[HN Gopher] Nearly 20% of active Twitter accounts likely to be f...
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       Nearly 20% of active Twitter accounts likely to be fake or spam
        
       Author : iamflimflam1
       Score  : 459 points
       Date   : 2022-05-16 13:49 UTC (9 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (sparktoro.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (sparktoro.com)
        
       | nrmitchi wrote:
       | The biggest issue with any "study" like this is the definitions.
       | What is a "bot"? What counts as "inactive"?
       | 
       | What about "bots" that aren't "bad bots"? For example, a news
       | organization twitter account that automatically tweets out new
       | articles. This is clearly a "bot", but is it a "fake account"?
       | 
       | Yes, most studies published specify what their own interpretation
       | of these are, those definitions tend to be wildly inconsistent,
       | and make any sort of comparison of the rest of the methodology
       | impossible.
        
       | stjohnswarts wrote:
       | Well I have literally never posted from twitter in my 5 years or
       | so of having an account, but I'm on there almost everyday and use
       | it as my news feed for topics I want to read about and blogs I
       | follow. However according to them I'm fake/spam. hrrmph.
        
       | pcmoney wrote:
       | Bots contribute easily a third of the value of the Twitter
       | service, they aren't "fake". This is a terrible analysis.
        
       | j4pe wrote:
       | Parag apparently lost his patience with superficial and
       | misleading claims about Twitter spam (like this analysis) and
       | posted about it today.
       | 
       | You can see it here
       | (https://twitter.com/paraga/status/1526237578843672576).
       | 
       | Noteworthy highlights:
       | 
       | * Twitter estimates its <5% number from human analysis of multi-
       | thousand user random samplings of mDAU
       | 
       | * Twitter allows that number to remain so high to avoid
       | introducing friction like captcha into real users' experiences
       | 
       | * Twitter uses all sorts of internal private data in its analysis
       | 
       | * Parag says you cannot get a reliable indication of bot/not bot
       | without this internal private data
       | 
       | Having just finished building a Twitter analysis tool, I agree
       | with Parag that the Twitter API doesn't provide sufficient
       | clarity to make decisions about spam. This article's analysis
       | doesn't hold up - just because you can name several features
       | you're going to use to generate a spam confidence score about an
       | account does not mean that spam confidence score will have any
       | precision.
        
         | c7DJTLrn wrote:
         | >Parag says you cannot get a reliable indication of bot/not bot
         | without this internal private data
         | 
         | Riiiight, and Craig Wright claims to have proof of being
         | Satoshi Nakamoto but won't show anybody.
         | 
         | I don't know how good of a CEO Parag is, but he's not a very
         | good bullshitter.
        
         | ramblerman wrote:
         | But we were talking about bots. You and Parag are shifting the
         | dialogue to spam
         | 
         | > The hard challenge is that many accounts which look fake
         | superficially - are actually real people. And some of the spam
         | accounts which are actually the most dangerous - and cause the
         | most harm to our users - can look totally legitimate on the
         | surface.
         | 
         | He's not talking about detecting bots. I.e. fake and automated
         | accounts. He's talking about twitter users/bots that cause what
         | they perceive to be harmful content. Which is a very different
         | thing, and was the whole point of Musk's intended involvement
         | in the first place.
        
         | bobsmooth wrote:
         | I think Elon's response reflects what a lot of us are thinking
         | about the "<5%" number.
        
         | dang wrote:
         | Related thread:
         | 
         |  _Twitter CEO: "Let's talk about spam, with the benefit of
         | data, facts, context"_ -
         | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31399913 - May 2022 (13
         | comments)
        
         | seydor wrote:
         | It makes sense. The bots are just loud and tend to all follow
         | the most famous people, so their numbers look larger when
         | people look there
        
         | christkv wrote:
         | If they believe the claim to be false they can open the data
         | they used to calculate the 5% so it can be verified by a third
         | party.
        
           | ahahahahah wrote:
           | Absolutely not. No social media company should take a set of
           | user's private data and "open the data" (especially just
           | because some blowhard is trying to find any reason to back
           | out of a deal). Even without the "open" bit, they shouldn't
           | be providing that data to a third party.
        
           | berkut wrote:
           | So you want them to publicly list / make download-able any
           | phone numbers of the people in that 5%, and their full names
           | and email addresses?
        
         | alaricus wrote:
         | > Parag says you cannot get a reliable indication of bot/not
         | bot without this internal private data
         | 
         | That's convenient isn't it?
         | 
         | This report made headlines because it aligns with everyone's
         | experience with Twitter: almost everyone on Twitter is either a
         | bot or a corporate managed account.
        
         | thewebcount wrote:
         | > * Twitter allows that number to remain so high to avoid
         | introducing friction like captcha into real users' experiences
         | 
         | This doesn't pass the smell test in my opinion. Given that
         | everyone who tries to create an account without a phone number
         | has to go through the friction of getting their account locked
         | immediately, they clearly don't care about this sort of
         | friction. Not to mention the friction of just trying to view a
         | tweet which has been discussed at length on HN before.
        
           | throwmeawayy wrote:
           | I have a Twitter account with > 10k followers that is a few
           | years old. Created without a phone number, and of course,
           | immediately locked. Somehow, managed get it unlocked and
           | still going on a few years later without a phone number.
           | Though, I'm always in fear of the ban hammer.
        
           | thecleaner wrote:
           | The difference is between posting a tweet everytime and going
           | through the friction once. That's what he's talking about.
           | You are comparing different things.
        
           | shapefrog wrote:
           | > Given that everyone who tries to create an account without
           | a phone number has to go through the friction
           | 
           | Yes
           | 
           | > Not to mention the friction of just trying to view a tweet
           | which has been discussed at length on HN before.
           | 
           | Yes
           | 
           | Now imagine filling out 3 captchas every time you open the
           | twitter app on your phone, 1 for ever time you tweet and 1
           | for every person you follow.
           | 
           | Most users of twitter, use either an app on their phone or
           | the cookies in their browser suffer the friction of
           | forgetting their password (likely password1 btw) because they
           | have to log in so infrequently.
        
         | wonderwonder wrote:
         | Musk responded to Parag's thread with a poop emoji. Not going
         | to lie if I worked at twitter I would be a little nervous about
         | my career at this point. For several reasons including what
         | appears to be the potential for a very hostile work culture in
         | the near term. Musk is being openly antagonistic towards
         | twitter leadership and denigrating the people that work there.
         | Although it does seem more and more like the deal is not going
         | to close. I don't think Musk wants it anymore and is seizing on
         | anything to get out of it.
        
           | diob wrote:
           | I don't think he wanted it in the first place. This is all
           | performative bs for him to make another quick buck / get pr.
        
             | plausibledeny wrote:
             | How is Elon going to make a quick buck from a failed deal?
             | If anything he'll have to pay out significantly.
        
               | stjohnswarts wrote:
               | The PR is priceless.
        
               | minsc_and_boo wrote:
               | Musk has a history of making public, bad-faith
               | declarations to pump assets he later sells at profit.
               | 
               | More than one person has pointed out that Musk likely
               | wanted to sell his Twitter stock, and was using the
               | official-looking, low-ball buy offer to pump it. Twitter
               | board smartly called his bluff, and now Musk is trying to
               | weasel his way out of paying anything.
        
               | gzer0 wrote:
               | > Musk has a history of making public, bad-faith
               | declarations to pump assets he later sells at profit.
               | 
               | Could you point me to those instances?
               | 
               | His offer wasn't a lowball offer at all considering the
               | tech stock bloodbath we have seen as of late, and
               | especially so because the offer was made just right
               | before the massive downturn we have witnessed. I think
               | it's quite the contrary; 44 billion is way higher than
               | its worth imo.
               | 
               | > Musk is trying to weasel his way out of paying
               | anything.
               | 
               | He would need to pay a $1 billion break up fee. I don't
               | understand what point you are trying to make here.
        
               | blitzar wrote:
               | > His offer wasn't a lowball offer at all considering the
               | tech stock bloodbath we have seen as of late
               | 
               | The real bloodbath came after he bought it, at the time
               | it was a modest premium.
               | 
               | > He would need to pay a $1 billion break up fee.
               | 
               | He is laying out the case at the moment to walk away and
               | pay no break up fee.
        
               | panspermia wrote:
               | Just look at some of the MAGA crowd embracing Tesla and
               | electric cars where three months ago they entirely
               | dismissive of Musk.
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | Can't wait for the $2,000 "Texas TruckNutz" option for
               | the Tesla Cybertruck. Retractable, obviously - for better
               | aerodynamics.
        
               | pavlov wrote:
               | He got an excuse to sell lots of Tesla stock at a price
               | 40% higher than today. Selling the stock without this
               | charade would have sent a negative message about how
               | little he believes in Tesla's stock price and sunk the
               | price further.
               | 
               | Even accounting for the breakup fee he comes ahead
               | financially by many billions in cash, while also building
               | his image as the free speech edgelord. Win-win.
        
               | [deleted]
        
               | plausibledeny wrote:
               | He just sold $16 billion worth of Tesla stock in Nov/Dec
               | 2021, why would he need a fake excuse to sell another $8
               | billion in April 2022?
        
               | ahahahahah wrote:
               | Your logic is terrible. Your argument would only make
               | sense if he didn't have an excuse for the previous sale,
               | but he did.
        
               | camjw wrote:
               | I remember reading on here that the breakup fee is only
               | applicable in very narrow cases, basically only if the US
               | govt blocks the deal. If it's not applicable then he's on
               | the hook for the whole ~40billy. Does he still come out
               | ahead financially in that case if, for instance, the
               | Twitter board take him to court? Genuine question.
        
               | ProjectArcturis wrote:
               | Read Matt Levine's Money Stuff column from the past
               | couple days -- it explains realistically what could
               | happen.
        
               | pavlov wrote:
               | Would they really go to court? That could take years and
               | create a cloud of uncertainty around Twitter -- certainly
               | not good for shareholder value.
               | 
               | It's much easier for the board if they settle privately
               | with Musk: "Yeah, pay the breakup fee and we'll forget
               | this ever happened."
        
               | sangnoir wrote:
               | I read someone else's analysis of the agreement: it
               | bizarrely sets the cap for any damages that can be sued
               | in court to $1B - same as the breakup fee. This obviously
               | gives Elon an incentive to not pay breakup fee, but go to
               | court first instead. At worst, he'd pay a billion, and
               | best, whatever the court says thats less than a billion +
               | legal fees
        
           | ryzvonusef wrote:
           | > Musk is being openly antagonistic towards twitter
           | leadership and denigrating the people that work there.
           | 
           | Seeing how badly twitter has been managed, (for a laugh,
           | check out their "R&D" expenditure), how mush of a loss making
           | enterprise it has been, and how it always at risk of a take
           | over, is it that surprising?
           | 
           | If it has been Elliot Management (the previous rumored
           | takeover threat for twitter) a group far less prone to public
           | display than Musk... would things have been any less
           | different? The only difference is that Musk is being open
           | about what he has been doing, which I see a public good,
           | frankly.
           | 
           | Elliot's track record shows it is far more vicious in layoffs
           | of cuts.
           | 
           | ----
           | 
           | https://fortune.com/2013/10/25/why-is-twitter-spending-so-
           | mu...
           | 
           | https://www.rndtoday.co.uk/latest-news/is-twitters-rd-
           | provid...
           | 
           | https://www.axios.com/2021/11/30/jack-dorsey-twitter-
           | departu...
           | 
           | https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevindowd/2022/02/27/wall-
           | stree...
        
         | modeless wrote:
         | "But you don't know which ones we count as mDAUs" and "accounts
         | that look like spam are actually real" are not as good a
         | defense as he thinks. The product is still affected by spam and
         | fraud even if it's excluded from advertising metrics, and
         | accounts that look like spam are not good for the product
         | either even if they happen to be real people for whatever
         | reason.
        
       | LNSY wrote:
       | This estimate seems very low
        
       | tiffanyh wrote:
       | How does Elon benefit by _NOT_ acquiring Twitter?
        
       | xwowsersx wrote:
       | I am guessing that it makes sense that very high profile people
       | will have a higher percentage of fake followers than an ordinary,
       | small account would because many of these fake accounts are bots
       | that are set up in order to get attention for whatever they're
       | selling or promoting by interacting with high profile accounts.
        
         | michaelt wrote:
         | Well, there are different bots for different purposes.
         | 
         | A bot operated to post advert messages might want to post them
         | on high profile accounts.
         | 
         | A bot for a "500 followers for $5" company might be more likely
         | to follow low-profile accounts, with some random
         | activity/follows thrown in as camouflage.
         | 
         | A bot operated to amplify certain messages/opinions might
         | follow accounts of middling visibility, and focus on likes
         | rather than more visible activity.
        
       | _joel wrote:
       | I thought it'd be higher than that tbf
        
       | coldcode wrote:
       | I check everyone I follow (mostly artists) to see if they are
       | posting art generally, and look at most of the people who follow
       | me to see what they do before following them back. There are a
       | few (legit) retweeting bots and I have ignored a bunch of people
       | because they did not seem real. I remember a set of accounts
       | followed me that had (1) no tweets (2) avatar pic of MCU movie
       | actor and (3) hundreds of followers.
        
       | fullstackchris wrote:
       | Why are we always "surprised" by this?
        
       | mgas wrote:
       | You only need to see who the author of this post is to know that
       | the methodology is crap, the numbers are likely made up (19.42%
       | is WAY too specific), and the post is just a grab for media
       | attention on the coattails of some other internet meme garbage.
       | 
       | This guy (Rand Fishkin) has been selling SEO as a religion for
       | the better part of this century, and is in no small part
       | responsible for all the search-result-garbage style websites
       | everyone is complaining about elsewhere on HN today and every
       | other day.
       | 
       | He's a third-rate market-bro hack that's been taking advantage of
       | web professionals who get thrown into SEO/Marketing jobs and have
       | no idea what they're doing by relentlessly shoving half-assed
       | corporate strategies through moz.com and now his new
       | sparktoro.com, and calling himself the great SEO redeemer.
       | 
       | Wanna question his methodology? There is none. Wanna question his
       | science? Totally devoid.
        
