[HN Gopher] Neuroscientists have recorded the activity of a dyin...
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Neuroscientists have recorded the activity of a dying human brain
        
       Author : giuliomagnifico
       Score  : 133 points
       Date   : 2022-02-22 18:39 UTC (4 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (blog.frontiersin.org)
 (TXT) w3m dump (blog.frontiersin.org)
        
       | DanHulton wrote:
       | There's an awful lot of uncritical supposition in this article.
       | Sure, the brain MAY be recalling all the best moments of your
       | life before you die, but there's zero evidence that that's what
       | those recordings mean, aside from whimsy and hopefulness. It
       | could just as easily be near-random memory access, similar to
       | when we dream, and that, to me, sounds a lot more likely.
       | 
       | I know I'm the big grumpy curmudgeon here, but I think the
       | question itself is full of sufficient wonder and beauty that we
       | don't need to invent beautiful lies around the meager data we've
       | been able to collect so far.
        
         | SketchySeaBeast wrote:
         | Yeah, I didn't see any evidence in that article that it was
         | positive - for all we know it it's the brain serving up a
         | collection of every time you told the waiter "you too" right
         | after they said "enjoy your meal".
        
           | civilized wrote:
           | Die faster, stupid brain
        
         | imglorp wrote:
         | Perhaps not even memory access, but more like the neuron
         | activation thresholds change when oxygen, ions, etc quit
         | flowing to them, causing random firing.
        
         | davidgerard wrote:
         | Frontiers is a predatory open access publisher, and your first
         | assumption should always be that anything in a Frontiers
         | journal is pay-for-play bollocks.
        
           | Pyramus wrote:
           | Not really. You fell into the trap of judging a book by its
           | cover. That is not to distract from the fact that there were
           | and are controversies surrounding Frontiers - you can't just
           | lazily extrapolate from that.
        
             | Retric wrote:
             | It's fine to judge things in part based on journal because
             | self selection is involved. That doesn't mean anything is
             | defiantly wrong with the paper, but it is a real signal.
        
         | hutzlibu wrote:
         | "It could just as easily be near-random memory access, similar
         | to when we dream"
         | 
         | Is it established that dreaming is near-random memory access? I
         | thought the whole process of dreaming is quite far from being
         | understood, so wouldn't it be a stretch to call it near-random,
         | when in reality there might be pattern, but just one we do not
         | understand yet?
        
         | jwuphysics wrote:
         | I was already on high alert when I saw that this was written in
         | Frontiers, a potentially predatory journal publisher that makes
         | it notoriously difficult to adequately review (and reject) bad
         | papers. See e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiers_Media#
         | Editorial_conc....
        
           | tpoacher wrote:
           | "Predatory journal" is a bit overkill. Seems like an ok
           | journal. https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=211001
           | 99831&ti...
           | 
           | The specific journals you refer to in the wikipedia article
           | have dropped in popularity, but this particular one hasn't.
           | Frontiers is a huge family of journals. Some are good, some
           | are excellent, some not so good. I wouldn't call any of them
           | predatory though. And even if there was controversy in 2015,
           | 7 years can be a very long time in publication contexts.
           | 
           | One thing that is interesting about Frontiers is that they
           | encourage open reviews (i.e. the review is public and
           | accompanies the paper). This is pretty far from predatory
           | journal behaviour.
        
           | jostmey wrote:
           | Meh, Frontiers is no worse than others. I've published in
           | Nature. I've published in Frontiers. I have to say I had an
           | easier time reproducing results published in "lower" tier
           | journals than high impact journals. It is more a sign that
           | peer-review is broken
        
         | h0l0cube wrote:
         | People describe a variety of near death experiences, including
         | out of body experiences. A cursory Google led me to this study:
         | 
         | https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2014/10/07-worlds-largest...
         | 
         | "Among those who reported a perception of awareness and
         | completed further interviews, 46 per cent experienced a broad
         | range of mental recollections in relation to death that were
         | not compatible with the commonly used term of NDE's. These
         | included fearful and persecutory experiences. Only 9 per cent
         | had experiences compatible with NDEs and 2 per cent exhibited
         | full awareness compatible with OBE's with explicit recall of
         | 'seeing' and 'hearing' events. "
        
         | JohnBooty wrote:
         | uncritical supposition
         | 
         | I don't mind it because it's not masquerading as anything but
         | supposition. Besides, this is the pop-sci summary of the actual
         | source paper. If it's too pop-sci-ish for you, just read the
         | actual source paper:
         | 
         | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.8135...
         | 
         | The linked paper is, of course, not necessarily super valuable
         | from a scientific perspective. After all, n=1 and we're talking
         | about somebody with traumatic brain injuries who has been
         | administrated lots of psychoactive drugs. Not a typical healthy
         | brain. But, I found it fascinating. There is some speculation
         | but I would call it reasoned and restrained.
        
       | bsmitty5000 wrote:
       | > "Something we may learn from this research is: although our
       | loved ones have their eyes closed and are ready to leave us to
       | rest, their brains may be replaying some of the nicest moments
       | they experienced in their lives."
       | 
       | Note to self: die in a way that keeps my brain intact for a few
       | seconds after death.
        
         | wrycoder wrote:
         | > _nicest moments_
         | 
         | Some people are optimists.
        
         | dkural wrote:
         | One my fears is that as I am dying my brain will get stuck in a
         | subjective time loop, in essence, the last 30 seconds will
         | subjectively stretch out to a thousand years... but with only a
         | handful of repeating feelings and sensations. What if due to
         | other physical discomfort, your memories replayed are those of
         | regret or other unpleasant sensations? (similar to a "bad
         | trip").
        
           | datavirtue wrote:
           | I have always wondered if our last DMT moments were perceived
           | as timeless. People imagine darkness but seem to forget that
           | our minds reconstruct all of reality in real time. So you
           | could conceivably live another life in your last moments.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | Andrew_nenakhov wrote:
           | Not too likely. Did you ever experience a moment subjectivity
           | stretched a thousand years? If no, why do you think there is
           | a special mechanics for the event of system shutdown?
           | 
           | If anything, any sensation or thought requires energy.
           | Experiencing 1000x or 100000x more sensations in the same
           | space of time takes 1000x/100000x amount of energy, and it's
           | not like your dying organism has hidden last reservoir of
           | energy to power your brain activity.
           | 
           | Did I comfort you?
        
