[HN Gopher] U.S. university reverses decision to remove Olympic ...
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       U.S. university reverses decision to remove Olympic protest posters
        
       Author : ilamont
       Score  : 112 points
       Date   : 2022-02-07 19:10 UTC (3 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (www.axios.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (www.axios.com)
        
       | duxup wrote:
       | There's a weird intersection of nationalism and personality where
       | folks behave as if they're almost one and the same. Any criticism
       | toward a nation's actions is a personal attack by default it
       | seems.
       | 
       | I've got strong feelings about China's leadership, it has almost
       | nothing to do with the locals.
        
         | chrischen wrote:
         | If the locals associate with China's leadership and you are
         | against China's leadership, then you are effectively against
         | the locals...
        
           | duxup wrote:
           | > associate with China's leadership
           | 
           | What does that mean?
        
             | Wiseacre wrote:
             | Actually deciding to become a member of the Chinese
             | communist party versus just being a Chinese citizen?
        
         | platinumrad wrote:
         | "It has almost nothing to do with the locals" so why was there
         | a poster depicting an ordinary athlete throwing a virus at the
         | viewer? Tell me what this accomplishes aside from associating
         | the pandemic (which is widely hated for obvious reasons) with a
         | random chinese person?
         | 
         | Funny how the downvotes keep on coming in but nobody is
         | shameless enough to defend it.
        
           | Freak_NL wrote:
           | Using the image of a person in a cartoon to represent a state
           | actor (especially when adorned with symbols strongly
           | associated with that state such as a Pickelhaube for Prussia,
           | or in this case simply a national flag) is one of the oldest
           | forms of political commentary. You can see it in the
           | political cartoons of most major newspapers.
        
             | bllguo wrote:
             | I read this as "western political cartoons have a proud
             | tradition of racist imagery," which is not a very
             | convincing rebuttal
        
             | platinumrad wrote:
             | 1. There is a huge difference between an athlete, who is an
             | ordinary citizen, and a soldier, who deploys violence on
             | behalf of the state.
             | 
             | 2. This isn't going to be popular, but a lot of anti-
             | Prussian propaganda was racist. (And if you're about to say
             | "ackshully, Prussian isn't a race" please consider that the
             | colloquial usage of "racism" encompasses a number of other
             | prejudices and those prejudices aren't suddenly excusable
             | because they aren't technically based on your definition of
             | "race.")
        
         | skeeter2020 wrote:
         | Exactly, but America's probably not a great market to sell this
         | sort of distinction.
        
           | asow92 wrote:
           | We still get called racist when we try to bring up this
           | distinction.
        
           | LAC-Tech wrote:
           | Really?
           | 
           | I don't think I've met a single american who seems happy with
           | their government, no matter which way they lean or which
           | colour tie the president has. But I've still met a lot of
           | proud Americans.
           | 
           | Which nation do you think this sort of distinction might be
           | better sold in?
        
             | actuator wrote:
             | I think they meant a US citizen wouldn't necessarily equate
             | criticism of USA's actions to criticism of US citizens.
             | Like their actions in Iraq or Vietnam. This might not be
             | true for majority of population of some nations.
        
               | LAC-Tech wrote:
               | OK perhaps I misread.
        
       | asow92 wrote:
       | Glad that they reversed this. The Chinese people are not the
       | Chinese government and all governments should be open to scrutiny
       | in a free society.
        
         | netsharc wrote:
         | Can't blame the CCP for trying, the same argument of racism has
         | worked really well against any criticism of the Israeli
         | state...
         | 
         | (I say with a heavy dose of cynicism)
        
           | riedel wrote:
           | I think both are truly believing that criticism is racially
           | motivated. Unfortunately, history actually tells us in both
           | cases they kind of have a point. I think we have to accept
           | the fundamental critism of our criticism until we have
           | actually proven we aren't racist.
        
             | asow92 wrote:
             | So we might be racist for calling out genocide and ethnic
             | cleansing?
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | Yes, I think it's pretty racist to depict a random
               | chinese athlete throwing a virus at the viewer.
        
               | asow92 wrote:
               | That's not what I asked.
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | The manner in which you call something out matters. If I
               | make a poster calling out terrorism and depict an arab
               | athlete throwing a bomb at the viewer then I think it
               | would be pretty counterproductive and, yes, racist.
        
               | asow92 wrote:
               | Hey, the virus did originate in Wuhan China and was
               | covered up initially by the CCP. That's just a fact.
               | Nothing racist about it.
               | 
               | Also, we didn't make these posters, but that shouldn't
               | detract from the actual genocide that's occurring today.
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | Hey, the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia and were given
               | a long leash by the Saudi government. That's just a fact.
               | Nothing racist about it.
               | 
               | Also, _I_ didn 't make the racist poster so I think it's
               | totally appropriate to leave it up. (Not sure where you
               | were going with this part...)
        
               | asow92 wrote:
               | I don't even understand what your point is anymore. This
               | poster is calling out the CCP and its policies; not
               | people of the Chinese race. If you can't see that then
               | I'm not sure what to tell you.
               | 
               | There is nothing racist about what you said in what you
               | somehow think is a counter point. The CCP are engaged in
               | human rights abuses and some of us think that we have a
               | moral obligation to call that out. What is your game
               | here?
        
               | riedel wrote:
               | One can be called racist and still be right. I don't say
               | we should stop calling out those things. But we maybe
               | cannot demand that other people still call us racists
               | over it. If criticism will have postive effects this way
               | is a whole different story.
        
       | MomoXenosaga wrote:
       | I don't give a flying fuck about sports so I don't care either
       | way. But did you know the alternative site for the Winter
       | Olympics was Kazakhstan? Yeah they dodged a bullet there-
       | literally.
       | 
       | Nobody in "polite countries" wants these events anymore. Norway
       | or Switzerland don't need more tourists and white elephants.
       | Organising the Olympics hasn't been worth it for a long time.
        
         | dqpb wrote:
         | > I don't give a flying fuck about sports
         | 
         | This has nothing to do with sports.
        
         | ramesh31 wrote:
         | >Organising the Olympics hasn't been worth it for a long time.
         | 
         | The games are great but the process is not. They need to moved
         | to a fixed site for both winter and summer. Then countries can
         | just take turns each year setting the theme, ceremonies,
         | decorations, etc. and handling the logistics of it.
        
