they are not prepared to meet us on the level of
           | rational argument, but begin by denouncing all argument; they
           | may forbid their followers to listen to rational argument,
           | because it is deceptive, and teach them to answer arguments
           | by the use of their fists or pistols. We should therefore
           | claim, in the name of tolerance, the right not to tolerate
           | the intolerant. We should claim that any movement preaching
           | intolerance places itself outside the law and we should
           | consider incitement to intolerance and persecution as
           | criminal, in the same way as we should consider incitement to
           | murder, or to kidnapping, or to the revival of the slave
           | trade, as criminal. - Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 - 17
           | September 1994)
        
             | teddyh wrote:
             | That argument, even if correct, can be used to target any
             | and all viewpoints. It's just a matter of who gets to
             | decide what is and isn't "rational", "deceptive" or indeed
             | "intolerant". Shift the definitions ever so slightly in
             | your favor and you have an iron-clad tool to suppress, with
             | good conscience, your adversaries, no matter which side you
             | are on.
        
         | matheusmoreira wrote:
         | Successful use by criminals is among the best possible proofs
         | of the effectiveness of any privacy technology. If it protects
         | even criminals, it will surely protect us. Would be even better
         | if some government agency or military started depending on it
         | for their covert operations.
        
           | azinman2 wrote:
           | I wonder if you would still feel that way if you ended up
           | being the victim of said criminals.
           | 
           | There has to be a balance, or at least recognition that
           | encryption leads to situations never before possible.
        
       | realitsflat wrote:
       | Does it not seem reasonable that if a chat group has, lets say,
       | more than 1000 participants, whatever is said should be
       | considered said in public?
        
       | gerikson wrote:
       | Isn't this simply in line with the Data Retention Directive?
        
         | bayesian_horse wrote:
         | Telegram doesn't care about EU law that much...
        
       | jeroenhd wrote:
       | Did anyone expect otherwise? Telegram is a mostly unencrypted
       | chat application, of course it's going to cooperate if local law
       | enforcement comes knocking on their door with a warrant. If you
       | don't want your chats to end up in the hands of law enforcement
       | then you should consider using an end-to-end-encrypted messenger
       | application.
       | 
       | Signal will hand over your data too if the police show up, but
       | they don't have any data to hand over.
        
         | cabirum wrote:
         | These days, any popular messaging app that won't cooperate with
         | local law (by choice or by design in case of e2e) would just be
         | banned/ removed from stores in Germany or most other countries.
         | Strong encryption for wide audience cannot exist today.
        
           | jeroenhd wrote:
           | Signal works fine in Germany, doesn't it?
        
             | ce4 wrote:
             | They also have the user's phone number and in most cases
             | their phone's adress book.
             | 
             | It's not really about breaking e2e encryption but rather
             | "reveal the identities of following users please". That
             | could be due to all sorts of illegal activities (eg. hate
             | speech, sale of banned substances, terrorism, child abuse,
             | etc.)
        
               | tptacek wrote:
               | Signal cannot in fact provide your address book to German
               | (or any other) authorities. The whole point of Signal's
               | design, and the reason it's less featureful than things
               | like Telegram, is that it's designed not to collect
               | serverside metadata about who's talking to who.
        
               | ce4 wrote:
               | Thanks for correcting!
        
               | chopin wrote:
               | The client has access to the address book and it is hard
               | to verify what the client does in reality. I receive
               | updates of the client every other day and who knows what
               | it brings with it.
        
               | _ph_ wrote:
               | What you write, is I think the main point in this case:
               | there is no hint in the article that telegram is
               | providing access to the communications themselves, but
               | rather data about the account holders which might let the
               | authorities determine their identity. The communications
               | themselves are already in the possession of the
               | authorities. Be it, because they were direct recipients
               | as members of the groups the communications being sent to
               | or provided to the officials by a recipient.
        
           | feanaro wrote:
           | Not sure where you got this from, but Element (and other
           | Matrix-based clients) and Signal are obviously a thing.
           | Matrix is even decentralized.
        