             | bumby wrote:
             | I think the distinction is the _subjective perception_ that
             | time has stretched out a thousand years. It 's not that
             | time has literally dilated, just that our "normal"
             | perception of time has changed. Perceived time dilation
             | occurs under certain drugs (to include those endogenous to
             | the human body) and the OP thought has been something that
             | has occurred to me (and others) as well. IIRC, the movie
             | _American Beauty_ suggests it in the last scenes.
        
           | kingkawn wrote:
           | Don't worry, even if there is a period of bad trip it will be
           | dwarfed by the subjectively infinite relaxation into oblivion
        
             | konart wrote:
             | Except you will never know because you are not the observer
             | of this oblivion unlike that of a bad trip.
        
               | kingkawn wrote:
               | You are until you aren't
        
         | giantg2 wrote:
         | They're just theorizing here. Generally that would be something
         | to say to console someone, just like "They're in a better
         | place". It could be just as likely that if the person had
         | strong memories of traumatic experiences, they could be
         | remembering them.
        
           | xwdv wrote:
           | It seems likely to me it depends on the person dying.
           | 
           | If you always saw yourself as a victim, if you wallowed in
           | the trauma and abuse that life gave you, then your final
           | moments are likely spent remembering all that trauma and how
           | shitty and unfair your life was, and convincing yourself
           | you're better off dead and gone far away from this world. A
           | crude way to die.
        
             | wing-_-nuts wrote:
             | Whatever the truth, this is a pretty unempathetic view of
             | trauma. People don't wallow in it, some simply don't escape
             | it.
        
           | awb wrote:
           | Yeah, it sounds like the researcher is looking at this data
           | through the lens of consoling surviving family members.
           | 
           | > "As a neurosurgeon, I deal with loss at times. It is
           | indescribably difficult to deliver the news of death to
           | distraught family members," he said.
        
         | hatchnyc wrote:
         | I am afraid that the last few minutes of life will be like a
         | confusing and disoriented nightmare. That has always seemed to
         | me to be the most likely scenario as your brain is shutting
         | down.
        
           | awb wrote:
           | Have you ever been knocked out or disoriented? It's mostly
           | confusing.
           | 
           | Death could be like that too. A flood of signals you're
           | unfamiliar with and a lack of signals you're used to having.
           | 
           | It probably depends on how much warning you have and your
           | willingness / readiness to pass as well.
           | 
           | Kind of like if you're really tired and can't wait to fall
           | asleep vs. scared and trying to keep yourself awake.
        
             | goldenkey wrote:
             | Reading your comment gives me such an unsettling feeling.
             | You nailed it. I think death is the ultimate form of
             | discomfort. Our bodies refuse to let us die peacefully
             | under most circumstances. They fight with every last breath
             | and every last heartbeat, to keep going. And all the usual
             | signals of comfort are gone, with one just left bare before
             | the universe. Think motion sickness + nausea + all the
             | other terrible feelings combined, and you cannot just give
             | in, you just have to endure until you're gone.
             | 
             | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGuXaFyU5lY
        
           | anotherman554 wrote:
           | Interestingly there are two David Lynch movies (Lost Highway
           | and Mulholland Drive) that can be interpreted as just that:
           | someone's disorienting nightmare as they are dying.
        
           | tayo42 wrote:
           | If its like psychedelics I don't think it would be. Which i
           | think the initial parts could be similar since they decrease
           | blood flow to the brain, seems the same as dieing? IME there
           | is nothing to fear, fear (emotions in general) is a higher
           | level concept and those seem to be the first thing fall
           | apart. Thoughts about thoughts, self identity, are made up to
           | make living and thinking easier.
           | 
           | my guess is you slowly transition to simple machine with
           | sense inputs and outputs until it all shuts down.
        
         | awb wrote:
         | > discovered rhythmic brain wave patterns around the time of
         | death that are similar to those occurring during dreaming,
         | memory recall, and meditation
         | 
         | There are other possibilities besides memory recall. It sounds
         | a little bit like falling asleep, where there might be some
         | thoughts, some stillness (meditation) and some dreaming.
        
       | schodi wrote:
       | I have that inner emotion, when thinking about death. It makes me
       | very uneasy. When We die, if there is nothing coming, how is it
       | to not exist? I mean, what is it like? Pure black and emptyness?
       | I then comfort myself into thinking, in the end it comes down to
       | energy. Like being part of that endless stream of energy that
       | became matter and probably will return to energy somewhere in
       | infinty. Or do we maybe just restart. All this is completely mind
       | boggling.
       | 
       | Then again how did it all start? Causality is completely broken,
       | when it comes to these things.
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | To me that feeling is both our survival instinct projecting,
         | and our social/bonding self that anticipates the pain of
         | others, something most people dread dearly.
        
         | rootusrootus wrote:
         | I figure that worrying about death is something that can, by
         | definition, only torment the living. There will be no
         | blackness, because that implies perception. How are you going
         | to perceive it when you no longer exist?
         | 
         | The closest survivable analog, in my opinion, is the "sleep"
         | you experience when under something like sodium thiopental.
         | When it works, you go from awake to awake again in an instant,
         | from your own perspective. A bit jarring to lose hours or days
         | like that. I assume death is similar but without the waking up
         | part.
         | 
         | Regular old sleep doesn't involve that level of
         | unconsciousness.
        
           | 2OEH8eoCRo0 wrote:
           | > When it works, you go from awake to awake again in an
           | instant
           | 
           | That's my thought as well. Last time I was put under
           | anesthesia I tried hard to think about how I was feeling. I
           | went from awake with my eyes open to opening my eyes. I
           | thought my eyes were already open? There is just literally
           | nothing between that span of time.
           | 
           | It's like that except you don't wake? But it lasted an
           | instant. How can something that passes in an instant last for
           | infinity? It makes my brain hurt.
        
             | rootusrootus wrote:
             | > How can something that passes in an instant last for
             | infinity? It makes my brain hurt.
             | 
             | Indeed it does. This is why I try to remind myself that
             | this kind of thinking can only torment me when I'm alive,
             | and I should stop wasting time. Especially at 2am, which of
             | course is when I have these kinds of thoughts to begin
             | with.
             | 
             | My dad and I used to talk about this and decided that we
             | lived forever, as a practical matter. "Before" and "after"
             | just speculation.
        
