[HN Gopher] The Turkish drone that changed the nature of warfare
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       The Turkish drone that changed the nature of warfare
        
       Author : tekdude
       Score  : 98 points
       Date   : 2022-05-09 16:22 UTC (6 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.newyorker.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.newyorker.com)
        
       | divan wrote:
       | That's true. Everyone in Ukraine now know the name "Bayraktar"
       | and videos from the drone's camera showing destroying russian
       | vehicles in action has been a huge morale boost for people. I
       | think decent-quality video recording is one of the most
       | underapreciated features of TB2. Here is a strike on the
       | invaders' helicopter just yesterday recorded with IR camera:
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Juxv8L3gkKo
        
       | georgeg23 wrote:
       | There were protests at SpaceX when it was revealed the Turksat 5B
       | satellite would command and control these TB2 drones, extending
       | their range from operator line-of-sight to near global.
       | 
       | Elon decided to go ahead with the launch. At some point we need
       | to start calling SpaceX a defense company.
        
         | abc_lisper wrote:
         | Well, space x is a commodity service. If not them, someone will
         | be happy to accept Turkish Lira.
        
         | georgeg23 wrote:
         | Correction: Turksat 5A
         | https://wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_5A
        
         | emteycz wrote:
         | Is a trucking company a defense company if they ship something
         | for the military? Or the same with air transport?
        
           | atlasunshrugged wrote:
           | No, but if they truck a bunch of equipment into warzones and
           | have huge government contracts they might be considered one
        
             | emteycz wrote:
             | Is this a defense company now, then? https://twitter.com/wa
             | lter_report/status/1523497545351278593...
             | 
             | Any company doing shipping for the military has large
             | government contracts. The government contracts have
             | turnover limits, and every company this large works with
             | the government a lot.
        
           | simulate-me wrote:
           | If you become an integral part of the logistics pipeline for
           | the military, then yes. Even if the company seems relatively
           | civilian, you can bet it will be forced to focus on the
           | military in the event of a military operation.
        
           | ISL wrote:
           | If they can precisely deliver ~22 tons of material from
           | Florida to anywhere in the globe in ~20-50 minutes, arriving
           | at perhaps Mach 5, one should tend to regard SpaceX as at
           | least weapons-capable.
        
             | robonerd wrote:
             | > _arriving at perhaps Mach 5_
             | 
             | Quite a lot faster than that actually; Mach 20+ on reentry.
             | The way the media talks about "hypersonics" without getting
             | into specifics is very misleading. Hypersonic cruise
             | missiles are a tough nut to crack, but hypersonic reentry
             | vehicles are table stakes for ballistic missiles and
             | spacecraft.
        
         | atlasunshrugged wrote:
         | Do people not consider SpaceX a defense company? At the very
         | least I thought people always considered it dual-use
        
           | georgeg23 wrote:
           | SpaceX tries not to highlight their military work but it is a
           | majority of their business, even with "commercial" Starlink.
           | 
           | A more direct offensive buildup is happening with their
           | government Starlink satellites:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink#Military_capabilities
        
           | xxpor wrote:
           | You can't work there (except possibly in some minor roles) if
           | you're not a US Person as defined by ITAR for a reason.
        
             | more_corn wrote:
             | ITAR applies because rockets are indistinguishable from
             | ICBMs
        
               | xxpor wrote:
               | Exactly. Rocket companies are always defense companies.
        
               | nradov wrote:
               | While there is some overlap, it's quite easy to
               | distinguish between civilian launch vehicles and military
               | ICBMs. All major civilian rockets use liquid fueled core
               | stages. But all ICBMs are solid fuel.
        
               | zardo wrote:
               | Until you get down to the details of what makes a good
               | orbital launch vehicle vs what makes a good ICBM.
        
           | robonerd wrote:
           | As a "get to Mars" company it makes very little sense,
           | they've invested virtually nothing into colony technology,
           | just rockets. Mars is to SpaceX what manganese nodules were
           | to Hughes' Glomar Explorer, a flimsy cover story that only
           | seems plausible because everybody knows the guy in charge is
           | wacky. I believe the real purpose of their attempt to create
           | a rapidly reusable heavy lift rocket (Starship) is to rapidly
           | replenish a massive constellation of expendable interceptors
           | in LEO, for ballistic missile defense.
        