         | mr_mitm wrote:
         | > Did anyone expect otherwise?
         | 
         | In a sense, yes. In case you don't speak German, the article
         | [0] touches on this:
         | 
         | > Dass Telegram uberhaupt Auskunft uber Nutzer an Behorden
         | erteilt, markiert zumindest eine vorsichtige Kehrtwende im Kurs
         | des 2013 gegrundeten Unternehmens. Lange bekamen deutsche
         | Ermittler keinerlei Antworten, wenn sie wissen wollten, wer
         | hinter Telegram-Konten steckt, die strafbare Inhalte im Netz
         | verbreiten. Die Betreiber erklaren auf ihrer Seite weiterhin:
         | >>Bis zum heutigen Tag haben wir 0 Byte Nutzerdaten an Dritte
         | weitergegeben, einschliesslich aller Regierungen.<<
         | 
         | In a nutshell, this is considered a turning point because
         | Telegram's official stance is (even today) that they don't
         | share data, not even with any government. And now they did,
         | apparently. So yes, this definitely news, if not a bit
         | surprising.
         | 
         | The German government has even made hints that they will seek
         | to ban Telegram from app stores if they continue to refuse to
         | comply with law enforcement [1]
         | 
         | [0] https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/apps/telegram-gibt-
         | nutzerdat...
         | 
         | [1] https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/faeser-will-
         | tele...
        
           | BelleOfTheBall wrote:
           | Their stance has always been that they don't protect
           | terrorism suspects, they even had a channel where they
           | reported how many ISIS groups/channels got shut down.
        
           | anony999 wrote:
           | >> In a nutshell, this is considered a turning point because
           | Telegram's official stance is (even today) that they don't
           | share data, not even with any government.
           | 
           | If you care about your privacy the "official stance" alone is
           | close to worthless. That includes governments and
           | corporations as well. I think we already learned that. Just
           | like on security you need in defense in depth on privacy(i.e.
           | hardware, software, and "official policy" as well).
        
         | arpanetus wrote:
         | It really doesn't matter, or in general you can never be sure
         | that any app that stores any data won't ever meet requests of
         | any officials or any people with guns.
         | 
         | Especially the case of Telegram was quite simple, since SEC
         | filed a complaint we could clearly see who are the main
         | investors. It's not necessarily about the country or investors
         | either.
         | 
         | You can choose only the place where things are stored and
         | expect the company to act according to local laws (for e.g.
         | Protonmail doing its proton things in Swiss judiciary).
         | 
         | And, I guess, a thing we have to teach people is something
         | vague and unclear like post-privacy scene, like how one has to
         | operate knowing that pigeon mails can always be spoofed, no
         | matter how encrypted the conversation is.
        
         | bayesian_horse wrote:
         | Unfortunately, Telegram doesn't cooperate with German
         | authorities in the majority of cases, because it operates out
         | of the jurisdiction.
         | 
         | Telegram probably figured if they don't at least share
         | information on child abuse and terrorism, they'll just motivate
         | regulatory action.
        
           | svnpenn wrote:
           | > Unfortunately
           | 
           | Why is that unfortunate? If I patronize a company, I want to
           | be damn sure they are only giving up info to LEO when it's
           | absolutely necessary.
        
             | bayesian_horse wrote:
             | If I'm a decent Human being I'd rather no company helps
             | criminals do crime stuff.
             | 
             | The standards to turn over such information should not be
             | decided by a private entity but by democratically enacted
             | and enforced laws. Is enforcement of child porn prosecution
             | "absolutely necessary"? Are death threats ok? Where's the
             | line? I don't think a private company sitting in an
             | unaccountable jurisdiction should make that decision. I
             | trust German courts a lot more in that regard.
        
               | gentleman11 wrote:
               | > If I'm a decent Human being I'd rather no company helps
               | criminals do crime stuff.
               | 
               | Does that include gas stations, supermarkets, utility
               | companies, sporting goods stores, book stores, clothing
               | stores? Each sells things that are used to aid in crimes.
               | That doesn't mean the government should spy on everybody
               | who visits them
        
               | peoplefromibiza wrote:
               | > Each sells things that are used to aid in crimes. That
               | doesn't mean the government should spy on everybody who
               | visits them
               | 
               | Of course they do and have been doing it for the longest
               | time.
               | 
               | that's why they are forced to keep a record of what they
               | sell and hand over that information upon request.
               | 
               | It's the _authorities_ it 's not some random dude passing
               | by
        
               | kingcharles wrote:
               | But different jurisdictions have different rules? For
               | instance, are you OK with a country that outlaws
               | homosexual acts firing hundreds of subpoenas at a company
               | to be able to target its gay users? CSAM is also a wide
               | spectrum offense, with many jurisdictions now banning
               | cartoon images, CG images and pictures of dolls.
               | 
               | I'm not for total chaos. It's just that the world is a
               | very complicated place.
        
               | bayesian_horse wrote:
               | It's less complicated if you don't do business in
               | countries whose jurisdictions you don't trust. The
               | European Union largely outlaws any such abuse by
               | authorities.
               | 
               | Depending on tech companies to protect your data from
               | authorities is a shitty strategy. At best it works the
               | other way around. If not, you're screwed.
        