               | 2OEH8eoCRo0 wrote:
               | I eventually came to the same conclusion. It used to
               | spook me but I realized that death practically does not
               | exist because I cannot experience it.
        
         | spywaregorilla wrote:
         | That is just your monkey brain freaking out to instinctual fear
         | of death.
        
         | sidewndr46 wrote:
         | I think what you are referring to (the uneasiness) is your
         | mortality salience.
        
         | ipnon wrote:
         | Everyone has been dead before: Do you have any trepidations
         | about the times before you were born? It's trite to say this,
         | yes, but it gives some comfort to know we are born with the
         | experience of not being alive. Of course Your Metaphysics may
         | apply.
        
           | amatecha wrote:
           | Yeah, personally, I feel tons of anxiety about the
           | effectively-infinite void of time before my existence, and
           | that which will come after it. They are the same to me. Even
           | though physically we are "born", I find it really upsetting
           | that our experience and sense of selves is just an emergent
           | organic process, a millisecond of a dream padded by infinite
           | nothingness.
        
             | agumonkey wrote:
             | I think some culture deep sense of tradition is a way to
             | cope. You inherit the past, you give it to your kids. It's
             | no more a void on both ends if you carry the past along.
             | Does it make sense?
        
             | root_axis wrote:
             | Far more horrifying to me is the thought that this
             | millisecond of a dream is actually a process occurring in
             | great abundance throughout the universe, with oscillating
             | arrangements of particles facilitating whatever property of
             | matter it is that embodies the phenomena of subjective
             | experience. If it happened to "me" once, I don't see any
             | reason why it should not happen again, or be happening
             | everywhere at once in parallel, yet simply lacking
             | awareness of this fact because the individual nodes don't
             | share memory.
        
               | cdelsolar wrote:
               | Exactly - I think this is the actual answer. At some
               | point "I" am going to be a Holocaust victim, or a drug
               | cartel's victim, etc etc. It's horrifying. I think when I
               | die, "I" am just going to be somebody else. Nothing else
               | really makes sense to me.
        
               | digilypse wrote:
               | This is how I think of it. The experience of being "me"
               | is the same for all life. An emergent process, but still
               | real.
               | 
               | I think some Buddhist concepts, like reincarnation and
               | duality, can be interpreted as perspectives on this.
               | 
               | It does increase my sense of compassion for life in
               | general, and I try to lean into that.
        
             | pasquinelli wrote:
             | it's not nothingness. think of all the people that're dead
             | right now, and all the people yet to live. would you
             | characterize right now as nothingness?
        
           | wrycoder wrote:
           | _Can I ask you something? How come the Russians never smile?
           | I've never seen them smiling."
           | 
           | "They're at work. They're Russians."
           | 
           | "Is it normal for them to eat without talking to one
           | another?"
           | 
           | "This is their job. They get 20 minutes to eat."
           | 
           | "Yeah, but they never smile. Are they happy?"
           | 
           | Are the Russians happy? Is anyone happy? Can one ever truly
           | be said to be happy?
           | 
           | I am tempted to go full Slav on Conor, to explain to him how
           | we are all just grains of dust suspended in the howling void,
           | searching for meaning in the fleeting moments before we are
           | yanked back to the oblivion from whence we emerged, naked and
           | screaming. But for all his faults he's just a kid stuck
           | spending his summer microwaving Yorkshire puddings for
           | difficult people. I take pity.
           | 
           | "Russians are formal. It would be weird of them to act
           | relaxed on duty. They are all smiling on the inside."_
           | 
           | -- https://idlewords.com/2018/12/gluten_free_antarctica.htm
        
             | Koshkin wrote:
             | > _to eat without talking to one another_
             | 
             | In Russian culture eating is a process not to be distracted
             | from. Historically, this could be seen as a sign of respect
             | on the part of a poor peasant for the food and all the hard
             | labor that went into producing it.
        
           | mattlondon wrote:
           | On the flip side of that, the first time we were dead, when
           | and how did we become conscious? Obviously the biological
           | processes have a fairly well-defined start point (i.e.
           | conception), but obviously consciousness does not start at
           | conception as there is no brain yet. So when does it start?
           | 
           | I have wrestled with this after my first kid was born - there
           | was nothing and now there is this person with their own mind
           | and wants. Perhaps it was just the lack of sleep that got me
           | thinking. But - When did their consciousness start? What was
           | that first moment of awareness? Was there that initial
           | "spark" and something started happening? Or was it a slow,
           | slow clearing of fog before some sort of concerted thought
           | began? What was that first thought? is a baby in the womb
           | aware of self? Maybe not - but if not, when does that begin?
           | When is that first moment when a baby looks in a mirror and
           | sees themselves? What goes through their mind that first time
           | they realise the thing in the mirror is _them_?
        
             | wintorez wrote:
             | I'm not even convinced that we're self-aware at the moment
             | of birth. I think self-awareness requires the brain to
             | develop further. Around the time that we pass the mirror
             | test is the when the self-awareness kicks in.
        
           | Fice wrote:
           | Our perception of time is very subjective: it is affected by
           | our age, by what we are doing, and it is known that it can be
           | significantly altered by consuming certain substances. We
           | learned from others that there was time before we were born,
           | but do we feel that? In my own subjective perception of time
           | the moment of my birth seems to be infinitely far in the
           | past, and I can't be sure that the final moment of death will
           | be a finite point approachable by consciousness.
        
         | ajuc wrote:
         | Why would it be any different than being unconscious?
        
         | eatsyourtacos wrote:
         | >When We die, if there is nothing coming, how is it to not
         | exist? I mean, what is it like?
         | 
         | The question doesn't make any sense.
         | 
         | If I smash you in the head with a hammer and you have brain
         | damage which changes your personality, makes it so you can't
         | access some memories, and can't control your body properly.. we
         | accept that as literal brain damage- we have broke the machine
         | (our brain) in some regard.
         | 
         | Everyone accepts the reality of that situation.
         | 
         | But when you die (i.e., your brain is completely shut off and
         | non-functioning), we ask what is it experiencing? What does it
         | feel like? It's literally a nonsensical question.
         | 
         | Your brain isn't active to experience anything from its senses,
         | which in turn are probably not functioning to send any signals
         | either.
        