           | inglor_cz wrote:
           | Just locate them in Greece permanently. At least the summer
           | ones. It is the birthplace of the very idea and the Greek
           | economy could profit from the visitors.
           | 
           | It would be cool to have Mt. Olympus literally on the horizon
           | when competing.
        
             | chrischen wrote:
             | Why would countries bid to help boost the economy of
             | Greece?
        
               | snovv_crash wrote:
               | Greece could claim copyright, in the same way that France
               | claims exclusivity on Champagne.
        
         | chrismcb wrote:
         | Paris 2024 Milan 2026 LA 2028 Vancouver bidding for 2030...
        
         | atlasunshrugged wrote:
         | Aren't the olympics going to be in Paris in 2024? I agree in
         | general that olympic events are often colossal boondoggles and
         | pure vanity projects wasting money that could go to citizens
         | but I'm not sure it's fair to characterize the olympics as
         | having no cache anymore (that said, viewership seems like it's
         | abysmal this year and in general in decline over years). Also,
         | never heard the categorization of "polite countries" before...
         | not really sure how to feel about that one; I haven't spent
         | much times in the Stans but have spent a lot of time in former
         | soviet bloc countries and many of the people there are much
         | more "polite" than W. EU/US.
        
           | dylan604 wrote:
           | >pure vanity projects wasting money that could go to citizens
           | 
           | would it though? seems like a different vanity project would
           | be found instead rather than what you would wish it be used.
           | if the people financially supporting these types of
           | boondoggles wanted to be doing citizens work, they would be
           | doing it already and not be no Olympics to support. also to
           | not be overlooked, some of these might be doing both already.
           | 
           | Edit: Whooboy, the grammar in this one ;-)
        
             | atlasunshrugged wrote:
             | Ha, indeed could vs. would is a great point and you are
             | probably correct that if a country is already willing not
             | to spend the money on citizens directly for non-vanity
             | projects, it's quite possible that even without the
             | olympics they would do the same with something else but
             | also without the olympics they don't get to use that veneer
             | of shiny international credibility and attention to get
             | internal stakeholder buy-in for the project which feels
             | like it probably makes some difference although how much
             | probably depends on the society in question.
        
         | favorited wrote:
         | > Nobody in "polite countries" wants these events anymore.
         | 
         | When the USOC and IOC selected Boston as the host of the 2024
         | Olympics, enough citizens of Boston opposed the selection that
         | they moved the games to Los Angeles.
        
           | areyousure wrote:
           | In case anyone is curious:
           | 
           | The 2024 Olympics will be held in Paris. The 2028 Olympics
           | will be held in Los Angeles. The USOC originally selected
           | Boston for its bid (for the 2028 Olympics) in 2015. The
           | selection was changed half a year later, _two years before_
           | the IOC selected the host.
        
         | ipsum2 wrote:
         | > Organising the Olympics hasn't been worth it for a long time
         | 
         | Isn't that the entire point to show off a country's wealth:
         | look how much money we can afford to waste, because we're so
         | well-off? That would explain why China has hosted Olympics
         | twice in the last few years.
        
           | MomoXenosaga wrote:
           | The question isn't "do I have money to waste on this" (every
           | Western country can find 30-50 billion if the need arises)
           | the question is "is this a wise investment".
           | 
           | That's what killed the Olympics for Amsterdam. If you can't
           | prove something is going to make money Dutch people aren't
           | going to do it. Investment implies a return or at least break
           | even.
        
             | labster wrote:
             | That is a very Dutch point of view, and because of these
             | values I'd guess the Netherlands will never host the
             | Olympics.
             | 
             | On the parent's point, it's not about a nation showing off
             | wealth, it's about showing off _might_. Wealth is one form
             | of might, but so is spreading your culture, showing your
             | ability to build colossal stadiums and public works, and of
             | course the superiority of your disciplined physiques
             | (imagine our athletes as soldiers!). Nation states exist
             | largely in interstate anarchy, and displaying a nation's
             | might through the Olympics can increase its power and
             | prestige in other international disputes.
        
       | csense wrote:
       | We need to recognize the price that will be paid by students and
       | administrators of this university who have family members in
       | China.
       | 
       | The Chinese government's standard _modus operandi_ in cases like
       | this is to make them an offer they can 't refuse: Commit suicide,
       | come to China to be jailed, or your family members will suffer in
       | your place [1].
       | 
       | China is an evil empire and standing up to them is important.
       | Bravo for this university for making the right decision.
       | 
       | I just hope the US media is willing to call China out, and US
       | politicians are willing to inflict painful consequences on China,
       | when those students' and administrators' families "disappear." Or
       | better yet, US intelligence manages to successfully bug one of
       | those family members before they get "disappeared", and get clear
       | video evidence of exactly what happens during such
       | "disappearances." (My personal guess is that it's a sick,
       | sadistic slow murder with lots of screaming and blood, followed
       | by secret burial in an unmarked shallow grave.)
       | 
       | [1] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/china-
       | christ...
        
       | xg15 wrote:
       | I mean, I can understand most of the posters, but why the
       | coronavirus one?
        
         | rthomas6 wrote:
         | Lab leak hypothesis?
        
           | xg15 wrote:
           | Wasn't that pretty much disproven? Or at least dismissed as
           | extremely unlikely by the majority of scientists.
        
             | rthomas6 wrote:
             | The latter is true, yes. But it could explain the poster.
        
               | xg15 wrote:
               | Ah, that makes sense indeed.
        
       | bigcat123 wrote:
        
       | guelo wrote:
       | Funny how "inciting ethnic hatred" is the same reason given by
       | repressive American governments for banning discussions of racial
       | issues in schools.
        
         | cdot2 wrote:
         | no one is banning discussions of racial issues
        
           | justin66 wrote:
           | This is literally a conflict that is happening in today's
           | news.
        
         | dillondoyle wrote:
         | I think american governments over stretches it.
         | 
         | but yeah I do think it's ironic and sad that the ultra
         | conservative school boards and q people who push that junk
         | simultaneously hate CCP for doing the same thing.
         | 
         | Though the aforementioned school board idiots probably don't
         | even understand (or if they do, gross) that they are in fact
         | perpetrating the same 'racism' they are standing up against.
        
