[HN Gopher] How to make decisions like a poker player
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       How to make decisions like a poker player
        
       Author : fronterablog
       Score  : 145 points
       Date   : 2022-06-02 12:32 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
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       | beginnercounter wrote:
       | The author sounds like a losing poker player. If my calling
       | frequency is based entirely on pot odds, a good opponent would
       | just start bluffing me out of every pot by increasing their bet
       | size to a point where I can't profitably call.
        
         | csa wrote:
         | > a good opponent would just start bluffing me out of every
         | pot...
         | 
         | People try this.
         | 
         | > ...by increasing their bet size to a point where I can't
         | profitably call.
         | 
         | A good poker player will adjust your expected range based on
         | your sizing and frequency of bets/raises, and they will adjust
         | their calling/raising ranges accordingly.
         | 
         | Most poker games, especially big bet games are played against a
         | range/distribution of hands, not a specific hand.
        
           | ryandrake wrote:
           | Yes. The article makes its analogies with a "simplified" view
           | of poker. I don't think the author's point was to go deep
           | into the game. It's enough to describe the basics like
           | bankroll management, pot odds and expected value, and then
           | show real world examples of it.
           | 
           | I'll also point out that constructing ranges and thinking in
           | terms of ranges/ hand distributions is a _relatively_ new
           | development in poker. I mean, the very good players were
           | subconsciously doing it all along, but it 's only been
           | written down and analyzed in the last 10 years or so.
        
             | csa wrote:
             | > but it's only been written down and analyzed in the last
             | 10 years or so
             | 
             | I agree with you overall points.
             | 
             | For historical reference for folks who are interested in
             | the poker boom of the 00s but were not there, it's more
             | like 20 years, if not more.
             | 
             | The book _Let There Be Range_ was published in 2008.
             | 
             | High stakes players were discussing the issues covered in
             | that book amongst ourselves (live and online) with quite a
             | bit of sophistication for several years before that.
             | 
             | All that said, and supporting the point made above,
             | advanced computational support for ranges (esp. via
             | "solvers") didn't really start becoming a thing until the
             | early 2010s.
        
         | alasdair_ wrote:
         | > The author sounds like a losing poker player.
         | 
         | Annie Duke has cashed 39 times at the WSOP and has won at least
         | four million dollars at tournaments alone.
         | 
         | Any good poker player would understand that the example was
         | simplified for a non-playing audience. It's so obvious it
         | didn't need to be stated.
        
           | baobabKoodaa wrote:
           | > Annie Duke has cashed 39 times at the WSOP and has won at
           | least four million dollars at tournaments alone.
           | 
           | This statistic is almost certainly not counting tournament
           | buy-ins. It doesn't represent net profit. If you want to
           | evaluate somebody's performance as a poker player, you want
           | to look at net profit (among other things). Literally every
           | poker player will have some wins, so if you only count the
           | wins without counting losses, it will sound impressive but
           | not actually mean anything.
        
           | listenallyall wrote:
           | > has won at least four million dollars at tournaments alone.
           | 
           | This is most certainly not true, because it doesn't subtract
           | the cost of all the entry fees, to the tournaments she cashed
           | and the dozens or hundreds she didn't.
           | 
           | "alone" implies she has won additional money in non-
           | tournament play, when there is no evidence she is a winning
           | cash player.
           | 
           | Finally, there is a LOT more to the Annie Duke story.
           | Morally, ethically, business-wise. A winner? A little
           | research goes a long way.
        
             | csa wrote:
             | > This is most certainly not true, because it doesn't
             | subtract the cost of all the entry fees
             | 
             | It is fairly standard in the poker world to discuss total
             | winnings in tournaments rather than net winnings.
             | 
             | When discussing net winnings, it's usually discussed using
             | an ROI measure (e.g., 30% roi over their past 100 MTTs
             | between $1000 and $5000) rather than just dollars, since
             | the biggest winners in dollars are almost all winners of
             | super high roller tourneys like the Big One for One Drop.
             | 
             | Furthermore, live MTT results in general are often skewed
             | due to the unmatched (?) softness of the $10k wsop main
             | event for a field that size.
             | 
             | With regards to Annie Duke in particular, I never
             | considered her a "good" pro poker player. That said, she
             | was pretty good at fleecing amateurs, and she was able to
             | play a tight game when she was outclassed.
        
               | listenallyall wrote:
               | > fairly standard in the poker world
               | 
               | But this is an article aimed at the general public.
        
         | in3d wrote:
         | But note that unexploitable, game theory optimal strategy in
         | poker does not differ based on the opponent. It's not just
         | based on pot odds, but on the whole sequence of actions and
         | cards. Still not a very good article, though.
        
           | cthalupa wrote:
           | There are plenty of bots that can play GTO poker better than
           | any human, yet they are consistently losers online at higher
           | levels.
           | 
           | Hold 'em, at least, still ain't fully solved.
        
             | in3d wrote:
             | There are only two ways they can be losers: they are not
             | GTO or the rake is higher than their winnings. Hold'em is
             | pretty much solved (almost because approximations were used
             | for bet sizing). It is possible that you can do better by
             | deviating from GTO to better exploit bad players but that
             | makes you vulnerable to be exploited yourself.
        
         | csa wrote:
         | > The author sounds like a losing poker player.
         | 
         | An additional comment that I copied from another reply:
         | 
         | With regards to Annie Duke in particular, I never considered
         | her a "good" pro poker player. That said, she was pretty good
         | at fleecing amateurs, and she was able to play a tight game
         | when she was outclassed.
        
         | psyc wrote:
         | We have no idea what kind of player they are because the
         | article isn't about being the best poker player. I don't
         | recommend making a habit of bluffing in real life. Unlike in
         | poker and certain television shows, people aren't likely to
         | respect you for it and it may expose you legally.
        
         | DennisP wrote:
         | A good understanding of the odds is where you start though. If
         | you don't have that, you'll certainly have no idea how to bluff
         | optimally.
        
         | danenania wrote:
         | It goes both ways. If you increase your bet size too much on
         | bluffs, it becomes profitable to just wait for a good hand to
         | call you with and fold everything marginal. The bigger your
         | bluffs, the fewer I need to catch.
         | 
         | You'll also become predictable if you _only_ overbet when
         | bluffing. If you try to deal with that by making all your bets
         | larger, then you lose out on value from your strong hands
         | because I can now profitably fold some hands that I would have
         | had to call you down with otherwise.
         | 
         | Put another way: you can't exploit someone who makes decisions
         | based on pot odds just by changing your bet size, because
         | changing your bet size changes the pot odds.
        
       | hnthrowaway0328 wrote:
       | I think life is way more complex than the poker. Yes the mindset
       | could be useful, but mindset without proper data is not going to
       | help a lot.
       | 
       | Here is what I'm thinking: How about we go up a level, and accept
       | that life is basically random and a lot is decided by luck (your
       | gene is luck, your childhood education is also luck, these two
       | pretty much decide a lot of things), as indicated in the article,
       | but maintain a (meta) mindset that can manoeuvre around or even
       | mitigate negative emotions?
       | 
       | For example:
       | 
       | - Realize that probability is useful in poker but not that useful
       | in life, thus it is impossible to calculate mathematical
       | expectation.
       | 
       | - Learn to harden one against impulsive emotional acts (impulsive
       | purchase, suicidal thoughts, etc.).
       | 
       | - Learn to control one's material requirements and save some $$
       | for rainy days.
       | 
       | - Keep connections active so when really bad days come maybe
       | someone can get you out.
        