               | hvis wrote:
               | The vast majority of users of Telegram come from (and
               | reside in) a country whose jurisdiction you probably
               | wouldn't trust. Most of its developers, too (though they
               | have relocated).
        
               | Zak wrote:
               | I'm inclined to agree, partly. If companies _have_ the
               | information, they should not have the last word about
               | whether law enforcement gets access. That said, I do
               | consider properly secure communication tools desirable
               | and am very concerned about ongoing attempts to ban them.
               | 
               | The uncomfortable truth is that if a communication method
               | isn't secure for child molesters and terrorists, it isn't
               | really secure for anyone.
        
               | bayesian_horse wrote:
               | In the case of Telegram they do require you to use a
               | mobile phone number to sign up and use their service.
               | Mainly so they can be sure you don't abuse THEM, mostly.
               | So the safety of criminals from law enforcement does come
               | from Telegram refusing to give up information they have.
               | 
               | And this concerns an area of crimes were the perpetrators
               | don't very actively evade detection. There are other
               | means to do so. And in the case of Germany, openly and
               | publicly criticizing against the state is no problem as
               | long as you don't propose to violently overthrow the
               | state.
        
               | Teever wrote:
               | whats your view on the war in Ukraine? wuat if I told you
               | that calling it a war is a crime in Russia?
               | 
               | Congrats, you're a criminal.
        
         | WilTimSon wrote:
         | > Telegram is a mostly unencrypted chat application
         | 
         | That's just plain incorrect.
         | 
         | > if local law enforcement comes knocking on their door with a
         | warrant
         | 
         | How is German law enforcement relevant to an app HQ'd in Dubai?
         | They've been openly criticised before for not cooperating with
         | law enforcement.
        
           | nicce wrote:
           | > That's just plain incorrect.
           | 
           | By default nothing is E2E encrypted.
           | 
           | So yes, we can say it is mostly unencrypted.
        
             | gsich wrote:
             | No we can't. Otherwise a simple tcpdump would suffice.
             | Doesn't work though with transport encryption.
        
               | nicce wrote:
               | We are talking about E2EE here. Almost everyhing is
               | covered by TLS these days, so it is not the relevant
               | argument or discussion point anymore.
        
               | gsich wrote:
               | It is.
        
           | andreskytt wrote:
           | Hq location can be quite irrelevant. Legal intercept laws can
           | be quite old-fashioned and might make a case than two German
           | citizens having a conversation while on German soil makes the
           | conversation fall under German jurisdiction. There can be a
           | surprisingly large number of ways the jurisdiction can be
           | determined, for all parties involved and, without analysis of
           | German law, I would not readily make assumptions as to if
           | they have a legal basis to talk to Signal or not. And if they
           | do, I'm sure Signal is a law-abiding company.
        
           | miohtama wrote:
           | > That's just plain incorrect
           | 
           | All chats are unencrypted by default.
        
             | WilTimSon wrote:
             | That's what the other user said and it is still incorrect.
             | [0] People either don't read the basic FAQ or conflate E2EE
             | to being the only encryption in the world, which is
             | ridiculous.
             | 
             | [0]: https://telegram.org/faq#q-so-how-do-you-encrypt-data
        
               | cassianoleal wrote:
               | Honest question. Can you clarify this?
               | 
               | I read the FAQ and even skimmed the MTProto 2.0 docs but
               | from where I stand this Server-Client encryption sounds
               | like encryption in transit but the server still has the
               | ability to decrypt.
               | 
               | This, from a privacy against law enforcement perspective
               | (which is what the article and comments are about), is
               | more or less the same as no encryption.
               | 
               | Edit: s/transport/transit/, add "perspective" to the last
               | paragraph.
        
               | AnonC wrote:
               | It's true that Telegram only uses encryption for data in
               | transit for normal person-to-person chats and group
               | chats. Data at rest is stored in a way the server can
               | read. That's one of the things that makes Telegram search
               | so fast.
               | 
               | The encryption part [1] is covered in the FAQ, along with
               | more details.
               | 
               | Also see the question and answer on "Fo you process data
               | requests?" [2]
               | 
               | Telegram has a feature called secret chats, which are
               | only person-to-person. That uses end-to-end encryption.
               | 
               | [1]: https://telegram.org/faq#q-so-how-do-you-encrypt-
               | data
               | 
               | [2]: https://telegram.org/faq#q-do-you-process-data-
               | requests
        
               | cassianoleal wrote:
               | I'm aware of Secret Chats, but there's extra friction to
               | enable it and I suspect most Telegram users are not aware
               | of them at all - or are unwilling to use them for almost
               | everything.
               | 
               | Also they should now update that FAQ answer where they
               | say:
               | 
               | > To this day, we have disclosed 0 bytes of user data to
               | third parties, including governments.
               | 
               | In fact, if the OP is indeed true, they should probably
               | update the entire answer since it's misguiding at best,
               | and an outright lie at worst.
        