           | bumby wrote:
           | I think maybe the OP was referring to Chalmers hard question
           | about consciousness. What you are talking about is closer to
           | the "easy" question regarding understanding the of the
           | neurological mechanisms but that's distinct from the "what is
           | it like" subjective mechanisms. The hard question is hard, in
           | part, because we don't (yet, at least) have a way to measure
           | the way subjective experience emerges, so we don't have a way
           | to measure when it stops.
        
             | root_axis wrote:
             | imo it still doesn't seem coherent even with the "hard
             | question" framing, the very foundation of the hard question
             | begs us to ask why it is that subjective experience _is_
             | rather than not, lacking subjective experience means we 're
             | discussing something outside the scope of the hard
             | question, it's akin to asking "what happened before time"?
        
               | bumby wrote:
               | I believe Chalmers perspective is that consciousness is
               | fundamental and irreducible. To relate it to your
               | example, he says
               | 
               | "Nobody tries to explain, say space or time in terms of
               | something more basic than space or time. It's the same as
               | mass or charge. They end up taking _something_ as
               | fundamental "[1]
               | 
               | In contrast, the easy problem IS trying to explain
               | consciousness in terms of something more fundamental,
               | like charges or energy moving across neuron synapses. The
               | fact that it is reducible means it may be explained
               | objectively by science, which make it the "easier"
               | problem
               | 
               | [1] _Conversations on Consciousness_ by Susan Blackmore
        
               | ASalazarMX wrote:
               | They suggest consciousness is fundamental and
               | irreducible? This is like saying "where the car goes when
               | you take all its pieces away?". Occam's razor suggests
               | that the material (easier) explanation is much more
               | likely to be the answer than any complex one.
               | 
               | It's not even a good question unless they first prove
               | consciousness can exist outside its physical support, AKA
               | the immortal soul.
        
         | wintorez wrote:
         | Have you ever been under general anesthesia? For me, that's the
         | closes you can experience "not existing". Also, you have
         | already experienced not existing; that is before you were born.
         | How did that feel? Was it painful?
        
         | throwanem wrote:
         | What's it like to be asleep and not dreaming?
        
           | ASalazarMX wrote:
           | Imagine is screaming at or slapping the dead was all it took
           | to bring them back to life.
           | 
           | Einstein: "I told you I was done with physics! Let me rest in
           | peace already!"
        
         | chaoticmass wrote:
         | I have this weird thought from time to time-- maybe it's dumb,
         | but it nags at me.
         | 
         | Think of any time when you've been unconscious, like when under
         | anesthesia, or fainting, or knocked out for some other reason.
         | You experience everything leading up to the event that knocks
         | you out, but the only reason you can recall any of it is
         | because you did eventually wake up and regain consciousness.
         | Your experience of your current self now is only because a
         | moment from now you can look back and remember it. Eventually
         | though, you will die, and you won't be able to look back and
         | remember, and for you, it's as if nothing ever happened. So
         | given that we will all die some day, how is it we even have
         | conscious experience at all? I might die 5 minutes from now, or
         | 5 days, or 5 decades from now, but isn't all the same?
        
         | karaterobot wrote:
         | Philip Larkin:                   And specious stuff that says
         | "No rational being         Can fear a thing it will not feel",
         | not seeing         That this is what we fear--no sight, no
         | sound,            No touch or taste or smell, nothing to think
         | with,            Nothing to love or link with,         The
         | anaesthetic from which none come round.
        
           | schodi wrote:
           | Aubade, 1977
        
         | pasquinelli wrote:
         | when you dream, all the characters in your dream are actually
         | just you. your mind gives rise to them, so they're just you.
         | what gave rise to your mind?
        
           | ASalazarMX wrote:
           | Your brain maturation and experiences. Newborns have very
           | little mind, but their universe is also very small.
        
         | ASalazarMX wrote:
         | I've seen this answered as "Do you remember what was like
         | before you were born? Being dead is the same thing".
         | 
         | It couldn't be pure black and emptiness, for example, because
         | we no longer exist to experience it.
        
           | _Wintermute wrote:
           | Reminded me of a quote:
           | 
           | "The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us
           | that our existence is but a brief crack of light between two
           | eternities of darkness. - Vladimir Nabokov "
        
         | nbaugh1 wrote:
         | Pretty sure its a lot like how it was before you were born
        
           | [deleted]
        
         | tekni5 wrote:
         | The real question for me is if consciousness is even
         | real/physical or just an illusion. After you die time has no
         | meaning and we don't know what happens trillions and trillions
         | of years from that point. Maybe with limited matter or
         | infinity, the exact universe patterns emerge once again that
         | give you consciousness. Maybe you are reborn again in the same
         | identical universe that contains your biological pattern, and
         | live your life again and again without knowing you have done it
         | before. Since you have no perception of time when dead, it
         | happens instantly. Does it have to be 100% identical or are
         | some variations allowed? Maybe you live through every possible
         | variation of your biological self.
         | 
         | Or maybe quantum immortality occurs, where your consciousness
         | jumps into a universe where you are still alive despite all the
         | odds.
         | 
         | Or perhaps the universe is just snapshots of infinite patterns
         | locked in permanent static states and this entire progression
         | of time, physics, etc is just an illusion created by the sub-
         | process of consciousness that creates dynamic transitions from
         | one state to another.
         | 
         | It's probably my inability to perceive the concept of infinity
         | that my mind thinks about such things, either way we will
         | probably never know.
        
           | can16358p wrote:
           | Good to see someone questioning almost exactly the same
           | things as me.
        
         | inostia wrote:
         | You can't describe non-existence in phenomenological or
         | psychological terms because existence is required for
         | experience (unless you believe in "souls"). The body will
         | exist, but the neural activity that underlies experience will
         | be absent.
         | 
         | edit: another user commented and said this was "logically
         | unsound 20th century positivism". Let me direct you to this
         | quote ca 300BC from Epicurus:
         | 
         | > Death, therefore, the most awful of evils, is nothing to us,
         | seeing that, when we are, death is not come, and, when death is
         | come, we are not.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | fjabre wrote:
           | If you believe in souls then why assume they dont have
           | limitations as we do? Perhaps a soul if it exists is just as
           | ignorant of its reality as we are of ours. Perhaps in some
           | way a soul would be just as limited but in different ways.
           | 
           | Is it neural activity that underlies all experience? Or is it
           | neural activity which filters it?
        