         | kqr wrote:
         | Probability is incredibly useful in real life. But it takes
         | deliberate practise. You can improve your "sense of
         | uncertainty" and assign fairly accurate probabilities to
         | things. This process is known as calibration.
         | 
         | It also helps to know some probabilistic identities to derive
         | the same probability multiple ways and see if there's
         | consistency in your assessment.
        
         | hervature wrote:
         | > Realize that probability is useful in poker but not that
         | useful in life, thus it is impossible to calculate mathematical
         | expectation.
         | 
         | That's very backwards. Sure, "exact" expectation no. But you
         | can add errors bars to all your estimates, that's the basis of
         | statistics. Being able to correctly estimate things and adjust
         | for uncertainty is incredibly useful in life. Unlike poker, you
         | have time to actually punch things into a calculator and
         | consider different scenarios if you want to be super diligent
         | but most things can be intuited if you have a solid grasp of
         | probability/statistics. To be super pragmatic, the whole thing
         | with fake news and misinformation wouldn't exist if people just
         | applied Bayes theorem. For instance, people will say something
         | like P(vaccine is dangerous | bad pharma company) = 1 but then
         | P(bad pharma) = 0 in the sense that Pfizer doesn't want to kill
         | people.
        
       | SnowHill9902 wrote:
       | Then they won't invite you to the table again.
        
       | DeathArrow wrote:
       | As an amateur poker player, both at the table and in life, I can
       | say that sometimes the biggest wins are the result of bluffing.
       | 
       | It does not matter what hand an opponent has as long as you can
       | convince him you have a better hand.
       | 
       | Also, it is handy to recognize the situations when an opponent
       | might bluff, so you can call.
        
         | kqr wrote:
         | When you put it this way, it sounds like you are referring to
         | plain deception, and not actual game-theoretic bluffing.
         | 
         | Bluffing is about making non-optimal choices for the express
         | purpose of making it more expensive for someone else to make
         | optimal choices. If someone knows you're engaging in bluffing,
         | that's fine, because by bluffing you're still forcing them onto
         | non-optimal lines.
         | 
         | On the other hand, you would prefer people not to know that
         | you're engaging in deception.
        
       | morley wrote:
       | I've also heard this topic referred to as "results-oriented
       | thinking," which is generally what you don't want: you shouldn't
       | judge a decision based on its result, but on the information you
       | had at the time.
       | 
       | The key to this idea, which I don't see covered in the blog post,
       | for making future decisions is that you shouldn't let past bad
       | luck affect your future decisions. If you lose a positive EV bet,
       | it shouldn't shy you away from making the same bet again.
       | 
       | Some examples off the top of my head about decision-making traps
       | people could make: - Continuing to bet at the roulette wheel to
       | "regain" what you've lost - Not going to a well-rated restaurant
       | again just because you had a random bad experience - Not
       | investing in ETFs after being burned by past downturns - Playing
       | MTG and not burning them out just because they had a counterspell
       | last game
        
         | mettamage wrote:
         | > Not investing in ETFs after being burned by past downturns
         | 
         | Helloooo Japan!
         | 
         | ETFs are great, it will _never_ happen to the US economy :)
         | 
         | In other words, based on market behavior from multiple
         | countries, it is definitely a possibility that ETFs won't
         | return much in a period of 30 to 40 years.
        
           | suzzer99 wrote:
           | And what's your alternative? Cash under the mattress gets
           | killed by inflation. Gold has its runs but usually
           | underperforms. Bonds also get killed in a downturn.
        
             | whiplash451 wrote:
             | There is no pure financial alternative. But a reasonable
             | alternative (or complement) is to invest some money in
             | projects/investments that will for sure have a worse
             | expectation than ETFs, but simply bring you joy in life or
             | new learnings.
        
             | DennisP wrote:
             | Diversification across asset classes.
             | 
             | Physical cash is terrible but to an investor, "cash" tends
             | to mean something like t-bills, which over the past century
             | have done slightly better than inflation. Gold is horrible
             | if you have too much of it, but it tends to do well in
             | equity crashes, so mixing in a little can be helpful. Bonds
             | also sometimes do well when stocks go down, though I think
             | that's more likely when you start at higher interest rates.
             | Commodities can have 15-year bull markets independent of
             | everything else. An investor in Japan would have done fine
             | if they had a lot of foreign stocks. Etc.
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | crucialfelix wrote:
             | Gold has outperformed stocks this year.
             | 
             | https://www.google.com/finance/quote/GLD:NYSEARCA?compariso
             | n...
             | 
             | 10 year Treasury outperformed NASDAQ https://www.google.com
             | /finance/quote/GLD:NYSEARCA?window=YTD...
             | 
             | That's diversification, even if it just means losing less.
        
             | mettamage wrote:
             | There might not be an alternative.
             | 
             | However, the example is simply wrong (IMO) since it assumes
             | that within a 30 year timeframe you'll have gained 8% on
             | average (adjusted for inflation). If this would be true,
             | thne yes it would be a decision-making trap. I think that's
             | what morley is getting at.
             | 
             | I'm arguing it's a tough sell that the S&P 500 works like
             | that. If one would agree that the S&P 500 might not
             | continue to give 8% ROI on average over a 30 year time
             | frame, then one might consider doing something else with
             | their money. For example, maybe it's more fruitful to
             | invest in yourself to upskill even more rather than putting
             | your money into the markets. I don't know I haven't
             | researched it, I myself try to beat the market, it's a fun
             | endeavour. The jury is still out.
        
               | lexapro wrote:
               | There are ETFs that invest in international stocks. VT
               | for example. That way you're not betting it all on one
               | country.
        
               | pirate787 wrote:
               | The revenue of the S & P is 50% global so pay attention
               | that 1) US ETFs already have huge global exposure and 2)
               | many country ETFs have global corporations in them
        
               | mettamage wrote:
               | That's a good point, betting on the world is a more
               | viable strategy. That is at least, if the world is
               | growing in an economic sense. With that said, since the
               | world population will grow, I'd be willing to make that
               | bet. In this case, I'd say the example holds up.
        
               | whiplash451 wrote:
               | The point of investing in an ETF is not exactly to bet
               | that the economy will grow no matter what, but to
               | minimize variance and regret with the money you had at
               | the beginning (i.e. you may end up in the red, but in
               | terms of expectations, your likelihood of being in the
               | red was no worse than the average).
        
               | strix_varius wrote:
               | Exactly - for me, investment is less about "making it
               | big" and "beating the market," and more about, "storing
               | the value of the work I did to earn this $X."
               | 
               | Such that, if the "burn rate" for my household today is
               | $60k/yr, and I store $60k in investments, then when I
               | withdraw at some future date $X will still be enough to
               | support my household for a year.
        
         | LudwigNagasena wrote:
         | Results-oriented thinking is bad, but so is not updating your
         | priors.
        
           | llaolleh wrote:
           | Glad to see a fellow Bayesian in here lol.
        