               | alpaca128 wrote:
               | > conflate E2EE to being the only encryption in the world
               | 
               | It is the only relevant one. Nobody who cares about
               | protected messages would be satisfied with untrustworthy
               | encryption.
               | 
               | Sure, technically even a messenger using Caesar cipher is
               | encrypted, but most people expect more than a ticked
               | checkbox. No real user cares about what technically still
               | counts as encryption, just like nobody outside of biology
               | cares whether walnuts are actually nuts.
        
               | driminicus wrote:
               | Encryption in transit is assumed, and rightfully so. That
               | still means that telegram gets full access to the
               | plaintext and as such is able to give that information to
               | anyone, and do with it as they wish.
               | 
               | I suppose there are some people pit there that think
               | "unencrypted" here means everyone can listen in, but
               | certainly not the hackernews crowd.
        
               | robonerd wrote:
               | > _Encryption in transit is assumed, and rightfully so._
               | 
               | Heh, we've come far. True unencrypted chat was once
               | popular, and technically still exists (although most IRC
               | networks now default people to TLS.)
        
               | tptacek wrote:
               | Hop-by-hop encryption is practically useless in a secure
               | messaging setting, and people shouldn't take the "TLS
               | counts as encryption" argument seriously. But it's good
               | Telegram advocates keep making it, because it's an easy
               | way to sum up their security posture.
        
               | nicce wrote:
               | You don't understand what it means. Server side
               | encryption does not matter from the user perspective.
               | Telegram has all the keys and they can access all the
               | data, so there is no real privacy.
               | 
               | For E2EE, you need to open seperate 1 on 1 chat, which is
               | optional, not default.
               | 
               | And what it comes to group chats or channels, none
               | supports E2EE.
        
               | WilTimSon wrote:
               | Server-side encryption = encryption. The fact that you
               | don't find it sufficient and other opinions are
               | irrelevant when it comes to people just plain wrongly
               | stating things, such as "unencrypted" for clearly
               | encrypted data.
               | 
               | It's like going outside in the rain, getting wet and
               | saying "Well, it's not actually raining, I didn't get a
               | pint of water in my boots."
        
               | croes wrote:
               | Encryption doesn't matter if Telegram has the keys.
               | 
               | If you put the key next to a locked door it doesn't
               | matter if you lock the door.
               | 
               | Real encryption means that even Telegram couldn't decrypt
               | it.
        
               | emptysongglass wrote:
               | But that's not "real" encryption. You're just abusing
               | language -- as most are in this thread -- to get a result
               | you want.
               | 
               | If you want to discuss E2EE, do so but it does not make
               | it more "real" than other encryption.
               | 
               | Unencrypted is false. Not E2EE is true. Most use the
               | former to wage war against an app they don't like because
               | they prefer an app like Signal that satisfies their
               | desirable qualities. Moxie actually started this trend
               | and it is despicable. I'd say the exact same thing if
               | Durov started referring to E2EE as "pedo-encryption" or
               | anything else that distorts meaning.
               | 
               | Don't distort meaning. Use precise language.
        
               | croes wrote:
               | Useless encryption is the same as no encryption. If you
               | put the key next to the lock, it's nit locked.
               | 
               | It's an abuse of language to call that encryption because
               | if you say encryption you imply security. But this is not
               | secure and if it's not secure encryption is useless
               | because security is the reason for encryption. Encryption
               | is not used for the sake of encryption but to protect the
               | content of a message from unwanted access.
        
               | emptysongglass wrote:
               | > Encryption is not used for the sake of encryption but
               | to protect the content of a message from unwanted access.
               | 
               | Yes, that is what Telegram is doing. It may not be
               | protecting the contents from who _you_ want it protected
               | from (everyone but you and the message recipient) but it
               | does protect the contents from _other_ (notice I did not
               | say _all_ ) adversaries Telegram and its users don't want
               | accessing.
               | 
               | It is still encrypted so use correct language, please and
               | do not weaponize words to your own designs.
        
