[HN Gopher] Arctic Inuit, Native American adaptations to cold an...
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Arctic Inuit, Native American adaptations to cold and body fat
distribution
Author : giuliomagnifico
Score : 65 points
Date : 2022-02-27 17:09 UTC (5 hours ago)
(HTM) web link (academic.oup.com)
(TXT) w3m dump (academic.oup.com)
| cf100clunk wrote:
| Odd to see Inuit pluralized with a trailing s. FWIW, they are
| referred to as "the Inuit" in Canada.
|
| EDIT: I see from the document gwern posted that "Inuits" does not
| appear in it, only in the HN title.
| cf100clunk wrote:
| Further, to be pedantic, it seems needless to call them the
| Arctic Inuit as they only live in the Arctic.
| loufe wrote:
| Pedantically that's incorrect. Some Inuit communities live
| far below the arctic circle, which technically makes them
| non-arctic Inuit.
| qiskit wrote:
| Then it should only be Inuit since I'm assuming the Inuit
| outside of the arctic also have these ancient genes.
|
| The title makes it seem like only the inuit who live in the
| arctic have these genes. But I doubt that's the case.
| [deleted]
| mrfusion wrote:
| So far ...
| eloff wrote:
| I think it's useful for people who are unfamiliar with who
| the Inuit are.
| giuliomagnifico wrote:
| Okay I corrected the title. Sorry I'm Italian and I thought:
| one Inuit, two Inuits. My mistake!
| helloooooooo wrote:
| Inuit is plural; Inuk is singular
| Enk1du wrote:
| and Inuak is dual (in the Baffin Island dialect[0], if I
| extrapolate correctly - a little knowledge is a dangerous
| thing) for when you need to talk about 2 people, because why
| _wouldn't_ you need a dual case. Wonderful language. Wish I
| had more tuits.
|
| [0] Inuit Languages and Dialects by Louis-Jacques Dorais,
| Nunavut Arctic College, 2003
| gwern wrote:
| Fulltext: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5430617/
| (2016)
| globular-toast wrote:
| The title here seems wrong. What does "burn more fat" even mean?
| Everyone is capable of burning 100% of their fat. The article
| instead seems to talk about generating heat from a specific type
| of body fat.
| giuliomagnifico wrote:
| Correct but since there's a characters limit in the title, I
| made a very small (and maybe not 100% accurate) excerpt.
|
| >a region in the genome containing two genes has now been
| scrutinized by scientists: TBX15 and WARS2. This region is
| thought to be central to cold adaptation by generating heat
| from a specific type of body fat, and was earlier found to be a
| candidate for adaptation in the Inuits.
| [deleted]
| sigzero wrote:
| Can I get that gene...please? lol
| gruez wrote:
| Drug from the 30s that pretty much does something similar:
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dinitrophenol
|
| I wouldn't recommend it though. Turns out modifying your
| mitochondria into pumping out more energy has some negative
| side effects.
| globular-toast wrote:
| What for? Are you planning on having to survive periods of
| extreme famine and/or cold?
| alwillis wrote:
| Because people without such genes have to exercise more or
| take costly drugs or supplements to get their bodies to do
| the same thing.
| globular-toast wrote:
| But why would you want that? The only reason anyone
| (including Inuits) are going to burn fat is if you are in a
| caloric deficit and the only reason you put on fat is if
| you are in a caloric surplus. So unless you look forward to
| a life of yo-yo dieting, this won't do you any good. Since
| we have plenty of food it's better to only eat what you
| need to year round.
| jotm wrote:
| You can just use medicine, that's what it's for. Even
| salbutamol+caffeine works, there's also ephedrine, clenbuterol,
| and of course amphetamine at the high end.
|
| Sad that governments are doing their best to stop people from
| using medicine to solve their problems... you know, the reason
| why they were invented in the first place.
|
| But really, the best method is to eat less... not as simple as
| it sounds, but it's by far the best method to lose fat.
| [deleted]
| paulpauper wrote:
| eating less..good way to kill ur productivity. I remember
| trying to eat much less...after a day I could only summon the
| motivation to just rock back and forth on a chair for hours.