         | curun1r wrote:
         | Results-oriented thinking is just one of many human cognitive
         | quirks that are often maladapted to the modern world.
         | 
         | A major one is how we tend estimate probability. We naturally
         | do that by equating it with how easy it is to imagine or
         | remember it happening. This worked well in a tribal situation
         | where our world was very small...if Grog got attacked by a
         | tiger, there's a good chance that tiger attacks are a serious
         | danger that I should consider. But this breaks down in the face
         | of a global society of billions of people and a media that
         | profits from making people afraid. Rare events get magnified by
         | media attention and feel, to us, like they're incredibly
         | likely. Plane crashes are incredibly rare. Even in a plane as
         | fundamentally broken as the 737 Max was, passengers were safer
         | traveling that way than by car. But since every airplane crash
         | is covered extensively on the news whereas car crashes rarely
         | merit a mention, people's primitive cognitive quirks kick in
         | and they're more afraid of flying. You see it with mass
         | shootings too. Even if you get 1-2 per day in the US, that's
         | still maybe a few hundred people per day who are directly
         | affected. Over the course of a year, that's roughly 70k people
         | out of 330 million, or %0.02 of the population. Which isn't to
         | say that we shouldn't do everything we can to prevent it, but
         | when you hear people saying that they don't feel safe, that's
         | entirely on the media and how it's warping our perception of
         | the danger rather than it being a real threat to our lives. We
         | also saw it with the spate of Asian attacks that became a media
         | favorite. There was a story of Asians in New York starting to
         | contort their lives to avoid becoming victims. But when I
         | looked up the actual statistics, there were 20 such attacks at
         | the time in a city with 1.2 million Asians. Which, again,
         | doesn't mean that we shouldn't be treating each of those
         | attacks as terrible and be doing everything we can to stop
         | them, but when you consider 20 victims out of 1.2 million,
         | that's just not a risk that's worth going to considerable
         | inconvenience to avoid.
         | 
         | There was an interesting TED talk many years ago from a guy who
         | specialized in these kinds of cognitive quirks. And he
         | discussed the findings of one particular study that always
         | stuck with me. In it, participants were presented with one of
         | two hypothetical situations. In the first, they were going to
         | the theater to see a movie and they pre-purchased the ticket
         | for $20, and also brought along a $20 bill. When they arrived
         | at the theater, they found that the ticket had gone missing.
         | Almost all participants in the study said they'd turn around
         | and go home rather than using the other $20 to purchase another
         | ticket. In the second case, they were going to the theater to
         | see the same movie, but instead of having pre-purchased a
         | ticket, they were intending to buy one when they got there. But
         | they had, instead, brought two $20 bills with them and managed
         | to lose one on their way to the theater. Almost all
         | participants presented with this scenario chose to use their
         | remaining $20 bill to buy a ticket. Despite the situation being
         | basically identical, when you're presented with both scenarios,
         | we have a cognitive quirk where we don't want to pay for
         | something twice whereas we can rationalize the loss of money
         | that we never spent. But what got to me about that study wasn't
         | the results, but how intuitive both decisions felt to me. I
         | could feel how unpleasant it would be to buy a second ticket
         | and, yet, how easy a decision it would be to buy a ticket for
         | the first time even after losing some of my money. The lesson,
         | for me, was that while I've always thought of myself as a
         | logical person and someone who would always let statistics or
         | other scientific basis guide my thinking, it's still really
         | hard to follow through with that.
        
           | prometheus76 wrote:
           | Do you drive a car? I am asking because statistically
           | speaking, it's the number one killer of people from age
           | 21-65. Very few drivers go their whole life without getting
           | in an accident.
           | 
           | Statistically, on any given day, the odds of being in an
           | accident are quite low. However, if you drive for 30-60
           | minutes every day, you are exposing yourself to a low amount
           | of risk consistently over time, which inevitably means that
           | one day, your number will come up.
           | 
           | Most people don't have a background in probability or they
           | haven't taken the time to look at driving, but for those who
           | consider themselves normally "rational", they're often very
           | surprised to see just how dangerous driving a car really is,
           | but they just weren't aware of the amount of risk.
           | 
           | Analyzing the risk of driving every day is an exercise worth
           | doing. That being said, I have a fairly high level of risk
           | tolerance, so I drive to work every day because I live just a
           | little too far to reasonably walk, and riding a bike would be
           | a higher risk than driving because of lack of adequate road
           | shoulders for much of the route between my workplace and
           | home.
        
           | burrows wrote:
           | This is people self-reporting about unexperienced
           | hypothetical situations?
        
         | lamroger wrote:
         | > I've also heard this topic referred to as "results-oriented
         | thinking," which is generally what you don't want: you
         | shouldn't judge a decision based on its result, but on the
         | information you had at the time.
         | 
         | Had this happen at work recently and shapes why I was ok with
         | the outcome even though it wasn't what we wanted.
         | 
         | I was building an integration and got it working and trying to
         | push to Prod when I realized the integration with the 3rd party
         | required a security audit... Given the information at the time,
         | it was the right thing to build but didn't do deep enough
         | research. Lesson learned.
        
       | ricardobayes wrote:
       | Also known as the 'risk-reward' ratio, a concept well-known to
       | traders.
        
       | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
       | I've found that frequently bluffing in life pays off. Generally
       | you don't get caught very often and the cost of getting caught
       | generally isn't very high, even if the stakes are. You have to be
       | prepared to take your way out of sticky situations though.
        
         | adwi wrote:
         | Yes, lying is often convenient.
        
         | baobabKoodaa wrote:
         | > I've found that frequently bluffing in life pays off.
         | 
         | Other life pro tips:
         | 
         | - Stealing is a way to get money
         | 
         | - Murder may be useful
         | 
         | - Fraud is profitable
        
           | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
           | None of those are bluffs, or even close.
           | 
           | A bluff, in this context, is claiming or insinuating you're
           | in a better position that you really are.
        
             | baobabKoodaa wrote:
             | Whatever helps you sleep at night.
        
         | elliekelly wrote:
         | I think people who tend to "bluff" often also tend to seriously
         | underestimate how often they're "caught". Just because no one
         | has called you on your bluff to your face doesn't mean you
         | haven't been caught.
        
           | jhugo wrote:
           | Does it matter?
        
           | muh_gradle wrote:
           | Bluffing in poker doesn't mean something silly like going all
           | in with 72o. It can be something like playing a relatively
           | weaker hand more strongly because you've evaluated the range
           | of hands that your opponent can have and the range of hands
           | that you could have. Likewise, in real life, bluffing doesn't
           | have to mean outrageous lies.
        
           | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
           | So in a requested example below I give "I was renting a flat
           | in SF in 2010 and claimed I had a better offer elsewhere and
           | got 5% off in order to take their flat instead."
           | 
           | How do I get caught? If they say no I get up, pause then
           | change my mind.
           | 
           | I've never suffered from being caught by a bluff, but I
           | structure them sensibly.
        
