[HN Gopher] Examining interactions between narcissistic leaders ...
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       Examining interactions between narcissistic leaders and anxious
       followers
        
       Author : tokai
       Score  : 100 points
       Date   : 2021-11-04 12:14 UTC (10 hours ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
        
       | ectopod wrote:
       | > On the dark side, narcissists commonly display a lack of
       | sympathy, a tendency toward cruelty and foresight, moodiness, and
       | irritability.
       | 
       | Is foresight a bad thing?
        
       | stevespang wrote:
       | Hah, put Beto out of Texas into that category . . . .
        
       | greenail wrote:
       | I have hope the real world does not reflect twitter behavior in
       | any way.
        
       | 123pie123 wrote:
       | Do narcissistic people typically know they're narcissistic?
        
         | papito wrote:
         | You mean, admit a flaw? Riiiight. I also imagine narcissism
         | closely correlates with Dunning-Kruger.
        
         | tokai wrote:
         | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119754/
        
           | SamPatt wrote:
           | "One fascinating aspect of narcissists is their ability to
           | make a very positive first impression. At first sight,
           | narcissists have a reputation for being charming, likeable,
           | extraverted, open to experience, and physically attractive"
           | 
           | This reputation then changes the more people know them. I
           | wonder how that's possible for attractiveness though? You'd
           | think people's perceptions of that wouldn't change.
           | 
           | Also if narcissists are generally regarded as attractive does
           | that mean they are, and in this one dimension they aren't
           | totally out of touch?
        
             | evv555 wrote:
             | >I wonder how that's possible for attractiveness though?
             | You'd think people's perceptions of that wouldn't change.
             | 
             | Arguably "attractiveness" is a proxy for ephemeral
             | attributes like status and other sorts of signaling
             | narcissists excel at.
        
             | lazide wrote:
             | Narcissists will sometimes spend an inordinate amount of
             | time working on what they perceive to be physical signs of
             | beauty in themselves, and ejecting or attacking those
             | around them that are not willing to mirror back or validate
             | their own feelings of beauty and superiority.
             | 
             | Because narcissism is almost always driven by a deep
             | feeling of trauma, inadequacy, and insecurity which was
             | coped for by delusions of grandiosity - this comes out in
             | various ways, and to various degrees of success based on
             | how high functioning they are.
             | 
             | A low functioning narcissist may be unable to get
             | themselves in physical shape, or dress well, or groom
             | themselves, or may have terrible plastic surgery, etc. and
             | resort to attacking naysayers and spouting clear delusion
             | that is easy to identify.
             | 
             | A high functioning narcissist may be working out at the gym
             | regularly, groom themselves well, and had any obvious flaws
             | fixed with (high quality) plastic surgery - and be
             | objectively physically attractive. They may be well
             | practiced in debate and oratory skills, and have spent time
             | improving social skills. These are relatively rare, as it
             | takes SOME degree of awareness that these are not already
             | perfect to get here, which a Narcissist will struggle with.
             | There is a non-trivial overlap with what some high
             | functioning psychopaths do here, but they are different in
             | key and important ways.
             | 
             | A different but related axis occurs around their ability to
             | convince others of their delusions (and themselves). Low
             | functioning, all but the most gullible or susceptible know
             | it's bullshit, and avoids them. They can be self harming in
             | clear ways as they aren't able to convince themselves well
             | either sometimes.
             | 
             | High functioning can be VERY VERY convincing, with almost
             | everyone convinced and anyone who figures it out targeted
             | quite successfully and removed from the social group (or
             | sometimes from society in general, driven to suicide, or
             | outright murdered depending on the degree of power and the
             | amount of threat felt by that particular narcissist).
             | 
             | They can convince themselves most (or all) of the time too,
             | which makes it 'easier' as there is less cognitive
             | dissonance. Those who disagree are clearly evil and out to
             | get them, so no need to look at evidence or consider they
             | might have a point.
             | 
             | Where you draw the line on this for the clear pathology vs
             | 'not really narcissism' is of course subjective and on a
             | case by case basis.
        
         | louthy wrote:
         | Simple test:
         | 
         | "Have you been staring into a pool of water for a very long
         | time?"
         | 
         | If your answer is yes: you're a narcissist
         | 
         | If your answer is no: you're probably not a narcissist
         | 
         | /s
        
           | tomjakubowski wrote:
           | The Disciple, by Oscar Wilde
           | 
           | When Narcissus died the pool of his pleasure changed from a
           | cup of sweet waters into a cup of salt tears, and the Oreads
           | came weeping through the woodland that they might sing to the
           | pool and give it comfort.
           | 
           | And when they saw that the pool had changed from a cup of
           | sweet waters into a cup of salt tears, they loosened the
           | green tresses of their hair and cried to the pool and said,
           | `We do not wonder that you should mourn in this manner for
           | Narcissus, so beautiful was he.'
           | 
           | `But was Narcissus beautiful?' said the pool.
           | 
           | `Who should know that better than you?' answered the Oreads.
           | `Us did he ever pass by, but you he sought for, and would lie
           | on your banks and look down at you, and in the mirror of your
           | waters he would mirror his own beauty.'
           | 
           | And the pool answered, `But I loved Narcissus because, as he
           | lay on my banks and looked down at me, in the mirror of his
           | eyes I saw ever my own beauty mirrored.'
        
