[HN Gopher] Ask HN: Who has changed careers from engineer to pat...
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       Ask HN: Who has changed careers from engineer to patent
       agent/lawyer?
        
       I have the chance to move from my engineering career (full-stack
       robotics, software engineering, cloud background) to assist a law
       firm as a patent agent in my respective fields. Has anyone made
       this transition who can offer some input on how that transition
       played out and what they learned?
        
       Author : cybernoodles
       Score  : 86 points
       Date   : 2022-01-24 14:36 UTC (8 hours ago)
        
       | travisgriggs wrote:
       | My office mate and good friend of many years is a patent agent.
       | He was/is industrial/electronic/radio but then pursued patent
       | agent 100% for a while.
       | 
       | Ultimately he came back to tech, but acts as a sort of front line
       | patent agent for our company as well.
       | 
       | We have many discussions about the inanity of the whole system.
       | I'm an idealist, he's more of a realist about it. It exists. If
       | nothing else, we participate from a defensive posture.
       | 
       | He has shared that he kind of likes the game of patents. You have
       | an idea, which you then have to represent/express/model in a
       | language that looks like English but isn't exactly that has its
       | own set of rules and idioms. Or in short, it can be seen a lot
       | like the software we write. While he likes it as a sort of
       | variety, he seems to like it about 20%, and when the workload
       | goes above that much commitment, the complaining starts and the
       | desire to get back to "the real work we do" begins to be
       | expressed.
       | 
       | When I have asked him why he doesn't do more of it, he has shared
       | the same observation others have shared here: Agent is a great
       | skill to have to broaden your value, attorney is what you want to
       | do if you want to earn lots of money at it.
       | 
       | On that note, we both observe that the foundation of lawyering is
       | to be in contention with someone, and generally speaking the less
       | contention among people, the better. Someone's gotta do it
       | apparently, but it's not a sphere of happiness.
        
         | james_in_the_uk wrote:
         | Insightful post. I like the way you describe the intellectual
         | attraction of prosecuting patents. I am not sure I understand
         | your point about disputes being the foundation of lawyering but
         | not patent law specifically. Patent litigation is rife, more so
         | than in some adjacent fields (contract, privacy etc.) Most
         | areas of law have both non-contentious and contentious aspects.
        
       | southbalkan wrote:
       | I went from electrical engineering (logic design and then
       | aerospace) and went to law school (night school) specifically for
       | patent law. I now have 14 years as a patent attorney writing
       | patents. It is definitely a change of pace from designing
       | circuits to a largely technical writing career.
       | 
       | However, (with a small "boutique" firm) the hours are more
       | flexible, the work is rewarding due to always learning new
       | technology at the bleeding edge, and you get to interact with
       | engineers/developers in the industry. Having a strong
       | engineering/science background helps you in getting up to speed
       | on new technology quickly, and having a strong writing background
       | is a required skillset (but that can be developed over time). As
       | with many careers, having good mentor(s) does make a difference.
       | The "lawyer" part is definitely present, but more in the
       | background for drafting/obtaining patents (referred to as
       | "prosecution") vs. litigation work. For prosecution, "the law" is
       | more about learning a set of "operating rules" and applying those
       | rules to your daily work to both comply with the requirements and
       | to anticipate litigation issues in the future. Patent work can
       | also encompass licensing, employment agreements, trademarks,
       | portfolio strategy, competitor analysis - all of which vary from
       | firm to firm on how deeply that sort of work crops up. For
       | litigation, you are definitely more involved in traditional
       | attorney work, sometimes courtroom work/sometimes behind the
       | scenes.
       | 
       | To become a patent agent, passing the Patent Bar Exam is
       | required, and takes a bit of studying - it is not trivial and
       | largely learning a set of rules/procedures to practice in the
       | field. Of course, adding the "attorney" title requires yet
       | another more comprehensive Bar Exam (state-by-state) and most
       | states also require attending a law school prior.
        
         | cybernoodles wrote:
         | What are your thoughts about the "two tier system" others are
         | mentioning? I haven't heard of that before, but it seems like
         | doing prosecution is not desirable? Some law firms offer to pay
         | for your law school, so it doesn't seem bad doing prosecution
         | while you attend law school, but I have no idea. The
         | opportunity I was proposed is in patent prosecution, but it
         | seems people transition into something else quite frequently.
        