             | tokamak-teapot wrote:
             | Everyone else who rented a flat negotiated 10% off. Your
             | landlord guessed you were lying so altered subsequent
             | planned rent increases to more than make up the difference
             | - because they don't like you.
             | 
             | It surprises and slightly delights me to see how often
             | people who try to 'game' others, queue jumpers, and others
             | who display selfish behaviour are then given special
             | (negative) treatment from those who notice their behaviour.
             | 
             | Some seem to go around thinking that people are awful, but
             | really people are just awful to _them_. People are
             | generally kind and help each other.
        
         | mettamage wrote:
         | Could you give an example of this?
        
           | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
           | The first thing that comes to mind is bargaining. I always
           | claim I have a better choice elsewhere and that I need a
           | discount to close the deal. So I was renting a flat in SF in
           | 2010 and claimed I had a better offer elsewhere and got 5%
           | off in order to take their flat instead.
        
           | fer wrote:
           | Not OP either. Here there aren't turnstiles to access the
           | commuting train, but there are controllers on board from time
           | to time. With seldom use, it's just better not to buy a
           | ticket (read: to bluff).
           | 
           | Numbers made up and simplified but in the same ballpark:
           | 
           | Round-trip ticket across town: 10EUR
           | 
           | Monthly pass: 50EUR
           | 
           | Fine: 70EUR
           | 
           | The chance to be controlled is roughly 1 in 10 for a round-
           | trip. So if one did 5 round-trips in a month, on average one
           | would pay 70 x 5 x 0.1 = 35EUR. Which is a good price with
           | acceptable variance fur such usage. When caught just pay
           | without fuss.
           | 
           | At some point (between 7 and 8 round-trips) it's more cost
           | effective to just buy the monthly pass, as the average cost
           | of not buying approaches/goes over such threshold.
        
           | Spooky23 wrote:
           | People who describe themselves as super honest usually are
           | self-deprecating. They tend to under value their knowledge
           | and experience.
           | 
           | The reality is, 95% of scenarios don't require what is asked
           | for, and stating your capabilities in the most generous way
           | is the optimal decision. Just back it up with work.
        
             | mettamage wrote:
             | Underrated comment :) Upvoted and favorited.
        
             | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
             | This is another example I'd use of a bluff: basically
             | saying that you can do a job even though you've never done
             | it before. If you're good and confident in your abilities,
             | it all works out in the end. Everyone wants ridiculous
             | experience but at the end of the day they're just trying to
             | make sure you can do the job.
        
           | quadcore wrote:
           | he's bluffin
        
           | permalac wrote:
           | Not OP.
           | 
           | I've seen many people getting a 3 year contract without
           | having a clue of what they had to do, just buzz words.
           | 
           | Public sector
        
           | short_sells_poo wrote:
           | It's the oldest trick in the book.
           | 
           | As much as "fake it till you make it" is a much hated
           | approach, there's a grain of truth to it. Many people only
           | got the chance to prove their merit by bluffing (faking?) it
           | first. Sure, they had to ultimately deliver on the
           | expectations, and perhaps there are more of those who faked
           | it and then failed to deliver. It doesn't change the fact
           | that often you don't even get the chance if you don't project
           | an aura of confidence.
           | 
           | Generally speaking, being confident gets you to places. This
           | really applies to every aspect of life.
           | 
           | If you act like you belong somewhere and that there can be no
           | questions about you belonging there, people in general will
           | not question your presence. If you seem lost, or confused
           | people will be curious why.
           | 
           | Walk into a private event acting like you belong, and there
           | are good chances nobody will realize you shouldn't be there.
           | Walk around looking all confused and you are likely to be
           | asked to validate your presence.
           | 
           | Naturally, this doesn't apply only to places, but also
           | groups, communities, companies...
        
         | alasdair_ wrote:
         | The main problem that I have with lying regularly is that in
         | order to lie effectively, you need to somewhat believe your own
         | lies.
         | 
         | Eventually, you really do believe the lies you tell and then
         | your ability to see the world for what it is is diminished.
         | 
         | Additionally, when dealing with other people, we tend to fill
         | in the blanks about the things we don't know about them using
         | information we have picked up from other people as a template.
         | We know ourselves better than any other person, so we often use
         | our own motivations as a stand in for the motivations of
         | others. If we are liars ourselves, we assume other people are
         | liars too, by default (and, due to confirmation bias, once we
         | look for evidence of this, we find it everywhere).
         | 
         | This mindset means we end up trusting people less than is
         | probably optimal, but we are unaware of this fact.
        
           | dkjaudyeqooe wrote:
           | Bluffing is indeed lying, but in a fairly innocuous way.
           | 
           | Say you're a physical coward and you're being picked on for a
           | fight by someone. You can puff your chest up, put your
           | shoulders back and put a sneer on your face, possibly scaring
           | the bully off.
           | 
           | Yes you're misrepresenting yourself. You're lying. But how
           | exactly is that corrosive to your character?
        
       | photochemsyn wrote:
       | The suggested step 2 in this article is 'calculate the expected
       | value' . . . but isn't this going to be far more complicated in
       | practice? See:
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value#Expected_values...
       | 
       | Probability distributions are _complicated_. Even determining
       | what kind of distribution you are look at is difficult in many
       | cases. Such distributions are also skewed in real life by things
       | like insider information (in poker, that would be cheating). Even
       | so the list is rather intimidating, assuming fair play:
       | 
       | Bernoulli, Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Uniform, Exponential,
       | Normal, Standard Normal, Pareto, Cauchy
       | 
       | If financial institutions (and crypto players) are using these
       | kind of approaches to make their bets, then isn't the individual
       | investor hopelessly outgunned in the vast majority of cases?
       | Plus, not having a big pool of capital to absorb temporary losses
       | makes that situation even worse.
       | 
       | Investment capitalism, in other words, is just a casino for the
       | uber-wealthy. Letting it rule the economy is a serious mistake.
        
         | kqr wrote:
         | It's even more complicated than you think! The theoretical
         | distributions you list are just that: theoretical. No real-
         | world process generates values exactly according to a
         | theoretical distribution.
         | 
         | So you're not even dealing with a somewhat countable list of
         | distributions -- everything has its own unique distribution!
         | 
         | Fortunately, you don't need to model things exactly. A very
         | rough approximation often gives me miles better results than
         | plain gut feeling.
        
         | passivate wrote:
         | Its not only complicated, its bordering on the impossible. They
         | are simply hand-waving the "analyze your past decisions" part.
         | Its extremely difficult to be introspective like that. You
         | don't know why someone said "yes" to your deal, and not to
         | someone else. You can guess, but there are so many micro things
         | that fall in your favor when you're successful. Context
         | matters, environment matters, and while we can capture our
         | thoughts, we can't always capture the environment in which
         | those events occurred, etc, etc. This is Harvard business
         | review type stuff, excepting each person to accurately weigh
         | and analyze all that is unrealistic. You're going to find
         | examples of people who "read the book" or "attended the
         | lecture" or "sought advice from X" and struck gold, and these
         | examples provide buoyancy for such ideas.
         | 
         | >If financial institutions (and crypto players) are using these
         | kind of approaches to make their bets, then isn't the
         | individual investor hopelessly outgunned in the vast majority
         | of cases?
         | 
         | When its your job, you're better at it compared to someone for
         | whom its a hobby. And also, larger firms are able to manipulate
         | the market which tilts the balance in their favor.
        