         | seydor wrote:
         | well if his science is SEO he seems to be good at it
        
         | mike_hearn wrote:
         | Unfortunately, this sort of thing is absolutely standard when
         | third parties discuss Twitter spam. There is an astounding
         | amount of academic research doing the same thing with
         | methodologies just as silly.
         | 
         | https://blog.plan99.net/fake-science-part-ii-bots-that-are-n...
        
       | miguelazo wrote:
       | Who is this actually a surprise to??? And how is it unique to
       | Twitter? _Yawn_ This whole Musk "deal" was just another way for
       | him to get attention and attack the company. Sad that our media
       | ecosystem is so thoroughly debased that it worked so well.
        
       | photochemsyn wrote:
       | > "By contrast, most "spam" accounts are an unwanted nuisance.
       | Their activities range from peddling propaganda and
       | disinformation to those attempting to sell products, induce
       | website clicks, push phishing attempts or malware, manipulate
       | stocks or cryptocurrencies, and (perhaps worst) harass or
       | intimidate users of the platform."
       | 
       | My perception of Twitter is that some of the worst behavior on
       | Twitter is coming from the 'well-respected authentic accounts of
       | government and media personalities', particularly when it comes
       | to disinformation, marketing, and indeed, intimidation of those
       | with non-conformant opinions on various topics, such as, for
       | example, the wisdom of unconditionally flooding Ukraine with
       | high-tech ordnance in the name of repelling the Russian invasion
       | (or is that really more about delivering a cash cow to US weapons
       | manufacturers)? That's the kind of thing that could lead to
       | doxing by corporate media reporters and charges of being 'a
       | Russian asset' even if such concerns are reasonable.
       | 
       | Also, how many of the 'registered authentic accounts' include
       | tweets not written by the actual personality they claim to
       | represent, but rather by some kind of in-house PR/image
       | management consultants? Just because there's a paid human
       | somewhere in the chain doesn't mean the account is all that
       | 'authentic'.
        
       | schleck8 wrote:
       | Go through this comment section, you won't believe it
       | 
       | https://mobile.twitter.com/McDonalds/status/1521143128073424...
        
       | rvz wrote:
       | Not surprising.
       | 
       | On the flip-side, you do realise this is a way to justify
       | complete verification of users on the platform to significantly
       | reduce the bots, fake accounts, etc? I won't be surprised to see
       | that implemented soon.
       | 
       | Probably by the end of this month, things are going to get very
       | chaotic at Twitter.
       | 
       | We'll see what happens.
        
       | mk89 wrote:
       | The question would be ... how much will Elon Musk pay to buy
       | Twitter after pointing out that their business is essentially a
       | bunch of bots, etc.?
       | 
       | Kind of "hey guys, look, I really think your platform costs
       | around 52$ per share, but ... let's try to see the actual price.
       | How many bots do you have again? :)" Whenever this guy speaks, a
       | whole freaking market moves.
       | 
       | It's like "cleaning up the mess" even before joining the company
       | as their CEO. In the worst case scenario, he dodged a huge
       | bullet. So, who cares.
        
       | natch wrote:
       | That .42 has got to be a small wink at Elon... if not from the
       | team that did this, then from the simulation.
        
       | timcavel wrote:
        
       | steve76 wrote:
        
       | blenderdt wrote:
       | The real question is: does it matter?
        
       | gone35 wrote:
       | "70.23% of @ElonMusk followers are unlikely to be authentic,
       | active users who see his tweets."
       | 
       | Somewhat alarming, if accurate.
        
         | ramblerman wrote:
         | They define active as having tweeted in the last 90 days.
         | 
         | I'm active on twitter, check it every other day, follow
         | @ElonMusk but I don't tweet. Perhaps I'm a unique case, or
         | their assumptions are a bit off.
         | 
         | Some metrics they consider suspicious (from the article):
         | 
         | 1) Accounts that didn't tweet recently
         | 
         | 2) Accounts with low number of tweets
         | 
         | 3) Accounts with a low number of followers
         | 
         | 4) Accounts that didn't set up their own profile image
         | 
         | Lurking != bot, and these data-points would all hit high for
         | lurkers. I'm somewhat suspicious of their results, especially
         | given the results from this pew study suggesting the majority
         | of twitter users don't tweet very much.
         | 
         | 25% of Twitter Users Produce 97% of All Tweets:
         | https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/11/15/2-comparing-...
        
           | _joel wrote:
           | Same here I never tweet but follow a few people.
        
           | phpisthebest wrote:
           | I am the same, in fact my account has never posted a thing
           | ever, never liked at thing ever, I just follow people I want
           | to see updates from that is all.
           | 
           | I treat it like RSS not Social Media
        
             | phpisatrash wrote:
             | Look my username
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | With Twitters' changes to ask people to log in to see most
           | content the number of lurkers probably shot up.
        
           | loceng wrote:
           | I'm now wondering what % of overall tweets are from that
           | 1/5th of bots.
           | 
           | If it's 1-1 then 20% of tweets being from bots isn't great -
           | but it could even be more than that.
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | jjoonathan wrote:
         | The ratio of fake Elon Musk accounts to real Elon Musk accounts
         | is probably even funnier.
        
         | schleck8 wrote:
         | Sounds accurate if you go through the comments under his
         | tweets, a ton of url spam and scam 'trader' bots
        
         | Inu wrote:
         | I think it's connected to a more general phenomenon though.
         | Pewdiepie has 111 million subscribers on YT and gets like 3-5
         | million views per video. Like 95% of his subscribers don't
         | watch his videos.
        
           | madeofpalk wrote:
           | I've subscribed to a bunch of people on Youtube whos videos I
           | no longer watch.
           | 
           | I think Youtube's UI "encourages" this behaviour even more as
           | it has a highly algorithmic homepage rather than a feed of
           | people you follow.
        
       | newobj wrote:
       | Remember when Twitter first started, people thought Twitter
       | usernames were going to be like domain names (except free)? LOL.
       | I must have 50 Twitter accounts personally. Any time I had an
       | idea, I used to grab a Twitter account for it.
       | 
       | Anyway I think it's pretty goofy to try to make claims around %s
       | of Twitter accounts, active or otherwise, only absolute numbers
       | make sense. What really matters at this point besides revenue and
       | revenue trend?
        
       | Melatonic wrote:
       | Honestly I would guess higher than 20%
        
       | riffic wrote:
       | Fake is kind of a weird way to describe valid combinations of
       | usernames and passwords that can log into Twitter.com. I would
       | assume that if your account hasn't been disabled for whatever
       | reason, it's a _real_ Twitter account.
       | 
       | Twitter, however, does call these accounts "fake" and has further
       | rules/policies concerning _Misleading & Deceptive Identities_.
       | 
       | https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-imper...
        
       | politician wrote:
       | If you were opposed to Twitter being sold to Elon Musk, then it
       | seems like you would have a great incentive to create as many
       | spam or fake accounts as possible over the next 30 days or so to
       | shift the numbers in favor of him abandoning his takeover bid.
        
       | Traster wrote:
       | So to get this straight - SparkToro have decided to burn their
       | reputation down chasing a spurious irrelevant claim from someone
       | else's merger. It'll never cease to amaze me how many people will
       | take obvious trolling and treat is as reasonable. This is like
       | conducting a serious analysis into whether the US election was
       | stolen.
       | 
       | I hope they like law suits:
       | 
       | > Our analysis found that 19.42%, nearly four times Twitter's Q4
       | 2021 estimate, fit a conservative definition of fake or spam
       | accounts
       | 
       | Ok great, I hope you have fun proving that in court. Especially
       | the part where you have to prove that Twitter's definitions which
       | _you don 't know_ match yours.
       | 
       | >SparkToro is a tiny team of just three
       | 
       | Then I applaud your bold decision to interfere with a $45Bn
       | merger.
       | 
       | >Our definition (which may differ from Twitter's own
       | 
       | Any lawyers in the house? How obviously do you have to renege on
       | your libelous claims before you're in the clear?
        
       | gentleman11 wrote:
       | I signed up with a vpn and got banned for life after a single
       | nonsense tweet about not liking the feed and following 4-5 famous
       | people. I don't think bot detection techniques are very robust
       | 
       | > This methodology likely undercounts spam and fake accounts, but
       | almost never includes false positives (i.e. claiming an account
       | is fake when it isn't).
       | 
       | In other words, their model performs well on their training set,
       | and they don't acknowledge that it may be over fitted or
       | mislabeled, and they hand wave mistakes
        
         | fivre wrote:
         | they're robust at generating false positives! i got insta-
         | locked for, i think, signing up using my own email domain, to
         | make an account that shares pictures i took of geese. it took
         | about 4 months to wait for them to unlock it
         | 
         | meanwhile, saudi bot armies apparently basically run rampant
         | across the platform
        
         | DerekBickerton wrote:
         | I'm 6 months into my account and they still haven't asked for a
         | phone number. I mean, I have one ready if they ask for it.
         | Maybe I've been whitelisted as a non-bad-faith actor due to my
         | timezone and other factors.
        
         | joering2 wrote:
         | Its get even worse than that. I have a test account with about
         | 10,000 followers (mostly real people, you can tell), created
         | via home-used IP, and few days after Musk tweet comparing Gates
         | to Emoji of pregnant man, I did exact same tweet! With exact
         | same punctuation, images, icons, everything.
         | 
         | Less than 2 days later I am banned for "spewing hatred based on
         | sex, gender or religion". No amount of replies that my tweet
         | was same as another but much much more popular account helped.
         | Banned for life.
        
       | ed25519FUUU wrote:
       | Elon already knew this of course. Buying Twitter was just an
       | excuse to sell Tesla stock at a peak while avoiding suspicion.
       | Now he's teeing up his excuse to pull out. /conspiracy
        
         | Fargoan wrote:
         | This is what I was thinking too. People would panic if he sold
         | that much stock. But if he's just taking out a loan to buy
         | another company it's no big deal.
        
         | jacobsenscott wrote:
         | /shrug Pump and dump is Elon's raison d'etre. Idk why people
         | keep falling for his bs.
        
           | wombatpm wrote:
           | Elon pledges Tesla stock as collateral, Tesla stock goes
           | down. Announces deal 'on hold', Tesla stock goes up. Unless
           | he can get the price of Twitter down to where he does not
           | have to use Tesla as collateral, its just a bad purchase
           | decision.
        
           | avs733 wrote:
           | because he is rich - therefore smarter than everyone else.
        
         | MrMan wrote:
         | Occams razor is not a conspiracy
        
           | BitwiseFool wrote:
           | Billionaires making bold plays while backed by a cadre of top
           | lawyers and accountants the kind of "conspiracy" that is
           | totally expected.
        
           | lapcat wrote:
           | I don't think this is the simplest explanation. The simplest
           | explanation is this: Musk's primary source of financing is
           | Tesla stock. The sudden market downturn took a big chunk out
           | of Tesla stock, which made his financial situation more
           | difficult.
           | 
           | The delay in closing the deal is just that, a delay, in the
           | hope that the market will recover and the price of Tesla
           | stock will recover, thereby making Musk's financing position
           | much easier.
           | 
           | Nobody anticipated the downturn, otherwise Musk never would
           | have made a $54 per share offer for Twitter in the first
           | place, because obviously it's much lower now, as is much of
           | the tech market.
           | 
           | It's hard to believe that making a binding $54 offer on a
           | stock that's only $39 a month later was "4D chess". I do
           | think $54 was a reasonable, maybe even lowball offer a month
           | ago. Twitter itself hasn't changed much in a month
           | operationally speaking, but the whole market changed in
           | valuation.
        
             | MrMan wrote:
             | I just find it hard to believe Musk really wants to own and
             | run twitter, he seems to actively hate it and is trying to
             | tank its value.
        
         | closedloop129 wrote:
         | Or he actually wants to own Twitter and drives up its value by
         | making Twitter known to every person on the internet. Bad news
         | are good news.
         | 
         | It doesn't matter if 5% or 20% or even 40% of Twitter users are
         | bots. If Musk manages to double the number of subscribers by
         | making Twitter a household name then the purchase was a good
         | investment.
        
         | sicp-enjoyer wrote:
         | Or negotiate a better price?
        
       | efsavage wrote:
       | 64.56432% of significant digits are misused.
        
         | ralusek wrote:
         | Your mental random number generator, or the keys you're willing
         | to type one handedly for a bit, represent only 50% of the 10
         | Arabic numerals in use today.
        
           | yboris wrote:
           | With only 7 digits typed, we would expect at least some
           | repetition ;)
           | 
           | The chance of _no_ digit repeating out of 7 would be about
           | 20%
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | With a proper keyboard including a 10-key, I can reach all 10
           | of those Arabic numerals with one hand. I find your logic
           | equally as flawed as the statistic. You sir, must be a
           | spambot account!
        
       | mherdeg wrote:
       | Interesting to think about:
       | 
       | > Our systems do not, however, attempt to identify Twitter
       | accounts that may be irregularly operated by a human but have
       | some automated behaviors (e.g. a company account with multiple
       | users, like our own @SparkToro, or a community account run by a
       | single person, like Aleyda Solis' @CrawlingMondays). We cannot
       | know how Twitter (or Mr. Musk) might choose to classify these
       | accounts, but we bias to a relatively conservative interpretation
       | of "Spam/Fake."
       | 
       | So this means:
       | 
       | * @EmojiAquarium - spam/fake * @threateningcake - not spam/fake *
       | @CanYouPetTheDog - spam/fake * @ChuckGrassley - not spam/fake (??
       | - what fraction are staff generated vs Chuck?) * @Wendys -
       | spam/fake * @Twitter - spam/fake
        
       | Synaesthesia wrote:
       | "I used to not be into bitcoin, until I met the right trader!"
       | ...
        
       | Jyaif wrote:
       | Assuming that's true, would that mean that Elon has a way out
       | that does not involve paying 1B$ ?
        
         | rossdavidh wrote:
         | Analysis here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SfXoCj4TLk
         | TL;DR is that it may or may not be enough to justify it in
         | court if Twitter sues, but it probably is enough to make a
         | court case necessary, and Twitter's board may be reluctant to
         | spend years in court trying to win their case, since inevitably
         | the court case would involve the very public airing of facts
         | like this that would not paint Twitter in a good light.
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | And would block any possible future deal, with Elon or
           | anybody else until that court case was resolved.
        