         | jmfldn wrote:
         | There is nothing left to experience any void, as that
         | experience would be something. Noone can experience death, only
         | the moments leading to it. I feel pretty comfortable with that.
         | On the other hand, if there is life after death then perhaps
         | you live on somehow but let's discount that as unprovable and
         | quite possibly not the case.
         | 
         | Dealing with the reality we do know, I comfort myself with the
         | idea that, and this sounds cheesy, all is one. Not in some
         | hippy, pantheistic way. More that our experience of ourselves
         | as separate from anything else is itself an illusion. There are
         | no things, not nothing but "no things". Everything is a giant
         | process, everything interpenetrates everything else, nothing
         | exists independent from anything else.
         | 
         | This is a somewhat Buddhist view. I'm describing emptiness in a
         | way (the Buddhist term not nothingness or some sort of
         | nihilistic viewpoint). It seems like a totally logical way to
         | see things and, for me at least, comforting. It's all one
         | process and it's all relational. It's relations all the way
         | down. One Buddhist teacher I like put it this way. "All of
         | reality is a vibrating verb rather than a bunch of concrete
         | nouns".
         | 
         | So back to your point, this is tantamount to being part of that
         | "infinite stream of energy" as you put it perhaps.
        
       | _Microft wrote:
       | If you were concerned about the ethics of the situation like I
       | was, then here is an excerpt from the paper itself that you might
       | find reassuring:
       | 
       |  _" After discussion with the patient's family and in
       | consideration of the "Do-Not- Resiscitate[sic!] (DNR)" status of
       | the patient, no further treatment was administered and the
       | patient passed away."_
        
       | thewakalix wrote:
       | Nobody make any strange images based on this data...
        
       | unfocussed_mike wrote:
       | _"Something we may learn from this research is: although our
       | loved ones have their eyes closed and are ready to leave us to
       | rest, their brains may be replaying some of the nicest moments
       | they experienced in their lives."_
       | 
       | Or replaying their greatest embarrassments. That's what my brain
       | will be doing -- why change the habit of a lifetime?
        
       | andygroundwater wrote:
       | Macabre stuff, but indisputably scientific all the same.
        
       | MaxMoney wrote:
        
       | UltraViolence wrote:
       | I'm very skeptical of this, mostly because there's no logical
       | reason for this to exist. Everything in our behavior and bodies
       | has a purpose, for the most part pure survival or reproduction.
       | There's no use for replaying memories of one's "best moments" in
       | life.
       | 
       | More likely, these are random accesses of vivid memories (the
       | ones that have been strongly imprinted on the brain) and these
       | could be both happy or sad ones.
        
         | ASalazarMX wrote:
         | My mother's family has a history of seeing deceased relatives
         | when they're about to die. It has become such tradition that
         | some have even reported to see the dead waving and calling them
         | to the light, but turns out they weren't at risk of death.
         | 
         | Autosuggestion is a powerful phenomenon. They're convinced
         | they'll see the welcome party, and they will if their death is
         | not sudden.
        
       | ge96 wrote:
       | Unrelated but there was an old trippy (freaky) movie about this
       | Brainstorm
        
         | jll29 wrote:
         | Thanks, I was just about to post it (I remembered it as
         | "Project Brainstorm", but as you state it's actually just
         | called "Brainstorm"). One of the most remarkable movies I've
         | ever seen.
         | 
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorm_(1983_film)
        
       | giantg2 wrote:
       | Has there really never been anyone who died while hooked up to an
       | EEG? That seems unlikely to me.
       | 
       | Edit: liars liars pants on fire. It has been done before.
       | 
       | https://www.sciencealert.com/brain-activity-recorded-as-much...
        
         | can16358p wrote:
         | That was also my response: how, on Earth in complete history of
         | modern medicine (or since invention of EEG), not a single death
         | has been recorded?
         | 
         | I mean if I'm dying I'd like people to take an EEG recording of
         | me to shine some light to science and neurology. It seemed
         | super off to me in many ways... thanks for showing that it
         | really is.
        
         | dkural wrote:
         | Read the article.
        
           | giantg2 wrote:
           | I did. I find this unbelievable and was asking if this is
           | really true, or if this is just the first time someone wanted
           | to publish it.
           | 
           | "This unexpected event allowed the scientists to record the
           | activity of a dying human brain for the first time ever."
        
             | emteycz wrote:
             | EEG is not easy to get right, any muscle movement from the
             | neck up scrambles the signal. It's unlikely you'd be able
             | to get a usable recording without planning - usually you'd
             | be trying to save the dying person by any means and you'd
             | do that without any regards to EEG signal quality.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | Here we go. Seems like the person writing this article
               | didn't research very well since the link below shows that
               | it has been planned/done before.
               | 
               | https://www.sciencealert.com/brain-activity-recorded-as-
               | much...
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | > usually you'd be trying to save the dying person by any
               | means
               | 
               | I expect that in the majority of deaths, nobody is making
               | any effort whatsoever to save the dying person.
        
               | emteycz wrote:
               | We're talking about people lying on hospital bed tied to
               | EEG. There are usually going to be people saving that
               | person.
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | Unless they are lying in bed preparing to die. In which
               | case we could opt to hook them up to an EEG and record
               | it, for the science. It would not be the least bit
               | difficult to get any number of willing volunteers, it
               | would not require some kind of accident. OP was wondering
               | how it could be possible that nobody ever thought to do
               | exactly that.
        
               | progman32 wrote:
               | Why do you expect this?
        
               | pasquinelli wrote:
               | consider all the people who die in hospice.
        
               | rootusrootus wrote:
               | Most people die from natural causes, and doctors do not
               | perform heroic measures to try and give them a few more
               | minutes before they succumb.
        
         | giuliomagnifico wrote:
         | Read before comment:
         | 
         | > When an 87-year-old patient developed epilepsy, Dr Raul
         | Vicente of the University of Tartu, Estonia and colleagues used
         | continuous electroencephalography (EEG) to detect the seizures
         | and treat the patient. During these recordings, the patient had
         | a heart attack and passed away. This unexpected event allowed
         | the scientists to record the activity of a dying human brain
         | for the first time ever.
        
           | giantg2 wrote:
           | Don't be snarky. It's a real question. And apparently the
           | article has incorrect information.
           | 
           | https://www.sciencealert.com/brain-activity-recorded-as-
           | much...
        