       | totorovirus wrote:
       | Well you can play millions of poker hands online. Life isn't like
       | that. You have only ~30 years, and you have 30 * 365 = 10950
       | hands if we count each day as a hand.
       | 
       | So what you need to work on is how you define "success" in life.
       | Money is a high variance objective, whereas self-improvement is a
       | low variance objective. I think finding a good balance of
       | variance and tolerance to risk is a key to happiness.
        
         | criddell wrote:
         | 30 years? Maybe your tolerance to risk is a bit on the high
         | side...
        
           | UmbertoNoEco wrote:
           | High side? If I am understanding OP correctly he says one
           | only has 30 years to "make it in live" or you're fucked and
           | if I am understanding you correctly you think that is too
           | high. If that is the case both of you are wrong.
        
         | angarg12 wrote:
         | Slight offtopic, but this is why the "if you try hard enough
         | you will succeed" advice sounds like BS to me. Even if the most
         | dedicated entrepreneur can only try so many startups in their
         | lives. If the odds are vanishingly small then success is far
         | from guaranteed.
         | 
         | Rejecting the role of luck in our outcomes is delusional, and
         | people who support it have something to peddle (if only their
         | own personal brand as thought leaders).
        
           | ryandrake wrote:
           | If you're good, your profit depends on the number of hands
           | you get to play. And that number of hands you get to play is
           | based on your bankroll.
           | 
           | In the non-poker real world, most people maybe get to play
           | one hand in life, and that's it. One at-bat in a baseball
           | game, to use a different analogy. You dump 20 years of
           | savings into buying that laundromat, and that's your only
           | shot of making it. If we are really lucky we might get one or
           | two more hands to play but that's it for the vast majority of
           | us.
           | 
           | The rich get as many hands/at-bats in life that they want to
           | play, so they will eventually win one. They can just serially
           | start business after business until one of them lucks out and
           | succeeds, then do talks for the rest of their lives on how to
           | be good at business.
           | 
           | Money buys you chances to make money.
        
             | WJW wrote:
             | Alternately, if you find yourself in the situation where
             | you were not born rich then that should influence your
             | strategy. Apply the Kelly criterion and carefully make a
             | number of appropriately sized bets based on your currently
             | available capital. Don't dump 20 years of savings into
             | anything, but carefully build up investments over time.
             | 
             | Measuring your net worth against those born rich is a fools
             | errand, but you can definitely make your children have a
             | better shot against their children. True wealth is almost
             | never built up in a single generation, despite the fairy
             | tales about the "American Dream" that we tell our children.
        
           | layer8 wrote:
           | Yeah, it's more like "if you _don't_ try hard you're unlikely
           | to be successful" combined with "you shouldn't underestimate
           | your chances of having _some_ kind of success if you put in
           | some grit".
        
         | gammabetadelta wrote:
         | yep and in the long-run we are all dead
        
       | Raidion wrote:
       | I'm a serious but hobbyist player with ~15k hands last month.
       | 
       | The thinking like a poker player is mostly about being upfront
       | about your risk tolerances and then having a culture supporting
       | people who make the best risk adjusted decision, even if it
       | doesn't work out.
       | 
       | Expected Value is complicated because a 50% chance for $100 is
       | the same as a 10% chance at $1000. It's the variance, not the EV
       | that makes a lot of decisions hard.
       | 
       | You (and businesses) need to decide what risk is acceptable,
       | communicate that clearly. Reward people who manage risk in a way
       | that's aligned with the business even when it doesn't work out.
       | Get rid of people who are either take too big risks, and people
       | who don't take risks.
        
         | jvanderbot wrote:
         | I imagine poker players don't use expected value. That's silly.
         | You'd be all-in on a bet with positive expected value for no
         | good reason.
         | 
         | They use expected returns in conjunction with size of current
         | pot and size of current holdings.
         | 
         | What you say about variance is right on. It involves the payout
         | and the odds and so on ...
         | 
         | They use something internally like the Kelly Criteria, probably
         | tuned against their own model of what is the probability of
         | each relevant outcome.
        
           | JoshuaDavid wrote:
           | If your bankroll is small enough that Kelly vs naive EV
           | calculations are giving you significantly different answers
           | for what you should do, you are probably playing at stakes
           | higher than you should be (or you're playing in a tournament,
           | in which case the optimal strategy is indeed different than
           | in a cash game).
        
         | 1retep wrote:
         | I also like the discourse on bankrolls and bets sizing. I think
         | being able to correctly size your bets is such a great, albeit
         | challenging skill to have in the real world.
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | Go here for more focused practise:
           | https://static.loop54.com/ship-investor.html
        
           | lgas wrote:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_criterion may be of
           | interest.
        
             | sokoloff wrote:
             | One major problem here is that many players dramatically
             | overestimate their edge.
        
         | nogbit wrote:
         | Poker players use "pot odds".
         | 
         | The odds of winning a hand with a future card in order to
         | estimate the call's expected value.
        
           | matchagaucho wrote:
           | Glad someone mentioned this. A 52 card deck with 3 Aces
           | showing means there is only 1 Ace remaining (either in hand
           | or deck).
           | 
           | Future cards have significant impact on odds and betting.
        
           | myownpetard wrote:
           | Pot odds are just the ratio of the current bet to size of the
           | pot.
           | 
           | If you have not yet made your hand (e.g. only 4 spades) then
           | you consider your drawing odds, which is the chance of making
           | your hand.
           | 
           | But say there is a pair on the board. Then you need to
           | consider the probability that your opponent has or will make
           | a full house, which would beat your flush if you were to hit.
           | Likewise the probability that someone will have a higher
           | flush than you.
           | 
           | Analyzing this in aggregate is what gives you the expected
           | value, which is what poker players consider.
           | 
           | If you are simply playing a cash game with unlimited buy-ins.
           | Then assuming your overall bankroll is sufficient, you will
           | always make plays with positive expected value, even with
           | high variance, because it is a continuous game and you expect
           | the total return to be positive over sufficient iterations.
           | 
           | If you are playing a tournament with a set number of places
           | in the money, then you need to take into account the variance
           | as well as the expected return because it is an episodic game
           | and the types of plays you will make will depend on not just
           | expected value of the single play but what place you are in
           | currently and the number of players left.
        
             | myownpetard wrote:
             | And probably the most difficult to estimate are the implied
             | odds. If you do make your draw, how much money can you
             | expect to make in later betting rounds.
             | 
             | Implied odds are interesting in that they can make very bad
             | hands more playable because if you do hit, then the
             | likelihood that your opponent believes that they are
             | winning is higher (because the chances of such a bad hand
             | being played rather than folded immediately should be low)
             | and thus the probability that you can elicit more money
             | from them is higher.
             | 
             | Small pairs and low suited connectors are good examples of
             | these kinds of hands. Your pre-flop chance of winning with
             | a pair of 2's on a full table is pretty low. But if the
             | flop is 2-K-A, you will likely get a lot of action.
        
         | Melatonic wrote:
         | As someone who used to live with a pro poker player that might
         | be the beginning but it really comes down to the psychological
         | aspect of being able to disconnect and deal with losing a TON
         | of money in the short term. You need to be able to quit,
         | consistently, after losing massive amounts and then come back
         | and do it all again the next day. Over and over. And the losing
         | streaks can be long.
        