         | skim_milk wrote:
         | Here's a real answer from one of the leading experts on
         | narcissism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=achdyuKF9aI
         | 
         | It doesn't matter. The narcissist is not psychologically
         | equipped to use this information, if they even have it.
         | Narcissists will more likely attempt to use their self-
         | awareness against you for their own benefit semi-unconsciously.
         | Narcissism is a reaction to deep childhood trauma that cannot
         | be healed with drugs or therapy in figuratively 99.9% of cases.
        
         | csee wrote:
         | They might think narcissism isn't a real thing.
        
           | _game_of_life wrote:
           | Hmm, I think it's dangerous territory to use disbelief or
           | skepticism of personality disorders as a potential diagnostic
           | criteria.
           | 
           | There are a lot of incongruities in research surrounding them
           | that psychology fails to address and warrants skepticism.
           | 
           | For example, more recent longitudinal studies on personality
           | disorders like Borderline Personality Disorder (BDP) pretty
           | consistently show that 80 - 90% of people once diagnosed with
           | the disorder no longer meet the diagnostic criteria after a
           | decade.
           | 
           | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-
           | abst...
           | 
           | I find this interesting, because Abnormal Psychology usually
           | teaches that personality is resistant to change, and thus
           | personality disorders rarely show improvement.
           | 
           | Moreover, studies like this one
           | 
           | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%252Fs11920-014-044.
           | ..
           | 
           | indicate that Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is
           | actually pretty controversial among psychologists, with a
           | wide variation in how it is measured and diagnosed. They note
           | a lack of longitudinal studies as well -- perhaps NPD shows a
           | similar phenomena as BPD where 9/10 no longer meet the
           | diagnostic criteria several year later (despite showing other
           | social defecits).
           | 
           | Am I a narcissist for challenging psychologists to provide
           | better scientific evidence for the disorder? Hopefully not!
           | Yet I still view the construct of personality disorders with
           | skepticism.
        
       | PragmaticPulp wrote:
       | This seems potentially interesting, but I am _extremely_
       | skeptical that they can build a machine learning model that
       | accurately diagnosis narcissistic or anxious behaviors from 280
       | character snippets and self-reported measures of narcissism:
       | 
       | > To collect our ground truth dataset for the prediction of
       | narcissism, we recruited participants via an article published on
       | the webpage of Psychology Today. At the end of the article, a
       | link to a short survey was provided, in which, after providing
       | consent, participants were asked to complete a scale on
       | narcissism by Konrath et al. (2014), namely "To what extent do
       | you agree with this statement: 'I am a narcissist? (Note: The
       | word 'narcissist' means egotistical, self-focused, and vain)"
       | using a 7-point Likert scale (1 = "Not Very True of Me" to 7 =
       | "Very True of Me"), and to provide their public Twitter
       | username/handle for research purposes. In total, 1,067
       | participants, located in the United States, completed the survey,
       | indicated their public Twitter username, and provided consent for
       | their social media data to be used for research. In total,
       | 309,417 tweets were obtained from these participants.
       | 
       | Psychology research already struggles with reproducibility issues
       | at an alarmingly high rate. I fear that machining learning models
       | are an easy way for researchers to get the answer they want from
       | a dataset by tweaking the model until it produces the answer they
       | want.
       | 
       | Their model included variables like average Tweet length and
       | number of upper-case words. Notably, they built the model on one
       | demographic (volunteer Psychology Today readers) but tested it on
       | a demographic using Twitter for entirely different reasons
       | (public-facing leaders of companies on Crunchbase)
       | 
       | It's not hard to imagine a model like this creating a lot of
       | false positives when applied to public-facing leaders of popular
       | startups they found on Crunchbase
        
         | hirundo wrote:
         | > (Note: The word 'narcissist' means egotistical, self-focused,
         | and vain)" using a 7-point Likert scale (1 = "Not Very True of
         | Me" to 7 = "Very True of Me")
         | 
         | First, this study is clearly about me, but they don't admit
         | that anywhere. Second, I am _not_ a narcissist, because among
         | all other people, I 'm probably the least egotistical (I am but
         | a modest demi-god), self-focused (the things I create are
         | actually gifts to the world), or vain (my beauty is natural and
         | effortless). So obviously I answered the poll with all ones,
         | excluding myself from the training data and rendering this
         | study pointless.
        
           | ahthat wrote:
           | Exactly. It's easy to lie, narcissists more than others are
           | likely to flatter themselves. This kind of data is not all
           | that accurate or helpful. It really doesn't tell you
           | anything.
        