         | beebeepka wrote:
         | That point was almost 20 years ago
        
         | baybal2 wrote:
        
         | ramesh31 wrote:
         | >At some point we need to start calling SpaceX a defense
         | company.
         | 
         | They do themselves. ITAR compliance is a prerequisite to
         | employment at SpaceX.
        
           | more_corn wrote:
           | Because rockets
        
         | stefan_ wrote:
         | Of course SpaceX is a defense company. Starlink is essentially
         | the next GPS in terms of defense importance.
        
         | 01100011 wrote:
         | I would venture a guess that nearly every SiValley darling
         | supports the military-industrial complex in some fashion. The
         | military-industrial complex started SiValley, after all.
         | 
         | If you don't think there's a military application for AI, self-
         | driving whatevers, logistics innovations, or even social media
         | you are uninformed or willfully ignorant.
        
           | jollybean wrote:
           | I would go way further and venture that Space X and those
           | satellites have background relationships with defence
           | industry all along.
           | 
           | Most of Elon's businesses have state related support in some
           | way (even Twitter), it's part of how he operates.
        
           | atlasunshrugged wrote:
           | I think they probably don't, if only because government
           | contracting is an absolutely massive pain and having been on
           | both sides (early at a YC co and have worked in local and
           | federal gov) I know that the gov side considers it an issue
           | that they don't have a close enough relationship to tech
           | startups. This was the whole rationale for launching DIU.mil,
           | Afwerx, sofwerx, NavalX, etc. and championing OTAs which
           | helped shorten the procurement process so they could get
           | smaller companies interested
           | 
           | edit: spelling error
        
             | 01100011 wrote:
             | If you think supporting the government means working
             | directly working with the government then, again, you don't
             | know the game.
             | 
             | Look at the B-2 bomber. Parts were procured via front
             | companies to conceal the project. Do you think that's the
             | only time where that has occurred?
             | 
             | There are many layers to that onion and it is obfuscated
             | for a variety of reasons. The least of which is that I
             | don't think many rock star engineers would be happy if they
             | thought their life's work was being used to fuel the murder
             | machine.
        
               | outworlder wrote:
               | > Look at the B-2 bomber. Parts were procured via front
               | companies to conceal the project. Do you think that's the
               | only time where that has occurred?
               | 
               | Are you saying they got off the shelf parts? Otherwise,
               | they would be working with the government, even if the
               | purpose of the components wasn't known.
        
               | 01100011 wrote:
               | Possibly. Structural, mechanical and propulsion parts
               | were probably custom. Some electronics parts were
               | probably "COTS" mil-spec parts which were procured for
               | imaginary projects or diverted from existing ones.
        
               | atlasunshrugged wrote:
               | I think I may be misunderstanding exactly what you're
               | discussing then. Is the point in your original comment
               | that the DOD uses off the shelf commercial technologies
               | of all sorts for their work and that people who work at
               | startups unknowingly contribute to this? I mean sure, but
               | I can also tell you that the government struggles with
               | buying products commercial off the shelf, this is again a
               | reason you see the push for OTAs and collaborating more
               | closely with the private sector instead of primes.
               | 
               | Also, not sure if calling it "the murder machine" is
               | necessary or useful for a discussion. Many people, myself
               | included, believe that a strong military is necessary for
               | the United States to ensure its own survival and apply
               | its protective cordon around NATO, Korea, Japan, etc. and
               | despite its flaws has probably led to much less overall
               | destruction and death than if the U.S. had a very weak
               | military and could not deter more global conflicts.
        
