[HN Gopher] Beyond Smart
       ___________________________________________________________________
        
       Beyond Smart
        
       Author : razin
       Score  : 645 points
       Date   : 2021-10-21 17:04 UTC (1 days ago)
        
 (HTM) web link (paulgraham.com)
 (TXT) w3m dump (paulgraham.com)
        
       | bencollier49 wrote:
       | For anyone who's familiar with the roll of British entrepreneurs
       | who did terribly at school and yet built massive companies, this
       | post isn't some sort of massive reveal.
       | 
       | Is this something more common in the UK than the US? If so, why?
        
       | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
       | Honestly, I am generally a big fan of pg, and many/most of his
       | points I agree with. But every time he puts out a new blog post I
       | feel like I'm now reflexively starting with an eye roll: "OK,
       | what quality _that pg has in spades_ has he decided to laud now
       | as the one thing that 's super important for success, happiness
       | and societal progress?"
       | 
       | It's not that I really disagree with him that much, but for a man
       | who is obviously very smart, and who can come up with lots of new
       | ideas, I find his blog posts shockingly lacking in introspection.
       | It's basically all the qualities that are needed to build a
       | startup are _the most important_ qualities for society at large.
       | What I _never_ see is thought processes along the lines of  "Gee,
       | how can my world view be colored by my unique experiences, and
       | how might I think differently if I had a different upbringing or
       | experiences contrary to the ones that actually occurred?"
       | 
       | As another commenter mentioned, so many of pg's posts seem so
       | concerned with "sorting" people: you're smart or not, you've got
       | lots of new ideas or you don't. And it's not hard to surmise why
       | he has this worldview: literally his whole job is to sort through
       | people pitching to find the winners from the losers.
       | 
       | But I wish he would just step back once and think a little more
       | broadly about some contrarian ideas that don't just totally
       | support his vision of success in the world.
        
         | throwaway2474 wrote:
         | Writing a piece called "Beyond Smart" where you literally
         | equate yourself with Einstein in the first paragraph is a
         | special level of arrogance. His essays used to quirky,
         | interesting and surprising. They have increasingly become
         | predictable rants about how he's uniquely great, and
         | (ironically) contain less and less actual new ideas.
        
           | defen wrote:
           | > Writing a piece called "Beyond Smart" where you literally
           | equate yourself with Einstein in the first paragraph is a
           | special level of arrogance.
           | 
           | He didn't equate himself with Einstein, in either the first
           | paragraph or the rest of the essay. Furthermore, I
           | interpreted the "Beyond" in the title in the sense of
           | Nietzsche's "Beyond Good and Evil" - "Beyond Smart" doesn't
           | mean "extra-super-duper smart, above and beyond smart". It
           | means, we cannot ascribe such things to a simplistic concept
           | of "smart", such as the kind that would be measured on IQ
           | tests.
        
             | evgen wrote:
             | I am assuming either you are joking or you are failing to
             | see the ham-handed self-congratulation pg gives himself
             | through this entire piece of shit.
             | 
             | Paragraph 1: Einstein was smart, but he also had 'new
             | ideas'
             | 
             | Paragraphs 2-15 : Reasons why I am smart and also have new
             | ideas and you should remember to think of me like the
             | Einstein of VCs. Just in case you missed this repeated
             | point I am going to title this little think-piece 'Beyond
             | Smart.'
             | 
             | I would trot out metaphors about Fonzie and water skis, but
             | when it comes to pg that ship sailed years ago.
        
               | auntienomen wrote:
               | At least you still got a nautical metaphor in!
        
               | defen wrote:
               | One way to test out your theory would be to pretend that
               | someone else wrote the essay. If the essay no longer
               | makes sense, or if it still comes across as self-
               | congratulatory, I would agree with you. However if you
               | perform this thought experiment I think you'll find that
               | neither is true, so I think you're just reacting to
               | identity of the author and not his actual point.
        
             | philosopher1234 wrote:
             | Whats the use in this comment? Is the earth flat because I
             | can't see all the way around it? Can't we tolerate a little
             | bit of interpretation, and not require that we only take
             | texts literally? And, why the double standard? You
             | interpreted OPs comment, so why can't he interpret PGs?
        
         | sbt wrote:
         | PGs personality has been great for attracting the kind of
         | college graduate clientele YCombinator has catered to.
        