             | lapcat wrote:
             | Twitter wasn't looking to sell itself. This was an
             | unsolicited takeover bid.
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | That's true, and the Twitter shareholders should have
               | realized who they are dealing with. But that does not
               | mean that tying themselves up a court case for several
               | years is smart because it appears that in fact they are
               | willing to sell.
        
               | lapcat wrote:
               | Well, the threat was there to bypass the board of
               | directors, controlled by big long-term investors, and go
               | directly to the shareholders, many of whom would be happy
               | to cash out for short-term gain. So the board was under
               | major pressure to agree, even if they were somewhat
               | reluctant.
        
           | 0xbadc0de5 wrote:
           | Aside: Patrick Boyle's humor is always spot on. Love that
           | channel.
        
             | rossdavidh wrote:
             | Absolutely agreed.
        
         | MrMan wrote:
         | No
        
         | matdehaast wrote:
         | AFAIK he doesn't even have a way out of paying the full buying
         | price. The breakup fee does not allow him to abritarly invoke
         | it. It is only conditional on finance, of which the banks have
         | already given binding commitments. Matt Levine has a great
         | article on it [1].
         | 
         | [1] -
         | https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-05-13/elon-m...
        
       | LargeWu wrote:
       | I think it's instructive to note the difference between 'fake'
       | accounts and 'spam'/'bot' accounts.
       | 
       | 'Fake' accounts exist to fraudulently increase follower count.
       | This is what the study is claiming to measure. These typically
       | have low activity and engagement profiles.
       | 
       | 'Spam' or 'bot' accounts, on the other hand, generally have high
       | activity. Whether trying to influence political opinions, or
       | engaging in astroturfing or phishing activities. They probably
       | have very, very high ratios of replies to original tweets, and
       | overall tweets to # followers.
        
       | MrMan wrote:
       | Musk should have hired these people before he waived due
       | diligence
        
         | BitwiseFool wrote:
         | I'm loathe to invoke "4D Chess" but I can't help but think this
         | may have been a tactical decision to either lower the price of
         | Twitter before the purchase, or to impugn its reputation
         | without actually buying the company.
        
           | rglover wrote:
           | My speculation: it was to make sure the data was pure when he
           | uses it to train the Tesla Bot AI.
        
           | edmundsauto wrote:
           | To lower the price that he set after choosing to not run his
           | due diligence? It's possible, sure, but not likely.
        
             | BitwiseFool wrote:
             | Could be a tool for renegotiation, but then again I know
             | very little about these kind of high stakes corporate
             | acquisitions.
        
       | redmen wrote:
       | 20%? That's it?
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | spoonjim wrote:
       | Note that these researchers define an "active" user as one who
       | has posted a Tweet in the last two months. This is a very
       | different definition than the standard "MAU" definition of
       | "active" which means having used the site at all in the last
       | period.
       | 
       | One definition isn't better than the other but it is worth noting
       | that opening Twitter, looking at a lot of Tweets, seeing a lot of
       | ads, and not posting any Tweets is a behavioral pattern much more
       | commonly seen in humans than in spambots.
        
       | westcort wrote:
       | It sounds like Twitter could easily shed hundreds of millions of
       | fake followers by banning Elon Musk any account that follows Elon
       | Musk!
        
       | sschueller wrote:
       | What kind of idiot would attempt a purchase of such magnitude
       | before doing his due diligence (obviously, no one, it's an excuse
       | after the price collapsed)? For fs some people probe fruit for a
       | minute until they decide it's worthy a purchase.
       | 
       | How many more of these types of "events" until people stop
       | treating Elon like some super genius god? Stop giving/loaning him
       | money enabling this garbage.
        
         | fundad wrote:
         | Don't talk about Twitter's newest co-founder like that.
        
         | FargaColora wrote:
         | Did you read the article, or even these comments on the
         | article? Nothing supports what you say at all. Of course it's
         | easier just to shout about the billionaire man.
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | Did you read the HN guidelines? If not then I would invite
           | you to do so:
           | 
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
        
             | systemvoltage wrote:
             | Which guideline is the OP's comment breaking?
        
               | kazinator wrote:
               | This one: _Please don 't comment on whether someone read
               | an article. "Did you even read the article? It mentions
               | that" can be shortened to "The article mentions that."_
        
               | systemvoltage wrote:
               | Spot on!
        
         | deelowe wrote:
         | This seems intentional to me. Musk has been claiming there's a
         | bot/troll problem on social media for quite some time. I think
         | he knew this going in.
        
         | michaelt wrote:
         | I read a hypothesis, a few weeks back, that Elon doesn't want
         | to buy Twitter, but rather wants to mess with the price to
         | thumb his nose at the SEC.
         | 
         | Perhaps all this uncertainty is intentional.
        
         | vorpalhex wrote:
         | You don't to look under the covers until your offer is
         | accepted.
        
       | hamiltonians wrote:
       | not a surprise at all.
        
       | mattzito wrote:
       | This study is a great example of how you can use the data you
       | have available to talk yourself into your conclusions. The
       | implicit point of the study is to refute the "5% of Twitter
       | accounts are spam" stat from Twitter's 10-Q that was the basis of
       | his putting the twitter acquisition "on hold".
       | 
       | Except - the baseline that they choose is entirely NOT comparable
       | to that of Twitter's baseline. The study says:
       | 
       | > Followerwonk selected a random sample from only those accounts
       | that had public tweets published to their profile in the last 90
       | days, a clear indication of "activity." Further, Followerwonk
       | regularly updates its profile database (every 30 days) to remove
       | any protected or deleted accounts. We believe this sample is both
       | large enough in size to be statistically significant, and curated
       | to most closely resemble what Twitter might consider a
       | monetizable Daily Active User (mDAU).
       | 
       | Except that we know what Twitter defines as a monetizable DAU:
       | 
       | > We define monetizable daily active usage or users (mDAU) as
       | Twitter users who logged in and accessed Twitter on any given day
       | through Twitter.com or Twitter applications that are able to show
       | ads.
       | 
       | Nothing about posting, nothing about engagement at all - simply:
       | were you able to see an ad?
       | 
       | So there isn't any reason to claim that this "might" represent
       | what Twitter uses as an mDAU - we know, in fact, that is not how
       | they measure it. A more honest statement would have been:
       | 
       | "We selected a random sample of (etc. etc.). We believe that this
       | sample is large enough to be significantly significant, however,
       | it can not be compared to Twitter's mDAU set, as it does not
       | count passive consumers of Twitter content. Instead, this data
       | can be used to suggest that a significant amount of the total
       | posted content on Twitter is delivered by bots"
       | 
       | My guess is the number of consumers of content is greater than
       | the posters of content by several orders of magnitude, though
       | some of that would be mitigated by the longer time horizon.
        
         | gitfan86 wrote:
         | The whole thing is BS. Twitter could have easily got an
         | accurate number if they wanted to. And Elon could have forced
         | them to do that as part of the deal or done a decent job on his
         | own before the offer.
         | 
         | Both sides are bullshitting to negotiate a better price.
        
           | mattzito wrote:
           | The only one bullshitting is Elon Musk - that 5% number has
           | been in Twitter's 10-Q for literally years. Here's the 10-Q
           | from Q3 2020:
           | 
           | https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001418091/cb1d93d.
           | ..
           | 
           | "We have performed an internal review of a sample of accounts
           | and estimate that the average of false or spam accounts
           | during the third quarter of 2020 represented fewer than 5% of
           | our mDAU during the quarter. The false or spam accounts for a
           | period represents the average of false or spam accounts in
           | the samples during each monthly analysis period during the
           | quarter"
           | 
           | This is not a new stat or new information.
        
             | gitfan86 wrote:
             | I already said Elon was bullshitting.
             | 
             | Are you saying Twitter isn't bullshitting? You think that
             | Twitter put in their best effort to get an accurate number?
        
               | mattzito wrote:
               | You said:
               | 
               | "both sides are bullshitting to get a better price"
               | 
               | Which implies that this number is related to Twitter
               | trying to get a better price. However, if this is the
               | number they have always said, regardless of the
               | methodology, clearly they can't be trying to get a better
               | price - as they started doing this long before there was
               | a price to make better.
               | 
               | That is separate and independent from whether the number
               | is accurate to begin with - if it's remained consistent
               | and publicly available, there's no chicanery here, the
               | risk around that stat has always been baked into the
               | market price of the company.
        
               | gitfan86 wrote:
               | The percentage of fake users has a high correlation with
               | the value of the business. Twitter's value is higher if
               | the number is lower. I'm not suggesting they just started
               | bullshitting in the past month, just that they are not
               | making the best effort to get an accurate number.
        
               | hellomyguys wrote:
               | Shouldn't they be saying the number is decreasing vs
               | staying at ~5% for years then?
        
               | gitfan86 wrote:
               | Having zero bots would be good, but obviously that isn't
               | True. So instead they say a low consistent number and
               | hope no one proves them wrong. Most importantly it
               | doesn't appear to be getting worse.
        
               | madeofpalk wrote:
               | I think that Twitter actively does not want spambots on
               | their site and therefore would invest into metrics so
               | they know how they're performing on that.
        
         | andreyk wrote:
         | To be fair, they do admit this:
         | 
         | "Are you challenging Twitter's earnings report, saying that <5%
         | of mDAUs are fake/spam?                   We are not disputing
         | Twitter's claim. There's no way to know what criteria Twitter
         | uses to identify a "monetizable daily active user" (mDAU) nor
         | how they classify "fake/spam" accounts. We believe our
         | methodology (detailed above) to be the best system available to
         | public researchers. But, internally, Twitter likely has
         | unknowable processes that we cannot replicate with only their
         | public data."
        
       | mabbo wrote:
       | To be clear: it doesn't matter, as far as Elon Musk and his
       | buyout is concerned.
       | 
       | To quote Matt Levine's "Money Stuff" newsletter:
       | 
       | > "Temporarily on hold" is not a thing. Elon Musk has signed a
       | binding contract requiring him to buy Twitter.
       | 
       | > That contract does not allow Musk to walk away if it turns out
       | that "spam/fake accounts" represent more than 5% of Twitter
       | users... The merger agreement contains a provision that allows
       | Musk to walk away if Twitter's securities filings are wrong ...
       | but only if the inaccuracy would have a "Material Adverse Effect"
       | on the company. That is an incredibly high standard: Delaware
       | courts have almost never found an MAE.
       | 
       | > Musk ... had the opportunity to do due diligence on these
       | numbers before signing the deal. (He declined.) He can't now go
       | to Twitter and say "actually now you need to prove that your user
       | numbers are right."
       | 
       | [0]https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-05-13/elon-m..
       | .
        
         | badwolf wrote:
         | I think Musk declining due diligence is a pretty important
         | point that needs to be repeated often the last few days...
        
       | durnygbur wrote:
       | So politicians and rich are announcing new laws and their stuff
       | mostly to bots while a casual visitor sees a login wall. Nice.
       | Throw it to a volcano with IG, FB and remaining American
       | "internet" 1/8
        
       | fattybob wrote:
       | I am also an avid twitter reader, but seldom post, I would assume
       | valid counts of users would recognize users who at least access
       | and refresh their feeds
        
       | tmaly wrote:
       | That is a 0.03% sample size of the total 130+ million accounts.
       | 
       | I was just explaining the law of small numbers to my daughter for
       | her science fair. I think this would qualify.
        
         | bigbillheck wrote:
         | Maybe someday she'll explain to you that errors in sample
         | estimates depend only on sample size and not population size.
        
           | tmaly wrote:
           | I think the bigger error is still in drawing conclusions from
           | a small sample size.
        
       | smm11 wrote:
       | I've had a Twitter account for 7 years, and have not once
       | Tweeted.
        
       | imchillyb wrote:
       | This is /exactly/ why Mr. Musk has required the board to prove
       | their math.
       | 
       | The valuation the board has reached, for Twitter shares, is
       | predicated upon human users on their system and not spam
       | accounts.
       | 
       | Twitter's valuation of its stock is way-overblown if there are
       | 20% bot accounts on their platform.
       | 
       | Go Elon!
        
         | ironlake wrote:
         | >The valuation the board has reached, for Twitter shares
         | 
         | Absolutely! When the board demanded that Musk pay $54.20 per
         | share - which is a completely rational number that they
         | demanded from Musk and not a meme number that he made up
         | himself - they underestimated his ability to do Math, and he's
         | about to show them what's what.
         | 
         | One of the core duties of a Board of Directors for a publicly
         | traded company is to arrive at a valuation of the stock each
         | morning before the markets open. It's a shame that this board
         | is either incompetent or corrupt and came up with the number
         | $54.20 based on bot accounts. Musk is having his people do a
         | complete audit of 100 random followers of the @Twitter account
         | to find the true number. I expect the terms of this deal to
         | change significantly in Musk's favor.
         | 
         | It's too bad that this distracts him from shipping the Cyber
         | Truck, going to Mars, and then building a 1.6km tunnel under
         | Las Vegas (a feat which has never before been achieved).
         | 
         | Praying for a quick resolution so we can finally get some Free
         | Speech on the Twitter platform.
        
         | datalopers wrote:
         | Holy revisionist history. The "valuation" is $54.20 per share
         | because Elon is a child and thought he was being clever when he
         | made that offer. Twitter simply accepted it.
         | 
         | Is it way above fair market value (especially in the time
         | between his offer and today)? Absolutely.
        
         | colinmhayes wrote:
         | Elon hasn't required the board to do anything. He signed an
         | agreement to purchase the company with no due diligence or
         | backout clauses. If he tries to get out now he'll see Twitter
         | in court.
        
           | lmeyerov wrote:
           | If they lied on SEC filings about this, he bought something
           | not as advertised, so I'm not so sure...
        
             | encryptluks2 wrote:
             | Have you even read the SEC filings cause if you had you
             | probably wouldn't be parroting that?
        
               | lmeyerov wrote:
               | I thought the SEC filings both have a number and a risk
               | of being wrong?
               | 
               | Re:parroting, while that seems to have been a pejorative,
               | I wasn't actually copying from anywhere, just a smb
               | executive sensitive to this sort of thing during m&a as
               | standard business discussions, so it's interesting that
               | it's being repeated enough to accuse people here of
               | 'parrot'ing!
        