               | 01100011 wrote:
               | > "the murder machine"
               | 
               | Sorry this is my way of saying I think this is what many
               | unsuspecting valley engineers, who in some cases lean
               | quite leftish, would term it if they knew they were
               | contributing to it. Case in point, I worked at a defense
               | comm company and when a fellow engineer overheard a use
               | case in drones they literally wept. That engineer left
               | shortly thereafter for the valley. I use colorful
               | language sometimes for my own amusement.
               | 
               | My point is that not every piece used by the military
               | industrial complex(specifically agencies with 3-9
               | letters) comes from standard procurement channels. Sure,
               | when you're building F-35s or whatever. But this assumes
               | every big government project is a big government project.
               | Some are one-offs. I'm intentionally obtuse here for a
               | myriad of reasons and I've said about all I can.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _some point we need to start calling SpaceX a defense
         | company_
         | 
         | What is the real-world outcome you're going for?
        
         | jeffreyrogers wrote:
         | The government definitely thinks of SpaceX as a defense
         | company. They have to comply with ITAR because if you have the
         | technology to get to space you basically have the technology
         | for an ICBM.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | belter wrote:
         | They are being treated like that already.
         | 
         | "Russian space chief Dmitry Rogozin apparently threatens Elon
         | Musk"
         | 
         | https://www.space.com/russian-space-chief-rogozin-threatens-...
        
       | Cenk wrote:
       | See also, this popular Ukrainian song about the Turkish Bayraktar
       | drone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXVu_DeB4wo
       | 
       | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayraktar_(song)
        
       | brnt wrote:
       | Turkish drones, but all Ukrainian engines.
        
         | atakurt wrote:
         | that was like that,newer ones have TEI-PD170 Turbodiesel
         | Aviation Engine
        
       | robonerd wrote:
       | > _Several news sources have reported that a single TB2 drone can
       | be purchased for a million dollars, but Bayraktar, while not
       | giving a precise figure, told me that it costs more. In any
       | event, single-unit figures are misleading; TB2s are sold as a
       | "platform," along with portable command stations and
       | communications equipment. In 2019, Ukraine bought a fleet of at
       | least six TB2s for a reported sixty-nine million dollars; a
       | similar fleet of Reaper drones costs about six times that._
       | 
       | It seems to me there is still a lot of opportunity in the low end
       | with even smaller and cheaper UAVs with a few kilograms of
       | payload. There have already been numerous instances of COTS UAVs
       | being jerry-rigged to drop mortar shells, and it seems to work
       | pretty well in a lot of scenarios. Particularly for smaller
       | governments dealing with relatively unsophisticated insurgencies.
        
         | Steltek wrote:
         | Wouldn't a COTS drone be relatively easy to jam or have early
         | warning by detecting its control/video links?
         | 
         | I get why Russia is having trouble adapting (logistics,
         | sanctions, brain drain, paper tiger military) but outside of
         | the Russia-Ukraine war, how effective would a COTS drone really
         | be in a different state-vs-state direct conflict?
        
           | foxyv wrote:
           | You can bet that countermeasures are already in place or are
           | being developed now. Jamming of commercial drones is doable.
           | However, it is ridiculously hard to jam software controlled
           | radio equipment. Especially military grade hardware. SpaceX
           | demonstrated this recently when they got past Russia's top of
           | the line hardware. The energy requirements balloon to
           | ridiculous levels when you are talking about broad spectrum
           | jammers doing area denial. In addition, such jammers make
           | excellent targets since you know exactly where they are. If
           | drones could be targeted it makes jamming a lot easier, but
           | still difficult.
           | 
           | One thing we can expect is home on signal anti-aircraft
           | batteries and anti-loitering munitions that seek other
           | loitering munitions. I wouldn't be surprised if this is one
           | of the last big wars where such COTS drone tactics are
           | successful.
        
           | pfbtgom wrote:
           | I'm not sure how effective signal jamming would be against
           | COTS quadcopters. It's relatively easy to provide on-loss-of-
           | signal instructions to the navigation microcontroller.
           | Perhaps it could be a return to set location command or a
           | home in on signal jammer and explode command.
        
             | throwaway0a5e wrote:
             | >or a home in on signal jammer and explode command.
             | 
             | Congratulations, you just invented the anti-radiation
             | missile.
             | 
             | The drone space seems to be speed running decades of SAM
             | and combat aviation tech.
        