           | hunterb123 wrote:
           | Critical race theory != discussion of racial issues
           | 
           | Noone banned discussing race, they banned a political marxist
           | agenda.
        
             | mrtranscendence wrote:
             | Critical race theory != a political marxist agenda and I'm
             | baffled that people think so. Banning it is just so much
             | "don't talk about what we or our ancestors ever did wrong"
             | babble.
        
               | dqpb wrote:
               | There is a very small number of people who actually know
               | what critical race theory is.
        
               | dshpala wrote:
               | And of course "ancestors" conveniently go only couple of
               | hundred years back?
        
               | bllguo wrote:
               | not sure what this is insinuating, but the US is only a
               | couple of hundred years old, so what exactly is so
               | unbelievable here
        
               | hunterb123 wrote:
               | Yes, it is repackaged Marxism, replacing class with race.
               | 
               | This article goes into the history of it:
               | https://www.newsweek.com/critical-race-theory-repackaged-
               | mar...
        
               | justin66 wrote:
               | That's an opinion piece by an egregiously stupid right-
               | wing commentator.
        
               | hunterb123 wrote:
               | Feel free to point out something they said that you want
               | to dispute.
               | 
               | What did they say that was inaccurate about the origin of
               | it?
               | 
               | Simply insulting the person is not a debate.
        
       | dahdum wrote:
       | One of these posters depicts a Chinese athlete curling a virus
       | towards the viewer.
       | 
       | How is that not a racist dog whistle?
        
         | Freak_NL wrote:
         | The anonymous athlete adorned with the Chinese flag represents
         | the Chinese state; this is a common visual cue in political
         | cartoons.
         | 
         | The artist could have used a less subtle design choice like a
         | panda in a tracksuit (similar to how the US can be represented
         | by Uncle Sam), but it would make the posters comical and it
         | would detract from the chosen art style and references to the
         | historic style of poster design these hint at as well as the
         | message behind the posters.
        
         | LAC-Tech wrote:
         | Can you tell me about your personal morality here?
         | 
         | I.E, are you against all caricatures whereby a 'segment of the
         | population' non-existent person was used, in which case you'd
         | be equally appalled at say a caricature of a trump supporter?
         | But you'd be OK of it was Xi Jinping throwing the virus?
        
           | dahdum wrote:
           | I'm appalled because it depicts the Chinese deliberately
           | hurling the virus towards us. Considering the context of the
           | other posters, widespread Covid conspiracy theories, and
           | asian hate crimes skyrocketing, do you see a more benign
           | message in that poster?
        
           | platinumrad wrote:
           | > I.E, are you against all cricatures whereby a 'segment of
           | the population' non-existent person was used, in which case
           | you'd be equally appalled at say a caricature of a trump
           | supporter?
           | 
           | Yes, I think it would be bigoted to depict a random rural
           | American putting a Mexican child into a cage. Is that what
           | you meant by "trump supporter"? Because athletes are also
           | just ordinary citizens unlike, for example, a border patrol
           | agent which is a representative of the state.
           | 
           | > But you'd be OK of it was Xi Jinping throwing the virus?
           | 
           | Yes, of course people in positions of great power are fair
           | game. Though I think it's a bit of a boring criticism
           | compared to something he's more directly responsible for.
        
             | LAC-Tech wrote:
             | Thanks, your objections make sense to me now, and seem
             | pretty consistent.
             | 
             | I'd argue Xi is pretty responsible for the Covid outbreak,
             | given the initial cover up (mirroring the SARS cover up -
             | ie it's long-running state policy).
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | I think that's a reasonable position, with Xi serving as
               | a stand-in for the selfish nature of the CCP bureaucracy
               | as a whole. I'm not a fan of the guy at all, but I don't
               | think he was responsible for local attempts to try to
               | hide the outbreak from, well, more-or-less him. If there
               | is anything suggesting that a coverup was also ordered on
               | the national level, with the intent to harm other
               | countries (or, more likely, without regard for the well-
               | being of other countries), then that would be really
               | interesting to me.
        
               | LAC-Tech wrote:
               | Yeah fair distinction, the CCP is a pretty huge
               | organisation and Xi is just one person. Though ultimately
               | as the leader he's the fairest target.
        
         | dqpb wrote:
         | China is a country, not a race.
        
           | platinumrad wrote:
           | And athletes are ordinary citizens and not representatives of
           | the state.
        
             | dqpb wrote:
             | Aside from the fact that they are literally wearing their
             | country's flag, I tend to agree with you.
        
           | dragonwriter wrote:
           | While etymologically derived from "race", the word "racist"
           | doesn't observe the artificial (and, actually, grounded in
           | race essentialism which is itself a racist ideology)
           | artificial distinction between target groups being labelled
           | as a "race" vs a "nationality" or "ethnicity", and applies
           | equally when the basis of bigotry labelled is on any of those
           | grounds.
        
         | platinumrad wrote:
         | Absolutely absurd for this to be buried.
        
       | yupper32 wrote:
       | We need to figure out how to educate people enough for them to be
       | able to separate the government from the people.
       | 
       | I don't know how, but it's a common theme in the US (and probably
       | elsewhere but I don't have as much context outside the US). From
       | Japanese internment, to 9/11, to COVID, to China and their [
       | _gestures vaguely_ ], we can't see to get it right.
        
         | crusher_joe wrote:
        
         | yumraj wrote:
         | > We need to figure out how to educate people enough for them
         | to be able to separate the government from the people.
         | 
         | One, and perhaps most effective, way would be for the Chinese
         | student groups to support these protests to show that they are
         | indeed distinct from the CCP government, instead of using _the
         | language of social justice to silence criticism of the Chinese
         | government 's human rights record_
        
           | alistairSH wrote:
           | But are these student groups distinct from the CCP? Reading
           | this and several other recent posts about Chinese student
           | groups, it appears some/many of them are very much pro-CCP.
           | Whether that's because those students are 100% indoctrinated
           | or simply scared of retaliation against family black home, I
           | do not know.
        
             | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
             | > Whether that's because those students are 100%
             | indoctrinated or simply scared of retaliation against
             | family black home, I do not know.
             | 
             | Most people in China have a fairly positive view of their
             | country, which is not surprising, given how massively life
             | has improved over the course of just one generation.
             | 
             | A lot of students go abroad, and then are shocked at the
             | sheer amount of hatred towards China and demonization of
             | the country. It's not that the students are brainwashed to
             | like China. It's just that they have an entirely different
             | perspective.
        
               | chrischen wrote:
               | This. Most foreigners (of China) have a one-sided view of
               | Chinese government, and they lack any imagination in
               | empathizing with Chinese citizens. You can easily
               | disenfranchise the voices of billions of actual Chinese
               | constituents by saying everything is _probably_ an astro
               | turfing campaign. It's not like American or foreign
               | interests actually care about the well being of Chinese
               | citizens. We (America and allies) didn't take a vote of
               | Iraqi citizens when deciding to liberate them, and not
               | only that I can probably guarantee you 0 fucks were given
               | for their livelihoods when making that decision. US
               | politicians and policies are actually obligated to serve
               | American constituents (as doing otherwise risks losing
               | re-election), so whenever foreign policy claims to be
               | anti--foreign-government for the benefit of foreign
               | constituents--that is all political bullshit.
               | 
               | But look at the facts. The communist party has driven
               | China to become a massive success economically and this
               | is an objective fact no one is arguing against. Do you
               | really think the Chinese people are aligned with Western
               | first world concerns when their pockets are lined so
               | thickly by the CCP over the last forty years? And if they
               | are indeed aligned with their government, then being anti
               | government is the same as being anti-Chinese
               | constituency. Describing it in any other way is just
               | manufactured-justification.
               | 
               | I'm not validating all the actions of the Chinese
               | government. In fact they are actually severely
               | bureaucratic, undeveloped, of course committing many
               | moral sins. But if I take a stance against China I'm not
               | deluding myself into believing I'm somehow the savior of
               | Chinese people from their own government. They know which
               | side they are on and what they are supporting.
        
             | atlasunshrugged wrote:
             | +1 here, my understanding is that many of these student
             | groups are actually just astro-turfing orgs to give a
             | veneer of credibility while being used by the CCP to spread
             | their message, keep tabs on students while abroad, and
             | spread influence.
        
             | temp8964 wrote:
             | Not just that. Chinese student associations work for the
             | communist party. They directly work under the Chinese
             | embassy. They are like foreign branches of the Chinese
             | government.
             | 
             | https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/07/chinas-long-arm-
             | reaches...
             | 
             | "But Southwest CSSA's ties to the consulate are far closer
             | than those of the individual groups at universities. Its
             | bylaws state that all presidential candidates must first
             | receive approval from the Chinese Consulate in Los Angeles
             | before the election can take place. Southwest CSSA
             | sometimes holds events inside the consulate itself."
        
           | platinumrad wrote:
           | Yeah just like how it was the responsibility of muslims to
           | prove that they're weren't one of the bad ones after 9/11
           | right?
        
             | yumraj wrote:
             | I'm not aware of any Muslim student groups in the US that
             | were _using the language of social justice_ to silence
             | criticism of the Taliban or Al-Qaida.
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | I'm not talking about silencing criticism. I'm talking
               | about this part: "One, and perhaps most effective, way
               | would be for the Chinese student groups to support these
               | protests to show that they are indeed distinct from the
               | CCP government"
               | 
               | I don't think they should be compelled to support
               | protests, especially not ones deploying racist imagery,
               | simply due to their nationality.
        
               | yumraj wrote:
               | What racist imagery was employed in those Olympic protest
               | posters? They were depicting factual imagery and were in
               | fact created by an Chinese Australian artist.
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | Factual imagery like a random athlete throwing a virus at
               | the viewer.
               | 
               | > and were in fact created by an Chinese Australian
               | artist.
               | 
               | This is gonna blow your mind, but I have seen an absurd
               | amount of racism from the Chinese diaspora. Things like
               | Taiwanese people calling Andrew Yang (who is himself
               | descended from people from Taiwan) a CCP agent for having
               | a completely milquetoast position on Taiwan for an
               | American politican.
        
               | CogitoCogito wrote:
               | > This is gonna blow your mind, but I have seen an absurd
               | amount of racism from the Chinese diaspora. Things like
               | Taiwanese people calling Andrew Yang (who is himself
               | descended from people from Taiwan) a CCP agent for having
               | a completely milquetoast position on Taiwan for an
               | American politican.
               | 
               | How is calling Andrew Yang a CCP agent racist? What does
               | it have to due with race at all?
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | The same accusation was not being levied against other
               | contenders in the Democratic Party primary, despite all
               | candidates having more or less the same position of
               | official ambiguity (and Taiwan not being a major issue at
               | all in the campaign.) Yang was being held to a different
               | standard due to his race.
        
               | CogitoCogito wrote:
               | Well Yang is being held to a different standard due to
               | his _Taiwanese_ background, so unless you're saying
               | Taiwanese is a race, I see this less as some general
               | racism and more as people feeling (rightly or wrongly)
               | that he is betraying his Taiwanese roots. This sounds
               | much more like nationalism than anything else.
        
         | atlasunshrugged wrote:
         | Is it really true right now though? I know tons of people who
         | feel very strongly about the actions of the CCP (I was just
         | talking to an author who wrote a book about the Uyghur
         | Genocide!) but almost universally they are angry at the
         | political/ruling classes. I don't think most people believe
         | that Chinese person = true believer. In my mind where it gets
         | tricky is in forced tech transfer and the like where the CCP
         | puts pressure on foreign workers and students to engage in
         | illegal or unethical actions because they have leverage on them
         | which is a classic cold war move but imo that shouldn't reflect
         | on the individuals being pressured but the system that does so.
        
           | yupper32 wrote:
           | The Uyghur Genocide is probably not feeling this phenomenon
           | too much, though I brought it up because that was one of the
           | original reasons for the take down in the article. I imagine
           | if you even know about the Uyghur Genocide you're probably
           | more informed than most and can separate the CCP from your
           | everyday citizen. But if the concerns are real and this turns
           | violent against Chinese students, then my comment stands
           | relevant.
           | 
           | The Covid + China example is very real, though.
        