         | whiplash451 wrote:
         | mmm, you mean 5% at $1000, right?
        
           | boatsie wrote:
           | Perhaps GP isn't a very good poker player :)
        
         | bglusman wrote:
         | I think you meant a 50% chance for $100 is the same as a 5%
         | chance for $1000 right? Just... funny math error as I was like,
         | wait, no... I'll take the 10% chance at $1000 every time!
         | (unless I'm desperate for my next meal, then, as you say, the
         | lower variance would point to higher certainty of some money vs
         | max expected value)
         | 
         | EDIT: I see someone else noticed this further down than I
         | looked in comments, sorry for dupe.
        
         | calahad wrote:
         | "Expected Value is complicated because a 50% chance for $100 is
         | the same as a 10% chance at $1000"
         | 
         | Is it though?
        
           | jdmoreira wrote:
           | The payout is exactly the same but what op means is that you
           | need less "50% of 100%" bets than "10% chance at $1000" to
           | reach the same payout.
           | 
           | 1 in 2 for the first one will pay out. and 1 in 10 for the
           | second one will pay out.
           | 
           | Variance is higher for second than for first.
        
             | calahad wrote:
             | "The payout is exactly the same"
             | 
             | Again I ask, is it really?
        
             | westward wrote:
             | I think the questioner is asking if
             | 
             | "50% chance for $100 is the same as a 10% chance at $1000"
             | 
             | should be
             | 
             | "50% chance for $100 is the same as a 10% chance at $500"
        
               | jdmoreira wrote:
               | ah yes, of course. You are correct
        
             | [deleted]
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | At first I was confused because of my mental rule of thumb
             | that in a Bernoulli choice, p=0.5 is highest variance.
             | 
             | But that is when the payoff is 1, of course!
             | 
             | When it's not, we're really looking at payoff2 * p * (1-p)
             | and indeed the second situation has much higher variance.
        
           | nightpool wrote:
           | OP messed up their numbers--they probably meant 5% chance for
           | $1000 ($50 EV to match .5*$100) or similar. But I think their
           | point is still clear
        
         | lordnacho wrote:
         | Where's the best place to play online? Non-US citizen.
        
           | dave7 wrote:
           | Non-US? PokerStars, by a country mile. Always has been.
        
           | ricardobayes wrote:
           | The golden days are sadly gone. It has pretty much all been
           | dried up after the US crackdown. Before that, sites were full
           | with very loosely playing Americans who viewed a loss of a
           | $100 just 'entertainment' or equivalent of a night out. With
           | that all gone, you have tons of very tight Chinese and
           | Russian players these days. Lots of hunters and not a lot of
           | moose.
        
         | baggiponte wrote:
         | Wow this is 1000x than what's in the article - thanks.
        
         | elhudy wrote:
         | >Get rid of people who are either take too big risks, and
         | people who don't take risks.
         | 
         | The alternative to getting rid of these people, is offering
         | positions to them that better match their risk tolerances.
        
         | rawling wrote:
         | > serious but hobbyist
         | 
         | > ~15k hands last month.
         | 
         | Is that not roughly a full-time jobs' worth of poker? (15k
         | hands > 12k minutes? > 200 hours > 6h/day)
        
       | m12k wrote:
       | I attended a talk by Richard Garfield, the game designer behind
       | Magic: The Gathering. He made a point that adding randomness to a
       | game can be a way to give it that property of "easy to learn,
       | hard to master", and in turn make it easier for a community to
       | grow around the game. When you add randomness, it becomes
       | possible for novices to sometimes beat more experienced players
       | through sheer luck. Contrast that with e.g. chess, where it
       | doesn't take much skill difference before the most skilled player
       | is almost certain to win. So randomness makes it easier for
       | newcomers to get the occasional win, to keep them motivated while
       | learning. But at the same time, randomness can make it harder to
       | master, because the cause-effect-relationship between good
       | decisions and good outcomes becomes blurred, like the article
       | points out, defeating the trivial "reward function" we usually
       | use for evaluating our performance. It takes a lot of discipline
       | to say "I won, but it was luck, because I actually misplayed" and
       | learn from that. And on top of that, high level play will become
       | a game of analyzing and estimating probabilities, minimizing or
       | maximizing variability depending on the strength of your
       | position, basically embracing randomness as a gameplay element to
       | be understood and sometimes even manipulated, despite being so
       | intangible compared to most other gameplay elements. So used the
       | right way, adding randomness to a game can both lower the barrier
       | of entry, and raise the skill ceiling at the same time.
        
         | Kelamir wrote:
         | An alternative to randomness is handicap. For example, Go game
         | has ranks and based on them either you or your opponent get a
         | handicap. Equal ranked players don't use handicap. It is
         | counted that a stone of handicap is worth ~6.5 points, and that
         | is what's used in handicap - one player gets additional stones
         | placed at the beginning of a match. The system is aiming to
         | provide you with 50% win/lose percentage, and every match to
         | feel equal.
        
           | sumy23 wrote:
           | The issue with a handicap is that if you win you don't feel
           | as good because you know that the only reason you won was the
           | handicap. It's harder to draw such a conclusion when you win
           | due to randomness.
        
         | bsder wrote:
         | > But at the same time, randomness can make it harder to
         | master,
         | 
         | Except that Magic: The Gathering is _particularly_ bad for
         | locking into specific  "meta" (metagame) which then persists
         | until new cards come out/old cards rotate out. Hardly random
         | and hardly difficult to master.
         | 
         | The best MTG players are really good at what I call the "game
         | mechanics corner cases". The know _all_ the weird ways to play
         | and resolve the cards--this gives them a quite persistent
         | couple percentage point advantage.
         | 
         | However, it _won 't_ give them enough advantage to beat the
         | "meta".
        
         | LargeWu wrote:
         | Agreed. I've seen comments in similar threads in the past where
         | people rag on games like poker or backgammon because they
         | believe the randomness factor moves them from skill-based to
         | luck-based.
         | 
         | In truth, managing randomness is actually one of the core
         | skills of the game. Not just on the decision in front of you,
         | but on future decisions as well. It's a hard skill to master.
         | Moreover, the timelines to evaluate one's skill are long,
         | sometimes hundreds or thousands of games, incorporating tens of
         | thousands of decision points. It's not a wonder it's often
         | misunderstood.
        
         | CPLX wrote:
         | This is an interesting comment, and I'd add one other element
         | to this, which is that randomness is _way_ more realistic, if
         | we think of games as something intended to represent the real
         | world in some way.
         | 
         | In real life the best marksman can get wiped out on the first
         | day of a war, the best business strategist can get done in by a
         | once in a generation disaster, and a hapless idiot in business
         | can get an early big break. And so on.
         | 
         | I feel like it feels much more natural and intuitive to us to
         | play games that are a mix of skill and random chance.
        
           | pessimizer wrote:
           | That depends on whether you think that games should be
           | simulations. Even if you think they _should_ be simulations,
           | you still might only want to reward optimal play over lucky
           | play. If I 'm using a simulation to train someone, I only
           | want them to be rewarded for ideal play.
        