           | alkonaut wrote:
           | Some kind of middle ground platform with the largest
           | commercial multicopters as a cost effective base but with
           | some jamming resistant communications would be the sweet
           | spot. Perhaps 5kg payload and a few km range and some
           | autonomy such as being given permission to autonomously drop
           | munitions on specific target signatures in specific areas.
           | 
           | If it can be entirely radio silent within the last mile
           | radius (records video for later transmission, finds targets
           | and attacks without intervention) then jamming would be
           | extremely difficult.
        
         | gostsamo wrote:
         | The ukrainians are repurposing small civil drones and old
         | soviet shells to attack russian targets on and behind the
         | lines.
        
           | monkeybutton wrote:
           | Aerorozvidka:
           | 
           | https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-cheap-grenades-expensive-
           | tan...
        
         | baybal2 wrote:
        
         | openasocket wrote:
         | You should take a look at the switchblade. The switchblade 300
         | model has the equivalent of a 40mm grenade as a warhead, 2.7kg
         | weight, endurance of 10 minutes and a range of around 10km all
         | puts it well in that lower end range. Couldn't find any pricing
         | data, but I imagine more COTS approaches could come out pretty
         | cheap.
         | 
         | I'm actually surprised we've got man-portable loitering
         | munitions like the switchblade in use before the widespread
         | adoption of guided mortar rounds. I'd have to imagine it's more
         | cost effective (in terms of kilograms of high explosive on
         | target per dollar) to make some GPS-guided or laser-guided
         | mortars, and either use ground troops or a small UAV to provide
         | targeting data.
        
           | stult wrote:
           | > I'd have to imagine it's more cost effective (in terms of
           | kilograms of high explosive on target per dollar) to make
           | some GPS-guided or laser-guided mortars
           | 
           | The problem is scale. No one in the private sector makes or
           | needs mortar rounds, so the DoD doesn't benefit from buying
           | COTS components for them. Whereas you can pretty much just
           | strap a grenade to a quadcopter with a few minor tweaks and
           | you're in business. Which is more or less exactly what the
           | Ukrainians have been doing with their surplus Soviet anti-
           | tank grenades.
        
           | jollybean wrote:
           | I don't even see how the 'switchblade' is useful for anything
           | but special operations strikes on 'key assets' - which is
           | what it was designed for.
           | 
           | It doesn't matter if it's 'price effective per kg' - it can't
           | disable a tank, and might not disable a soft target without a
           | direct it.
           | 
           | The 900 series is the one that might be quite useful.
           | 
           | All of that said, we'll have to see how countermeasures work
           | it may be that they develop rapidly to neutralize drones ...
           | 
           | ... and then a rational actor like China takes the
           | 'saturation approach' and launches 100's of them at a single
           | battalion etc..
        
           | attentive wrote:
           | Perhaps it's 10km range, more precise and visual targeting on
           | moving vehicles vs close range and/or fixed position
           | targeting. There is a switchblade 600 with even more range
           | and more payload which can be used anti-armor.
           | 
           | Also, mortars and other artillery are subject to a counter-
           | battery fire.
        
           | foxyv wrote:
           | The XM395 120mm GPS mortar guidance kit is about $10k per
           | round and was introduced a short time before the switchblade.
           | Switchblades are about $7k and are fairly low yield
           | relatively speaking.
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM395_Precision_Guided_Mortar_.
           | ..
        
           | jnsaff2 wrote:
           | I've seen a claim that Switchblade 300 costs less than USD
           | 7k. No idea how accurate this is tho.
        
             | dmix wrote:
             | This video says $6k as well
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PcWS1marOA
             | 
             | The most interesting part is that it flies extremely fast
             | so you'll never see it coming. Particularly how it bursts
             | through a windshield before exploding.
        
       | wrnr wrote:
       | Why are these things as effective as they are in the ukrain-
       | russian war? Don't these things show up on radar and therefor
       | vulnerable to conventional anti air defence. Before the start of
       | the war experts where warning that russia could lock down the air
       | space of the whole of europe. These single propeller planes can
       | not be as fast as jet engines and need to be almost on top of
       | their target to drop bombs on them? What is preventing Russia
       | from building these things in the thousands and I don't know
       | patrol the skies of eastern ukrain with it?
        