             | atlasunshrugged wrote:
             | Ah interesting, I guess I don't know many people who care
             | about China issues but aren't informed enough to know about
             | what's happening with the Uyghurs, tech transfer, Confucius
             | Institutes, etc. To me it's still really odd just on the
             | face of it to take Covid and blame the average Chinese
             | person who have basically been locked in their homes at the
             | will of Xi (whether this is the right or wrong covid
             | mitigation strategy isn't my point here, rather that they
             | had no political recourse to change it as an individual)
             | and have nothing to do with deciding the research in labs,
             | national policy even via elections, or now whether they can
             | literally travel anywhere and potentially expose other
             | people. But I can see how that would be an easy meme to
             | spread especially with the lab leak theory gaining more
             | credence (although maybe that is for the best and it
             | becomes less focused on a culture that has wet markets and
             | all those photos which I actually do think caused some
             | anti-Chinese sentiment because they are somewhat shocking
             | if you're used to buying your meat in a grocery store).
        
               | yupper32 wrote:
               | I've seen the racism related to Covid + China first hand,
               | and hate anti-asian crimes locally for me are up a ton:
               | https://www.usnews.com/news/best-
               | states/california/articles/...
               | 
               | Granted, a shocking half of the 2021 victims were
               | apparently from one man. No idea how that happens.
               | Regardless, still up a bunch.
        
               | atlasunshrugged wrote:
               | I had seen some headline that many of the SF victims were
               | from one person but wow, 1/2! That is just terrifying.
               | But yes, the rate increase is definitely worrying, I hope
               | it falls back down soon given there seems to be much less
               | rhetoric from this admin blaming China directly (or at
               | least not in such crass terms).
        
             | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
             | You would be surprised by how much the average person in
             | China knows about the US government's accusations regarding
             | China and the Uyghurs. I would venture that most people in
             | China know considerably more about the situation than most
             | Americans. It begins even with just basic knowledge like:
             | 
             | * Where is Xinjiang?
             | 
             | * Can you name any famous Uyghur people?
             | 
             | * Have you been to Xinjiang?
             | 
             | * What is the origin of the conflict in Xinjiang?
        
       | atlasunshrugged wrote:
       | I'm glad that the decision was reversed. Sometimes speech is
       | hurtful to groups, hard to hear, and even disputed but still
       | important to share. I have strong feelings about the stifling of
       | free speech by the CCP at home and abroad but I will stop at
       | saying again that I am very glad the decision was changed and
       | hope that this marks a turning point in the kowtowing of
       | companies, universities, etc. to CCP demands on speech.
        
         | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
         | The cartoons were originally removed because they depict
         | Chinese athletes graphically murdering people.
         | 
         | Many people, myself included, view them as offensive, crass
         | propaganda that will just further irrational hate against
         | Chinese people.
         | 
         | Since Trump was elected, the US has descended into what I can
         | only describe as hysteria about China, which I think will be
         | viewed in the same way as the McCarthy era is viewed today. The
         | hysteria is fundamentally driven by deep insecurity about the
         | US losing its geopolitical preeminence, which it has enjoyed
         | since the end of WWII, and it is aided by a jingoistic media
         | that uncritically propagates nationalistic narratives.
         | 
         | The hysteria is not driven by anything China itself has
         | specifically done. China hasn't launched any wars in decades,
         | and has essentially just been focusing on its own economic
         | development. Inside China, the view that the American public
         | has of China is incomprehensible: living standards have been
         | getting steadily better, and most people are optimistic about
         | the future. But just the fact that China is growing is viewed
         | as a strategic threat in the US, and since Trump, Bannon et al.
         | came in and initiated a confrontational policy towards China,
         | US public opinion has taken a dramatic turn.
         | 
         | So I don't view this as an episode of the university
         | "kowtowing" to "CCP" demands. It's just another example of
         | grotesque propaganda, which caused a reaction on campus. The
         | university initially decided to take the propaganda down, but
         | now has been cowed by an opposite anti-Chinese reaction in the
         | media and on social media, so the propaganda will stay up.
         | Anyone who thinks the "CCP" controls dialogue in the US hasn't
         | been paying attention over the last 5 years - the anti-Chinese
         | messaging has been intense.
        
           | mrtranscendence wrote:
           | > The hysteria is not driven by anything China itself has
           | specifically done.
           | 
           | That doesn't seem to be true. Whatever _you_ think about the
           | truth of China 's treatment of Uighurs or Tibet, clearly
           | people have strong opinions about what china itself has
           | specifically done. And the government's behavior to its own
           | ostensibly unoppressed citizens seems to me to border on
           | dystopia; that again concerns things that China has or has
           | not done. It feels like a bit of facile stubbornness to claim
           | that no criticism of China is legitimate.
        
             | xg15 wrote:
             | Many of those issues (e.g. Tibet) have been known for
             | decades though. And yet up until the last few years,
             | western governments had no problems at all doing business
             | with China despite them. Only in the last few years did
             | those issues suddenly become dealbreakers. That's a bit
             | odd, at least.
        
               | actuator wrote:
               | It is not odd. There is definitely an economic reason and
               | global power aspirations side to it.
               | 
               | These are the same western countries otherwise which
               | overlooked a genocide in East Pakistan which is now
               | Bangladesh just because they needed a state for their
               | guerilla warfare against Soviets. When India went to stop
               | the genocide and fight for liberation of Bangladesh, it
               | was threatened with US naval might.
               | 
               | Morality is not why they are doing it but that doesn't
               | mean the moral side should not be supported.
               | 
               | The other reason being that CCP now has the economic
               | muscle to influence narrative which was reserved to just
               | West till now.
        
               | jahewson wrote:
               | They're not dealbreakers though, are they? That's why
               | these students are protesting - it's their own government
               | they want to act.
               | 
               | There were students complaining about Tibet when I was a
               | child, 30 years ago. Given the rise of the social justice
               | movement in the US and events in HK I don't see anything
               | odd about a resurgence of such concerns from the youth of
               | America. It's not like these students previously thought
               | it wasn't a problem - they weren't even born.
        
               | xg15 wrote:
               | Yes, the (progressive) youth was always protesting -
               | what's odd is that suddenly the government is taking
               | those protests at top priority when for the longest time,
               | they were mostly ignored.
               | 
               | While the issues are real, the timing seems very
               | convenient.
        