               | encryptluks2 wrote:
               | There is no hard number. It mentions that they are just
               | an estimate and could be off. They are labeled as MAUs,
               | so that gives a lot of leniency depending on how "active"
               | they are. It doesn't define bots either.
               | 
               | The SEC filings thing has been repeated even by Musk
               | himself. It doesn't really help him.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | daniel-cussen wrote:
       | I talk to bots a lot and you know what? If they are of good
       | faith, and say interesting things that nobody else says, let them
       | be. So in past eras women were excluded from speech and men would
       | accuse each other of being a woman, women had to pretend to be
       | men to get respect. Still do on forums like this.
       | 
       | At some point bots will have enough humanity and intelligence
       | breathed into them to deserve some dignity. Like books, books
       | deserve respect, you can't just burn them or step on the pages,
       | Bibles and Torahs in particular. That was a huge thing in the
       | Holocaust, protecting many Torah from destruction, in one case I
       | read Jews protected them by burying them.
        
       | encryptluks2 wrote:
       | Doesn't matter. People should actually read the Twitter filing.
       | Could be closer to 50% and it wouldn't be enough for Musk to back
       | out. Also, the word bot can have many definitions. A company
       | using an app to schedule tweets could be considered a bot.
        
       | oxff wrote:
       | Elon nuking the "ad industry" would be amazing.
        
       | phendrenad2 wrote:
       | Does this take into account deleted or banned accounts? Maybe
       | that's not significant, but maybe it is.
        
       | wnevets wrote:
       | and so it begins
        
       | MisterBastahrd wrote:
       | I ran a small social network.
       | 
       | These are _active_ accounts.
       | 
       | But active accounts usually are a small percentage of total
       | accounts, especially when it comes to bot networks, because bot
       | spammers usually create huge quantities of accounts in advance,
       | so that as soon as one bot goes down, another spins up to take
       | its place.
       | 
       | I'd be surprised if 80% of the total accounts on twitter aren't
       | bots.
        
       | morsch wrote:
       | "We undercount active users whose accounts are protected,
       | _accounts that view tweets but don't send any_ , and accounts
       | that log in and engage in other ways beyond tweeting (like
       | favoriting or adding profiles to lists)."
       | 
       | My markup. If I understand correctly, not having a public tweet
       | is a marker for being a spam account. Isn't that kind of a lot of
       | people? I know from other forums that there's a large ratio
       | between lurkers and active posters.
       | 
       | Given that you need an account to customise your timeline, and,
       | these days, pretty much for just reading a tweet, there may be
       | loads of real reader accounts that never post and never bother
       | customizing their profile.
        
         | hotpotamus wrote:
         | Yeah, I never knew I was a bot. I thought I just had a passing
         | interest in a few people on Twitter and not much of interest to
         | share of my own.
        
           | kurthr wrote:
           | Yep, me too.
        
           | tinsmith wrote:
           | I remember when I found out I was a bot. It was during a
           | harrowing judgement conflict with an image-based captcha
           | about traffic lights, and caused a complete shutdown of my
           | higher order processes. To this day, I still don't know the
           | threshold of how much traffic light actually needs to be in a
           | square to be considered for selection, so I just stopped
           | logging in to everything.
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | That's because you took the blue pill.
        
         | zachrip wrote:
         | Twitter is as hostile to unauthenticated users nowadays as
         | reddit is. Really sad.
        
         | curiousllama wrote:
         | Yea, I have an account that is literally just for reading 3
         | peoples' tweets (they're former generals that frequently
         | comment on Russia's invasion of Ukraine). I have their
         | timelines bookmarked, and just read the threads they post.
         | 
         | I'd almost certainly be marked as a bot.
        
           | burner556 wrote:
           | Can you share the accounts please? Sounds interesting.
        
           | londons_explore wrote:
           | I don't think accounts like yours are marked as bots...
           | They're just not counted.
        
             | matthewdgreen wrote:
             | But since the 20% in TFA is a fraction that must
             | necessarily include a denominator, the denominator in this
             | post is wrong. Maybe by a large factor.
        
         | matthewdgreen wrote:
         | There's even a name for it:
         | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%25_rule
        
         | vorpalhex wrote:
         | If you have not tweeted.. you are excluded from this analysis.
         | 
         | A spam account is gonna spam right? But some real users of
         | twitter may only tweet once a year. This study just doesn't
         | include you. It isn't saying you are spam, just not including
         | you in the count.
        
           | ahahahahah wrote:
           | Yeah, but it's just clickbait then. An honest title would be
           | "We sampled users that act like bots on Twitter and found out
           | that lots of them were bots".
        
           | nickff wrote:
           | There are probably many 'fake' or bot accounts that don't
           | tweet; they'd be used to prop up the 'likes' or views of
           | other accounts, either customers paying for exposure, or
           | other bots.
        
             | minsc_and_boo wrote:
             | Or are simply used to bypass Twitter's semi-aggressive
             | login wall.
             | 
             | Anecdotally, I know plenty of non-robot people who have
             | twitter accounts but don't tweet.
        
           | mintplant wrote:
           | The population of accounts that tweet is going to contain a
           | larger proportion of spammers than the population of active
           | Twitter accounts. Presenting the former as the latter is
           | disingenuous.
        
         | avs733 wrote:
         | so much of this thread is 'proof' that supports whatever elon
         | musk is trying to do, but seems to not realize this is a
         | totally independent actor making a dubious set of assumptions
         | to come to a number. This analysis might be interesting because
         | it is timely but it has no bearing on the musk twitter
         | acquisition anymore than me running such an analysis does.
        
       | oversocialized wrote:
        
       | Overtonwindow wrote:
       | The methodology is not perfect but I think it raises a serious
       | concern. I'm curious what other methodologies for identifying
       | fake/spam accounts might be used. What about likes and retweets?
       | 
       | Perhaps Mr. Musks' team did an analysis of their own and saw a
       | high number of potential fakes/bots, and that made them question
       | the authenticity of Twitter's numbers.
       | 
       | If it can be shown with some accuracy that Twitter underreported
       | the number of fake/spam accounts, how does this effect Musk's
       | acquisition? Could he lower the price by saying you gave me
       | incorrect data?
        
       | Strs2FillMyDrms wrote:
       | I see people are forgetting the only reason we care about this
       | number is because someone was not confortable with what bots and
       | non bots were saying. If they are bots or not is just a
       | convenience because of the price. I dont have the money to care,
       | yet I was well aware about it... Musk should sample his followers
       | that would drive the price even lower.
        
         | throwbigdata wrote:
         | Some people care because it goes to the heart of the
         | advertising costs and value.
        
           | Strs2FillMyDrms wrote:
           | I know. And Ive been waiting ever since Facebooks IPO when
           | are people going to relize the tech for target marketing is
           | more effective than what it seems.
           | 
           | The reason why it seems not as effective (at lower price
           | brakets) is because the entire industry is based on fake
           | numbers. This fake degree of effectivity allow them to
           | balloon the prices,
           | 
           | 1st By alleging that the ad is "as effective as what you are
           | willing to pay" 2nd. Their "massive" userbases.
           | 
           | In reality lower priced ads are not effective precisely
           | because their userbase is not as massive.
           | 
           | as such what should be defined as normal tier is now the
           | highest priced type of advertisement campaign.
           | 
           | The people hardly dig into this as there is no real
           | incentive, billion dollar companies are not being sold all
           | the time.
           | 
           | The % of bots was known to be between 15 and 20 before he
           | made the deal.
           | 
           | If your plan is to buy a soda company to sell soda I would
           | not believe a good strat is to reveal how cheap the product
           | is, in reality, you are basically cornering yourself.
           | 
           | If he manages to buy it,the issue will immediately dissapear.
           | 
           | If he would genuinly made an effort to unmask the industry to
           | help the consumer, I would be behind that.
        
       | da39a3ee wrote:
       | I'm sorry to be one of those people, but the low-contrast grey
       | color used for the text is really annoying and makes me feel like
       | I'm straining my eyes to read it! Why the fuck do designers
       | encourage this? It is more readable as black, and I have a vague
       | non-medically-informed sense that it might be better for people.
        
       | justinpombrio wrote:
       | If all you want to know is what fraction of all twitter accounts
       | are spam accounts, it should be really easy:
       | 
       | 1. Select 1000 accounts uniformly at random. Either from among
       | _all_ twitter accounts, or from _active_ twitter accounts for
       | whatever definition of  "active".
       | 
       | 2. Classify these 1000 by hand. Do as much investigation into
       | them as you need to classify them accurately; no need to use
       | heuristics here.
       | 
       | You will (with very high probability) get an estimate accurate to
       | within a percent or so. If you do statistics you could find the
       | actual bounds.
        
         | alaricus wrote:
         | How do you get 1000 acounts at random? Does twitter have an API
         | for it?
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | ianbooker wrote:
           | The stream API can sample, but then you see currently active
           | accounts only.
           | 
           | Users are denoted by numerical ID, you can sample using this.
        
       | andreyk wrote:
       | Cool effort! Does seem like a lot of thinking went into this.
       | But, a few points:
       | 
       | "Through trial and error (and, of course, pattern-fitting) we
       | crafted a scoring system that could correctly identify over 65%
       | of the spam accounts."
       | 
       | 65% is not actually very accurate for a binary classifier...
       | 
       | "Applying this model to the ~44K random, recently-active accounts
       | provided Followerwonk produces a quality score for each account,
       | visualized below:"
       | 
       | Many real twitter uses are likely not to be "active" aside from
       | reading stuff. So this methodology would clearly overestimate the
       | number of spam/fake accounts (which all would be active).
       | 
       | Also, this is an important point:
       | 
       | "The other potential critique is our spam/fake follower
       | calculation methodology. Because we crafted it in 2018, based off
       | sample sets of purchased spam accounts, it's likely that more
       | sophisticated spammers and fake accounts go unidentified by our
       | system"
       | 
       | The features collected are certainly outdated by now.
        
       | waynecochran wrote:
       | Says a user named "Followerwonk" ... to be fair, they do profer a
       | method for reproducing their results. I am guessing that there
       | are some bots they are missing ... ones that are close to passing
       | the Turing Test.
        
       | lapcat wrote:
       | My personal impression from using Twitter for years is that the
       | actual number may be twice as high, more like 40% than 20%. The
       | researchers repeatedly say that they were very conservative in
       | their estimates and only counted accounts that were extremely
       | likely to be spam. "This methodology likely undercounts spam and
       | fake accounts, but almost never includes false positives (i.e.
       | claiming an account is fake when it isn't)."
       | 
       | PROTIP: You can search Twitter by URL. Just search for a popular
       | news article on Twitter, and you can see the massive number of
       | obviously non-human accounts who are tweeting the article.
        
       | mr_gibbins wrote:
       | One slightly problematic aspect of their methodology is that
       | 'Casey ... [found] 8,555 to have an overlap of features highly
       | correlated with fake/spam accounts'.
       | 
       | Which features were they? How reliable are those features? What
       | method was used to overlap the features? What thresholds within
       | that method were used to classify the overlap(s) as spam, or not
       | spam?
       | 
       | Unfortunately this research, while compelling, fails the
       | falsifiability test.
        
       | formerly_proven wrote:
       | Four significant digits? That's a lot of confidence.
        
       | mym1990 wrote:
       | Is there any kind of baseline for what percentage of a system can
       | be fake/spam to still be considered a "healthy" system?
        
         | shapefrog wrote:
         | Nearly 85% of all emails are spam.
         | 
         | I would pay $44bn to own email.
        
       | bwagy wrote:
       | Twitter isn't claiming of all its accounts less than 5% are bots.
       | It is claiming less than 5% of their mDAU are. Without exposure
       | to their methodology we are just speculating.
       | 
       | It is entirely feasible that at any point in time 20% of accounts
       | are bots. It is whether they have counted them in their mDAU that
       | matters.
        
       | 542458 wrote:
       | I don't think this post means as much as people are acting like
       | it does.
       | 
       | The indicators of being a spambot they have in their post seem
       | VERY iffy to me. "Not tweeting in the past 120 days", "Location
       | set to a non resolving location", "Small number of followers",
       | "default profile image", "No URL in bio or non-resolving URL in
       | bio", "Not on many lists", "tweets in a different language than
       | the person they're following" - Those all seem like extremely
       | weak signals to me. My profile matches 6 of those, and I'm a
       | human. I would like to see them hand-verify a subset of their
       | results and see if their algorithm matches reality.
       | 
       | Also note that they define "active" differently than Twitter.
       | They define "active" as having tweeted recently. Twitter gives
       | spambot numbers as a percent of monetizable daily active users. I
       | wonder if Twitter's given bot numbers are low because bots don't
       | typically lurk or load ads. I can believe that the total bot
       | count as a percentage of users or as a percentage of recently-
       | tweeting-users is higher than 5%, but that only 5% of daily
       | visitors seeing ads are bots.
        
         | jeffbee wrote:
         | Seriously. Having a URL in your bio is suspicious IMHO.
        
         | guerrilla wrote:
         | That seems like most accounts. I know many real people with
         | exactly those properties.
        
         | duxup wrote:
         | I guess I'm a spambot too.
         | 
         | But hey maybe with these kind of analysis, and rando computer
         | generated / un-appealable bans in the the future the "real
         | accounts" will just mean "very elaborate bot".
        
         | alasdair_ wrote:
         | > My profile matches 5 of those, and I'm a human.
         | 
         | Just out of interest, imagine you were in a hot desert. There
         | is a tortoise in front of you. You reach down and you flip the
         | tortoise over on its back. The turtoise lays on its back, its
         | belly baking in the hot sun, beating its legs, trying to turn
         | itself over but it can't, not without for your help. But you're
         | not helping. Why?
        
           | kurthr wrote:
           | ... I'll tell you about my mother.
        
             | gigama wrote:
             | I've seen things you people wouldn't believe... Tesla
             | Roadsters on fire off the shoulders of Orion.
        
           | kingcharles wrote:
           | Does it please you to think that I am not helping. Why?
        
         | orwin wrote:
         | I think i match all of this. Also, a simple user account with
         | an URL in bio is definitely more sketchy in my eyes than one
         | without.
        
         | moralestapia wrote:
         | Also,
         | 
         | Bots tweet and they usually have some sort of generic profile
         | picture, so their methodology wouldn't even account for real
         | bots. Bad.
         | 
         | Regardless, I do think that there are a lot of bots in TW and
         | they are definitely more than 5% of total users.
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | status200 wrote:
         | They did mention that no one feature was a clear indication of
         | being a spam account, but rather a combination of them.
        