             | Lyapunov_Lover wrote:
             | There's a difference between 'after' and 'during'.
        
               | giantg2 wrote:
               | Yes, and you can see in the graphs in my link that they
               | were measures before, during, and after. The "0" in the x
               | axis is the time of death.
        
             | giuliomagnifico wrote:
             | The article I quoted is correct and doesn't have incorrect
             | information:
             | 
             | > Neuroscientists have recorded the activity of a dying
             | human brain and discovered rhythmic brain wave patterns
             | around the time of death that are similar to those
             | occurring during dreaming, memory recall, and meditation.
             | 
             | >NOW, a study published to Frontiers brings new insight
             | into a possible organizational role of the brain during
             | death and suggests an explanation for vivid life recall in
             | near-death experiences.
             | 
             | The record has already been done, but now the scientists
             | have found what the -already recorded- data could
             | tell/show.
             | 
             | > a new study published to Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
             | suggests that your brain may remain active and coordinated
             | during and even after the transition to death, and be
             | programmed to orchestrate the whole ordeal.
        
         | tomrod wrote:
         | Unsure, but dead Atlantic salmon brains have been rigorously
         | studied
         | 
         | Not exactly connected to the discussion, but still worth noting
         | that brain activity sensing can be difficult! (And it also
         | makes me smile, thinking about a fishmonger's prized frozen
         | fish undergoing a brain scan).
         | 
         | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/scicurious-brain/ignobe...
        
       | kowlo wrote:
       | I dread that it might be like my usual (nightly) sleep paralysis,
       | except it will be the one time I don't wake up...
        
         | ASalazarMX wrote:
         | I've had sleep paralysis a few times in my life. The last time
         | was 15 years ago, and it felt like something I could get used
         | to now that I know what it is. It was a really interesting
         | sensory hallucination.
         | 
         | Am I crazy, or is it something you can get used to, like
         | practicing lucid dreams?
        
         | nefitty wrote:
         | This is a big factor in my insomnia. Not necessarily the fear
         | that I'll die in my sleep (God willing, that's my preference in
         | old age) but the realization that every night, I'm getting a
         | little more and more acquainted with oblivion. Knowing that you
         | and everyone else here is in the same boat helps a lot. Maybe
         | it's trite, and silly, but the phrase "We're all in this
         | together" brings me a little bit of comfort, a tiny slice of
         | what I imagine the spiritual feel in greater quantities.
         | 
         | As I get older I suspect more and more that humans are not
         | adapted for atheism. Even us hard atheists tell each other
         | stories of chemicals and stuff and cosmos and infinity. I have
         | an ongoing conversation with my wife on whether we'll raise our
         | future children Catholic or not. I think we might. The lure of
         | those stories, the grandiosity of those narratives, the imagery
         | and ritual... Those are just buttons that I don't know if an
         | atheistic upbringing could press. I'm not saying it's not
         | possible... Would a reverential trip to the Grand Canyon, a
         | late night summer trip to Amboyd Crater, fulfill the need for
         | awe that a child has as she's growing up? If I could will it I
         | would have her completely skip the existential terror that I've
         | contended with throughout my life, but of course, she would be
         | her own person and her own mind, regardless of my plans.
        
           | ASalazarMX wrote:
           | As an ex-catholic, all I can say is: if your kids grow up
           | with enough common sense and pragmatism, they might resent
           | the early indoctrination. Their brains have not matured
           | enough to develop common sense until their teens, and
           | everything the adults say will be taken as absolute truth.
           | The humane thing would be raising them atheist, explain about
           | agnosticism and religion, and accept their choice. All the
           | rituals can be done at any age.
           | 
           | Just like religious parents can have atheists kids, atheist
           | parents can have agnostic or religious children.
           | Indoctrinating them from childhood is taking their freedom of
           | choice and choosing for them.
        
           | amatecha wrote:
           | Yes, seriously, most nights I am kept awake by that same
           | existential dread. since I was too young to even know how to
           | speak, actually. it's haunted me my entire life. I am of the
           | fundamental belief that consciousness is nothing more than
           | the functioning of our biological brain. I've never seen even
           | the tiniest shred of evidence to suggest otherwise (in fact I
           | have become more and more certain as I live more years on
           | this earth and observe more humans in varying states of
           | functioning/life/consciousness/etc.) ...
        
             | nefitty wrote:
             | I'll dare to be presumptuous and share what has helped me
             | the most, above Buddhist studies, psychoactives,
             | meditation, yoga, journaling: just removing the idea of
             | mortality from my brain.
             | 
             | "Thanks I'm cured", right? I didn't believe it would help
             | when I first learned the technique. I heard it from a
             | researcher who studied death anxiety in Tibetan Buddhists.
             | He found that their culture makes it an overwhelming
             | priority to be constantly conscious of one's mortality. He
             | found that this imperative was inculcated from the very
             | earliest age, and he found an unusually high correspondence
             | in those beliefs to symptoms of anxiety. It was startling
             | to him, as to me, because he thought the whole idea of
             | Buddhism was "go with the flow dude, everything is gonna be
             | alright", but in the teachings emphasized in the culture,
             | it morphs into some sort of spiritual specter always
             | haunting the waking lives of these people. It resonated
             | with me, because Western existential philosophy also makes
             | death-awareness an ideal to strive for, with the
             | concomitant devil's deal of constant anxiety.
             | 
             | He concluded that extinguishing or minimizing the idea of
             | one's mortality ends up freeing one from the existential
             | terror it can cause. I remember being in my living room
             | cleaning as I listened to the report, and I stopped in my
             | tracks and put the vacuum down. "There's no fucking way
             | that works."
             | 
             | It WORKS. It started working almost right away. If the
             | thought of dying came up I just would grab the thread and
             | shake it and say to myself, "Ok, so what? You have to wash
             | the dishes man." I don't think I've lost any of my cynicism
             | or me-ness or critical faculties in the ensuing years. That
             | constant death anxiety is almost completely gone now,
             | except for the most inopportune lulls before sleep or in
             | idleness. I keep coming back to it. "Oh my God. I'm going
             | to die one day. No. No. No. Please no... Hey! Who fucking
             | cares?! Think about your puppy, look how cute she is laying
             | there so innocent. Think about renewing your car
             | registration. Literally everything is more important than
             | that insignificantly tiny moment in the future. You're ok
             | right now."
             | 
             | I hope that helps.
        