         | outworlder wrote:
         | > What is preventing Russia from building these things in the
         | thousands and I don't know patrol the skies of eastern ukrain
         | with it?
         | 
         | You need to build them, you need to train operators, you need
         | to deploy said operators. They are not autonomous.
         | 
         | A better question is, if Russia's electronic warfare
         | capabilities are so amazing, how are the drones even able to
         | operate?
         | 
         | We'll probably find out that the capabilities were either
         | overstated, or not deployed nearly enough to matter. Pretty
         | sure some AA battery money went to Yacht upkeep.
        
           | blagie wrote:
           | My suspicion is that the Russian weapons and munitions are
           | fine, but that there isn't any coordination, integration,
           | management, or planning. If I'm sitting at an S400, and I see
           | a radar blip, I probably don't know if it's GA, commercial
           | aviation, news helicopter, Russian military plane returning,
           | or a Ukrainian drone. I just know something's flying.
           | 
           | This is all speculation based on how I expect the governments
           | there work.
           | 
           | I suspect that if the Ukrainians wanted Russian munitions,
           | they'd just need to wander over in Russian uniforms, and pick
           | some up...
        
         | robonerd wrote:
         | > _Don 't these things show up on radar_
         | 
         | I'm sure they do, but they're quite small and mostly made out
         | of composites that are fairly transparent to radar. Their radar
         | cross section must be very small compared to a gen 4 jet
         | fighter.
         | 
         | > _What is preventing Russia from building these things in the
         | thousands and I don 't know patrol the skies of eastern ukrain
         | with it?_
         | 
         | Money, corruption, inertia, brain drain...
        
           | justsomehnguy wrote:
           | > Their radar cross section must be very small compared to a
           | gen 4 jet fighter.
           | 
           | Still not less than the most of missiles (engine, ordnance).
           | 
           | The real problem is what it is not some video game, you don't
           | have a "satellite view" with enemy units outlined with a red
           | rectangles. Eg S300 was designed in 70s, it's _UI /UX_ is
           | eye-watering.
        
       | ChuckNorris89 wrote:
       | I wish more people would talk about the Switchblade loitering
       | munitions (kamikaze) drones.
       | 
       | We've already had western made drones on the battlefield for
       | decades, this is nothing new, just much cheaper than what the
       | west makes while doing the same job equally good.
       | 
       | But the man portable kamikaze drones are the real game changer.
       | 
       | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G9xLyNfPzQ
       | 
       | [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv8Flu533xE
        
         | famil wrote:
         | Artillery with spotters accomplished the same task.
        
           | ChuckNorris89 wrote:
           | Except you can't survey an area with a an artillery warhead.
           | 
           | Sure, you can use your spotters to scout ahead, but why put
           | them in danger of an ambush and have them get killed by a
           | sniper or hidden machinegun, when you can survey that area
           | from a safe distance, and take out the sniper/machine gun if
           | you see one?
           | 
           | This is not meant to replace artillery battalions and scouts,
           | but to complement them.
        
             | greedo wrote:
             | Cheaper to use a drone for spotting instead of a FIST unit.
             | That's what's working for the UA.
             | 
             | Kamikaze drones have a role for the smaller units, but at
             | the battalion level, it's better to use a surveillance
             | drone to coordinate fires from mortars, MLRS and artillery.
             | The rounds fired from these systems typically have longer
             | range than a drone, a higher rate of fire, and larger
             | warheads.
        
               | glogla wrote:
               | I think these are pretty complementary. Switchblade 300
               | is a 10km range Javelin (same warhead in fact) with
               | integrated surveillance capability that can go beyond
               | range of sight. It is not there to replace mortars,
               | artillery and MRLS, which are area weapons.
        
               | openasocket wrote:
               | switchblade 600 has the Javelin-like warhead, switchblade
               | 300 has something equivalent to a 40mm grenade for a
               | warhead
        
               | kevin_thibedeau wrote:
               | The 300 is the low collateral assassination drone when
               | you can't use sword bombs.
        