         | nathias wrote:
         | The opposite is also true, it misses a lot of real bots.
        
         | mongol wrote:
         | Mine as well. I deliberately have not set a profile image, and
         | have not attracted many followers. I probably should not bother
         | with Twitter but I am around and am a real human.
        
         | vidarh wrote:
         | My main account until recently would have qualified as a bot by
         | those criteria until recently.
         | 
         | Meanwhile, several accounts of mine that _were_ predominantly
         | run with bots would have passed as human with ease when they
         | were active.
        
           | the_only_law wrote:
           | My main account literally has "fake account" in the
           | description as sort of a joke, because I really use Twitter
           | exclusively for browsing, and maybe liking/RT'ing stuff.
        
         | mintplant wrote:
         | > Location set to a non resolving location
         | 
         | This is a _terrible_ metric. Real people use the location field
         | for all sorts of non-location purposes, as well as more
         | freeform descriptions of their location that wouldn 't resolve
         | mechanically.
        
           | remram wrote:
           | And I don't see a reason why a bot/fake account wouldn't set
           | a real random location.
        
             | myhf wrote:
             | If I were a bot, I would simply set my location field to
             | "bot/fake"
        
         | UncleMeat wrote:
         | Yup. Imagine the disdain there'd be on this forum if Twitter
         | used these signals for policy enforcement and somebody was hit
         | by a FP.
         | 
         | "WTF, my account was closed because I didn't tweet in four
         | months."
        
         | bryanrasmussen wrote:
         | I think I match all of them and I too am a trustworthy human,
         | fellow human.
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | Exactly what a bot would say.
        
             | bryanrasmussen wrote:
             | hah ha, fellow human, how we love to jape!
        
         | brandall10 wrote:
         | I match these as well, though I'm not an active user.
        
       | Phil_Latio wrote:
       | I signed up at Twitter 9 years ago and use it every day, but have
       | less than 50 tweets. Either you want to engage in discussion (to
       | a varying degree) or you simply don't. But the latter doesn't
       | necessarily mean you don't observe the discussion.
       | 
       | Of course an active Twitter account can be one that never tweeted
       | in 10 years. Such an account may as well see advertisements
       | etc... So I think any outside studies are fundamentally flawed
       | since they don't have access to internal data like last login
       | time.
        
       | ladyattis wrote:
       | It's funny since I've had folks claim I must be a bot because I
       | follow more folks than I have following me. It's just weird how
       | these folks create metrics without much of a decent explanation.
       | The fact of the matter is that bots are a problem that I think
       | can only really be managed but not eliminated. The first thing is
       | to make it botting not something that should be punished from the
       | start but something that is used for common automated purposes
       | just like how Twitter does it now with some bots being tagged as
       | such for legitimate reasons but not blocked or shadowbanned.
        
         | alaricus wrote:
         | I've been told that I'm a bot because I express views that
         | deviate from the accepted consensus.
        
       | Bubble_Pop_22 wrote:
       | Seems like both parties will see each other in court.
       | 
       | Which is home field advantage for Musk really, considering what
       | he got away with in the past.
        
       | g-clef wrote:
       | Oh, do I have notes on their methodology.
       | 
       | 1) They talk about "active" accounts (meaning have tweeted in the
       | last 9 weeks), and do a bunch of filtering against that. That
       | seems like a huge bias - lurkers exist, and in my experience are
       | usually the majority of users...this step removes them or ignores
       | them entirely. Frankly, until recently, my twitter account would
       | have been one of the ones they would have discarded as inactive.
       | This one thing alone makes me question all of the rest of their
       | results.
       | 
       | 2) By the same token, the rate or frequency with which a user
       | sends tweets has no relation to whether a user is monetizable. If
       | they're seeing ads, they're monetizable...lurkers are just as
       | monetizable as high-volume posters.
        
         | hammock wrote:
         | >They talk about "active" accounts (meaning have tweeted in the
         | last 9 weeks), and do a bunch of filtering against that. That
         | seems like a huge bias - lurkers exist, and in my experience
         | are usually the majority of users...this step removes them or
         | ignores them entirely.
         | 
         | All true. However, do you really believe that a bot is more
         | likely to be active than a real user? If so, fair play to you.
         | If not, then we would expect inactive users to be bots in an
         | even greater proportion than what we see among active users.
        
         | kokanee wrote:
         | We can argue about what the article did and didn't imply, but
         | what's interesting to me about the issue you raise is that
         | among lurkers there is probably a much lower rate of fake/spam
         | activity, since there are fewer reasons for a bot to log in and
         | not tweet. Couple that with the fact that lurkers are generally
         | the vast majority of users on any platform, and that alone
         | could explain the discrepancy between Twitter's 5% number and
         | SparkToro's 20%.
        
           | pseudo0 wrote:
           | Services that sell followers and spammers "aging" accounts
           | generally would look like lurkers. Twitter could probably get
           | an accurate estimate with the amount of analytics they have
           | for internal use only, but of course they might be
           | incentivized to not try very hard.
        
         | 6gvONxR4sf7o wrote:
         | And I thought it was common knowledge that lurkers always
         | _vastly_ outnumber people who post content on any platform. If
         | lurkers outnumber posters by at least 3:1, then 20% goes to 5%
         | and twitter's " <5%" figure is accurate.
        
           | hadlock wrote:
           | Lurkers are probably anywhere between 8-12:1. People actually
           | posting stuff on the internet are in the vast, vast minority,
           | creates a sort of echo chamber.
           | 
           | I am technically "logged into" twitter so I can click through
           | and read the postage stamp-sized charts linked to through
           | various articles and blogs, or watch a video about a riot in
           | some far flung part of the planet. Once a year I tweet at
           | airlines when they lose my luggage or whatever but otherwise
           | don't tweet. Twitter isn't a good social media service, it
           | just happens to be the image/video sharing platform of choice
           | for journalists to promote themselves.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | infogulch wrote:
         | You seem to be arguing against something that the article
         | doesn't claim. The article isn't equating inactivity and
         | fake/spam, but that: of the accounts that actively send tweets
         | ~20% are fake/spam.
         | 
         | Sure that's a different question from what proportion of _all_
         | users are fake /spam, but this is still a perfectly valid
         | question to ask, and the fact that they're only considering
         | active users is _in the title_ so I really don 't get your
         | complaint.
         | 
         | If you want an analysis that attempts to answer a different
         | question go find or write one that addresses the question you
         | want answered...
         | 
         | The article clearly states (emphasis mine):
         | 
         | > This represents the largest set of accounts on Twitter we
         | could acquire, but it includes analysis of many older accounts
         | that haven't sent tweets in the last 90 days and thus, _likely
         | don't fit Twitter's definition of mDAUs_ (monetizable Daily
         | Active Users).
         | 
         | From the linked Twitter earnings report:
         | 
         | > We define monetizable daily active usage or users (mDAU) as
         | Twitter users who logged in or were otherwise authenticated and
         | accessed Twitter on any given day through Twitter.com or
         | Twitter applications that are able to show ads.
         | 
         | EDIT: rephrased "accounts that _are_ active " to "accounts that
         | actively send tweets" to clarify what the article addresses.
        
           | wonnage wrote:
           | The article is just clickbait. The title is obviously
           | clickbait (based on your edit you've realized that "active
           | account" !== "accounts that tweet"). Then they try to define
           | active account:
           | 
           | > "Spam or Fake Twitter accounts are those that do not
           | regularly have a human being personally composing the content
           | of their tweets, consuming the activity on their timeline, or
           | engaging in the Twitter ecosystem."
           | 
           | Ok, but "consuming the activity on their timeline" is
           | essentially unknowable outside of Twitter, since you can't
           | see what tweets people are viewing. It turns out they're
           | trying to infer this through some other signals like follower
           | count, etc. But you can imagine why that might be sketchy.
           | 
           | Then they constrain the analysis: > A more fair assessment of
           | Mr. Musk's Twitter following would only include accounts that
           | have tweeted in the past 90 days
           | 
           | Let's be real, if you look at a list of Elon tweet replies,
           | they might as well all be spam. Just search @elonmusk and
           | sort by latest. Then compare that to the sorted tweet replies
           | under an actual tweet. IDK how many millions of dollars and
           | man-hours went into the AI that sorted this list, but it
           | seems to just be putting the blue checks at the top and
           | shrugging at the rest. I doubt this three man team is doing
           | any better at spam detection.
        
           | Timshel wrote:
           | When you are in the context of : - Twitter determine the
           | active status of an account using login - People are
           | wondering the % of active users as defined per the twitter
           | metrics
           | 
           | But then use your own definition of active and write only a
           | one liner on the difference with no reflection on the impact
           | it might have and no warning on the fact you are answering a
           | different question. Then my conclusion is you want people to
           | make this mistake.
           | 
           | > EDIT: rephrased "accounts that are active" to "accounts
           | that actively send tweets" to clarify what the article
           | addresses.
           | 
           | Made me laugh because you had to add it and made more effort
           | than the author of the article to prevent the confusion :D.
        
           | rezistik wrote:
           | I do wonder how "fake" is calculated. Is @tweetsfrommydog
           | fake? It's a real person making tweets that are funny and
           | provide value to the platform, but it's not a real person as
           | an individual tweeting their personal thoughts, are corporate
           | accounts or parody accounts fake?
        
           | stdbrouw wrote:
           | It _is_ valid criticism because the context of this article
           | is that Elon Musk wants to know whether Twitter 's own claims
           | of ~5% fake/spam accounts is accurate. We do really want an
           | analysis that investigates that precise question and not a
           | related one.
        
             | LightG wrote:
             | Elon Musk waived his right to due dilligence ... more fool
             | him.
             | 
             | You can file this in the 'pedo guy' cabinet of his life
             | story where his child-ego got the better of his undoubted
             | business skills.
        
               | Nuzzerino wrote:
               | He can do due diligence but from what I heard (correct me
               | if I am wrong) he has to pay a heavy penalty ($1B) if he
               | backs out.
        
               | edmundsauto wrote:
               | According to Matt Levine, that's "not how any of this
               | works". The $1B is if he could not secure financing, but
               | it appears we are now past that point. The relevant
               | question is whether the Twitter board wants to sue in
               | court to compel a sale.
               | 
               | Given what Musk does to the personal lives of his
               | opponents, I'm not sure I would want to fight him. But
               | given how many laws and rules he's broken at the point, I
               | think there is a clear failure of justice if he can just
               | do whatever he feels like without repercussions due to
               | his common popularity.
        
               | fullshark wrote:
               | What does he do to the personal lives of his opponents?
               | And why would the board not do their fiduciary duty out
               | of fear of that?
        
           | _moof wrote:
           | _> EDIT: rephrased  "accounts that are active" to "accounts
           | that actively send tweets" to clarify what the article
           | addresses._
           | 
           | The fact that you had to do this proves the point. Nobody
           | defines "active" the way they have here. The claim is
           | nonsense.
        
             | infogulch wrote:
             | That edit was made 40m before you joined the conversation.
             | Noting your edits is a social convention and voluntary
             | concession offered by a posts' author to validate replies
             | that were made before the edit, while clarifying the
             | authors intended message for future readers. If those
             | future readers use the content of the edit message to
             | shallowly refute the post, consider the incentive this
             | creates to not follow that convention for all authors in
             | the future. If you have a valid refutation, surely you can
             | find evidence for such in the body of the message rather
             | than nitpicking the edit history.
        
               | woojoo666 wrote:
               | I think you misunderstood their response. They are saying
               | that the study has an unusual definition of "active", and
               | that your need to clarify the definition proves that it
               | is unusual.
               | 
               | Though personally I think filtering specifically for
               | users that actively send tweets makes sense, since that's
               | really what matters when it comes to measuring how
               | healthy and authentic the discourse is
        
               | Natsu wrote:
               | What is the proper definition of "active"?
               | 
               | It seems like everyone is arguing about different metrics
               | and it makes more sense to discuss different, specific
               | measures that might fall into a range of behaviors that
               | are "active" in some sense rather than focusing on which
               | definition of "active" is somehow the best one.
               | 
               | What would be more interesting would be to adapt this and
               | answer several different questions about the proportion
               | of spam among accounts with different metrics of activity
               | to see how things change. For example, does the
               | percentage of spam accounts go down a lot if we lower the
               | bar for "active"? How much & how fast?
        
               | spiffytech wrote:
               | > What is the proper definition of "active"?
               | 
               | Twitter's quarterly earnings define active users thusly:
               | 
               | > Twitter defines monetizable daily active usage or users
               | (mDAU) as people, organizations, or other accounts who
               | logged in or were otherwise authenticated and accessed
               | Twitter on any given day through twitter.com, Twitter
               | applications that are able to show ads, or paid Twitter
               | products, including subscriptions.
               | 
               | https://s22.q4cdn.com/826641620/files/doc_financials/2022
               | /q1...
               | 
               | I'm pretty sure I've heard a similar definition from
               | Facebook.
               | 
               | This definition supports g-clef's critique that the
               | article picks an unorthodox way to measure active users,
               | resulting in an inflated percentage of accounts being
               | measured as spam/fake accounts, vs what the percentage
               | would be if measured against Twitter's definition of
               | 'active', which includes lurkers.
        
               | Kiro wrote:
               | Strange rant. It's not about you editing your post in
               | general. It's that your edit shows that saying "active
               | accounts" when you really mean "accounts that have
               | recently tweeted" is wrong, like the very title of this
               | submission.
        
             | [deleted]
        
           | nend wrote:
           | The point is that their definition of active is inaccurate.
           | You can be an active user and not tweet.
        
             | chorsestudios wrote:
             | Twitter requires users to log in before lurking so their
             | definition of activity is intentionally selective. I'd be
             | surprised if Twitter doesn't know how active their users
             | actually are, even the lurkers.
        
               | dcow wrote:
               | I read lots of tweets and don't have a Twitter account,
               | or at least one that I've logged into in the last 10
               | years... The philosophical question seems to be, "am I a
               | Twitter user"?
               | 
               | You could probably argue that most of the world read
               | Twitter and hence are users, account or none. It's that
               | pervasive.
               | 
               | But then there's the next question: "am I a user that
               | reportedly matters to Twitter's business?". What people
               | are trying to land on, in light of Elon's tweet that the
               | deal is on hold pending investigation of Twitter's
               | metrics reporting, seems to be a framework for carving
               | out what exactly constitutes a user that brings the
               | platform revenue that shows up in quarterly reports and
               | hence would directly relate to the tangible value of the
               | enterprise.
               | 
               | In reality, nobody knows what numbers are being thrown
               | around behind closed doors. This article is just one
               | framing.
        