           | mathattack wrote:
           | I came to appreciate the rituals around religion when my
           | father passed. It's worth asking "Is there value to the
           | activities, even if you don't believe the literal divinity of
           | the stories?"
           | 
           | The answer may vary by religion.
        
         | jcadam wrote:
         | Used to get sleep paralysis a lot as a kid/teenager. Definitely
         | not fun. I haven't had an episode in a long time, fortunately.
        
       | DonCarlitos wrote:
       | This corresponds with what I've read previously about brain
       | activity following clinical death. What appears to be the case is
       | that the brain continues to work for a period after the heart
       | stops and a last breath is taken. So what that might mean is that
       | if one is with a person who has just died, a relative or friend,
       | there is still a moment, just a moment, to say good bye and I
       | love you. And it is comforting to know that during that moment,
       | the brain of the deceased might just be reliving all the greatest
       | moments of that individual's life.
        
         | tmikaeld wrote:
         | Beautifully said, reminds me of "All these years, all these
         | memories, there was you. You pulled me through time." from the
         | fountain.
        
           | nefitty wrote:
           | I'm rewatching Midnight Mass on Netflix with my wife. They
           | have some very powerful monologues on death. This is one that
           | occurred to me just now, when two characters are discussing
           | what they believe happens after death:
           | 
           | "When I die, my body stops functioning. Five minutes later,
           | my brain cells start dying. But in the meantime, in between,
           | maybe my brain releases a flood of DMT - the psychedelic drug
           | released when we dream - so I dream. I dream bigger than I
           | have ever dreamed before because it's all of it. Just the
           | last dump of DMT all at once, and my neurons are firing and
           | I'm seeing this firework display of memories and imagination.
           | 
           | My mind's rifling through the memories, long and short term,
           | and the dreams mix with the memories. And it's a curtain
           | call. One last great dream as my mind empties the fuckin'
           | missile silos, and then I stop.
           | 
           | My brain activity ceases and there is nothing left of me.
           | 
           | No pain, no memory, no awareness that I ever was.
           | 
           | That I ever hurt someone.
           | 
           | That I ever killed someone.
           | 
           | Everything is as it was before me.
           | 
           | All of the other little things that make me up - the microbes
           | and bacterium and the billion other little things that live
           | on my eyelashes and in my hair and in my mouth and on my skin
           | and in my gut and everywhere else, they just keep on living
           | and eating. And I'm serving a purpose. I'm feeding life and
           | I'm broken apart and all the littlest pieces of me are just
           | recycled and I'm billions of other places. And my atoms are
           | in plants and bugs and animals, and I am like the stars that
           | are in the sky. There one moment and then just scattered
           | across the goddamn cosmos."
           | 
           | https://adrianvstheworld.com/2021/10/05/midnight-mass-and-
           | th...
           | 
           | And, another moving monologue, this one's a spoiler so heads
           | up: https://www.reddit.com/r/HauntingOfHillHouse/comments/pxw
           | 74y...
           | 
           | Either way, this show hit me unexpectedly. One of my favorite
           | "deep watches" in a long time.
        
             | jamcohen wrote:
             | I also find comfort in the idea of becoming food after we
             | die. I remember reading somewhere how a beached whale in
             | the arctic can be a life-saving windfall for the scavengers
             | there. Helped me see the positive in something I'd always
             | seen as purely tragic.
        
               | nefitty wrote:
               | Same here. It's helpful insofar as any story can be
               | helpful in the face of what we have to go through.
               | 
               | Interestingly enough, although my wife shares the same
               | beliefs as me in terms of religion and God, the stories
               | that resonate most with her from that show were the
               | evocative ones about God and heaven. She told me that the
               | science-based ones barely register to her at all, and
               | almost not at all on an emotional level. As I heard the
               | other character describe her idea of heaven, I too feel
               | the pull of those descriptions. There's a part of me that
               | agrees with the character when he says, after listening
               | to her speech, wiping away tears, "I really hope you're
               | right."
        
         | mirceal wrote:
         | this assumes that death is binary: you're either dead or not.
         | this is not how things work. you don't know the precise time
         | duration and what happens unless you are there to experience
         | it. i think the best time to say goodbye and i love you is at
         | any point in time
        
         | tgv wrote:
         | The brain might very well be in a weird state at that moment.
         | In that case, it would be best if it is unconscious. Comfort is
         | not high on nature's agenda.
        
           | ianai wrote:
           | Agree. Comfort's not high, but "survival" is. So it could be
           | a really chaotic intermix of things still working and others
           | not, and still others working in previously impossible
           | states. Pain and possibly torture sound likely.
        
         | KineticLensman wrote:
         | > the brain continues to work for a period after the heart
         | stops
         | 
         | I had a sudden cardiac arrest (Ventricular Fibrillation). I
         | felt dizzy and oriented for a few seconds (5?) after my heart
         | stopped pumping blood and then I passed out. There was no life-
         | flashing-before-my-eyes, no tunnels of light, just sudden
         | dizziness and disorientation and then nothing. The next thing I
         | remember was coming round in hospital.
        
           | jvanderbot wrote:
           | Right. I used to box and I'm now painfully aware of the
           | fragility of consciousness.
           | 
           | If you get hit right, the ~0.25-0.5 seconds _prior_ and
           | _after_ to that hit do not exist for you. They are gone. You
           | 'll never know how you were hit or what you were doing, your
           | eyes will just _change_ instantly from  "looking ahead" to
           | "looking to the side/up" and you'll have to adjust very
           | quickly to this new reality, despite the fact that the
           | transition was instantaneous for you.
           | 
           | One guy used to joke that if you ever said something _really_
           | dumb, you 'd have about 1-2 seconds to hit the person who
           | heard it so you could continue as though it never happened.
           | Should tell you something about the kind of person you might
           | find at a boxing gym.
        
             | jacquesm wrote:
             | Gmail has a little button at the bottom just after sending
             | a mail to cancel it, that could be wired up to a boxing
             | ball somehow.
        