               | nicce wrote:
               | The context was about end-to-end encryption, so the
               | language was perfectly correct. It is one type of
               | encryption.
               | 
               | It is more likely that you are trying to weaponize the
               | words for your own designs.
        
               | emptysongglass wrote:
               | The context doesn't change the definition of encryption.
               | 
               | > It is more likely that you are trying to weaponize the
               | words for your own designs.
               | 
               | Please point to where I have weaponized a word because on
               | its face that accusation doesn't make any sense. I have
               | not decided encryption means unencrypted. I have doggedly
               | insisted words be used appropriately and even went so far
               | as to give an example of mischaracterization of E2EE
               | where I would call someone out.
        
               | nicce wrote:
               | If we go by definitions, it is not encrypted. Ideally
               | encryption means the process of encoding when only
               | authorized parties can understand the information.
               | 
               | During the transportation of the information for the
               | target recipient, the data in this case is on plaintext
               | at some point on Telegram's server, and therefore it is
               | not encrypted for the whole duration, going against the
               | idea of transferring or holding information only for
               | authorized parties in ciphertext format.
               | 
               | If we think that Telegram is the targeted party, then it
               | would be encrypted as data is transferred or hold in
               | ciphertext format for the whole process. However the
               | Telegram is no the target, and the encryption is removed
               | in the middle of process.
               | 
               | > Please point to where I have weaponized a word because
               | on its face that accusation doesn't make any sense. I
               | have not decided encryption means unencrypted. I have
               | doggedly insisted words be used appropriately and even
               | went so far as to give an example of mischaracterization
               | of E2EE where I would call someone out.
               | 
               | You brought it up in the first place with a twisted
               | definition.
        
               | emptysongglass wrote:
               | From Wikipedia which you quoted bits from: "In
               | cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding
               | information. This process converts the original
               | representation of the information, known as plaintext,
               | into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Ideally,
               | only authorized parties can decipher a ciphertext back to
               | plaintext and access the original information."
               | 
               | > You brought it up in the first place with a twisted
               | definition.
               | 
               | I did no such thing. You appear to be confusing idealism
               | with the definition of encryption.
               | 
               | In any case we already have words for transport
               | encryption, encryption at rest, and end to end encryption
               | when referring to modes of encrypted data. Those are
               | sufficient to cover the spectrum of encryption which
               | exists. Calling encryption of one mode "unencrypted"
               | which is not your ideal mode of encryption is
               | disingenuous at best.
        
               | SEMW wrote:
               | Look up Grice's Maxims sometime. Conversations have
               | context. The context here is a comment section for an
               | article about a nation state requesting chats from
               | Telegram. The only relevant kind of encryption that would
               | be able to prevent this is end-to-end encryption; in such
               | a context, 'Telegram is unencrypted' is easily and near-
               | universally understood to refer to E2E encryption, even
               | if absent such context the meaning would be less clear.
               | 
               | A better rain analogy would be someone saying 'I'd like
               | to go for a smoke, is it raining', and you reply 'yes'
               | because there is somewhere in the world where it is
               | raining (just not there). You would be technically
               | correct, but in the context of the question, the person
               | was clearly interested in whether it was raining _there_.
        
               | nicce wrote:
               | > Server-side encryption = encryption. The fact that you
               | don't find it sufficient and other opinions are
               | irrelevant when it comes to people just plain wrongly
               | stating things, such as "unencrypted" for clearly
               | encrypted data.
               | 
               | We have clearly talked about E2EE (end-to-end encryption)
               | and server side encryption is not that. E2EE means that
               | it is encrypted between you and the message target.
               | Server is the middle man, which should not have the
               | access.
               | 
               | Almost everything is already encrypted with TLS on the
               | current world during transmissions and regulations
               | require server side encryption. It is not even our main
               | interest to talk about that anymore, we are past that.
               | 
               | The main issue on the original post is the lack of E2EE.
        
               | nl wrote:
               | If you are claiming that encryption in transit is what
               | people think means "encrypted chat" then you are
               | misguided.
        
               | AnonC wrote:
               | Not GP. But I think your comment would be more meaningful
               | if you elaborated on "people" (like which people you're
               | referring to). Telegram markets itself as a secure
               | messenger and its CEO has written many a times about
               | WhatsApp being worse for security and privacy. I don't
               | think a non-tech person can differentiate well between
               | these.
        
               | gsich wrote:
               | Just clarify what you mean. E2E (sometimes with double E)
               | is the correct term.
        
               | prophesi wrote:
               | Nah, when someone calls it an unencrypted messenger, one
               | can assume they mean it's unencrypted on the server, as
               | in-transit encryption is ubiquitous and thus a
               | meaningless signifier.
        