             | kqr wrote:
             | This is incorrect, as far as the research into training for
             | expertise goes. You actually want simulations to be like
             | the real world: complex, ambiguous, sometimes with delayed
             | feedback and presenting multiple forms of the problem. Of
             | course, it also takes a good mentor to debrief with and
             | untangle what was bad luck and what was bad decision
             | making. (See the Oxford Handbook of Expertise if this stuff
             | interests you.)
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | Note that this is also why some people prefer games that
           | don't have chance -- to experience what that is like.
        
         | spacetraveler11 wrote:
         | Thank you for this comment. See [1] for a video of Richard
         | Garfield talking about this topic.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSg408i-eKw
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | theincredulousk wrote:
       | Is this site related to Knowledge Project / Farnam Street
       | (fs.blog), a competitor, or just a ripoff???
       | 
       | I noticed because I read what seems to be the exact article
       | there, with the same illustrations and everything on fs a couple
       | weeks ago. Maybe it was a link in the newsletter to this article.
       | 
       | Looking around there is a lot of overlap in content.
        
       | ricardobeat wrote:
       | I'm struggling to see how the advice applies to their own
       | examples. Take Jane, who took a great offer but was hit by a
       | recession:
       | 
       | - potential reward of the decision: checks out
       | 
       | - probability of getting it: 95% if you already have the offer in
       | hand
       | 
       | - resources (time/effort/money) to bet to get the reward: not
       | significant
       | 
       | Then there is 'imagining a bet' and 'analysing your past
       | failures'. The first one might lead you to the _' what if the
       | company goes bust?'_ question, but would that really help in the
       | decision making or be a reason to _not_ accept the better job?
       | The unlucky event is a recession, not this particular company
       | doing badly (i.e. no signals to see).
       | 
       | If a recession hits, there is no reason to believe the consumer
       | goods co. would fare any better and her old job more secure. I'd
       | really like to see the 'poker player' mindset at play but this
       | just feels like a complete miss.
        
         | necovek wrote:
         | I don't think the advice doesn't apply (they still claim Jane
         | made a good decision, even though it led to a bad outcome:
         | their point is that Jane should keep making good decisions, and
         | not worry about bad outcomes because you can't control luck --
         | if you mostly make good decisions, luck won't matter _in the
         | long run_ ), it's just that it's pretty much useless because
         | 
         | > "Probability of getting it -- you cannot know the exact
         | probability, but estimate it the best way you can (remember the
         | bet with a friend)"
         | 
         | is the hard part. Jane's case was clear (good decision), but
         | what about Mike? Is there a proportion of his savings he should
         | have invested that would have turned his "bad decision" into a
         | "good one"? We have no signal to tell us what the probability
         | of any cryptocurrency going up or down is over, say, 6 months
         | (they've all gone up and down completely arbitrarily).
         | Basically, finding the probability of any particular "success"
         | (or actually, a failure) will easily tell you how much you
         | should risk.
         | 
         | And that's what it's like with the most of life decisions as
         | well: we don't know the probability -- not even the ballpark
         | range. Likelihood that any one person you meet is going to be
         | your life-long partner is basically nil: but we still invest in
         | building relationships before fully committing to either decide
         | they are not, or increase the probability that they will be.
         | But we still do that relationship building investment based on
         | very few signals (appearance, short chats and potentially what
         | social circle someone is from if from a shared acquaintance).
        
           | kqr wrote:
           | There is no probability to know in the sense you mean --
           | probability is what we call our personal assessment of the
           | situation, incorporating the (little) knowledge we have.
           | 
           | So sure, there is your probability. Will you make money
           | knowing it? That's the question you're alluding to.
           | 
           | (As a concrete example: there is no "true" probability of
           | rain six days from now. Either it rains or it doesn't. But a
           | skilled meteorologist can give you a probability that would
           | probably make you a little money over the climate average.
           | 
           | Both the climate average and the meteorologist's assessments
           | are correct probabilities. They just reflect different
           | amounts of information.)
        
         | mettamage wrote:
         | I think like a poker player, I skimmed the article. What they
         | seem to fail to mention is that variance is important as well.
         | In poker you need to play at _least_ 10000 hands in order for
         | variance to average down a bit. 10000 hands is still very
         | little.
         | 
         | So, if you have a 95% chance of going 10x that's great, but the
         | question is: can you handle a 5% chance of having being
         | potentially ruined for at least a decade? If not, then you
         | cannot take the bet despite the fact that EV is super high.
         | 
         | Put more extremely, if I offer you a 99% chance to take make
         | one billion dollars (legally) and a 1% chance of being killed,
         | would you take it? I definitely wouldn't.
         | 
         | How about the following? I offer you an unfair coin flip
         | advantage of 51% versus 49%, we're going to flip 1 million
         | times, each time the bet is 1 dollar. Would you take it? I
         | would.
         | 
         | The heuristic that poker teaches is: take a lot of small bets
         | with huge upside with little to no downside. It doesn't matter
         | how slim the chance of winning is. Slightly more nuanced (still
         | a heuristic): the chance should be about as big as your volume
         | of chance-taking. Say, you take 10000 chances, then the
         | slimmest chance you can take (on average) is 1/10000.
        
           | Raidion wrote:
           | Congrats, that's also thinking like a poker player.
           | 
           | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_criterion
        
             | mettamage wrote:
             | I love the Kelly criterion! I should reread it in order to
             | see if I can make a better heuristic on optimal bet-sizing.
        
             | schmorptron wrote:
             | This is off-topic, but the mobile wikipedia link you posted
             | is surprisingly nice to read on desktop. Seems a lot more
             | pleasant than the wide lines on the desktop site.
        
               | layer8 wrote:
               | This comment comes up repeatedly on HN. While I somewhat
               | agree, I would also suggest to not maximize your browser
               | window by default, to avoid wide lines. I usually have my
               | browser window square-ish.
        
           | tipsytoad wrote:
           | I actually wrote a post about this, using a metric for
           | expected _outcomes_ instead of ev probability
           | 
           | https://tompollak.me/blog/ev-v-eg/
        
           | bulbosaur123 wrote:
           | > Put more extremely, if I offer you a 99% chance to take
           | make one billion dollars (legally) and a 1% chance of being
           | killed, would you take it? I definitely wouldn't.
           | 
           | I would even if it offered 50+% of getting killed. The small
           | chance you strike a billion is worth the risk.
        
             | cthalupa wrote:
             | It's a fun thought experiment under the many-worlds
             | interpretation of quantum mechanics. Even at an
             | infinitesimally low chance of getting the billion dollars,
             | if the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is
             | true, you could argue that it is worth it from a selfish
             | perspective.
             | 
             | In all the worlds where you get the money, your life is
             | improved. In all the worlds where you don't, well, you're
             | dead, so you don't really care.
             | 
             | Obviously, this doesn't take into account the impacts to
             | everyone else in the worlds where you died.
        
             | cm2012 wrote:
             | I wouldn't do it for 50%, I can see how some heuristics
             | would get you there.
             | 
             | - Right now we spend 33% of our life working, nd the stress
             | of work impacts another 33%.
             | 
             | - A billion is also way more than out life expected income,
             | but there's a big marginal reduction of value to money. But
             | you also get it now when you're younger rather than parsing
             | it out.
             | 
             | - As a random 25 year old male, you would only have a 1 in
             | 16 chance of surviving to retirement age at 60 on your own.
             | 
             | I personally would only take the deal for 2.5% chance of
             | death though.
        