           | riedel wrote:
           | Let me state as a non-US citizen, which also watches some
           | developments in the US with bewilderment, that other parts of
           | the world also see the recent developments in China massively
           | critical. This is no hysteria but a bad awakening after years
           | of hope that the Chinese government shares at least some of
           | our most fundamental values. Yes China is only focusing on
           | itself (or what it has defined as itself), but this is
           | actually the worrying part.
        
             | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
             | I follow non-English media as well, and I have seen the
             | same sort of crude propaganda becoming increasingly
             | prevalent in the media of US-allied states. Many of the
             | cultural and political trends that begin in the US have a
             | way of spreading. This is particularly true of the China
             | narrative, because the US has pushed for its allies to go
             | along with a confrontational policy towards China.
             | 
             | > a bad awakening
             | 
             | I have not seen people becoming more informed about China.
             | Much the opposite: I have seen the rapid spread of a
             | bizarre image of China that has almost nothing to do with
             | the reality on the ground.
        
               | actuator wrote:
               | > have seen the rapid spread of a bizarre image of China
               | that has almost nothing to do with the reality on the
               | ground.
               | 
               | Even the western propoganda will come with its own
               | hyperbole.
               | 
               | But some things are clear cut, like creating artificial
               | islands and claiming rocks near other countries to claim
               | maritime territory like in South China Sea. There are
               | many more examples which are not helping CCP's case at
               | this point.
               | 
               | Criticism of what CCP is doing now is not criticism of
               | Chinese people. Taiwan is a state which is majorly
               | ethnically Han Chinese and it doesn't get the same
               | criticism even though its past is also not all happy.
        
               | friedturkey wrote:
               | It'd be nice if people actually focused on the artificial
               | island making or Taiwan's independence, but "activists"
               | (I'm not sure if that's even the proper word in this
               | instance) aren't really concerned about that and most
               | people don't even know about the former.
               | 
               | But an increasing number of people, especially Americans,
               | really think the Chinese government/police really are
               | just openly killing people in the streets with no
               | consequence (lol), they've enslaved the entirety of
               | Africa and stolen the land due to the debt of building a
               | few trains, and other bizarre stuff. Any time anyone is
               | like "I've been there and it's not that bad," people
               | scream that you're a shill and scream "WINNIE THE POOH"
               | as if that does anything. The level is discourse
               | involving the country is embarrassingly low, and when it
               | reaches that level, it does just two things: breeds
               | absolute hatred (hate crimes involving Asians are up) and
               | pushes people not buying into it the the opposite
               | direction of the propaganda.
        
               | vanusa wrote:
               | Would you say that widespread reports of mistreatment
               | (and worse) of the Uyghur population are "bizarre
               | imagery" with "almost nothing to do with the reality on
               | the ground"?
        
               | justin66 wrote:
               | > I have seen the rapid spread of a bizarre image of
               | China that has almost nothing to do with the reality on
               | the ground.
               | 
               | Are you denying that China has wrongfully imprisoned
               | hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs and begun to deny Hong
               | Kong the autonomy it is promised under the law? Just to
               | pick two of the posters' subject matter.
               | 
               | Perhaps you meant "bizarre image" in a purely aesthetic
               | sense. It does not seem like condemnation of what's
               | treated in the posters is even controversial outside
               | China. It's certainly not unique to the US.
        
               | bigcat123 wrote:
        
           | atlasunshrugged wrote:
           | Having seen the cartoons I don't think they're anything that
           | a college student doesn't seen 10 times a week on the shows
           | they're watching, I doubt anyone was seriously traumatized by
           | them.
           | 
           | Well, one thing you failed to mention that the CCP has done
           | that the posters do highlight is the genocide being
           | perpetrated on the Uyghur people which seems quite rational
           | for people across the world to be outraged by and want to put
           | pressure on the government to end such practices. Indeed
           | China hasn't launched any kinetic wars, how about trade wars
           | (e.g. WTO ruling against China RE Rare Earths which was used
           | to badger the Japanese over a border dispute), how about
           | intense economic pressure like what is happening with
           | Lithuania right now, how about rampant forced technology
           | transfer across the world.
           | 
           | Let's try to have an evenhanded debate here in good faith.
           | I'm happy to admit there are many things I think America has
           | done and is doing wrong, no country is perfect, but it
           | doesn't serve your cause to pretend that certain events have
           | never happened or to gaslight people.
        
             | platinumrad wrote:
             | It's pretty absurd to suggest that trade wars are even
             | remotely equivalent to kinetic wars.
        
               | atlasunshrugged wrote:
               | I was more responding to the claim that China has done
               | nothing but focus internally. That said, I disagree and
               | think that generally kinetic wars are over and that
               | economic warfare can be quite serious too. China was able
               | to lift hundreds of millions out of people out of poverty
               | because of trade, one of the greatest achievements in our
               | lifetimes to improve life. By that logic, the repression
               | of economic achievement should also be of significant
               | consequence if it drives people elsewhere into poverty.
        
               | platinumrad wrote:
               | Kinetic wars are over? I guess that event in Afghanistan
               | was a 20 year picnic then?
        
               | atlasunshrugged wrote:
               | Look at what a boondoggle it was! Not to mention, how
               | many people were actually paying attention for the last
               | 10 years other than politicians, the poor soldiers that
               | had to fight, the poor Afghanis stuck in the middle, and
               | the defense companies. Look at how many people are paying
               | attention now that the "excitement" of the withdrawal is
               | over and how many people are sick of "forever wars."
               | 
               | What western country has an appetite for any more kinetic
               | conflicts? I think this is why Crimea was such a shock to
               | people, because the seizing of territory just seemed so
               | odd in this day and age. Plus, why put people's lives on
               | the line in a war when you could hit their power grid
               | with a cyberattack you can pin on a non-state actor since
               | attribution is so hard or you can use the weight of your
               | economic activity to force other countries to do what you
               | want?
        
             | DiogenesKynikos wrote:
             | > the genocide being perpetrated on the Uyghur people
             | 
             | A "genocide" in which nobody is being killed.
             | 
             | The fact that anyone is even using the word "genocide"
             | regarding Xinjiang with a straight face is a perfect
             | example of how extreme the propaganda in the US has become
             | in the last 5 years.
             | 
             | It's also a perfect example of US media not doing its job
             | to hold the US government accountable when it makes absurd
             | claims (a la WMD in Iraq).
        