         | tomp wrote:
         | > As another commenter mentioned, so many of pg's posts seem so
         | concerned with "sorting" people: you're smart or not, you've
         | got lots of new ideas or you don't.
         | 
         | Not sure which posts you mean, but this post is _explicitly_
         | about examining the difference between _intelligence_ and
         | _having new ideas_ , in hopes of eventually being able to list
         | the ingredients of the latter (the former seems mostly inborn)
         | to be able to cultivate them more broadly in society.
        
         | mcbishop wrote:
         | My experience here reflects my general pattern: 1) Read an
         | article via HN 2) Return to HN, to smash the upvote button 3)
         | Go to the article's comments 4) Realize that there are problems
         | with the article that I was totally oblivious to 5) Remind
         | myself to not be so damn naive
         | 
         | So big thanks to HN people, and PG.
        
           | gfodor wrote:
           | Plot twist: pg writes the articles to generate this effect
           | and it's consequences.
        
             | mcbishop wrote:
             | Haha. Maybe he's testing the good-spirited rebelliousness
             | and critical thinking of the HN community. (Or maybe not.)
        
           | maxerickson wrote:
           | Be sure to drink your Ovaltine.
        
         | Gatsky wrote:
         | I think one should just take the blog post for what it is. It
         | isn't a UN resolution. He actually has thoughtful opinions that
         | he is happy to put out there without endless qualifications.
         | That is what makes it valuable, not why it is problematic. The
         | broader relevance, the applicability of the notions to one's
         | own life, the motivations of the author are all left as an
         | exercise to the reader.
        
         | shoto_io wrote:
         | I agree with you wholeheartedly. A perfect human through this
         | lens is
         | 
         | - smart
         | 
         | - hard working
         | 
         | - has many ideas
         | 
         | - wants to change the world
         | 
         | - gives back
         | 
         | Right?
         | 
         | What I don't understand: why do you wish _him_ to step back and
         | reflect?
        
           | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
           | > What I don't understand: why do you wish him to step back
           | and reflect?
           | 
           | Because I used to look forward to his essays. I found them
           | interesting, insightful and witty. Now I just find them
           | predictable and self-serving. I'm probably just feeling
           | disillusioned with someone I greatly admired, that's all, and
           | I'm wishing I could feel about that person the way I used to
           | feel.
        
             | [deleted]
        
         | sillysaurusx wrote:
         | Could you quote a specific sentence that supports any of your
         | claims here?
         | 
         | > I grew up thinking that being smart was the thing most to be
         | desired. Perhaps you did too. But I bet it's not what you
         | really want. Imagine you had a choice between being really
         | smart but discovering nothing new, and being less smart but
         | discovering lots of new ideas. Surely you'd take the latter. I
         | would.
         | 
         | This seems like the closest thing. But it's perfectly fine to
         | mention one's own childhood experiences.
         | 
         | You might want to read http://paulgraham.com/disagree.html,
         | since it sounds like you don't actually disagree with him on
         | anything. Which is to say, your reply is a DH2 at best.
         | 
         | Wouldn't it be better to comment on the actual essay rather
         | than its author? It'd probably be more interesting.
        
           | hn_throwaway_99 wrote:
           | Let's take a look at pg's most recent essays:
           | 
           | 1. This one, which is basically saying one of the most
           | important things for society is coming up with new ideas. Not
           | hard to see why someone who built his life around startups
           | would think this.
           | 
           | 2. "Weird Languages", touting the benefits of Lisp among
           | others. Kinda feel like "nuff said" on this one.
           | 
           | 3. "How to work hard", which I read basically as an overview
           | of "how to work like you're running a startup".
           | 
           | 4. "A project of one's own". How you should work toward your
           | own goals, instead of someone else's.
           | 
           | Again, I don't really disagree with pg's essays, I just no
           | longer find them interesting because I think they are now
           | utterly predictable at this point.
           | 
           | I'll give you a concrete example: while I was definitely a
           | tech and startup fan boy through the early 00s, I definitely
           | have some amount of disillusionment around the whole startup
           | ecosystem, and its effects on society. I _never_ hear pg talk
           | about really any of the downsides or regrets about the
           | startup ecosystem that he helped unleash.
           | 
           | If I already know pretty much exactly what someone is going
           | to say (and nearly all of it is self-serving), I'm not going
           | to be that interested in listening.
        