               | gpderetta wrote:
               | Artillery has been used by Ukraine, and by a lesser
               | extent by Russia, extremely effectively as a precision
               | weapon against all kind of targets, including MBTs.
        
               | thelittleone wrote:
               | The switchblade 300 has the same warhead as a javelin?
               | Got a source for that?
        
               | foxyv wrote:
               | It's the 600 with the tank buster.
        
               | gpderetta wrote:
               | In fact it seems to me that overall drones as artillery
               | spotters have been much more impactful than direct fire
               | drones in this war.
        
               | jollybean wrote:
               | Yes, except for the strategic things like hitting AA,
               | ships etc..
        
             | alkonaut wrote:
             | You can survey with a drone. Merging the observation with
             | the munition is what makes it a loitering munition, but
             | drones for observation/targeting/correction + traditional
             | corrected or guided artillery is very similar (especially
             | guided shells like Excalibur etc which are also themselves
             | similar to loitering munitions just that they loiter very
             | briefly...)
        
           | sitkack wrote:
           | Same task, totally different logistics.
           | 
           | You can put the spotter and the artillery in your backpack?
           | The _task_ is only one part of the equation.
        
           | melling wrote:
           | I've heard varying numbers about the range of the artillery.
           | Somewhere between 15 and 45 miles. Whatever the range,
           | hundreds of drones covering the country could allow for
           | extreme precision.
        
       | melling wrote:
       | I'm a little surprised that drones in Ukraine haven't been
       | discussed widely on HN. Ukraine doesn't have the air force,
       | pilots are expensive and take a lot of time of to train
       | 
       | Here are a few interesting stories that I saw over the past
       | couple of months
       | 
       | https://www.reuters.com/world/us-rapidly-developed-ghost-dro...
       | 
       | https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-technology-bu...
       | 
       | https://www.popsci.com/aviation/black-hawk-helicopter-first-...
       | 
       | https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/24/ukraine-war-...
       | 
       | Super cheap drones could make a difference too:
       | 
       | https://www.tomsguide.com/best-picks/best-cheap-drones
       | 
       | Something super simple with GPS for reconnaissance, for example
        
         | thriftwy wrote:
         | Ukraine did have some air force even in 2014 where its army was
         | barely functioning, and it surely has air force now. What's
         | left of it at this stage.
         | 
         | Ukraine is a large country.
        
         | dragonwriter wrote:
         | > Ukraine doesn't have the air force
         | 
         | Strange that their nonexistent air force has been getting
         | transfers of spare parts so they can fly more of their
         | nonexistent fighters.
         | 
         | https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/20/politics/ukraine-aircraft-spa...
        
         | baybal2 wrote:
        
         | atlasunshrugged wrote:
         | Ukraine absolutely has an airforce. According to a recent CNN
         | article, "In early March, about two weeks into the war, the
         | defense official said Ukraine has 56 fighter aircraft, which
         | composed about 80% of its fixed-wing fighters"
         | 
         | https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/20/politics/ukraine-aircraft-spa...
        
           | jollybean wrote:
           | They are not flying a lot of missions. It was down to a few
           | sorties a day.
           | 
           | Neither Air Force is spending a lot of time in hotly
           | contested territory.
           | 
           | I suggest UKR AF is really just patrolling within the
           | territory they control as a deterrent to Russian AF.
           | 
           | But neither spending a lot of time directly in each other's
           | turf.
           | 
           | A bit sad UKR doesn't have better AA because Russia is flying
           | a lot more sorties on their lines than they should be able to
           | get away with. They are a bit too fast for MANPADs.
        
           | 01100011 wrote:
           | The UkAF literally bombed Snake Island the other day. They
           | definitely have an air force.
        
         | georgeg23 wrote:
         | "Starlink helps Ukraine's elite drone unit target and destroy
         | Russian tanks"
         | 
         | https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/03/starlink-helps-u...
        
       | throw93232 wrote:
       | This drones are almost useless against modern army with good anti
       | air defense.
       | 
       | Here is Indian article with some technical details.
       | https://www.defenceview.in/why-did-the-turkish-tb2-uav-sudde...
        