           | southbalkan wrote:
           | If by two-tier, you refer to the prosecution (i.e. drafting)
           | vs. litigation (i.e. lawsuit) tiers, there is a clear
           | separation in the industry. I do prosecution exclusively, and
           | can't answer if it is inherently desirable (inasmuch as any
           | career path is desirable), but I don't find litigation
           | appealing. On the litigation side of the world, you might
           | find a faster-paced, higher-stressed, higher-compensated
           | environment which has more significant deadlines and "stakes"
           | especially when involved in court proceedings. However, I
           | would also imagine that a more flexible career path is tied
           | to such work since litigation can translate broadly to other
           | lawyerly endeavors vs. the more specialized prosecution.
           | 
           | But, to stress again, the work is inherently different on
           | prosecution vs. litigation. Prosecution also has its work
           | deadlines, but these can be managed more flexibly in
           | practice. Prosecution is a joy for someone like me who
           | prefers to largely work independently (once you learn your
           | craft sufficiently), attempt a good work-life balance, learn
           | new tech every day, apply that knowledge to writing about it
           | in a very specialized manner, compartmentalize tasks (each
           | patent can have its own mental silo), and still do some
           | limited "lawyerly" work dealing with examiners at patent
           | office to attempt to get patents allowed in light of the
           | prior art. Plus, depending on the firm and your ambition, you
           | can branch into anything - litigation, licensing, contracts,
           | etc.
           | 
           | I should note that you don't need to pass the patent bar exam
           | to do litigation, but you would eventually need that for
           | prosecution (agent, attorney). So some say that it can be
           | harder to switch from litigation to prosecution because of
           | that barrier.
        
         | Ensorceled wrote:
         | I think it really depends on which part of the industry you are
         | working on, the stuff you describe matches my experience as an
         | "inventor". I think there are two patent industries now:
         | 
         | One is writing patents for new, novel, and interesting things
         | and doing all the other things you describe.
         | 
         | The other is churning out crappy patents as quickly as possible
         | and flooding the patent office with whatever will stick.
        
           | southbalkan wrote:
           | I wouldn't disagree with that characterization... Gladly, I
           | am in the first camp (I hope).
        
             | Ensorceled wrote:
             | I think of it as the difference between "what do we need
             | patent to protect our IP" and "ok, what else can we
             | patent?!?"
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | paxys wrote:
       | Interestingly I know a lot of people who have done the opposite -
       | corporate law/IP law/patent law to software engineering.
        
       | codingdave wrote:
       | I started to - I went to law school with the intent of switching,
       | and ultimately cut that short to go back to tech. I just didn't
       | enjoy working with attorneys. I'm sure some people do, so my
       | rejection of that industry should be taken with a grain of
       | salt... but I'd take time to get to know who your professional
       | community would be before committing to such a change.
        
         | kerneloftruth wrote:
         | Wise choice. I've known attorneys professionally and have some
         | in my extended family. I've never met a truly happy attorney
         | yet.
        
           | edge17 wrote:
           | I have but they're also professors and they teach so I'm
           | guessing that changes the dynamic a lot.
        
           | rayiner wrote:
           | I'm a truly happy attorney! So is my wife. But it's a client
           | service job. I think a lot of Americans suffer from delusions
           | of grandeur, especially more highly educated ones, and the
           | reality of being a cog in the machine really bursts their
           | bubble. I think of myself more like a very skilled tradesman.
           | People need legal representation, just like they need
           | electricians. My trade is intellectually stimulating and
           | highly remunerative, so why shouldn't I be happy?
        
         | openknot wrote:
         | I'm curious. What was your experience working with attorneys? I
         | heard an anecdote from a law student that the classmates were
         | highly competitive about grades. Less anecdotally, there was a
         | recent Financial Times article about corporate lawyers at one
         | firm billing ~100 hours each week, and others sleeping only ~5
         | hours a night. It also reported a more accurate measurement
         | from a survey:
         | 
         | "That level of exhaustion is taking a toll. In a survey of over
         | 1,700 lawyers published in September, LawCare -- a mental
         | health charity in the sector -- found almost 70 per cent had
         | experienced ill health, either clinically or self-diagnosed, in
         | the 12 months to January 2021, including depression and
         | anxiety. According to the study, those aged between 26 and 35
         | were displaying the highest burnout scores -- in part because
         | of a lack of autonomy over their working lives. A fifth of
         | respondents said they felt unable to cope." [0]
         | 
         | I'm guessing that law attracts competitive personalities who
         | are willing to work long hours to make money, and that prospect
         | might cause many lawyers to be high-strung.
         | 
         | [0] Paywalled, but the most relevant bit is quoted:
         | https://www.ft.com/content/f4006248-eb05-49d2-a938-d70118c4c...
        