             | lpa22 wrote:
             | I think PG has definitely made the move at this point in
             | his career from the previously more niche (interesting)
             | insight years ago => mainstream (less interesting, more
             | predictable) insight lately. It likely won't interest you
             | and a non-negligible portion of the HN crowd at this point.
             | But for the rest of society, he is still interesting and he
             | is growing his following.
        
             | sillysaurusx wrote:
             | > This one, which is basically saying one of the most
             | important things for society is coming up with new ideas.
             | Not hard to see why someone who built his life around
             | startups would think this.
             | 
             | > If I already know pretty much exactly what someone is
             | going to say (and nearly all of it is self-serving), I'm
             | not going to be that interested in listening.
             | 
             | These seem to be your central points. Firstly, you're
             | correct: the essay says that new ideas are one of the most
             | important things for a society:
             | 
             | > There are more subtle reasons too, which persist long
             | into adulthood. Intelligence wins in conversation, and thus
             | becomes the basis of the dominance hierarchy. Plus having
             | new ideas is such a new thing historically, and even now
             | done by so few people, that society hasn't yet assimilated
             | the fact that this is the actual destination, and
             | intelligence merely a means to an end.
             | 
             | ...
             | 
             | > So what are the other ingredients in having new ideas?
             | The fact that I can even ask this question proves the point
             | I raised earlier -- that society hasn't assimilated the
             | fact that it's this and not intelligence that matters.
             | Otherwise we'd all know the answers to such a fundamental
             | question.
             | 
             | But is this mistaken?
             | 
             | When choosing where to send your kids to school, would you
             | rather send them to a school that believes strongly in
             | their own ideas, or one that embraces more recent ideas?
             | 
             | My parents sent me to a small religious school. Personally,
             | I would've been happier somewhere else.
             | 
             | But as you say, you don't disagree with the essay. Your
             | central point is in your last sentence:
             | 
             | > If I already know pretty much exactly what someone is
             | going to say (and nearly all of it is self-serving)...
             | 
             | You're saying that pg essays are no longer surprising to
             | you. But I don't think you knew what it was going to say
             | before you read it; you read it, and then said, "This isn't
             | surprising."
             | 
             | Personally, I found it surprising that society could place
             | so much emphasis on intelligence, if it's true that new
             | ideas matter more.
             | 
             | You could try to argue that new ideas don't matter as much
             | as intelligence, or that something else matters even more.
             | It would be interesting if you were correct, since that
             | would refute the essay's central point. But you haven't
             | done any of that; your comment can be summed up as "I think
             | pg sucks," because you're not making any concrete claims.
        
               | philosopher1234 wrote:
               | Your comment reads as defensive, and as though you are
               | intentionally missing the point. The point is: PG appears
               | to be a dishonest writer. He is not writing with the
               | evenhanded pursuit of truth in mind, but with a very
               | particular, convenient (self-serving) truth to support.
               | He seems to consistently ignore any strain of thought (of
               | which there are many, see: the entire humanities) which
               | would generate a more nuanced view.
               | 
               | GP is saying PG is probably wrong, and probably
               | misleading many people. This is useful, even if its not
               | the same as saying "here is proof he is wrong".
               | 
               | Nevertheless, to indulge you, I will say: PG is wrong.
               | There is more to life and contributing to society than
               | just coming up with new important ideas. Yes new
               | important ideas can lead to more food, more materials, or
               | even in some cases (though certainly not in PGs case)
               | deeper relationships. But there are many meanings to
               | life, and not all of them start with increasing
               | productivity.
               | 
               | PG's new ideas aren't going to raise a kid. They're not
               | going to save any souls, or save a relationship on its
               | last legs. They're also not going to plant any crops, or
               | build any houses.
               | 
               | They are useful, but they are not everything, or even the
               | most important thing. In fact, they're a luxury. They're
               | one of the least important things in my life.
        
               | sillysaurusx wrote:
               | > GP is saying PG is probably wrong, and probably
               | misleading many people. This is useful, even if its not
               | the same as saying "here is proof he is wrong".
               | 
               | It sounds like we'll have to agree to disagree.
               | 
               | > PG's new ideas aren't going to raise a kid. They're not
               | going to save any souls, or save a relationship on its
               | last legs. They're also not going to plant any crops, or
               | build any houses.
               | 
               | I'd be surprised if YC's investment portfolio didn't
               | include both farming and construction startups. But I
               | haven't looked.
               | 
               | (Although this isn't raising a kid, Legacy helps people
               | have them: https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/legacy
               | which happens to be quite relevant for my life.)
               | 
               | Of course there's more to life. But that's true about any
               | idea you could talk about. Why talk about anything at
               | all, if there might be more to life? (I recently tried to
               | face this question:
               | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28866558 ... Some of
               | the replies were very good.)
               | 
               | You've made a very concrete claim here: "PG appears to be
               | a dishonest writer," and then showed no evidence of
               | dishonesty.
        