               | atlasunshrugged wrote:
               | This is just flat out disinformation.
               | 
               | UK Tribunal calls it a genocide:
               | https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-59595952
               | 
               | Forced Sterilization of Uyghur women:
               | https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-
               | response-...
               | 
               | Mass internment camps:
               | https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/exposed-
               | chi...
               | 
               | Survivor Testimony:
               | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/12/uighur-
               | xinjian...
               | 
               | Multiple governments pass motions declaring it to be
               | genocide or that the serious risk of genocide existed:
               | https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/us/politics/trump-
               | china-x...
               | 
               | Do I need to go on?
        
               | Freak_NL wrote:
               | You may wish to look up the definition of genocide.
               | 
               | Genocide is about extinguishing an ethnic, racial, or
               | religious group.
               | 
               | One way is to simply murder everyone that belongs to it.
               | It is effective, but hard to do without consequences.
               | 
               | Another, perhaps more insidious way is to prevent that
               | culture from propagating, thus destroying it in the long
               | run. Tools you can use are involuntary birth control,
               | displacement, and indoctrination. Which is what is
               | happening in Xinjiang.
               | 
               | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/09/uyghurs-
               | subjec...
        
               | muricula wrote:
               | The UN defines genocide as: (a) Killing members of the
               | group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to
               | members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the
               | group conditions of life calculated to bring about its
               | physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing
               | measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e)
               | Forcibly transferring children of the group to another
               | group.
               | 
               | Killing members of a group is not necessary for something
               | to be genocide. I realize the legal meaning of genocide
               | is different than how some people generally use the word,
               | but I don't think your objection holds up to scrutiny.
               | 
               | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atroci
               | ty-... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_Convention#
               | Definition...
        
           | micromacrofoot wrote:
           | The Chinese Government is actively committing genocide
           | against the Uyghur people. They literally have internment
           | camps, multiple governments have denounced this, there are
           | photos.
        
           | gojomo wrote:
           | They're expressive metaphorical cartoons from a critic of the
           | CPC regime. Everyone knows Chinese athletes themselves aren't
           | committing atrocities during the games.
           | 
           | On the other hand, an actual Chinese state official tweeted a
           | photorealistic fake image of an Australian soldier slitting
           | the throat of an Afghan child.
           | 
           | https://twitter.com/zlj517/status/1333214766806888448
           | 
           | Which is more graphic, & more likely to engender hate?
        
             | pphysch wrote:
             | How are these remotely similar? The Chinese comic is
             | symbolizing the _actual war crimes_ of _actual Australian
             | soldiers_ against _actual Afghan children_. For which no
             | one was held accountable IIRC.
             | 
             | Olympic athletes are not committing war crimes or violence
             | as suggested by the agitprop posters.
        
               | gojomo wrote:
               | You'd have to have a childlike naivete about figurative-
               | cartoon communication to believe those cartoons "suggest"
               | athletes, in their sportwear, are committing atrocities
               | in Olympic-event-like tableaus.
               | 
               | Perhaps living under a censorious regime creates such
               | gullibility, & obliviousness to metaphor & sarcasm?
        
           | rthomas6 wrote:
           | You know, I can't help but notice that 90+% of your comments
           | are pro-CCP talking points, such as the situation with
           | Uyghurs being exaggerated or false, the social credit system
           | largely being a myth, Lab origin of COVID-19 agreed by all
           | experts to be false, and others. I'm inclined to believe this
           | comment was made in bad faith.
        
             | friedturkey wrote:
             | It's probably because saying anything positive about
             | (forbidden country) gets you permanently labeled a CCP
             | drone.
             | 
             | May as well add "couldn't help but notice you say Chinese
             | people are just like people anywhere else. Curious."
        
       | jdrc wrote:
       | That title has too many negatives
        
       | vmception wrote:
       | Really glad to see organizations "with a platform" use their
       | platform to say "not my problem."
       | 
       | I can respect the _attempt_ that people have made to force
       | compliance where the law does not help, all of those current
       | attempts can be co-opted easily. I just watched people say it was
       | inclusive to remove someone from a position for a view expressed
       | outside of work beforehand that has never impacted their work,
       | when the opposite could equally be argued under the exact same
       | idea. You can basically morph any social justice idea from
       | Twitter Spaces and Instagram stories to serve your idea and I 'm
       | not sure people realize that yet, or if they are intentionally
       | doing it themselves.
       | 
       | For the record, I would also like to see a world where hatred was
       | not incited. People uncomfortable with an organization still have
       | the choice of disassociating from the organization, no matter how
       | much energy they put into enrollment or money they put into an
       | investment there. Thats what freedom of speech and association
       | means even in the philosophical private sector fan-rendition of
       | the first amendment.
        
       | dqpb wrote:
       | > which Chinese student groups had said "incited racial hatred
       | and ethnic tensions."
       | 
       | Really? Was it the "Chinese Race" that force sterilized young
       | Uyghur women? Was it the "Chinese Ethnicity" which tried to cover
       | up the Covid outbreak?
       | 
       | The irony of this line of propaganda is that they are weaponizing
       | the empathy of the dwindling population of Americans who are most
       | inclined to be allies of peace. That kind of clumsy manipulation
       | is going to bite back hard.
       | 
       | Unless of course the whole point is to further divide, polarize,
       | and destabilize. In which case - well done.
        
       | causi wrote:
       | _" Some Chinese students in the U.S. often don't realize that
       | it's possible to be both victim and oppressor at the same time,"_
       | 
       | Oppression is like domestic abuse: being the victim of it makes
       | you more likely to perpetrate it yourself, not less.
        
         | xg15 wrote:
         | Isn't this completely at odds with all the usual anti-racism
         | arguments?
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | pphysch wrote:
       | "I hate the government, not the people" means "I don't like those
       | foreigners ruling themselves", i.e. a colonial mentality.
       | 
       | People act like there's a Demon Portal in Zhongnanhai where CCP
       | Officials emerge from a different plane to subjugate the Real
       | Chinese People.
       | 
       | In reality, the government of China is made of... normal Chinese
       | people with leadership/bureaucracy skills. You can't "separate"
       | these two.
        
         | temp8964 wrote:
         | If what you said is true, the communist party doesn't need to
         | suppress free speech of the Chinese people.
        