         | bumby wrote:
         | From the article:
         | 
         | > _" Military analysts had previously assumed that slow, low-
         | flying drones would be of little use in conventional combat,
         | but the TB2 can take out the anti-aircraft systems that are
         | designed to destroy it."_
        
         | ch4s3 wrote:
         | This seems superficially reasonable, but it looks like the TB2
         | Bayraktar was used to bomb the fuel depot in Bryansk less than
         | two weeks ago and that's 150km into Russia. They seemed to have
         | used the TB2 the other day on Snake Island. As of a week ago
         | there had been 6 internationally confirmed incidents where a
         | Tb2 was shot down. They were known to have had at least 20 when
         | the war started and have received more sense. So it doesn't
         | seem like they've disappeared at all. So one can only assume
         | that either Russia's air defense isn't as good as everyone
         | thought, they aren't using it effectively, or the drone is
         | harder to shoot down as operated than people thought.
        
           | bpodgursky wrote:
           | > So one can only assume that either Russia's air defense
           | isn't as good as everyone thought
           | 
           | I think a big risk here is thinking that _only_ Russia is
           | less competent than advertised. My guess is that 90% of
           | professional militaries (at least those without a LOT of
           | active recent combat) are Potemkin villages wholly incapable
           | of operating as advertised.
           | 
           | Against any of those militaries, things which really _should_
           | not work, frequently will work fine.
        
           | stult wrote:
           | It's a very solvable problem though. At least for countries
           | other than Russia, which might not be technically nimble
           | enough to adapt mid-conflict and under a strong sanctions
           | regime. S-300s/S-400s/Buks and the somewhat rarer western
           | equivalents like the Patriot system just aren't designed to
           | target something flying that slow with that small of a radar
           | cross section. That doesn't mean the drones aren't reasonably
           | easy to detect and target, just that the targeting systems
           | need to be fine-tuned a little.
           | 
           | I doubt NATO would have this problem, not only because Turkey
           | is part of NATO but because US tactics would probably be more
           | effective against similar drones. We rely on fighters to
           | establish air superiority more than SAMs, while the Russians
           | do the opposite. Worst case scenario, F-15s/16s/22s/35s can
           | use cannons and pilots are more adaptable than radar systems.
           | I also suspect that the F-35's sensors at least are far
           | superior to whatever the Russians are relying on.
           | 
           | I am also somewhat suspicious of the reports we have heard
           | about them striking deep within Russian territory. Not
           | because I doubt their veracity, but because I am certain we
           | are not getting all of the relevant information. I wouldn't
           | be surprised to find out if there was some supplementary SEAD
           | (suppression of enemy air defense) going on that Ukraine and
           | its western allies are remaining tight lipped about. It
           | wouldn't shock me to find out that NATO has some clever trick
           | for blinding Russian SAM radar in a way that the Russians
           | haven't figured out yet. The Russians would never ever admit
           | the existence of such a capability publicly because it would
           | totally destroy demand for their military exports, and NATO
           | wouldn't want to tip their hand in anyway that would give the
           | Russians an opportunity to adapt.
        
             | throwaway0a5e wrote:
             | > We rely on fighters to establish air superiority more
             | than SAMs, while the Russians do the opposite. Worst case
             | scenario, F-15s/16s/22s/35s can use cannons and pilots are
             | more adaptable than radar systems. I also suspect that the
             | F-35's sensors at least are far superior to whatever the
             | Russians are relying on.
             | 
             | Or just, ya know, shoot the damn thing.
             | 
             | The specs are well within what you can expect to hit with
             | with an "old enough they give them out like candy" AA gun.
        
             | gpderetta wrote:
             | The problem is that I think it is very hard for a modern
             | fighter jet to engage a slow and low drone with a cannon.
             | Probably it is easier with missles, but not very cost
             | effective.
             | 
             | Probably anti-drone drones or some sort of CIWS is going
             | more effective.
        