               | philosopher1234 wrote:
               | >You've made a very concrete claim here: "PG appears to
               | be a dishonest writer," and then showed no evidence of
               | dishonesty.
               | 
               | This is wrong. Here is my evidence: His articles are
               | exclusively self serving. He consistently ignores and
               | degrades canons of thought that might threaten his ideas.
               | This is dishonest behavior, even if it isnt an outright
               | lie, in the same way that saying "vaccines caused my
               | cousins balls to inflate" would be dishonest even if it
               | weren't a lie. It's dishonest in the same way the church
               | shouting down Copernicus was dishonest. The dishonesty is
               | omission + ignorance, not a direct lie.
               | 
               | I and GP made this point to you many times, and you have
               | continuously chosen to lower the wool over your eyes.
               | 
               | >It sounds like we'll have to agree to disagree.
               | 
               | I see no need to agree to this.
        
               | zd123 wrote:
               | You are absolutely right, but some people are unable to
               | read between the lines. For them its not true unless pg
               | writes it down in a confession in his essay.
        
               | sillysaurusx wrote:
               | > He consistently ignores and degrades canons of thought
               | that might threaten his ideas.
               | 
               | Could you find a quote from any pg essay that supports
               | this point? This seems mistaken.
               | 
               | As for the self-serving part, I don't think it's a bad
               | thing to write about one's own experiences.
        
               | philosopher1234 wrote:
               | Writing about ones own experiences may not necessarily be
               | self serving. Ignoring others experiences whole cloth in
               | order to make a point that benefits you is self serving.
               | 
               | >Could you find a quote from any pg essay that supports
               | this point? This seems mistaken.
               | 
               | First of all, this is the wrong way to interpret my
               | point. I'm making a point about ignorance. You need to
               | look for whats not there, not what is there.
               | 
               | Second, yes as it happens I can:
               | https://twitter.com/geofft/status/1337895041990356994
               | 
               | Is a racist who simply never talks to any POC, cites any
               | of their work, or hires them, not racist just because
               | they never explicitly say they hate minorities?
        
         | andkon wrote:
         | It's not just that he has to sort winners from the losers. It's
         | that he has to be the first most important seeming VC in their
         | minds. And he accomplishes that with these blog posts. That,
         | and by using these posts to posit that people like him really
         | are the best, he has a big hand in getting people to self-sort
         | into venture-seeking types in the first place.
         | 
         | If you think of his posts as self-serving, that's true. But
         | they're also propaganda meant to influence what we think of as
         | being a worthy pursuit, and meant to define who should pursue
         | such things. The more people believe his worldview - one where
         | smarts dominate and make one powerful - then the more status he
         | has, and the more easily he can do his job. People come to him
         | whereas before he would've had to go to them!
         | 
         | I think he really believes what he writes. And I think it is
         | true that smarts as defined by him are helpful to the kinds of
         | entrepreneurs who see themselves in pg - like, the people he
         | describes really are a type of person, and they should lean on
         | their strengths. But I think it's not at all clear that pg-
         | measured smarts matter more than other qualities for
         | entrepreneurship, or that people like him are remotely close to
         | the best sort of startup founder.
         | 
         | Maybe he's just found a way to seem high status to a subset of
         | a population, and his success flows from that: he gets his pick
         | of that subset, even though it is a tiny chunk of the world.
         | Sure, he gets notoriety and status in a big chunk in status-
         | seeking coders! But that needn't mean that he's actually
         | cracked the code on entrepreneurialism. He has ABSOLUTELY
         | cracked the code on how to speak to young men who feel like
         | they can use what they're good at to achieve power and status.
         | 
         | Here's a scary thought: it's possible that by so completely
         | dominating the conversation about what a startup founder should
         | be, and by making the ideal startup founder seem like a
         | reflection of his image, he's caused far greater numbers of
         | more capable entrepreneurs to self-select out of
         | entrepreneurial pursuits, because they aren't pg-like enough.
         | Not saying that's true, or provable (though I have many many
         | anecdotes that lead me to feel something's going on there).
         | Just that it's important to consider that in making a
         | hagiographic ideal the epitome of a startup founder, that
         | you're necessarily excluding so so many other people for
         | reasons that boil down to... pg got there first.
         | 
         | HN likes to point out just-so stories, and I think the stories
         | he tells us are that. When we read posts like this and they
         | seem to speak spookily clearly to something in us, it's
         | probably because he's doing fanservice to people who serve to
         | give him a tremendous amount of influence and power by
         | believing him when he says we're special.
        