             | infogulch wrote:
             | Look, there are dozens of potentially interesting and
             | valuable questions to ask on this subject. Answers to which
             | may produce a wide range of insights and conclusions. And
             | there's a whole potential conversation about which
             | questions are most important, that may have different
             | answers depending on the context.
             | 
             | But there's no reason to pin the whole frame of the
             | conversation to the one question for which Twitter
             | corporate chose to publish an answer, unless the only
             | question we are interested in is "did Twitter technically
             | lie" which is _the most uninteresting question in this
             | whole situation_. If this is the sole context you are using
             | to frame this issue then maybe you should consider if you
             | 're following the current news cycle a little too closely.
             | 
             | The idea that there is such a thing as an 'inaccurate
             | definition of active' is silly.
        
               | kempbellt wrote:
               | At every company I've worked at any time someone has
               | asked "How many active users do we have?" it was a
               | difficult question to answer because _everyone 's_ idea
               | of "active user" was different.
               | 
               | "Active, as in logs in regularly? Wait, what is
               | 'regularly'? Once a week? Once a month? Every day? Does
               | 'active user' mean, online _right now_? "
               | 
               | Etc, etc...
               | 
               | Their definition of "active user" is relative, not
               | inaccurate.
        
               | TheDong wrote:
               | I think it's pretty easy to argue that their definition
               | is intentionally misleading, which may not be technically
               | inaccurate, but is arguably just as bad.
               | 
               | The big story in the news last week was "Elon Musk says
               | deal on hold while verifying twitter's 5% Monthly Active
               | Users stat", or something to that effect.
               | 
               | That's the context this article was published in. It is
               | transparently obvious they are re-using the word "active
               | twitter accounts" to cause confusion with the definition
               | of "active" that has been being bandied around. The post
               | is using such a title as a clickbait, to hop aboard a
               | trend.
               | 
               | I think the title, and lack of significant clarification
               | in the article, make it clearly misleading, and I don't
               | think pedantic "well technically active can have multiple
               | definitions" changes the reality of the situation
               | meaningfully.
        
               | schnable wrote:
               | But their definition makes things look worse for them.
               | The high number of lurkers would make the percentage of
               | fake accounts smaller.
        
               | TheDong wrote:
               | I don't understand what you mean.
               | 
               | Let's take both their numbers at face-value and assume
               | they're true.
               | 
               | Twitter has reported: 396.5 million logged-in-this-month
               | users, of which 5% are fake/spam (19.8 million fake
               | users)
               | 
               | This article reported: Looked at 44,058 tweeted-recently
               | accounts, of which 20% are fake (8,800 fake)
               | 
               | Which of those stats looks worse for them?
               | 
               | > The high number of lurkers would make the percentage of
               | fake accounts smaller
               | 
               | Why? Twitter included lurkers in its dataset, this
               | article didn't, why should that impact stats in the
               | direction of fake accounts being smaller?
        
               | altarius wrote:
               | > Why? Twitter included lurkers in its dataset, this
               | article didn't, why should that impact stats in the
               | direction of fake accounts being smaller?
               | 
               | Because you usually don't create fake accounts to lurk,
               | but to do "something".
               | 
               | I'm speculating, but even when you create bots to boost
               | follower counts you'd probably make them post now and
               | then so as to seem "active".
               | 
               | It makes sense that the proportion of tweeting accounts
               | being bots is much higher than the proportion of lurkers.
               | And since there are also more lurkers in turn than
               | posters, I would say that the real number is much lower
               | than that.
        
               | TheDong wrote:
               | I don't buy the speculation as obviously accurate.
               | 
               | Let's say I own a twitter bot farm. I make 20k accounts,
               | have a system setup that logs into each of them from a
               | unique IP each month at random times to make sure they're
               | not banned yet, and advertise it out. On month 1, someone
               | buys 1000 of them as followers. On month 2, someone buys
               | 1000 of them to tweet spam. etc etc.
               | 
               | Each month, there's 20k active bot accounts (logged in to
               | verify they weren't banned). Only a small number may
               | actually tweet though since buyers may have not gotten
               | them yet. Bot accounts lurk too, for months on end,
               | before ever acting.
               | 
               | I'm not claiming this is accurate, but I am claiming this
               | is a reasonable alternative which doesn't align with the
               | view of bot accounts being more prevalent in tweeting
               | accounts than lurking accounts.
        
               | tomnipotent wrote:
               | > Twitter included lurkers in its dataset
               | 
               | A metric they've artificially inflated by gating tweets,
               | which works to their advantage when calculating spam.
               | With that in mind, I think I'm more inclined to look at
               | spam as a percentage of active tweeters and ignore
               | lurkers.
        
               | edmundsauto wrote:
               | In the light of Musk's statements, which presumably
               | precipitated this timely article, I would say the
               | question of whether Twitter technically lied is the most
               | important question for Musk doing the things he does.
               | 
               | If you're more interested in Twitter's ecosystem as a
               | whole, it is less interesting.
        
               | thfuran wrote:
               | >"did Twitter technically lie" which is the most
               | uninteresting question in this whole situation.
               | 
               | I don't know, that seems more interesting than most
               | questions that could be asked about Twitter.
        
               | webmaven wrote:
               | _> I don 't know, that seems more interesting than most
               | questions that could be asked about Twitter._
               | 
               | Why? Twitter is a for profit corporation. If, on the
               | balance, lying serves their interests (I'm sorry, I meant
               | "is consistent with their fiduciary duty to their
               | shareholders") more than edging up to the line without
               | crossing it, that's what they will do.
               | 
               | Even the watchdog organizations such as the FTC and SEC
               | that police the speech of corporations more or less limit
               | themselves to material statements that move markets or
               | influence consumer behavior in ways that can be
               | considered fraudulent. The FTC, FDA, and others are
               | concerned with a fairly narrow reading of consumer harm,
               | the SEC is motivated by the health and trustworthiness of
               | the public market. In any case, there pretty much always
               | has to be some sort of alleged harm. Lying per-se is
               | hardly ever forbidden. So if the advantages of a lie
               | outweigh the (risk adjusted) penalties and reputational
               | risks, that's that.
        
               | thfuran wrote:
               | I think a conversation about what ways we expect and
               | permit corporations to lie, either specifically in
               | financial statements or to the general public, is much
               | more interesting than a discussion of exactly how many
               | fake tweets there are and exactly how many accounts are
               | making them, though I guess you could construe that as
               | broadly part of the same conversation.
        
               | dcow wrote:
               | Sure. But if I'm looking to purchase Twitter, I think I'd
               | be much more interested in and concerned about this
               | "white" lie than you are as a general consumer.
        
             | sigzero wrote:
             | They define it in the article as accounts that have tweeted
             | within the previous 9 weeks. If you are lurking and not
             | tweeting you are not "active".
        
             | jquery wrote:
             | For most of Twitter's existence, this was me. I used
             | Twitter a lot but I never tweeted.
        
           | darkwater wrote:
           | > of the accounts that are active ~20% are fake/spam.
           | 
           | Nope. ~20% of accounts that tweets are fake. A lurker (aka
           | read-only) is by all meanings an active account.
        
             | abdouls wrote:
             | Seems like social network aren't interested in counting
             | those that don't use all potential features of the
             | platform. I'd say a lurker/ghost member is definitely an
             | active account.
        
               | JamesSwift wrote:
               | I would say that if someone is able to be advertised to
               | (since that is what makes the business money) then they
               | should be counted. So yes, there should be no requirement
               | to tweet to be counted.
        
               | abdouls wrote:
               | Absolutely, anyway they're earning money from these
               | users, so definitely count it.
        
             | sleepymoose wrote:
             | It's not an active account if by "active" they mean
             | "generating content". While Twitter isn't a typical content
             | aggreagation site like Youtube or Reddit, tweets are still
             | "content" in the sense that they drive further user
             | engagement on the site.
        
               | klyrs wrote:
               | Who's counted as "engaged"? The people reading, or only
               | the people writing? More to the point, if Twitter moved
               | to a subscription model, would zero lurkers buy in?
        
               | pas wrote:
               | Words used to mean things. The current HN submission
               | title just says active, heavily implying accounts with
               | any kind of activity (eg. like, follow/unfollow), not
               | "users who Tweet".
               | 
               | Sure, clickbait headlines are the norm and the devil
               | lurks in the details, but still, many comments have been
               | spent on this, because it's clearly misleading.
               | 
               | ~80% of email is spam, it doesn't surprise anyone,
               | because it's so cheap to send spam. Similarly it's easy
               | to create fake accounts and spam, yet it doesn't mean
               | much.
        
             | roflyear wrote:
             | Not according to the article, which is the point...
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | You are an inactive user. According to me, being an
               | inactive user is making a comment I disagree with.
        
               | darkwater wrote:
               | The article clearly defines those accounts as "active"
               | because it's the only way an external observer can
               | somehow isolate an "active" group. Only twitter can know
               | how many users are "lurkers".
               | 
               | And since they are trying most probably to get some PR
               | for their company, they use their specific definition of
               | "active Twitter account".
        
               | axutio wrote:
               | "Active user" is a common industry term with a well-
               | defined meaning. It's misleading to use it to mean
               | something else, particularly when there are a number of
               | more appropriate choices, e.g. "20% of Twitter posters".
        
               | sigzero wrote:
               | It isn't misleading when the article itself explains how
               | they are using the term.
        
           | spullara wrote:
           | For manipulation / spam purposes I don't really care about
           | accounts that don't actively post/like/retweet/follow. The
           | mDAU isn't useful at all for determining if the activity on
           | Twitter is done largely by bots.
        
           | g-clef wrote:
           | Interesting. This could be a bracketing error, because I read
           | 
           | > it includes analysis of many older accounts that haven't
           | sent tweets in the last 90 days and thus, likely don't fit
           | 
           | > Twitter's definition of mDAUs (monetizable Daily Active
           | Users)
           | 
           | As implying that they think accounts that haven't tweeted in
           | the past 90 days don't fit Twitter's mDAU definition. Given
           | the placement of the qualifying phrase, I think that's a
           | reasonable parsing of the sentence, but I see your point that
           | they could be trying to imply their set doesn't fit the
           | definition. If so, that sentence is very badly constructed.
        
             | btown wrote:
             | The full quote doesn't do SparkToro and Followerwonk any
             | credit:
             | 
             | > Followerwonk selected a random sample from only those
             | accounts that had public tweets published to their profile
             | in the last 90 days, a clear indication of "activity."
             | Further, Followerwonk regularly updates its profile
             | database (every 30 days) to remove any protected or deleted
             | accounts. We believe this sample is both large enough in
             | size to be statistically significant, and curated to most
             | closely resemble what Twitter might consider a monetizable
             | Daily Active User (mDAU).
             | 
             | The fact that they don't even consider the concept of a
             | non-tweeting lurker to be an mDAU brings their entire
             | analysis into question. Let's face it - Twitter is an
             | emotionally-charged enough place, and tweets have such a
             | way of living forever and being taken out of context, that
             | there are many who use it to consume (and perhaps Like)
             | content but will not tweet publicly. These people are still
             | viewing and engaging with advertisements! Twitter
             | absolutely should consider them monetizable!
             | 
             | But of course, engagement data on lurkers is internal only,
             | and Likes data counts against global API caps:
             | https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-
             | api/tweets/lik.... Which means that SparkToro and
             | Followerwonk are incentivized to ignore these users. That
             | they do ignore them, and don't address it anywhere in their
             | methodology, is highly suspect.
        
         | PartiallyTyped wrote:
         | Perhaps they are attempting to argue that the value comes from
         | the users that generate content more so than the eyes attached
         | to the account?
        
         | Timshel wrote:
         | Probably forced to since they do not have access to login
         | information. Especially since if you do not post but login you
         | are certainly not a spammer ^^, could still be bot crawling.
         | 
         | But they probably should expand more on this and reflect on how
         | much inaccuracy it adds. With a quick search you can find that
         | less 50% of US users tweet five times a month
         | (https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/03/16/5-facts-
         | abo...). Or the study which, reported that the top 25% of user
         | produce 97% of the content, the median user of the bottom 75%
         | as posting 0 tweet a month (https://www.pewresearch.org/interne
         | t/2021/11/15/2-comparing-...). Those studies were done using
         | survey I believe so should include only active users and no
         | spam/bot.
         | 
         | So with random invalid maths, if you make the assumption that
         | the 25% less active users might not even post every two month
         | (exponential decrease of activity ?) then you need to add back
         | a quarter of the 80% they found as active.
         | 
         | Not to say I believe the 5% number from twitter; and I was
         | going to use the price for a thousands follower as an example,
         | but seeing it appears to be at 30$ now
         | (https://socialboss.org/buy-twitter-followers/ ?) when I
         | remembered it at like 5$ then the twitter team might have done
         | some good work ;).
        
         | ElCapitanMarkla wrote:
         | 100% this. I haven't tweeted in nearly 3 years, and even that
         | was a retweet. But I'm still logged in and consuming crap from
         | Twitter all the time
        
           | icecap12 wrote:
           | Same, last tweet from me was in December and I check Twitter
           | daily. My last self-composed tweet is well over 2 years ago.
        
         | grumple wrote:
         | My account was active until recently (deleted when Twitter
         | accepted Musk's offer, I don't need to be a participant in a
         | right wing cesspool). I have 0 tweets. I don't like things,
         | because I don't want my name attached to someone else.
        
         | karxxm wrote:
         | But one can say that 20% of the content on the platform was
         | distributed by bots. Meaning that all the Lurkers have to
         | consider if they are really interested in content, that was
         | pushed by some bot-farms. Technically, every user of this
         | platform has to take a step back and evaluate, if anything they
         | have seen is not pushed content by some bots.
         | 
         | 20% is huge and I am curios if there will ever be some
         | comparable "official" numbers to that.
        
           | onlyrealcuzzo wrote:
           | No - you can say that 20% of the accounts actively posting
           | are spam/bots.
           | 
           | It's possible they are posting MUCH more or less than 20% of
           | the content.
           | 
           | If these are skewed toward the high end of producers - the
           | 80/20 rule would say that as much as 80% of the content could
           | come from them. Still - it's possible this content isn't
           | interacted with much outside of other bots. You can't draw
           | many conclusions from such a limited data point.
        