               | gsich wrote:
               | No, this can't be assumed.
        
               | prophesi wrote:
               | Yes it can. If anyone reads "encrypted messenger" they're
               | assuming only they and the intended recipients can
               | decrypt it.
               | 
               | Rather, this is more of a debate of what the layman
               | expects, and frustration with misleading marketing. A
               | great example of this is the whole Zoom debacle; they
               | claimed it was encrypted, people assumed it was E2EE, and
               | got a lot of blowback for that to the point that they
               | ended up implementing E2EE.
               | 
               | Another great example: a few of my friends were using
               | Telegram for a while, and thought it was E2EE until I
               | pointed out that only their "Secret Chat" feature is
               | E2EE.
        
               | gsich wrote:
               | This is not a layman forum though. I don't assume that,
               | so this isn't a general statement. Precise wording
               | matters.
        
               | prophesi wrote:
               | Even if that were the case, I'd still agree with OP's
               | wording that it's a mostly unencrypted chat. It's
               | encrypted at transit for the milliseconds it takes to
               | reach the server. Once on the server, a third party has
               | access to the plaintext until the end of time. It's a
               | minimally encrypted chat.
               | 
               | And if the wording wasn't precise enough, context still
               | matters more in this case. I'm sure everyone here knew
               | what was meant, despite the familiarity with
               | cryptography. Telegram claims your messages are "heavily
               | encrypted" which is just false, aside from their very
               | limited secret chat feature.
               | 
               | HN prefers substantive discussion, not nitpicking over
               | semantics.
        
           | aaomidi wrote:
           | Mate I love telegram but that's not plain incorrect.
           | 
           | Telegram has transport layer encryption, like literally
           | everything else in 2022. For all intents and purposes
           | telegram can read and access a majority of your conversations
           | on it.
           | 
           | This isn't a super big deal because telegram is aiming to be
           | a social media platform, rather than an encrypted comms
           | platform, and e2ee on groups over a certain size is pretty
           | useless.
           | 
           | I think telegram can still improve by making private messages
           | e2ee by default.
        
         | gsich wrote:
         | This is unrelated to encryption. Telegram is still encrypted,
         | otherwise you wouldn't need to ask them.
        
           | UltraViolence wrote:
           | It's not end-to-end encrypted. Of course the communication
           | between the client app and the server is encrypted using TLS.
           | 
           | But this allows Telegram itself to see the content of the
           | conversation when it arrives on their servers. This has piked
           | the interest of LEA, who want continuous, real-time access to
           | that information.
        
         | saos wrote:
         | The app does have E2E encryption. It's just not the default. My
         | one wish is they would change this.
        
           | jeroenhd wrote:
           | I know, and I agree. MTProtov1 criticisms aside, the E2EE
           | system Telegram uses is perfectly safe.
           | 
           | It's just disabled by default, unavailable in group chats or
           | channels, and enabling it reduces usability (i.e. you can't
           | use multiple devices to chat if you enable E2EE).
           | 
           | Telegram as a chat app has the best UX of any chat app out
           | there in my opinion, so the lack of proper E2EE is simply
           | disappointing. I don't really trust either, but I consider
           | WhatsApp more secure than Telegram, despite Meta mining my
           | metadata.
        
             | alaricus wrote:
             | > WhatsApp more secure than Telegram
             | 
             | Why is that? With WhatsApp client being closed source, we
             | simply don't know if it really is doing E2EE at all.
        
               | ChuckNorris89 wrote:
               | _> we simply don't know if it really is doing E2EE at
               | all_
               | 
               | Why don't we know? Isn't it trivial to set up a MITM test
               | setup and snuff the traffic and analize it?
        
               | alaricus wrote:
               | It's trivially easy to encrypt the traffic and then send
               | a copy of the private key to Facebook's servers. You
               | would not be able to decrypt it, but they would.
        
             | saos wrote:
             | > but I consider WhatsApp more secure than Telegram,
             | despite Meta mining my metadata
             | 
             | Ha, I still prefer Telegram. I just use secret chats by
             | default and enjoy the awesome UX
        
               | prophesi wrote:
               | Yes, Secret Chat's awesome UX of requiring both
               | recipients to be online and the inability to use it on
               | desktop.
        
               | stereoradonc wrote:
               | Try Unigram to start "secret chats" though it will not
               | sync with other clients. Unigram works in Windows
               | Desktop.
        