           | Spooky23 wrote:
           | It's like anything else, people get into law and chase money
           | without thinking about what they are getting into and why the
           | pay is so high. Don't feel sorry for them, a bunch of type-a
           | types killing each other for sport is by it's nature a
           | stressful endeavor.
           | 
           | Even in public sector, the mental toll of dealing with
           | criminal prosecution and defense is high. Alcoholism is
           | rampant, all sorts of personal acting out / implosions are
           | frequent. (High-flyer prosecutors and corp counsel people in
           | local government are looking for money indirectly through
           | political aspirations or access.)
           | 
           | It's the price of admission to working your way into a more
           | elite strata of society. It's much harder than the old
           | fashioned way.
           | 
           | People who find a less lucrative, but sustainable, niche are
           | like any other professional.
        
           | gyulai wrote:
           | Though: Software Engineering is not doing all that well on
           | the mental health front either, as far as professions go. See
           | [1] which I found kind of shocking, though I don't know what
           | those numbers look like for other professions or in the
           | general population.
           | 
           | [1] https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021#section-
           | demog...
        
             | Ensorceled wrote:
             | Software Engineering is an appealing profession for people
             | with several of the issues on this list (in particular:
             | social anxiety, ADHD, spectrum disorders) so this is not
             | surprising.
             | 
             | You are mixing up cause and effect; working as a developer
             | is not causing ADHD, bi-polar disorder or spectrum
             | disorders.
        
               | gyulai wrote:
               | Good point.
        
       | ilaksh wrote:
       | Why would anyone admit something like that in public?
        
         | smegsicle wrote:
         | yeah all my friends who are patent lawyers would be horrified
         | if anyone thought that they had previously been engineers
        
       | geoffcline wrote:
       | Worked as patent agent. Back in tech AMA.
       | 
       | + extremely independent + lots of reading about different
       | subjects + less time working on tooling or "chores" + admin to
       | manage your calendar - much higher productivity expectations than
       | tech - high intensity - varied knowledge of attorneys
        
         | openknot wrote:
         | How useful, and how common, would a PhD in life sciences
         | (biology/biochemistry/genetics/etc.) to become a patent agent?
         | I anecdotally heard and read of a few people who struggled to
         | find industry work with that degree, and were then recommended
         | to try and become patent agents/attorneys as the PhD should
         | allegedly give them an advantage in work applications.
        
           | richardfontana wrote:
           | From what I observed back when I was working at IP-specialty
           | firms, it's pretty common and a credential that would be
           | sought after. I think in the life sciences area, if you
           | wanted to get into patent agent work and _didn 't_ have a PhD
           | it might be difficult to get a position. By contrast, in
           | other technical fields having a PhD is relatively uncommon
           | among patent agents. I don't know to what degree my highly
           | negative view of patent prosecution work carries over to the
           | life sciences area, although I believe the "two class system"
           | exists there as well.
        
           | pomian wrote:
           | Know someone with PhD in chemistry that went into to law,
           | then onto patent law. It seemed a long road. Then it took
           | awhile to become accepted. However, here we are 15-20 years
           | later, and they work as much as want to work. Interesting, is
           | that they are registered (holds bar?) In a few States and
           | countries.
        
         | cybernoodles wrote:
         | Could you elaborate on the much higher productivity
         | expectations? Also, which part of it was high intensity?
        
       | dmoy wrote:
       | For the lawyer side:
       | 
       | My dad did a transition from Mech E to patent lawyer, but super
       | early in his career. Basically to the point where he didn't work
       | much professionally as a mechanical engineer. My understanding is
       | it's very different, but he _really_ likes patent law. It
       | requires a much greater interest in digging through legal
       | history, and an even greater emphasis on writing than engineering
       | does.
       | 
       | From my perspective (working as an engineer, growing up hearing
       | everything about patent law):
       | 
       | If you like the building stuff part, stick with engineering.
       | 
       | If you like the debugging / analysis / almost-audit-like side of
       | tech, and aren't scared by a giant reel of red tape (and as
       | mentioned before like history digging and writing), then maybe
       | patent law would be for you.
       | 
       | If you get good enough, you may be able to affect changes in the
       | red tape even.
       | 
       | I can't really say much about the patent agent side.
        