| I was unable to do anything else.
| [deleted]
| nonrandomstring wrote:
| I started cold water sea swimming a few years ago. I always
| surfed and canoed in the summer, but started staying in the water
| through the winter (sometimes with 5mm wetsuit) . Where I am in
| the UK the winter temperature is about 7 degrees at the
| shoreline. I know nothing about genetics, in general or about my
| own genealogy, but apparently it can increase "brown fat" in some
| people, which burns energy in a different way. Maybe this ability
| is within all of us and can be switched on? Anyway I have found
| it easier to manage my weight as a result of cold water exercise.
| criticaltinker wrote:
| Highly recommend reading about Wim Hof to anyone interested in
| this topic. He's been the subject of quite a bit of research.
|
| _> A 2014 assessment compared Wim Hof and his identical twin
| brother. The scientists had them practice Wim 's breathing
| exercises, then exposed them to the lowest temperature that
| would not induce shivering. They concluded that, "No
| significant differences were found between the two subjects,
| indicating that a lifestyle with frequent exposures to extreme
| cold does not seem to affect BAT activity and CIT (cold-induced
| thermogenesis)."[28] Both had rises of 40% of their metabolic
| rates over the resting rate, compared to a maximum of 30%
| observed in young adults. However, their brown fat percentage--
| while high for their age--was not enough to account for all of
| the increase. The rest was due to their vigorous breathing,
| which increased the metabolic activity in their respiratory
| muscles. _
|
| _> One 2018 study of Wim Hof published in the journal
| NeuroImage used a combination of fMRI and PET /CT imaging, and
| found: forceful respiration results in increased sympathetic
| innervation and glucose consumption in intercostal muscle,
| generating heat that dissipates to lung tissue and warms
| circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Our results
| provide compelling evidence for the primacy of the brain (CNS)
| rather than the body (peripheral mechanisms) in mediating the
| Iceman's [Wim Hof's] responses to cold exposure._
|
| [1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Hof
| nonrandomstring wrote:
| Interesting. So to clarify, would you say it's not the cold
| per se, but the fact that cold water swimming is just more
| strenuous and leads to more aerobic activity, which in turn
| burns more. The "brown fat" is a distraction/irrelevance?
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| Even though I look Caucasian I have several Inuit genes from the
| Sami people, passed down from my mothers side. Will check later
| if I have these polymorphisms but I already carry the CPT1A gene
| changes linking me to the Inuit.
|
| Finding this in my genome changed my diet and changed my life.
| qiskit wrote:
| Are there any Sami still left? The genocide of the sami and
| their culture is truly tragic and sadly ignored.
| samatman wrote:
| Wikipedia suggests around 100,000.
|
| Which doesn't sound like a lot, and maybe it isn't, but two
| useful comparisons are the 300,000 Icelanders and the 50,000
| Faroese. If they're dying out that isn't clear from the
| numbers.
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| Yes, the numbers range from 10 to 30,000. It was horrible,
| and it is still is horrible. They keep interfering with their
| traditional herding and lifestyle. Between imaginary boarders
| and logging and mining and now climate change, it is a
| constant struggle for their cultural survival.
| BurningFrog wrote:
| There are plenty.
|
| Borje Salming is in the NHL Hall Of Fame:
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Salming
| cmrdporcupine wrote:
| Sami and Inuit are two entirely disjoint population groups.
| Different language groups, different genetics.
| DoreenMichele wrote:
| _Finding this in my genome changed my diet and changed my
| life._
|
| I would be interested in hearing more on that if you are
| willing to share. (You can email me if you don't want to say it
| here.)
| wilkommen wrote:
| I would also be interested to know more about that.
| tuomasj wrote:
| Yes, as a Sami, I'd be interested to know more, desperately
| ;-)
| darebak wrote:
| Probably some kind of keto/carnivore diet if I had to
| guess.
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| Yes, but mostly all seafood and I eat berries as well. So
| it is not really either. I do not aim for ketosis of
| anything like that, mostly becasue my genetics protects
| me from it.
| golemiprague wrote:
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| Hello!!! :) Are you full Sami or part? I am 1/4 Italian
| and 1/4 Hungarian as well. But it seems these dietary
| genes come from the maternal side.