             | karlzt wrote:
             | If your message in WhatsApp gets reported approximately
             | 1000 employees from Facebook/Meta will be able to read your
             | last 5 messages you made in WhatsApp.
             | 
             | https://oneandroid.net/whatsapp-will-read-your-
             | last-5-messag...
        
             | tptacek wrote:
             | _the E2EE system Telegram uses is perfectly safe_
             | 
             | Is it? How would you go about confirming that?]
        
         | hitovst wrote:
         | Everyone will likely hand over whatever they can... which means
         | the most decentralized options which leave as little to hand
         | over as possible are best.
        
           | buro9 wrote:
           | Most encrypted.
           | 
           | Centralised or decentralised means little compared to a lack
           | of encryption.
           | 
           | You can't give up that which you don't have access to.
        
             | kornhole wrote:
             | Both are important. When governments mandate back doors
             | such as in EU chat control or US Earn it act, centralized
             | services can be targeted much more easily than the
             | thousands of xmpp and matrix servers running around the
             | world.
        
               | sodality2 wrote:
               | Isn't that federated rather than decentralized?
        
               | kornhole wrote:
               | What distinction do you mean? Federation allows for
               | interoperable decentralization. Without federation, we
               | would have thousands of chat/mail/social media servers
               | that can't talk to each other. Some may choose not to
               | federate, but most want to federate to create a useful
               | protocol.
        
               | sodality2 wrote:
               | I always believed decentralized was if each user doubled
               | as a server and required no external setup (example:
               | scuttlebutt). Whereas federated was a plurality of
               | servers with users communicated with each other but no
               | central authority (email, mastodon, matrix, etc).
               | However, reading some peer to peer literature like that
               | 1500 page behemoth of a book, "Handbook of Peer-to-Peer
               | Networking", it seems they are used relatively
               | interchangeably..
        
               | zaik wrote:
               | Either way it's a lot better than walled-garden style
               | messengers like Telegram or Signal.
        
               | Arathorn wrote:
               | the terminology we use in Matrix is:
               | 
               | "federated" = servers can talk to each other; eg email,
               | xmpp, sip, activitypub
               | 
               | "decentralised" = data is replicated between servers; eg
               | matrix rooms are replicated equally between the
               | participating servers; usenet
               | 
               | "distributed" = data is replicated between p2p nodes; eg
               | git, p2p matrix, bittorrent.
        
         | ahmedk92 wrote:
         | Honest question, how do you prove you don't own user data?
        
         | peoplefromibiza wrote:
         | > If you don't want your chats to end up in the hands of law
         | enforcement
         | 
         | don't use chats
         | 
         | meet in person
         | 
         | like all respectable criminals do
        
         | BelleOfTheBall wrote:
         | The app famous for not cooperating will cooperate?
         | 
         | https://hongkongfp.com/2020/07/05/exclusive-telegram-to-temp...
        
           | dgellow wrote:
           | > Telegram to temporarily refuse data requests from Hong Kong
           | courts amid security law
           | 
           | The headline you linked makes it clear it was temporary.
           | Which mean they do of course cooperate in normal situation.
           | Otherwise they would be blocked everywhere, you cannot
           | maintain a service such as a chat application without
           | cooperating with governments.
           | 
           | There is no story here, Telegram shared information with BKA
           | in cases of terrorism and child abuse, as every service
           | operating in Germany would and should do.
        
             | tzumby wrote:
             | I agree that they should, the story is that they can. Err,
             | not a story, it's a known fact that they don't encrypt
             | communication.
        
           | legalcorrection wrote:
           | It's easy to refuse requests from Chinese law enforcement if
           | you don't have offices, employees, or assets in China.
           | Meanwhile, European countries recognize the legitimacy of
           | each other's court systems and will enforce judgments and
           | orders across borders.
        
         | wruza wrote:
         | _is a mostly unencrypted ... of course it 's going to cooperate
         | if local law enforcement comes knocking on their door with a
         | warrant_
         | 
         | I don't see how these are connected. All messengers will hand
         | over all metadata they have to comply. The chatgroups in focus
         | themselves are mostly public groups, you don't have to play
         | james bond to read what's there. LEAs are _arriving_ to the
         | scene from that vector, not the other way round. "The NGO CeMAS
         | monitors 3,000 German-language channels  & groups for
         | "disinformation, antisemitism, and right-wing extremism." -
         | it's literally in the tweet, man.
         | 
         | Metadata logging is unrelated to encryption, not sure what's
         | the sensation is without comparing what messengers will
         | actually have on hands in case of a warrant, _minus_ publicly
         | accessible info.
        