       | gumby wrote:
       | When was in the pharma field I worked with a patent agent who had
       | an M.D. and a PhD. She was outstanding -- really made a huge
       | difference to the quality of our patents. She worked for one of
       | the major law firms.
       | 
       | However I can confirm what others have written: she was at the
       | bottom of the hierarchy. They treated her as if she were a
       | paralegal.
       | 
       | This wasn't about _her_ specifically -- we had a bunch of
       | partners and associates working on our thicket of IP over the
       | years: men and women from all sorts of national and social
       | backgrounds. Despite her extensive education they considered her
       | skills as simply mechanical.
       | 
       | PS: they charged as much for her time as a junior associate. I
       | doubt she got paid as much though.
        
       | formvoltron wrote:
       | literally nobody.
        
       | D13Fd wrote:
       | I agree with the others who say that being a patent agent is kind
       | of a dead end job unless you want to go be an attorney.
       | 
       | Even patent attorneys who do prosecution, however, are in for
       | kind of a grind. Again as others mentioned, it's often either
       | fixed-fee or low-billable-rate work, and the client often won't
       | know the difference between a really great patent and a mediocre
       | one.
       | 
       | To me the real fun is in patent litigation, where you sue or
       | defend lawsuits in federal court. That is where the rubber hits
       | the road and patents are really tested. To get a job there, you
       | mainly need a law degree from a good or great school and
       | excellent grades, although a tech background (or a background as
       | a patent agent) can help.
        
       | chmod775 wrote:
       | As far as made-up "bullshit jobs" go in this society, patent
       | lawyers are likely well-positioned on the compensation scale, but
       | if you enjoy actually building something and having some fruit of
       | your labor to show at the end of the day, it might not be a good
       | place for an engineer.
       | 
       | You'll be "solving" a problem that is the result of a completely
       | artificial and particularly badly designed system. Such jobs can
       | get to you as you curse the stupidity of the people who came up
       | with and run that system daily.
       | 
       | That said - as long as nothing changes - someone has to do the
       | job.
        
         | JTbane wrote:
         | I don't think I could personally make it as a lawyer in any
         | capacity; from those I have talked to in the legal profession
         | it seems like 100% pushing papers around.
         | 
         | Also, I don't agree with patents in a political sense.
        
           | D13Fd wrote:
           | It's not mindless "pushing papers around" -- that job is done
           | by paralegals and administrative assistants.
           | 
           | But 50-100% of most attorneys' time is spent either "reading
           | things," "researching things," or "writing things," if that
           | is what you mean. That is the bread and butter of legal work
           | these days, whether it's writing briefs, e-mails, letters or
           | something else, and reading legal opinions, research
           | materials, discovery, etc.
           | 
           | Basically most of your job as a patent litigator is to read
           | things and occasionally depose people, then research things,
           | then write things (not always in that order). The remainder
           | of time is mostly spent on client communications and
           | marketing.
           | 
           | Occasionally you may make it to trial or a mock trial, where
           | you spend a lot more time on your feet and speaking (or
           | sitting and listening while someone else speaks), but still
           | generally around 25-50%+ of your trial time is spent reading
           | and writing.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | josephmosby wrote:
       | I've got a friend who made the transition.
       | 
       | Ultimately, he went to law school because he didn't feel there
       | was career growth as just a patent agent... you've got to be a
       | full-on attorney if you want growth in that marketplace.
       | 
       | I'm recalling a little bit of his rationale, but it seems that if
       | you're curious about the law, it's a decent way to get exposure
       | without the total commitment of law school, and you get paid
       | while you're learning. But don't think of it as a "career
       | transition" unless you're going totally into the law, it's more
       | like an experiment to see if that's a direction you'd want to
       | take. You'd still have to go to law school and pass the bar if
       | you want to make a career out of it.
       | 
       | (advice is U.S.-based)
        