               | stult wrote:
               | I mentioned cannons as the absolute worst case option in
               | case US air-to-air missiles suffer from the same issues
               | as Russian SAMs appear to, and from the perspective of
               | extant US capabilities that could be adapted and rapidly
               | fielded for immediate use. My ultimate point being that
               | we're just way better positioned to handle these drones
               | right now and into the near future than the Russians are
               | or will be.
        
           | robonerd wrote:
           | > _So one can only assume that either Russia 's air defense
           | isn't as good as everyone thought, they aren't using it
           | effectively, or the drone is harder to shoot down as operated
           | than people thought._
           | 
           | All of the above I bet.
        
             | juanani wrote:
        
             | ch4s3 wrote:
             | That's what seems to be the case, but I don't know enough
             | to really make sense of it.
        
           | gpderetta wrote:
           | The problem with using AA against drones is that saturating
           | an area with very cheap drones is a great way to depleting
           | the AA resources, as the Armenians unfortunately found out.
        
         | throwaway98314 wrote:
        
         | ilamont wrote:
         | _A Patriot missile - usually priced at about $3m (PS2.5m) - was
         | used to shoot down a small quadcopter drone, according to a US
         | general. The strike was made by a US ally, Gen David Perkins
         | told a military symposium. "That quadcopter that cost 200 bucks
         | from Amazon.com did not stand a chance against a Patriot," he
         | said._
         | 
         | https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39277940 (2017)
        
           | kelseyfrog wrote:
           | Assuming 10,000 patriot missiles have been manufactured[1],
           | it would cost only $2 million in quadcopters[2] to deplete
           | the entire missile supply? What a bargain!
           | 
           | 1. apologies for lacking a better source
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot
           | 
           | 2. i.e. 2/3rds the cost of a single missile
        
             | duskwuff wrote:
             | Not to mention the possibility of operating swarms of
             | drones to overwhelm air defenses. If an attacker can launch
             | one drone for $200, it isn't much harder for them to launch
             | fifty for $10,000 -- and it's a lot harder (and more
             | expensive) to defend against.
        
             | Seanambers wrote:
             | There are systems in the west that can counter drones much
             | more economically. Heres Rheinmetals Oerlikon Skynex for
             | instance ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DXpPmpmcak Long
             | range missiles, Short range missiles, Lasers and electronic
             | warfare modules in combination for static defence. I would
             | assume that the U.S also has similar concepts.
        
         | stefan_ wrote:
         | That's funny because there is countless footage of TB2 blowing
         | up the very systems that are meant to defeat them so easily.
         | What's the obsession in India with Ukrainian ops? Is it just a
         | government desperately needing to justify it's wholly Russian-
         | built army?
        
           | outworlder wrote:
           | Maybe a little deeper than that?
           | 
           | https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/indias-response-to-the-
           | ukrai...
        
         | more_corn wrote:
         | The article describes how they've fared far better than
         | expected against good air defense. For example flying an
         | unmanned crop duster in, drawing missile fire, taking out
         | missile battery.
        
       | jollybean wrote:
       | Countermeasures will evolve quickly.
       | 
       | What will 'change things' is when China makes these and sends
       | 1000 of them to Taiwan all at once with another few thousand in
       | reserve.
       | 
       | The cost/scale/saturation issue hasn't really been explored.
       | 
       | Notably - the 'West' is helpless to support Ukraine because
       | nobody has anything useful except the Americans who have mostly
       | 'super high end gear'.
       | 
       | It'd be nice to see Ukraine being brought onto F-series jets,
       | predators and other gear sooner than later.
       | 
       | The other glaring hole is AA - Patriots are really expensive and
       | there's only a few of them, this feels like a weakness to me in
       | that Russia could feasibly strike those and then what?
       | 
       | There's a 'mid market' of gear that needs to be sorted out.
       | 
       | Finally - artillery - it's not going away, we're struggling to
       | get Ukraine what amounts to almost ancient tech.
       | 
       | NATO should have 100's of M777's in reserve, precisely for these
       | occasions, i.e. to lend out as necessary.
        
         | JumpCrisscross wrote:
         | > _the 'West' is helpless to support Ukraine because nobody has
         | anything useful_
         | 
         | Are we watching the same war?
        
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