       | WilTimSon wrote:
       | What a weird article, unless Google Translate really messed up
       | for me. Spiegel basically references itself as the source, cites
       | some minister who says she has pressure on the app and then
       | explains that they plan to fine Telegram for not cooperating.
       | 
       | So they claim that Telegram cooperates... and then claim it does
       | not cooperate. This is ridiculously vague.
       | 
       | Not to mention that the article doesn't clear up if it's data or
       | metadata. Weird, poor journalism.
        
         | ufmace wrote:
        
         | ju-st wrote:
         | I think you missed the first paragraph:
         | 
         | The operators of the messenger app Telegram have handed over
         | user data to the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) in
         | several cases - contrary to what has been publicly reported so
         | far. According to SPIEGEL information, this involved data on
         | suspects in the areas of child abuse and terrorism. In the case
         | of violations of other criminal offences, it is still difficult
         | for German investigators to obtain information from Telegram,
         | according to security circles.
         | 
         | (Translated with www.DeepL.com)
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | lavela wrote:
         | > references itself as a source
         | 
         | This might be a 'germanism'. The article says 'according to
         | SPIEGEL information' which translates to 'according to
         | undisclosed sources that gave us information'
         | 
         | > cooperating and not cooperating
         | 
         | Recently there was a huge controversy about Telegram in Germany
         | about them not disclosing personal information about accounts
         | spreading illegal information according to German law. There
         | were claims about banning Telegram in Germany, but after
         | pressuring the app stores, Telegram seems to have given in
         | slightly. So they are still not disclosing as much information
         | as the authorities want them to, but it seems like they started
         | to cooperate a bit.
         | 
         | >data or metadata
         | 
         | 'Nutzerdaten' in my understanding means mostly personal
         | Data(real name, ip, address) but you are right, it is quite
         | vague.
        
         | orangeoxidation wrote:
         | They claim to have learned Telegram gave up IP-Addresses and/or
         | telephone numbers
         | 
         | > on suspects in the areas of child abuse and terrorism. In the
         | case of violations of other criminal offenses, it remains
         | difficult for German investigators to obtain information from
         | Telegram, according to security circles.
         | 
         | So Telegram is not giving free access or follows German law,
         | but did help out in some specific cases.
         | 
         | Telegram claims otherwise and says it never responded to
         | requests.
         | 
         | Yes, they are protecting their source(s), so you have to take
         | them on faith. Der Spiegel has, however, an excellent
         | reputation and good track record.
        
       | wly_cdgr wrote:
       | The only reason companies like Telegram care about customer
       | privacy is because that's how they sell their product and make
       | money. They'll happily snitch on any of their users if doing so
       | is more big-picture profitable than not snitching. You can never
       | trust a for profit company bro, when will people learn this lol
        
       | CHEF-KOCH wrote:
       | Telegram has released user data to the Federal Criminal Police
       | Office of Germany in several cases
        
         | IfOnlyYouKnew wrote:
         | Yes, you already mentioned that.
        
       | EVa5I7bHFq9mnYK wrote:
       | What about deleted messages, do they get deleted from servers
       | too?
        
       | leobg wrote:
       | In many cases, the way they authorities get your chat logs is by
       | simply confiscating the phones. Either yours or that of the other
       | party. In those cases, they don't even have to bother with
       | Telegram, Facebook, or whatever. They just screenshot the hell
       | out of everything - messenger apps, email, sms, calendar, todo
       | apps.
        
       | olliej wrote:
       | I'm unfamiliar with German law, and haven't really paid much
       | attention to telegram in a long time. But what do you expect?
       | 
       | A company can say "we don't share with the government" but if you
       | get served a warrant (or subpoena?) telling them to provide X
       | data, you don't simply get to say "no". You /could/ send your
       | lawyer to a courthouse and have them argue the warrant/whatever
       | is unlawful, or what have you, but if the court says it's valid
       | then failing to comply is a unlawful.
       | 
       | The only way you can not provide data to law enforcement is if
       | you never have it. But companies want data for all sorts of
       | reasons. My assumption would be that even if you say "we don't
       | keep data" you could be served documents telling you to store
       | that data.
       | 
       | Of course IANAL, but this is all basic "function in a society"
       | stuff.
        
       | LightG wrote:
       | This is such a shame because, from a user and fun point of view,
       | Telegram is light years ahead of Whatsapp.
       | 
       | And I was just starting to get traction in terms of bringing my
       | network over from Whatssap. And that is huge as it was almost
       | impossible before. Has been a sea change for me over the last
       | year or two.
        
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       (page generated 2022-06-04 23:02 UTC)