         | busterarm wrote:
         | I would agree that the real money is always in being a lawyer.
         | 
         | Also if you have web development & SEO skills, legal marketing
         | is stupidly lucrative and you need to be a lawyer to actually
         | take advantage of co-counsel fees. You could advertise personal
         | injury on the side and outsource your case qualifying to a few
         | big firms and just collect money by selling leads.
         | 
         | (I worked at a law firm doing exactly this for 3 years)
        
           | alexpotato wrote:
           | Any sources you recommend for learning more about legal
           | marketing?
           | 
           | I remember reading about Cellino and Barnes and their use of
           | TV ads and found that fascinating so would be interesting to
           | learn more about the current state of affairs.
        
             | busterarm wrote:
             | I don't really know that there's much written about it.
             | Lawyers tend to keep business models close to their chest
             | and it was very much a learn by doing kind of thing.
             | 
             | When I took the job there was certainly a period of "mind
             | blown" while I learned more and more about the industry but
             | I had the perfect position to learn the industry.
             | 
             | For online advertising, all of the core skills about
             | keyword bidding and targeting apply. Terrestrial marketing
             | is vastly more effective in the legal space though and
             | while more expensive (TV), billboard and radio/podcast
             | pricing has come down significantly.
             | 
             | Really it's all about coming up with your own effective
             | price model and making sure you can measure the
             | effectiveness of your campaigns. Most law firms are vastly
             | overspending compared to what they actually need to but
             | they're spending in places that bring in so much money that
             | they can literally throw money away at this. If you're data
             | driven you can make a fortune here and there's tons of
             | existing firms (and a small but growing group of marketing
             | consultancies) to partner with if needed.
             | 
             | Having technical skills and a JD will make people want to
             | work/partner with you.
        
       | fatnoah wrote:
       | I came very close do doing this in the early 2000's. Though my
       | degree was in Electrical Engineering, my professional career has
       | been all software. (Full disclosure: I was actually a double
       | major, but was a semester shy of finishing CS and finishing EE
       | meant I had to graduate).
       | 
       | As others have noted, your degree will determine whether you can
       | actually sit for the patent bar and be a registered patent agent.
       | Certain degrees or showing equivalent level of training are
       | required.
       | 
       | geofcline's comment covers the high level differences (+
       | extremely independent + lots of reading about different subjects
       | + less time working on tooling or "chores" + admin to manage your
       | calendar - much higher productivity expectations than tech - high
       | intensity - varied knowledge of attorneys) so I'm going to talk
       | about the part of the process I know about.
       | 
       | When I applied to college, I couldn't decide between Engineering
       | and Law. I ended up going with Engineering, but 5 years into my
       | career it was time to change jobs, so I figured I might as well
       | try the law route. The path I chose was to become a Technology
       | Specialist (or similarly worded role) at a big law firm.
       | 
       | A Technology Specialist was someone with an Engineering degrees
       | who helped the actual patent attorneys evaluate and draft
       | patents. The law firm would pay a salary (only about 5% than my
       | Engineering salary at the time) and would both pay for law school
       | and guarantee you a job after school. At the time, starting
       | attorney salary was about 50% more than my current salary, so
       | that was quite a deal.
       | 
       | I sent out 5 resumes, got 3 interviews, and one job offer. I
       | joined a firm and was one of about 25 Technology Specialists.
       | Here's where it got interesting. I was very unique in that I had
       | a) actual experience b) a degree that wasn't biology or chemistry
       | and c) the only one with _only_ a master's degree. Every other
       | "tech spec" was a PhD that noped out of post-doc life of long
       | hours and low pay for long hours and high pay. I later found out
       | that CS/EE types were a harder sell because they typically had to
       | take a pay cut to join.
       | 
       | While I saw some cool and innovative tech, and got to meet some
       | names that anyone in tech at the time would know, I saw just as
       | much bogus business process and software patent work. I had a
       | beautiful office with city views and an amazing secretary (patent
       | secretary itself is a skilled, well-paying role), and billed out
       | at $250/hour. The job itself was fairly boring, though. I worked
       | mostly by myself and was creating nothing. After a year I went
       | back to tech and joined a startup.
       | 
       | FWIW, the life of an attorney doing patent prosecution seemed
       | much more chill than those doing litigation. I think part of the
       | reason is that there are only so many people with advanced
       | engineering degrees required to be understand and write patents
       | who also want to be lawyers. For myself, I showed up at 7am to
       | take a couple hours to study for the LSAT, and I generally stayed
       | until 5:30pm to take advantage of free dinner in the cafeteria.
       | The office (and this was early 2000's, so not a ton of WFH tech)
       | was generally empty before 9 and after 6.
        