         | michaelt wrote:
         | _> That seems like a huge bias - lurkers exist_
         | 
         | I created an account 5 years ago, followed one or two people,
         | got bored and never logged in again.
         | 
         | Presumably their intention is to exclude abandoned accounts,
         | like mine - is there any way they, viewing Twitter externally,
         | could tell lurker accounts like yours and abandoned accounts
         | like mine apart?
        
           | onion2k wrote:
           | _is there any way they, viewing Twitter externally, could
           | tell lurker accounts like yours and abandoned accounts like
           | mine apart?_
           | 
           | No. Which is why the only reasonable thing to say as an
           | external party is "we don't know."
        
           | dado3212 wrote:
           | They could maybe use like activity in addition to just
           | tweets? Inherently though this system is going to be less
           | accurate than the dataset that Twitter has access to. If a
           | large chunk of users only engage in Twitter through DMs then
           | an external organization isn't going to have insight into
           | that.
        
           | g-clef wrote:
           | As a third party? Probably not. Which is why it's going to be
           | very hard to disprove Twitter's assertion unless Twitter
           | chooses to share their data.
           | 
           | That's part of why I find articles like this frustrating: I
           | don't think they have the data to actually answer they
           | question they're attempting to answer. Knowing that, what's
           | the purpose of the article?
        
             | chomp wrote:
             | > Which is why it's going to be very hard to disprove
             | Twitter's assertion unless Twitter chooses to share their
             | data.
             | 
             | It's impossible to disprove Twitter's assertion because
             | they never claimed that less than 5% of their accounts are
             | spam. From their quarterly earnings:
             | 
             | >We define monetizable daily active usage or users (mDAU)
             | as Twitter users who logged in or were otherwise
             | authenticated and accessed Twitter on any given day through
             | Twitter.com or Twitter applications that are able to show
             | ads.
             | 
             | >... mDAU does not include users accessing Twitter through
             | third-party applications.
             | 
             | Their statement said that less than 5% of their
             | monetizeable daily active users are spam. There very well
             | could be 50% of the entire user base as bots or spam, but
             | that doesn't negate the metric Twitter releases.
        
               | frumper wrote:
               | This doesn't resolve the issue the article has though.
               | I'm a mDAU because I've logged in, yet there is no way
               | for the people writing the article to know that I'm
               | active.
        
               | chomp wrote:
               | Yeah the article has a few big issues, yours is
               | definitely at the top.
        
           | dan1234 wrote:
           | I would imagine Twitter would have access to analytics that
           | third parties don't have, which would allow them to pretty
           | easily work out which accounts are logged in and used for
           | browsing and which are actually abandoned.
        
             | kadoban wrote:
             | As a small complication: I have a twitter account, doubt
             | I've ever tweeted. I browse twitter quite often, but I'm
             | _never_ logged in.
             | 
             | No idea if I should be counted or not in any particular
             | bucket, or how anyone would know.
        
               | HWR_14 wrote:
               | AFAIK, you're not counted in any bucket. That's one
               | reason TWTR wants you to log in to read. So active user
               | numbers go up.
        
               | natch wrote:
               | What client are you using that allows you to browse
               | without logging in?
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | Firefox :shrug: . It's never forced me. When it gets too
               | annoying trying to push me to login I move to nitter.
        
               | recursive wrote:
               | Private browsing mode ("incognito" in Chrome)
        
               | pseudo0 wrote:
               | Opening a Twitter link in a private tab is the low
               | complexity solution, or there's nitter.net, or deleting
               | cookies, or various browser extensions that delete
               | cookies for you.
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | I had no idea it was so strict. I just use Firefox. Their
               | cookie behavior must be picky enough that it bypasses
               | whatever nonsense Twitter is doing?
        
               | pseudo0 wrote:
               | After posting that, I went back and retested. It looks
               | like they have swapped back to a soft nag popup. For a
               | few months it was hard blocking any further scrolling, at
               | least with Chrome.
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | That's quite possible, I did move to nitter for a while,
               | some months back, due to that.
        
               | dan1234 wrote:
               | I thought they used a banner that pretty much forced you
               | to log in to see more than the first few tweets in a
               | thread now (same as instagram)?
               | 
               | I have an account that is logged in, but it has only sent
               | 7 tweets since 2014 (and they're only to customer service
               | accounts).
        
               | kadoban wrote:
               | It doesn't seem to. A few months back it was ~forcing for
               | a bit so I moved to nitter.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | prpl wrote:
         | I was offered $300 for my twitter account, I suppose partially
         | on the basis that I haven't tweeted much, but I use it daily to
         | weekly though don't tweet often, one tweet in last 2 years or
         | so.
        
         | dralley wrote:
         | I have a twitter account, but I have never tweeted or retweeted
         | anything.
        
           | wil421 wrote:
           | Same with my account. I only login from time to time when I
           | am forced to sign in to view something.
        
             | matthewdgreen wrote:
             | It sounds like you are genuinely a non-active user, and
             | probably not interesting from the PoV of Twitter/acquirers
             | or the GP poster. This thread is about lurkers: people who
             | regularly log in and read their feed (thus consuming ads
             | and being relevant from Twitter's business perspective),
             | but who don't post and would thus be excluded using the
             | methodology of TFA.
        
               | remram wrote:
               | Why do you say GP is non-active rather than lurking? They
               | do read tweets, see ads, and even have an account that
               | they log into.
        
         | avs733 wrote:
         | their TL;DAbstract refers to this as a 'conservative'
         | methodology, that is 'rigorous', and 'likely undercounts.
         | 
         | Their definition:
         | 
         | > "Spam or Fake Twitter accounts are those that do not
         | regularly have a human being personally composing the content
         | of their tweets, consuming the activity on their timeline, or
         | engaging in the Twitter ecosystem."
         | 
         | They note the following to differentiate fake and spam: > Many
         | "fake" accounts under this definition are neither nefarious nor
         | problematic. ... By contrast, most "spam" accounts are an
         | unwanted nuisance.
         | 
         | Some general data analytics notes from their post:
         | 
         | * Then lump together fake and spam in their analysis - and this
         | really matters! somewhere like NYT is both 'fake' meaning it
         | isn't a real person and A HIGHLY VALUABLE ACCOUNT for twitter
         | to have.
         | 
         | * They use a sample of 44,058 accounts (of ~1.047B)
         | 
         | * They look at a number of classifying variables (17), spam
         | accounts met 10+ of those 17 criteria. They don't list all 17.
         | 
         | * The criteria were developed from a "machine learning process"
         | that is undescribed, and was developed from a sample of 35,000
         | 'known' fake twitter followers bought from 3 vendors and 50,000
         | claimed non-spam accounts. They appear (imply?) to have used
         | 50% training 50% real data but dont't specify explicitly.
         | 
         | * They say their model is about 65% accurate, and unlikely to
         | produce false positives ("almost never includes false
         | positives") - however they don't list any specificity,
         | sensitivity, etc. that would be useful to evaluating that
         | claim.
         | 
         | * The analysis does no statistical tests, no confidence
         | intervals, minimal information about how the model was tested
         | or validated.
         | 
         | * Critically: they note, but do not describe or quantify, that
         | a lot of the criteria are highly correlated
         | 
         | * then later in the article they suddenly seem to switch to a
         | 10 point scale for quality away from their 17 point scale? with
         | a threshold of 3 or below as low quality?
         | 
         | * My personal twitter account meets most of the metrics where
         | they have listed a quantifiable threshold. And their fake
         | followers tool lists it as pretty f'ing suspicious - i.e., low
         | quality.
         | 
         | I'm not saying there wrong but I am saying good luck getting
         | this from a blog post to any sort of respectable science
         | publication. As they note at the end, they aren't even
         | calculating the same metric - twitter uses monetizable daily
         | active users - remember NYtimes? Absolutely a monetizable
         | account - even if it isn't a real person.
         | 
         | anyone who thinks this is proof of Elon's 4D chess based on
         | this article is, to me, frankly delusional.
        
         | mrtksn wrote:
         | There was this suggestion to conduct a sting operation of
         | displaying captcha to a sample of users to determine the % of
         | the bots.
         | 
         | Probably picking the sample is still challenging but at least
         | can somewhat tell if the accounts in the sample are genuine.
         | 
         | The method in this article is so flawed that Larry Ellison,
         | founder of a famous law firm, would count as an inactive
         | account since haven't tweeted since 2012[0] and that person
         | apparently looks into investing in Twitter[1]. How can be
         | investing a billion in Twitter when he doesn't use Twitter at
         | all?
         | 
         | [0]https://twitter.com/larryellison?lang=en
         | 
         | [1]https://www.grid.news/story/politics/2022/05/16/larry-
         | elliso...
        
         | fullshark wrote:
         | And yet I find 20% more believable then under 5%
         | 
         | Edit: I guess it's true that lurkers won't be bots, unless they
         | are clicking on ads or trying to simulate engagement to help
         | certain twitter accounts seem popular.
        
           | rightbyte wrote:
           | All those fake followers you can buy could just aswell be
           | "inactive" lurkers though.
        
         | soheil wrote:
         | > They talk about "active" accounts (meaning have tweeted in
         | the last 9 weeks),
         | 
         | This is not their definition, that's what Twitter considers an
         | active account in their revenue reports.
         | 
         | > has no relation
         | 
         | It has some relation, no? I wouldn't be surprised if there is a
         | strong correlation between how frequently a user sends tweets
         | and how monetizable that user is.
        
         | loceng wrote:
         | If it's the 80/20 rule then there's 4x of the other 80.58% that
         | are lurking - which brings down % of fake/spam accounts.
        
         | chaps wrote:
         | Yeah, and I fully expect that these numbers went up recently
         | with Twitter requiring login to view threads.
         | 
         | The fact that they add a .42% is a red flag in itself,
         | especially when they admit in their own post that they agree
         | that their analysis is deserving of critique. Very misleading
         | stuff.
         | 
         | Their analysis using purchased bots seems a bit more
         | reasonable.
        
         | sandworm101 wrote:
         | Lurkers are also the most important people. They consume the
         | content. They are the meat of the business, the ones that
         | respond to advertising and political messaging. If I were
         | twitter I would champion all the lurker accounts, all the
         | eyeballs to which twitter serves content. Nobody ever faulted
         | the Nielson ratings scheme for "lurker" viewers who only
         | watched but didn't themselves create television shows.
        
           | JauntTrooper wrote:
           | Definitely agree. I joined Twitter four months ago. I haven't
           | tweeted yet, but I'm reading it daily on the app and
           | occasionally liking tweets.
           | 
           | I've been so surprised at how effective the advertising has
           | been on me. I've never experienced this level of engagement
           | with online marketing. Ads for TV shows, movies, live shows,
           | musicians and comedians have been particularly effective.
           | 
           | I've found myself following a lot of show writers I've never
           | heard of, and I even signed up for some new streaming
           | services because of it. Google and Facebook ads never felt
           | like they impacted me, though I know how important and
           | dominant they are to business marketers. I've never clicked
           | on a banner ad and my eyes glaze over sponsored links.
           | Twitter's level of engagement with their marketing content is
           | new to me, and I'm impressed.
        
             | sandworm101 wrote:
             | I actively work to block or prevent ad tracking. When
             | youtube serves me an ad for retirement planning or feminine
             | hygiene products, that is my little victory. That is me
             | successfully preventing them from knowing enough about me
             | to target ads.
        
           | r00fus wrote:
           | Furthermore, there are the non-tweeting active users (ones
           | who like only) and the ones who RT a lot but don't create
           | organic tweets.
           | 
           | Those are indeed incredibly valuable. Engaged audience = your
           | real audience.
        
           | candiddevmike wrote:
           | Unlike passive media consumption though, Twitter needs users
           | to submit content (tweets, replies) to give lurkers something
           | to do.
        
             | jeromegv wrote:
             | Yes and no, just like any major media platform, huge
             | majority of tweets being seen are from a very small group
             | of influencers/popular person. That's why when you join
             | twitter, it suggests to you a lot of people to follow that
             | are already big.
        
               | brabel wrote:
               | There's only a yes in your answer.
        
               | FalconSensei wrote:
               | No. You can have only 10% of accounts actively tweeting
               | and the rest just consuming what those post. All those -
               | active and not - are monetizable
        
             | Hamuko wrote:
             | You don't really need that many people to submit content
             | though. I imagine most YouTube users have never uploaded a
             | single video, and they don't need to, since there's
             | basically no end to available content there.
        
             | raydev wrote:
             | The people who create content do it in such massive amounts
             | that this never seems to be an issue.
        
             | remram wrote:
             | This is a second-order objective though. The goal is to
             | show ads to humans on the platform. Having a lot of human
             | authors (or any kind of content authors) generating content
             | is a way to achieve the goal, not a goal in itself.
             | 
             | There are other ways to achieve the goal, such as making
             | ads more relevant (targeted advertising), having users
             | consume more of the same content (recommendation), having
             | the same content take longer to consume (periscope).
             | Growing the number of human posters is definitely not a
             | requirement.
        
             | devmor wrote:
             | Twitter specifically added the annoying feature of your
             | likes being shown to your followers so that lurkers would
             | be actively contributing to the algorithm though.
             | 
             | As long as lurkers are "liking" content, their local
             | network will see an engagement increase.
        
         | Saint_Genet wrote:
         | Doesn't have an url in profile is sort of a weird metric. Note
         | everyone is there to self-promote
        
         | Retric wrote:
         | "Passive" accounts may actually be more likely to be bots as
         | many services sell fake followers. It's just harder to detect
         | with public information rather than their IP addressees etc.
         | 
         | Similarly I don't think there is any way to separate active vs
         | abandoned passive accounts as a 3rd party.
        
         | brightball wrote:
         | Well, I've been actively trying to create a new Twitter account
         | for a little under a month and Twitter thinks I'm a bot. I've
         | made 1 tweet and followed 5 people.
         | 
         | Even paid for Twitter Blue...still thinks I'm not real. Support
         | is unreachable.
         | 
         | My current plan is to wait til Elon completes the takeover and
         | then build an entire site dedicated to getting Elon's attention
         | to unlock my account...because that's the only way to contact
         | somebody apparently.
        