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| I eat all fish and shellfish (oysters, mussles), no other
| fats, but for some lean meats, game meats like venison and
| bison. And only olive oil if any oil. Very low carbohydrates
| but a lot of berries, and a lot of seaweed and mushrooms (I
| am a FUT2 non-secretor and these are high in Fucose).
| Basically I eat like the Sami.
|
| Before this, at around 45 years old I was a vegan (a good
| vegan) and my cholesterol was VERY high and HDL too low,
| hypertensive, IBS-D, and mood instability and they did a
| brain scan at one point because it looked like I was getting
| MS.
|
| Note I have a family history of hyperlipidemia.
|
| My cholesterol totally corrected and reversed, IBS is gone,
| BP is much better, still some mood issues but no need for
| meds anymore.
|
| Basically the gene polymorphisms I saw that were relevant to
| my diet were FADS1, FADS2, FUT2 (non-secretor) CPT1A, BTD,
| PNP, and GCH1 among some others.
|
| But yes, the CPT1A polymorphisms protects me from ketosis.
| DoreenMichele wrote:
| Thank you.
| cleancoder0 wrote:
| This sounds a bit like you went from a low calorie diet
| that triggered various metabolic shutdowns to a high
| calorie diet that made your body work again.
|
| Sounds like you went from hypogonadism ( which is
| associated with all of your listed issues) to something
| healthier.
|
| Quite impressive if diet solved it, although it might be
| the calories, not the content.
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| No.
|
| If anything I am eating less calories now. I was heavier
| then as well. It was causing a multitude of deficiencies.
| B6, Zinc I know for sure because my doctor tested them.
|
| But it is interesting you bring up hypogonadism, not that
| I had it, but I was born with a cryptorchidism and had to
| have the testicle removed when I was three. This is a
| known effect of zinc deficiency which is one reason they
| tested me.
|
| http://www.ivsajournals.com/article_3146_21dc13f2fb1df514
| b89...
| cleancoder0 wrote:
| Yeah, being overweight, having hypogonadism and eating a
| low calorie diet can result in no weight loss or even
| weight gain. The energy distribution is all over the
| place and the lack of calories affects cognition, hormone
| production etc.
|
| If you were a "good" vegan, as you mentioned, I cannot
| imagine what kind of foods you ate to have more calories
| compared to fat (calorie) rich foods like fish, mussels
| or meat.
|
| 500 grams of raw beans is 2000kcal (very little for an
| avg 45 year old man), contains about 120g of protein, but
| is around 1.5kg of beanwater sludge when cooked.
| Impossible to eat in a day for most people. Adding rice,
| pasta, or other sources of calories still does not help a
| lot. It takes a lot of food to get to 2500-3000kcal.
|
| Many vegans lack calories in their diet. Older and
| sedentary vegans that are starting to develop protein
| resistance (due to age or sedentary lifestyle) also
| consume way too little protein. A perfect recipe for
| various metabolic issues and aging related diseases.
| FollowingTheDao wrote:
| It is not just about calories. I cannot metabolize short
| chain fatty acids well and they all come from plant food.
|
| Stop assuming you know anything about my life to fit your
| paradigm. I was always starving when I was vegan so I ate
| more. I know how many calories I eat it is is way less.
|
| It is NOT just about food, it is also about genetics.
| rsync wrote:
| Although it does not discuss Inuit specifically, the _excellent_
| book:
|
| _Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life_ [1]
| by Nick Lane discussed how mitochondria can be "geared" to lean
| one way or another when dealing with additional energy inputs.
|
| Which is to say, different mitochondrial DNA either leans toward
| generating additional heat or generating additional ATP (and,
| eventually, fat) when presented with surplus energy inputs.
|
| It appears the difference is subtle but you would expect it to
| manifest itself across very broad population surveys.
|
| On the other hand, if _everyone_ is getting _tremendous_ energy
| input surpluses it probably doesn 't matter.
|
| [1] https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/39001.Power_Sex_Suicide
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