       | sbilstein wrote:
       | a friend of mine went from working in oil extraction field
       | engineering to being a patent agent. he does a lot of reviewing
       | applications, finding prior art, and analysis of the inventions.
       | 
       | it's interesting to him since he is always coming across curious
       | inventions and applications but otherwise it seems like a pretty
       | dead end career. he is particularly unambitious so i think the
       | lack of pressure other than "review this stuff" is pretty nice
       | for him.
       | 
       | I wouldn't trade being a builder to be a paper pusher.
        
       | richardfontana wrote:
       | FWIW: IAAL and I also have a CS educational background but never
       | really worked as an engineer outside of academia. I spent a few
       | years in the middle of my legal career working primarily on
       | patent prosecution, which is the work also done by patent agents.
       | 
       | I would personally not recommend patent prosecution to any lawyer
       | or aspiring lawyer. Patent prosecutors hold a second class status
       | within the legal profession, something I only realized when I
       | started working in that area. The work is inherently challenging
       | (in a bad way) in a typical law firm context resulting largely
       | from the fact that it is generally fixed-fee work (with those
       | fees generally having been driven down over a long period of
       | time) in a context where lawyers have nominal billable hour
       | expectations. You are under pressure to churn out patent
       | applications in a relatively short period of time. I believe this
       | is one of the main reasons for problems in patent quality seen
       | particularly in the software space over the past two decades. The
       | work itself is highly non-intellectual in nature.
       | 
       | Maybe the considerations are different for a patent agent who
       | doesn't intend to go to law school. Some firms will pay for
       | patent agents to go to law school part time which could be
       | beneficial if the patent agent were to graduate and go into some
       | other specialty (but I suspect that hardly ever happens).
       | 
       | Edit to add a related point: For anyone with a scientific or
       | engineering background who goes to law school, I recommend
       | resisting the temptation to take the USPTO's patent bar exam
       | (this exam is also incidentally something patent agents take). It
       | might seem to be a useful credential, but by becoming a
       | registered patent attorney, you will get pigeonholed into a
       | patent prosecution practice group within a law firm, which is
       | problematic for the reasons I give above.
        
         | syedkarim wrote:
         | From my observations, I think patent _litigation_ is pretty
         | high up on the legal totem pole. Patent lawyers who focus on
         | actual litigation (through federal district courts, as opposed
         | to the USPTO PTAB (Patent Trial and Appeal Board) are
         | responsible for cases that have legal fees at the $10M-level.
         | But to support your point, a trial attorney who focuses on
         | patent litigation is not necessarily a patent lawyer (though
         | can be). There is a sort of arbitration at the PTAB for patent
         | disputes, which does require a USPTO-registered attorney, but
         | that 's a process that is cheaper for all parties involved, so
         | it's less money for the law firm. I assume those lawyers have
         | less prestige at larger firms.
         | 
         | From my experience, patent lawyers who focus on patent
         | prosecution bill at rate ~$300 - $500; patent litigators are
         | $500 - $1000 (and I'm sure some litigators are much higher).
        
           | D13Fd wrote:
           | This is accurate. Patent litigation is at the top and pulls
           | the most fees by far.
           | 
           | Of course, it can also be very challenging. Setting aside
           | troll/NPE cases, you're sometimes competing against the best
           | attorneys at the best firms in the country, in cases where
           | the amounts of revenue at stake vastly exceed any amount that
           | the attorneys could reasonably bill (even at the typical
           | rates of $500-$1500/hr).
        