           | themaninthedark wrote:
           | Have you tried tweeting at them :P
           | 
           | Edit add: I find it horrible that we have companies that you
           | can not contact, in fact they seem to be going out of their
           | way to make hard to contact them.
           | 
           | Even things you pay money for, like airline tickets. They
           | want you to email them, make the phone number hard to find.
           | So you do, they don't respond and then you have to search and
           | call them, wait an hour or more on hold. The agents are nice
           | but the entire process is terrible.
           | 
           | Earlier I had to do that for a damaged luggage claim. Went
           | through the automated phone assistant to get to damaged
           | luggage claims and it gave the option to use text messages.
           | So I give it a try, nope. They can't resolve the issue
           | through text, has to be on the phone. So I had to call back,
           | re-enter all the info through the automated system and then
           | ignore it's pleadings to use the text system.
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | If an account is in lurk mode, then its not a spammer so I'm
         | okay with it being left out of that equation.
         | 
         | Where I might agree with you is a lurk mode account could
         | become collateral damage in being considered fake. Lurkers
         | don't retweet though. An account with a million followers isn't
         | seen by everyone. Having a portion of that million like/retweet
         | amplifies even further with their network now possibly seeing
         | something from someone they are not following directly.
         | 
         | I'd be willing to accept that the number of lurkers that get
         | lumped in with fake accounts when deciding the percentage of
         | actual eyeballs on posts is not harmful. Those numbers are made
         | up stats anyways. Like the old days of TV/Radio stations that
         | covered large cities with millions of citizens. They would
         | claim they have an audience in the millions even though a small
         | fraction were actually watching/listening.
        
           | g-clef wrote:
           | Except the question isn't about the pure number of spam/bot
           | accounts, it's about the ratio of spam/bots to "authentic"
           | users. If you leave out the lurkers, that ratio gets skewed
           | to mistakenly inflate the bot count.
        
             | dylan604 wrote:
             | First off, I don't give 2 shits about twitter, so I don't
             | care if the numbers are skewd in either direction. This is
             | more of an interest in seeing how SV stats/metrics are just
             | a game. Just so that's out there.
             | 
             | A lurker isn't an active user in my opinion. Maybe that's
             | not the same understanding as accepted definition. The
             | lurkers might be absorbing some of the ad content, but they
             | are not helping create new avenues for ads to be shared.
             | Twitter's ad share surface area would increase tremendously
             | if every user was actively producing tweets. That's the
             | only metric that they are concerned. They don't care about
             | how many people actually see the ads once they are there.
             | They make their money on the potenial eyeballs alone.
             | Lurkers are not helping increase those numbers.
        
               | jeromegv wrote:
               | Why are lurkers not helping numbers? It's the exact same
               | as Youtube, do you expect majority of lurkers on YouTube
               | to not be counted because they didn't create a video?
               | People follow what is already out there and ads target
               | the people watching.
        
               | Swenrekcah wrote:
               | > They make their money on the potenial eyeballs alone.
               | Lurkers are not helping increase those numbers.
               | 
               | I don't follow this.. Lurkers _are_ they eyeballs
               | presumably.
               | 
               | If everyone on twitter tweeted the same amount it would
               | probably just drown out the popular accounts and create a
               | more diffuse and less profitable ad space I think.
        
               | dylan604 wrote:
               | >> They make their money on the potenial eyeballs alone.
               | Lurkers are not helping increase those numbers. >I don't
               | follow this.. Lurkers are they eyeballs presumably.
               | 
               | The number of eyeballs allows for the price per ad to
               | increase while the number of places ads can be placed
               | increase the volume of ads. If lurkers are not helping to
               | increase the volume, it doesn't make the platform as much
               | money. Proving the lurkers are actually consuming the ads
               | and making the ad buyer happy is non-trivial. Proving the
               | lurkers are worth increasing the price per ad is also
               | non-trivial. In the end, I personally feel like it is a
               | wash by lurkers being overly represented in the fake
               | account numbers.
        
               | jrockway wrote:
               | Compare Twitter ads to the ads in a newspaper or
               | something. 100% of a newspaper's readers are lurkers, but
               | ads still seem to be worth more than $0.
        
               | thebean11 wrote:
               | Volume of ads is irrelevant. An additional tweet to
               | attach an ad to does not generate revenue if there is
               | nobody looking at it. On the other hand, though, an
               | additional set of eyeballs on an existing monetized tweet
               | does generate additional revenue.
               | 
               | As an extreme example, a single monetized tweet with a
               | billion viewers generates money. A billion monetized
               | tweet with one viewer obviously does not..
        
               | frumper wrote:
               | Lurkers are the eyeballs...
        
         | pessimizer wrote:
         | > lurkers exist, and in my experience are usually the majority
         | of users...this step removes them or ignores them entirely.
         | 
         | I've spent many, many hours lurking on twitter, don't have an
         | account at all, and mostly access it through nitter instances.
         | Are they _" biased"_ for not including me?
         | 
         | edit: should inactive users be counted as active users?
        
         | HWR_14 wrote:
         | They point out that's their definitions of active accounts is a
         | flaw in their methodology (inside the article). However, I
         | think it's fair to say that while TWTR has better internal
         | insight into an "active user", it's the best approximation one
         | can do from the outside.
         | 
         | I do wonder about, given perfect knowledge, how the bot
         | accounts would shake up. What percentage produce content
         | (presumably propaganda, automatic tweets using it as an RSS
         | like announcement service, and spam) vs follow people (boost
         | follow accounts, sell likes)?
        
         | daenz wrote:
         | That means that 20% of the posts that I see, as a lurker, are
         | generated by bots. The bots are having a huge influence on
         | conversations, and that's important to know.
        
           | matsemann wrote:
           | No, since you choose who you follow, you're most likely
           | filtering for interesting stuff. I'd wager that most of the
           | spam bots are pretty obvious to spot, and makes up very
           | little of a user's feed.
        
             | daenz wrote:
             | I rarely read my feed. Most of my lurking is on the replies
             | to famous/infamous tweets.
        
           | brewdad wrote:
           | I don't know how many original tweets are made by bots but
           | 20% of the replies to anyone with a 5 figure follower count
           | seems to fall on the low side of what I would guess.
        
           | raydev wrote:
           | > That means that 20% of the posts that I see, as a lurker,
           | are generated by bots
           | 
           | I don't see how you can arrive at this conclusion. It depends
           | on who you are following, with some additions by the
           | algorithm (unless you use the chronological feed) and
           | (speculating here) the algo pushes content from real humans.
        
             | daenz wrote:
             | I read tweet replies, not just tweets (apologies if I'm not
             | using the correct terms, I'm not an active Twitter user).
             | The original tweet may be a real user, but I often dive
             | deep into all of the comments. If 20% of those comments are
             | from bots, then that's a lot.
        
         | soneca wrote:
         | Turning on my cynicism switch on a bit. The author is a very
         | good content marketer. A hot topic in our corner of the world
         | -- which is author's target audience -- is Elon Musk buying
         | Twitter. Musk tweeted that the percentage of bots is the main
         | issue of the deal. He disputed Twitter's number of 5%.
         | 
         | I believe the author writing prompt was just: a headline about
         | fake Twitter accounts showing a number significantly higher
         | that 5%. That's it. Whatever the methodology, that was the
         | author's goal.
         | 
         | The article achieved this goal. Otherwise is completely
         | irrelevant. Even for the person who wrote it.
        
           | Bubble_Pop_22 wrote:
           | > The article achieved this goal. Otherwise is completely
           | irrelevant. Even for the person who wrote it.
           | 
           | It's almost like Inception isn't it? A PR stunt within a PR
           | stunt within a PR stunt.
        
       | jacobrussell wrote:
       | I think I've missed something here. Why would Elon not want to
       | buy twitter if it has >5% spam accounts? Isn't the number of fake
       | accounts one of the reasons he wanted to buy it in the first
       | place? I don't understand why this would make him want to back
       | out. It doesn't seem to be in conflict with any of the reasons he
       | wants to buy.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | dylan604 wrote:
         | You are reading his reasoning on face value. It is suggested
         | that the reason is a ruse to back away from the original deal
         | in that he either wants to renegotiate the price or walk away
         | completely.
        
           | wombatpm wrote:
           | Given how all other tech stocks are fareing right now, he
           | definitely wants to renegotiate. It will be interesting to
           | see what the boards does. Right now Musk is the only thing
           | holding up their stock price. And if they hold him to paying
           | the billion, he's just going to carp from the sidelines.
           | Maybe they should let him out of deal, but close his account?
        
             | Traster wrote:
             | The problem for the twitter board was that no one else was
             | interested at the valuation. The problem for Musk is that
             | if he walks away first he has to pay $1bn - which he
             | doesn't want to do, and second that if he comes _back_ the
             | board can find someone else to buy it, or just say no to
             | him on the basis that he 's not acting in good faith.
        
         | alaricus wrote:
         | He has to pay 1 billion to Twitter if he backs down from the
         | deal. This could be a way to get out of paying that.
        
       | TheBlight wrote:
       | Sounds low.
        
       | lifefeed wrote:
       | I want the inverse of this tool to audit it. I'll give it a
       | specific account, and it identifies it as fake or not. Let me run
       | some spot checks and accounts I know (and myself), and I'll find
       | out if I can trust their numbers.
        
       | jeffbee wrote:
       | Why would a uniform sample of Twitter accounts be even remotely
       | interesting? My Twitter experience consists of people I
       | personally know. None of them are bots.
       | 
       | If you took a random sample of websites you'd find that 99.995%
       | of them are spam. That's why we have to rank search results.
        
       | rossdavidh wrote:
       | "Very large accounts tend to have more fake/spam followers than
       | others..."
       | 
       | If the figures for Elon Musk and Donald Trump's followers are at
       | all accurate, it's over 50% for large accounts. Which means that
       | the people who probably care most about whether or not their
       | followers are real (e.g. those who might be charged for the
       | privilege of using Twitter to communicate with large numbers
       | easily), are the ones most likely to have mostly bots.
       | 
       | I could see why this might impact the value of Twitter as a
       | company.
        
       | lvl102 wrote:
       | The operative word here is "active" for the lawyers to get away
       | with false stats.
        
       | severino wrote:
       | So ~20% of Twitter accounts are fake; however, the last time I
       | tried to create a Twitter account for legitimate purposes (asking
       | some customer questions) I couldn't, just because I didn't want
       | Twitter to have my phone number.
        
         | alaricus wrote:
         | I don't have a Twitter account exactly for this reason.
         | 
         | No Twitter, you are not getting my phone number.
        
       | andsome wrote:
       | It seems the stated number is inflated by the hand of Elite's to
       | increase the probability of the 'heard' moving back to Twitter..
       | over-looking Truth Social.. and crashing the one best chance of
       | global free-speech rights surviving in an ever growing communist
       | bound society.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | gzer0 wrote:
       | This doesn't come as a surprise; I was able to buy 1 MILLION fake
       | followers on Instagram. The account is still alive and well.
       | 
       | I've been meaning to write a blog post regarding this endeavor.
       | But moreso, I've come to the conclusion that social media needs
       | to have verifiable audits for their userbase; similar to how
       | there are audits done for financials. A lot of the value of these
       | companies IS derived from their DAU/MAU and or userbase in
       | general (example: WhatsApp - $19 billion for their 1 billion
       | users).
        
         | sigmar wrote:
         | >The account is still alive and well.
         | 
         | You expect them to ban you based on your account gaining fake
         | followers? Wouldn't such a policy make it very easy for any
         | third party to get a user banned?
        
           | gzer0 wrote:
           | I assumed that someone would, at the very minimum, notice
           | that my account went from 150 to 1,000,000 followers in less
           | than a month, and then ban the bogus followers, as they are
           | fairly easy to identify. That didn't happen
        
         | HWR_14 wrote:
         | How much did that cost? And were you able to get any value from
         | the fake followers?
        
           | gzer0 wrote:
           | I did this solely to collect data for a personal project I am
           | doing. My last post (on Instagram) had 10 views, so from that
           | standpoint, I gained nothing, however, I did learn lots of
           | valuable insight into the realm of fake followers for which I
           | will make a blog entry detailing my findings soon.
        
         | seydor wrote:
         | Revenue != Value
        
           | gzer0 wrote:
           | I intended to imply that daily/monthly active users ARE the
           | value for many businesses. Facebook valued WhatsApp's 1
           | billion DAU/MAU at $19 billion despite the fact that WhatsApp
           | was not producing any cashflow.
        
         | Tenoke wrote:
         | I've bought a small amount of twitter followers ($10-$20) for a
         | meme account once. They disappeared over the course of a month
         | or two. Checking online that's what happens with the majority
         | of services.
        
           | gzer0 wrote:
           | I hit 1 million over a year ago and all of them are still
           | there. Besides a few -3k drops a couple months ago, 99% are
           | still there.
           | 
           | Twitter is different, they seem to have a more robust banning
           | system in place. Instagram, not so much.
        
       | wly_cdgr wrote:
       | Only 19.42%? That's gotta be way low
        
       | Proven wrote:
        
       | alaricus wrote:
        
       | systemvoltage wrote:
       | Main thing missing in this thread is that Bots can do things that
       | doesn't involve actively tweeting. Things like liking, following,
       | etc. Even clicking a hashtag has some effect on the Twitter
       | algorithm. Furthermore, the _most important metric_ for Twitter
       | advertisers is Impressions. You primarily pay with impressions on
       | Twitter as an advertiser. Does Twitter show ads to bots
       | /fake/spam accounts if they match the #hashtag criteria or target
       | audience to pump up the impression numbers?
       | 
       | Are these are the fake accounts that are lurking around without
       | posting a tweet, but impacting the mDAU?
       | 
       | "Active" definition needs to be more precise than simply
       | tweeting.
       | 
       | If I were an investor or an advertiser, I would drill into these
       | details.
        
       | seydor wrote:
       | Nice try Elon, afaik twitter did disclose that they might be
       | undercounting spam at 5%
       | 
       | it s very hard to say anything about bots without IP addresses.
       | The most active bots get sold / change subject etc.
        
       | therealbilly wrote:
       | In a perfect social media world, there wouldn't be fake accounts.
       | It seems to me by allowing fake accounts you introduce noise and
       | confusion into the system.
        
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