           | austincheney wrote:
           | Anti-narcissism is generally challenging to identify as such
           | suggests a gravity away from the self. A key identifier may
           | be degrees of humility, however that's defined, such that a
           | person distrusts acknowledgements of success. Another
           | identifier might be an inability to evaluate a group
           | comparative to the self, which is the more rare high
           | functioning side of Dunning-Kruger. Yet another identifier
           | might be objective personality traits that preference balance
           | and measures adversely to the self.
        
         | dboreham wrote:
         | Wondering how likely it is that a big-time narcissist will be
         | reading Psychology Today.
        
           | Cthulhu_ wrote:
           | They will, looking for confirmation of how special they are.
        
           | blululu wrote:
           | There are plenty of highly narcissistic people with tenure
           | and psychology departments are somewhat famous for being
           | permeated with varying forms psychic peculiarities.
        
             | themitigating wrote:
             | Can you provide proof of that?
        
               | blululu wrote:
               | Absolutely not. There are plenty of studies indicating
               | that narcissist tend to get ahead in institutional
               | contexts and I see no reason to think academia to be less
               | viciously competitive than anywhere else. As for psych
               | departments harboring a greater share of crazies, this is
               | just a personal observation in an area that falls beyond
               | the normally accepted range of research topics. Ask
               | around, you might hear similar things; you might not.
        
         | GavinMcG wrote:
         | Self-reporting seems to be fairly accurate for narcissism:
         | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal...
        
           | PragmaticPulp wrote:
           | They didn't use the self-reported narcissists for the study,
           | though. They were only used for training the model, which was
           | then used to identify narcissist from a different set of
           | Twitter "leaders" that they chose from Crunchbase:
           | 
           | > Using an initial database of organizational leaders and
           | employees, provided by Crunchbase (crunchbase.com), we
           | randomly selected 500 highly active leaders on Twitter, and
           | downloaded their public Twitter profile data.
           | 
           | They trained the model on one demographic (readers of a
           | psychology magazine) and then applied it to a different
           | demographic (public faces of startups) and assumed that the
           | model was equally accurate for this entirely different
           | demographic.
        
       | skim_milk wrote:
       | Makes sense - narcissists have poor barriers, are the most likely
       | to absorb other peoples' emotions and attempt to modify them.
       | People with disordered emotional regulation (including anxiety)
       | tend to attach to people that regulate their emotions for them
       | and are more likely to pair up with narcissists. Not a ground-
       | breaking study, but a really interesting way of gathering data to
       | prove what therapists have been saying for a while but without
       | much data to back themselves up.
        
         | mckirk wrote:
         | Thanks for the insight! I'd never thought about this way, but
         | it makes a lot of sense intuitively. Did you formulate that
         | yourself, or is there some source that might hold similar
         | nuggets of wisdom?
        
           | skim_milk wrote:
           | Sam Vaknin is one of the leading experts on narcissism, he
           | says this all the time.
           | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzj7wouSe7A might cover this
           | topic. Also, I wouldn't trust anyone on YouTube on the
           | subject of narcissism other than Sam and the channel
           | BorderlinerNotes if you want to keep studying this, there are
           | heaps of trash on Youtube on this subject.
        
       | jerry1979 wrote:
       | >Since narcissistic leaders portray themselves as [!] favorable
       | than the rest and show a sense of authority, deviance, and
       | success, we propose that anxious followers favor and therefore
       | interact more often with narcissistic leaders than non-
       | narcissistic leaders.
       | 
       | [!] Is it common to have grammar errors in publications like
       | this? Wouldn't the author have preferred to say "more favorable"?
        
       | motohagiography wrote:
       | A link describing what NPD (narcissistic personality disorder)
       | really is:
       | 
       | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcissistic-...
       | 
       | The method of self-reporting seems like a real problem, as nobody
       | is going to be reporting their dangerous pathologies out of a
       | sense of civic mindedness. The crux of this seems to be they
       | wanted to show they could use an ML model to their peers.
       | 
       | It's worth looking at it more clinically instead of using it as a
       | proxy for "kicking up," at leaders or charismatic people who may
       | be otherwise pretty average. Elevating disorders to represent
       | symbols of powerful evil and applying them to hate figures is
       | superstitious villager quality reasoning.
       | 
       | A useful example of narcisism is a more banal version, where
       | someone manages their personal brand, and becomes actuated by
       | external validation and the approval of others in a way that is
       | pathological. Their neuroticism means they are much less likely
       | to be leaders at all, and plausibly more like actors, lawyers,
       | celebrities, academics, and indeed, politicians and other
       | artifacts of fame and attention, but not because they are
       | leaders. Rather, status occupations are watering holes for
       | narcissists and their cousin pathology, psychopaths. A
       | psychologist friend once quipped, if you want to see the
       | Galapogos Islands of personality disorders in the wild just go to
       | a strip club, which I thought was very insightful because the
       | people there feel the attention and money and status but divorced
       | from social norms.
       | 
       | I would wonder in this paper whether they bothered to detect
       | narcisism in the twitter followers, or is this just about
       | leaders, and then, really, why? It's the need for reflected
       | representations of status, and arguably not a leadership trait at
       | all.
        
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