             | dmoy wrote:
             | My dad told me a story once about being paid for expert
             | witnessing for patent expertise.
             | 
             | The short version was that some company's legal team was
             | looking to hire him for expert witnessing. They knew who he
             | was, and had a rough idea of his opinion already, and _knew
             | that he was more or less opposed to their position_. So he
             | asked them why they 'd be willing to pay $?!?/hr for him to
             | read stuff and tell them that he thought they were wrong.
             | 
             | They basically told him "if paying you $?!?!? allows us
             | some insight into the opposition's potential strategy that
             | lets us file a motion that just delays a ruling from
             | morning until after noon recess, that will recoup all the
             | costs we pay you". And apparently they weren't even
             | exaggerating because in half a day they pulled over an
             | order of magnitude more than $?!?!? in sales.
             | 
             | Evidently this sort of paying experts who disagree with you
             | to help form your case strategy is just a normal thing, and
             | it makes sense to me, I just couldn't fathom the numbers at
             | the time. The amount of money specifically in drug patent
             | cases is staggering. There is a long, long list of drugs
             | that pull in over a billion dollars a year in sales.
             | 
             | The US's total (legal) drug market is like half a trillion
             | dollars.
        
               | D13Fd wrote:
               | Don't discount the nice side effect that when you hire
               | the opposing parties' best possible expert, they are then
               | precluded from working for the other side.
        
           | richardfontana wrote:
           | Agreed. For those who don't know, the term "patent
           | prosecution" is US legal industry jargon referring to the
           | process of applying for and obtaining a patent. The term is
           | used as a shorthand to refer to a common specialty area that
           | focuses on that kind of work and certain related non-
           | litigation matters. Patent prosecution specialists sometimes
           | also get involved in litigation but typically in a secondary
           | or supporting role. This to some degree reflects the two-
           | class system I referred to. From personal experience and
           | anecdote it is common for patent prosecution specialists to
           | seek to get involved in litigation because, essentially, it
           | is "easier to make your hours" as I remember one colleague
           | putting it, but often opportunities are limited because of
           | the unofficial two-class system that exists.
           | 
           | Patent litigation is an important sub-area of litigation work
           | and practitioners in that area are not especially likely to
           | have STEM backgrounds (unlike patent prosecution specialists)
           | and are not expected to be USPTO-registered. You can see
           | evidence of the two-class system in the academic backgrounds
           | of the lawyers involved -- patent prosecution specialists are
           | more likely to have attended less prestigious law schools
           | than the patent litigation specialists at a given firm. It's
           | my sense that outside the US the equivalent of patent
           | prosecution lawyers are typically not members of the legal
           | profession and often work in small firms focused entirely on
           | patent and trademark procurement grunt work.
        
       | gyulai wrote:
       | I'm in the process of attempting this. I'm taking some classes at
       | law school, but I'm only studying towards the Bachelor of Laws,
       | not towards the kind of university credential that you need as a
       | prerequisite for being allowed to sit the bar exam to become a
       | real lawyer. I'm instead using it as an opportunity to try to
       | find ways of combining tech knowledge and legal knowledge and
       | getting interesting work out of it that draws on both but doesn't
       | require a bar exam.
       | 
       | I think there are some interesting avenues opening up there,
       | around Legal Tech and also around the general fact that I expect
       | that tech will become more compliance-driven in the future.
       | 
       | I mean: When I started out in the field, it was pretty much this
       | unregulated wild west. When I retire, I expect that working in a
       | tech company will feel a lot like working in a bank does today.
       | In a bank, lawyers and law-savvy managers are hugely influential,
       | because everyone else struggles to navigate all the nuance of the
       | regulation that affects them, and it's not even just about money,
       | but about potentially going to jail or not.
        
       | ransom1538 wrote:
       | Word of caution. UC Davis computer science graduates could not do
       | patent law when I wanted to. Why? Because the dean Norman S.
       | Matloff didn't fill out the paper work. So - "computer science"
       | wasn't considered an engineering field at the time. It gets
       | worse, I was the only one to make the request EVER. Make sure you
       | research if your computer science department would be considered
       | a valid engineering bachelors under the patent law offices. You
       | may be able to talk to the dean to spend the time and get it
       | done.
        
         | D13Fd wrote:
         | Yes. If you want to practice patent prosecution you need to
         | pass the patent bar, and the patent bar is only available to a
         | narrow and kind of weird set of engineering degrees.
         | 
         | Only some computer science degrees count, and only some degrees
         | with "engineering" in the title count. The patent office is
         | usually very strict with this and is not interested in hearing
         | about why your degree should count.
         | 
         | They do offer alternative methods of qualifying based on the
         | specific numbers of credits you have in certain classes, but
         | that too is fairly strict.
        