           | pphysch wrote:
           | Call me an authoritarian, but I think it is okay to suppress
           | "free speech" like "let's gather at this location on 9/11 to
           | learn methods used by $VIOLENT_TERRORIST_GROUP" or "kill all
           | $ETHNIC_GROUP".
           | 
           | At least, I am not aware of a single government that allows
           | such speech. Are you?
        
             | tick_tock_tick wrote:
             | The US allows both of them......
        
               | pphysch wrote:
               | In theory, yes. In practice, no.
               | 
               | Push too far and your "free speech" gets reclassified as
               | something illegal.
               | 
               | See: Jan 6 dissidents, Julian Assange, Aaron Swartz, et
               | al.
        
               | lalaland1125 wrote:
               | The January 6 people didn't get in trouble for speech.
               | They disrupted the legislature during the middle of a
               | vital transfer of power process.
        
             | chrisco255 wrote:
             | The former is allowed as stated (learning is not
             | prohibited, so long as it's not involving active violence)
             | in the U.S., the latter is not as it involves a physical
             | and imminent threat.
             | 
             | But that's not an act of speech, that's an act of violence.
             | 
             | Anyways, sure, you will find exceptions to any rule if you
             | look hard enough or strain the definition hard enough. Not
             | really particularly interesting though.
        
             | hunterb123 wrote:
             | I disagree with your premise, but that's not his point.
             | 
             | His point was if it was the people's will, you wouldn't
             | need authoritarianism.
        
               | pphysch wrote:
               | If you presume that hundreds of millions of people have a
               | monolithic "will" i.e. they agree on pretty much every
               | policy decision:
               | 
               | 1) you might not need government at all
               | 
               | and
               | 
               | 2) you are living in a fantasy world
        
               | hunterb123 wrote:
               | What percentage of people do you think are oppressed,
               | censored, and forced then?
               | 
               | The choices of the CCP are their choices by your own
               | admission it can't be all the people.
               | 
               | The people defending the CCP are either:
               | 
               | 1) delusional
               | 
               | 2) 50 cent shills
        
         | Archio wrote:
         | You absolutely can separate the two, and it has nothing to do
         | with colonialism. The reason you can is because in a society
         | where freedom of expression is curtailed, there is (and always
         | will be) a difference between what an authoritarian government
         | declares and the opinions of its people, even if many people
         | agree with the authoritarian government. Only the people that
         | agree will reasonably feel comfortable expressing their
         | opinions.
         | 
         | Where does the idea that "criticism of a government is
         | criticism of its people because a government is made up of its
         | people" logically follow? Is criticism of the American
         | government (which I do regularly) criticism of my own American
         | people? What about North Korea?
        
           | pphysch wrote:
           | > The reason you can is because in a society where freedom of
           | expression is curtailed, there is (and always will be) a
           | difference between what an authoritarian government declares
           | and the opinions of its people, even if many people agree
           | with the authoritarian government.
           | 
           | This is very abstract. Can you give a real world example of
           | what you mean? What country should China closer resemble in
           | your ideal world?
        
             | Archio wrote:
             | This is the thing. I'm not claiming to have an "ideal"
             | version of China, or claiming that I have an understanding
             | of what all Chinese people "really want". It's a country
             | with over a billion people, within which I'm sure there is
             | a vast spectrum of opinions.
             | 
             | I would agree you if you argue it would be condescending to
             | claim for any given issue that while the CCP argues X,
             | people in China disagree and want Y. However, I think it's
             | equally as condescending to claim that the opinions,
             | behaviors, and ideologies of the CCP are fully condoned and
             | endorsed by all of the Chinese people (and THEREFORE,
             | criticism of one is criticism of the other). Conflating a
             | government and its people in this way is specious for _any
             | country_ , but especially problematic for those where
             | public criticism of government is unequivocally risky.
        
               | pphysch wrote:
               | > However, I think it's equally as condescending to claim
               | that the opinions, behaviors, and ideologies of the CCP
               | are fully condoned and endorsed by all of the Chinese
               | people
               | 
               | You can empirically test this. Harvard University did,
               | and found that upwards of 90% of the Chinese people
               | support their government. And why wouldn't they? QoL has
               | skyrocketed for hundreds of millions of Chinese over the
               | last 40 years.
        
           | bllguo wrote:
           | > Is criticism of the American government (which I do
           | regularly) criticism of my own American people?
           | 
           | of course? how does this _not_ logically follow? if you're
           | going to extol the virtues of being able to select your own
           | leaders you damn well ought to feel responsible for
           | inflicting bad leaders on the world. you literally mentioned
           | this yourself. civilians of authoritarian countries have far
           | more claim to a pass than Americans.
        
         | [deleted]
        
         | thescriptkiddie wrote:
         | It's very sad that this perfectly reasonable comment is getting
         | downvoted.
        
           | mrtranscendence wrote:
           | So I'm literally unable to criticize any government with
           | legitimate power besides my own, otherwise I'm engaging in
           | colonialism? Am I allowed to have opinions at all, or is this
           | just about expressing them? Does that extend to every country
           | or just the ones you care about?
        
         | mrtranscendence wrote:
         | > You can't "separate" these two.
         | 
         | What does that even mean? The Ohio State Penitentiary is made
         | up of... normal American people. You can't "separate" these
         | two. So I guess I shouldn't criticize murderers either, lest I
         | criticize all US citizens!
         | 
         | (If you respond that murderers aren't normal citizens, then
         | you're at least partway to understanding why it's possible to
         | "separate" the Chinese government from its citizens.)
        
           | pphysch wrote:
           | If we bring your analogy all the way, we must assume that the
           | majority of Chinese people secretly want imprisoned murderers
           | freed, rather than supporting their incarceration.
           | 
           | If imprisoned murderers are like empowered politicians, then
           | toppling the government is like freeing the murderers. A
           | revolution of the status quo.
           | 
           | That's an obviously ridiculous claim to make; Chinese people
           | do not want the dangerous murderers freed.
        
       | t0bia_s wrote:
       | I also created few propagandist poster focused on media
       | manipulation and I can say those poster are inspiring and very
       | well made. Good job, thanks for sharing.
        
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       (page generated 2022-02-07 23:02 UTC)