           | oblak wrote:
           | What if you just don't remember the experiences you've had
           | during this moment? Not impossible, imho
        
             | petercooper wrote:
             | It's an interesting point that rapidly becomes
             | philosophical in a "if a tree falls in the woods" sense. I
             | recently read a paper that suggested that sedating
             | anaesthesia used with the promise of making a patient
             | unaware of a procedure may actually do no such thing -
             | instead they prevent the patient _remembering_ the
             | procedure _afterwards._ Which as a potential patient one
             | day.. is a little terrifying, because even if I don 't
             | remember any trauma the next day, do I really want to
             | experience it nonetheless?
        
             | root_axis wrote:
             | An interesting thought, but in my mind it also raises the
             | question of the meaning behind a sequence of memories that
             | you don't remember remembering, there's simply no reason to
             | assume it happened at all since without memories there is
             | no other evidence of the event.
        
               | omgitsabird wrote:
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia
        
               | willis936 wrote:
               | A dying person will not revisit their final moments if
               | they were saved as memories. Giving comfort in passing is
               | a kindness and a dignity to both the dying and the
               | bereaved.
        
             | neuronic wrote:
             | True, forming memories at that time might simply be
             | unnecessary overhead since you're not likely to turn back
             | without significant medical help. Memories that will never
             | be accessed are just pointless.
             | 
             | But so are hiccups, who knows...
        
             | ASalazarMX wrote:
             | Also not very likely, as people who report those
             | experiences say they're intense and vivid, not fleeting
             | like a dream or an alcohol blackout.
        
         | omgitsabird wrote:
         | It seems strange to imagine telling someone who isn't going to
         | experience anything ever again anything at all.
        
           | fredoliveira wrote:
           | At that point I would imagine the words are mostly for the
           | speaker, rather than the listener. Mourning is all about
           | saying goodbye.
        
           | colordrops wrote:
           | All of us will eventually never experience anything ever
           | again. What's the difference between a few seconds and a few
           | years.
        
           | neuronic wrote:
           | If they listen and notice they experience something right
           | then and there and maybe at that point it's nice to feel
           | loved... a sweet moment for a dying person briefly supercedes
           | the metaphysical confusion of the living.
        
           | pasquinelli wrote:
           | people are strange then.
        
         | qiskit wrote:
         | > So what that might mean is that if one is with a person who
         | has just died, a relative or friend, there is still a moment,
         | just a moment, to say good bye and I love you.
         | 
         | Just because there is brain activity doesn't mean there is
         | consciousness. A 10 week old fetus has brain activity. But it
         | is not anything we'd call conscious. If your heart stops or
         | you've stopped breathing, then it's highly unlikely you are
         | conscious. But if it helps one cope with a loved one's death,
         | perhaps there is no harm in letting them believe the deceased
         | could hear your final goodbyes.
        
           | namero999 wrote:
           | Cognition != consciousness (or actually, [?] )
        
         | damontal wrote:
         | I wonder if there's truth to the reports of people after being
         | Guillotined still being able to blink and make facial
         | expressions even though their head has just been severed.
        
       | csee wrote:
       | A good avenue of future study to correlate these with case
       | reports of Near Death Experiences.
        
       | progman32 wrote:
       | > "Through generating oscillations involved in memory retrieval,
       | the brain may be playing a last recall of important life events
       | just before we die, similar to the ones reported in near-death
       | experiences," Zemmar speculated.
       | 
       | I wonder what the adaptive benefits of near-death flashbacks are.
       | Perhaps as a way to give last-ditch motivation.
       | 
       | We have plenty of accounts of what it's like to have a heart
       | stop. Thank defibrillators for that. Of course, the whole ordeal
       | may not be accurately committed to memory.
        
         | mLuby wrote:
         | It doesn't have to have adaptive benefits. The critical path is
         | molded by natural selection but the rest grows wild, mutating
         | as it pleases until it either helps or hinders gene
         | replication.
         | 
         | For example, if humans exploded like a bomb when we died the
         | way some insects do to protect their colony, _that_ might be
         | selected for or against by evolution. Or if somehow eating the
         | deceased 's heart or brain actually transferred their strength
         | or memories to the consumer, as some cultures believed. But no,
         | death by old age just doesn't interest evolution.
        
       | anamax wrote:
       | There's an assumption that the brain knows that its support
       | structure, aka the body, has stopped functioning in a permanent
       | sense.
       | 
       | I can see how brains could evolve to do status checks and respond
       | to survivable events. But, I don't see how it could evolve to
       | have a different response to non-survivable events.
       | 
       | What I'm getting at is, do folks who survive report that they had
       | a nice experience? If not, how did brains get a different
       | mechanism for/response to not-survivable experiences?
        
         | john_moscow wrote:
         | Or it merely enters a power-saving mode once the oxygen levels
         | drop, survivable or not.
        
       | hnthrowaway0315 wrote:
       | Since the birth of our son, I have been thinking about death a
       | lot. He takes comfort when he is in my wife's hug and sometimes
       | refuses to sleep if she is not around. I'm sure he remembers
       | nothing about this when he grows up (< 2 yr now). But then I
       | wonder, maybe many years later, when he passes away, surely this
       | replay of memory might give him the last comfort?
       | 
       | Anyway, as a (not 100%) materialist, I feel uneasy when I think
       | about death. The older I am the more uneasy I feel. Of course
       | there is no way to cheat death, but I'm looking forward to
       | training myself to accept the inevitable before it is too late.
       | 
       | Or maybe there IS life after death, or certain kind of existence.
       | I'm also looking forward to that too.
        
       | Dylovell wrote:
       | Misread this as 'dyeing' and was very confused.
        
       | mdb31 wrote:
       | Via news.ycombinator.com: Actual title of the post is "A replay
       | of life: What happens in our brain when we die?" -- please
       | respect the submission rules...
       | 
       | Via reddit.com: How vile of the liberulz to mis-characterize
       | Trump's new social network like that -- please don't do that
       | here...
       | 
       | [Edit: and yes, downvoted within 2 minutes... How. Surprising]
        
       | ipnon wrote:
       | Something beautiful about the brain running "Beauty, Awe, and
       | Wonder" one last time before the final SIGTERM is sent. If there
       | is a Big Neuroscientist in the Sky, he clearly has some affection
       | for us.
        
       | richm31415 wrote:
       | We've known about this since 1983: https://youtu.be/mTYRH3xpt44
        
       ___________________________________________________________________
       (page generated 2022-02-22 23:01 UTC)