             | stavros wrote:
             | How much money would the gain have to be for it to not be
             | worth a 50% chance of getting killed?
        
               | ozim wrote:
               | I don't think that would make a difference for me if
               | someone offers more money when my life situation is kind
               | of nice.
               | 
               | What would make a difference would be my life situation -
               | if it would be worse or totally shitty I could take even
               | 25% for a billion.
               | 
               | That was kind of theme of "Squid Games".
        
               | WJW wrote:
               | Sure but at some point the money gets too low to risk it
               | even if you are in the dumps, no? Would you take 1
               | million for 50%? 10k for 50%? 10 bucks for 1%? 1 dollar
               | for 1%?
               | 
               | At some point it goes from a life changing amount of
               | money to just "meh" money.
        
               | ricardobeat wrote:
               | I would guess the uptake will fall sharply somewhere
               | around 10 million, which is still a life-changing amount
               | of money for 99% of the population.
        
               | stavros wrote:
               | Huh, it's very odd to me that you'd take an even chance
               | of dying to win $10m... My amount would be much, much
               | higher, potentially infinite.
        
             | acjohnson55 wrote:
             | I find that fascinating. I'm not even a millionaire, yet
             | money is rarely a constraint for me and life is great.
             | 
             | The only reason I can fathom desiring a billion dollars is
             | the leverage it would give me to influence the world in
             | what I think is a positive direction. But when it comes to
             | money for my own sake, $10M is about the most I can imagine
             | having use for.
        
           | bbarn wrote:
           | > How about the following? I offer you an unfair coin flip
           | advantage of 51% versus 49%
           | 
           | Isn't that just baccarat without ties?
        
             | mettamage wrote:
             | I wouldn't know, I don't know many casino games.
        
           | CPLX wrote:
           | > if I offer you a 99% chance to take make one billion
           | dollars (legally) and a 1% chance of being killed, would you
           | take it?
           | 
           | I'd take it in a heartbeat. I've done things that have a 1%
           | chance of death just to have a good story to tell.
        
       | seanhunter wrote:
       | The non buzzwordy way to express this is to use some basic
       | concepts in probability to make accurate decisions in the face of
       | randomness. Specifically when making a decision you should think
       | about the expectation[1] of the outcomes overall and some
       | properties of the distribution. This requires you to think
       | through what all the outcomes are and what you think their
       | probabilities are.
       | 
       | 1)All other things being equal you should generally prefer a
       | higher expectation decision to a lower-expectation one
       | 
       | 2)But you have to avoid decisions which have outcome distribution
       | properties you can't tolerate. Most obviously you should
       | generally ensure that your risk of ruin is zero because even if
       | the probability is very low, that outcome is close to impossible
       | to recover from so must be avoided.
       | 
       | 3)For two possible strategies with similar-ish expectations in
       | real-life terms you may well want to choose the one with the
       | lower standard deviation of payoffs. Like say you're choosing
       | between an offer at medical school to train to be a dentist and
       | pursuing your long-shot idea of going to Hollywood and trying to
       | make it as an actor. Imagine that when you look at the outcomes
       | you estimate that in acting you have an insanely low probability
       | of making it but a huge payoff if you do and in dentistry most
       | people do pretty well but no-one's partying on superyachts with
       | Jay-Z and Beyonce. Well even if the expectation of acting works
       | out slightly higher, if they are close enough you should probably
       | pick dentistry because the variance of outcomes is just way
       | lower. If you think about your future as a monte carlo simulation
       | you want to end up "ok" on most of the paths in the simulation
       | even if that means giving up on some "lights out" outcomes.
       | 
       | 4)most people agonise the most about decisions where the
       | expectation is really pretty similar so it just doesn't matter
       | that much either way. So don't beat yourself up about whether you
       | made the right decision - just try to learn from the decision and
       | move forward
       | 
       | A huge mistake people make is to evaluate the quality of the
       | decision based on the single possible outcome that crystalised
       | into reality by actually happening rather than using the
       | framework above. So resist that temptation and instead evaluate
       | your decision based on whether you chose to maximise expectation
       | while avoiding risk of ruin and excessive variance.
       | 
       | [1]In the sense of being the weighted average of all possible
       | payoffs where the weights are the probabilities and the payoffs
       | are the utility of each outcome (usually just in cash terms).
        
       | havblue wrote:
       | A great concept of Texas holdem is that of chasing the pot:
       | calling when the odds aren't in your favor. In other words, just
       | because you've come this far it doesn't mean you have to keep
       | putting money towards a hand you'll likely lose.
        
       | SMAAART wrote:
       | Life's a game of chance where we control the odds.
       | 
       | Just this morning I was reading Scott Adams's How to Fail at
       | Almost Everything and Still Win Big, and he was talking about
       | making bets in Life that don't cost any money (they only cost
       | time) and if we do this there's ~100% certainty of winning. Of
       | course he's more eloquent and elaborate. It's also another way to
       | look at "we miss 100% of the shots that we don't take".
        
       | freediver wrote:
       | It would be interesting to do a decision--making comparison
       | between a chess, poker and bridge player.
        
       | alexpotato wrote:
       | I think I first heard this quote in one of Taleb's books
       | (paraphrasing):
       | 
       | In Ancient Greece, you were a hero for what you attempted to do
       | and not for what you actually accomplished. This was because the
       | Greeks considered the outcome to be primarily governed by the
       | whim of the Fates. What you attempted to do was a function of
       | your courage especially given that a big task could lead to a big
       | failure outside of your control.
       | 
       | I think of this quote often anytime the "outcome vs process"
       | discussion comes up.
        
       | ericdykstra wrote:
       | This article, like Duke's book, has a solid premise, but fails to
       | provide any actionable advice aside from a simple risk/reward
       | framework. When I read the book, I was hoping there would be more
       | information about how to properly handicap various situations,
       | but there just wasn't.
       | 
       | Business and life decisions aren't as simple as calculating pot
       | odds and outs. Anyone who has estimated a complex and unfamiliar
       | programming task knows that the unknown-unknowns are the biggest
       | part of any equation.
        
         | theincredulousk wrote:
         | The largest fault in the practical (life) applications of
         | probabilistic thinking is that estimating the odds in real-time
         | is often impossible. Poker is a constrained environment where
         | the odds are computable.
         | 
         | It's a useful framework for thinking in various situations, but
         | it is almost never going to reduce to an equation that can tell
         | you some objectively correct answer or decision.
        
         | kqr wrote:
         | If the main reason your effort estimations are off is that you
         | don't allow for unknown unknowns, then that's easily fixable.
         | 
         | After all, although we don't know which the unknown unknowns
         | are, the possibility of them is known. And they do, in my
         | experience, tend to increase the required effort by, say, 1--30
         | x depending on task complexity and familiarity.
         | 
         | So even in the most complex and unfamiliar of tasks, you can
         | adjust the upper end of your estimate by 30x and there you go!
         | Unknown unknowns accounted for in your effort estimation.
         | 
         | (Simpler or more familiar tasks require smaller adjustments to
         | their upper end. Knowing how much adjustment is appropriate is
         | a matter of deliberate practise.)
        
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