       | hkhanna wrote:
       | I went from being a biomedical engineer -> M&A lawyer -> software
       | engineer with a side legal practice.
       | 
       | I learned that law school was intellectually rewarding and the
       | practice of law can be fun, but I could not stop thinking about
       | software that I wanted to build to improve the practice of law. I
       | took that as a sign that I needed to spend some of my working
       | life being a software engineer.
       | 
       | I think what I have now is a great balance. A stable job as an
       | engineer, with a law practice where I only take on clients that
       | are nice to work with.
        
         | marktheknife wrote:
         | What was your road into software engineering? I'm a lawyer now,
         | and make pretty good money, but I can't quit the thoughts of
         | how much better legal tech could make it. So I've found myself
         | interested in software but not wanting to drop my pay...at
         | least for too long.
        
         | antoniuschan99 wrote:
         | What was your route towards biomedical engineer? That's the
         | route that I find most interesting right now - especially as
         | I'm getting older. Seeing lots of family in ill health and lots
         | of new medical info we're getting from then pandemic
        
           | ska wrote:
           | > What was your route towards biomedical engineer?
           | 
           | These days you can do an undergrad or masters level
           | specialization in biomed, but that hasn't been true for very
           | long. People make there way their from all sorts of paths,
           | including (pretty often) mid-career moves.
           | 
           | One thing that impacts it is you are typically working in a
           | regulated industry, so it's easier to make the change if you
           | have some experience in this. This can be more of a jump for
           | people in software who may haven never seen formal
           | engineering practices. This sounds scarier/more annoying than
           | it is (or at least, than it has to be)
           | 
           | Contrary to some comments here, pay wise it seems to mostly
           | be pretty middle of the pack. Nobody that I know of is going
           | head-to-head with FAANG for "pure" software roles, but
           | overall seems comparable to similar jobs.
        
           | the_only_law wrote:
           | > What was your route towards biomedical engineer?
           | 
           | My guess is bachelors in an engineering field, particularly
           | biomedical engineering.
           | 
           | Sadly I think they fall on the lower pay end for engineering
           | fields.
        
             | tuckerpo wrote:
             | Lower end of pay and almost zilch for job opportunities
             | without a PhD, at least in the US.
        
               | epmaybe wrote:
               | I see that a lot, and as a former biomedical engineer I
               | would like to reframe this a bit.
               | 
               | Regardless of field of study in college, be it
               | engineering, humanities, science, etc, you learn valuable
               | skills that are almost certainly applicable to beyond
               | your field of study. I for one saw many of my peers enter
               | software engineering roles, project manager roles, or
               | even consulting roles that all pay well, likely 80-100k+
               | right out of college. Speaking to my siblings who
               | graduated a year ago, they appear to concur, and many are
               | being paid more. Could this be a factor of _where_ you go
               | to college? Perhaps, but I 'd argue it's also a bit about
               | selling yourself to wherever you are trying to go.
               | 
               | Additionally, there are many folks that obtain further
               | specialization in a different area of study via a
               | graduate degree, such as a PhD like you mentioned, but
               | also Master's level degrees. They can do biomedical
               | engineering in undergrad, pursue other engineering
               | master's, and succeed in their desired career. I found
               | many peers that pursued this route especially for
               | computer science.
               | 
               | To further push against the thought that biomedical
               | engineers are without opportunity: The US Bureau of Labor
               | Statistics states the mean annual wage of biomedical
               | engineers is around $98,000, and the growth projections
               | are around 6% over the next ten years, while lower than
               | the average of 8%, is not "bad".
               | 
               | Would certainly like to see any other anecdotes from
               | other biomedical engineers to refute or support my
               | statements above; I'm no longer an engineer and thus my
               | insight is likely limited compared to currently employed
               | engineers.
        
             | hkhanna wrote:
             | That's exactly right. Bachelors & Masters in biomedical
             | engineering. The pay is not great, even with an advanced
             | degree!
        
               | antoniuschan99 wrote:
               | haha yea but I have a feeling it will change in the
               | future as the boomers age. I've looked at Bioinformatics
               | and Genomics. Looks like a way easier route for software
               | devs to get into the field and the pay I constantly read
               | is that it's so low!
        
       | swayvil wrote:
        
       | denimnerd42 wrote:
       | i heard being a patent lawyer is super boring
        
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