         | iambateman wrote:
         | His essay says that we overrate intelligence and underrate
         | independent-mindedness and writing.
         | 
         | This is actionable - we can cultivate both with some minor
         | changes, and meanwhile we aren't likely to get much marginal
         | return on trying to improve general intelligence.
         | 
         | If you'd like to provide an alternative theory, please do. But
         | 100 words of eye-roll aren't moving society forward either.
         | 
         | FWIW I was homeschooled and now work from home with a large
         | team of folks in an office. I see a lot of people struggle with
         | independent-mindedness, and I think it hurts our team's
         | productivity.
        
         | maxerickson wrote:
         | Typically they are persuasive essays with all the furniture of
         | an expository essay or research paper.
        
         | nopinsight wrote:
         | If you subscribe the general worldview that human well-being is
         | an important goal for society and believe that we have
         | progressed so much in the last few centuries because of
         | scientific knowledge and technological inventions, then it
         | becomes clear that the qualities described in this post,
         | intelligence and the ability to come up with useful new ideas,
         | are useful for society.
         | 
         | In my reading, PG did not claim that these are the most
         | important things for society.
        
         | soared wrote:
         | Most often my initial reaction is a clear awareness that pg
         | doesn't spend much time outside of the Vc/start up bubble.
        
         | xyzelement wrote:
         | I don't understand the complaint. Everything that everyone
         | writes is intended to be prefixed with a big fat "this is what
         | I think. You can disagree, my job is present to you with the
         | facts as I see them"
         | 
         | I read this article and it was an interesting way to crystalize
         | an idea I observed myself (I made a comment in this thread
         | about my experience with smart but non-impactful people.) So I
         | got value out of this post in that it names a concept for me.
         | 
         | So your concern is not that the author is wrong, not that the
         | idea is bad, not that it will lead to a bad outcome - but
         | simply that the author wrote about something they thought was
         | important?
        
       | mmaunder wrote:
       | Such a great read. I thought Paul's most profound insight was
       | right at the end where he mentions a connection between writing
       | and discovering new ideas. I've found this personally to be true.
       | I was blogging heavily from 2005 until 2010 and it led to me
       | launching a string of products, getting funding for one of them,
       | failing and continuing to launch until we succeeded
       | spectacularly. Writing, I have found, enables my creative and
       | analytical thought process. I've found that it serves as a kind
       | of personal strategic planning process that educates the
       | intuitive mind, and which results in insights over the proceeding
       | days and weeks, which leads to more writing, and an iterative and
       | exponential process.
        
         | achenet wrote:
         | DaVinci kept a journal.
         | 
         | There may indeed be something about expressing one's thoughts,
         | especially in writing, that enables them to get better.
        
       | mikewarot wrote:
       | At Pumping Station One in Chicago, I learned a golden rule:
       | 
       | Ideas aren't worth shit.
       | 
       | I'm a veritable fountain of ideas, but that doesn't mean squat.
       | Only instantiated ideas, whose value is successfully communicated
       | to others stand a chance of impact in the world.
       | 
       | Ideas spring from mapping the world (packers need not apply), and
       | noticing things on the newly connected edges of the map. Those
       | ideas then need to be brought into the real world with luck,
       | preparedness, persistence in some mix.
       | 
       | Then you need communication skills and people skills to
       | communicated the ideas and tools you've created to others, to get
       | them to invest their time and effort and start adoption.
       | 
       | Being smart helps, but it's noticing the connections, and having
       | a large set of tools to build on any ideas that are the key piece
       | here. You need some smarts, curiosity, persistence, luck, people
       | skills and a network once you've done the work.
        
       | throwaway879080 wrote:
       | I'd add _systematic_ exploration of new ideas, one good example
       | is Thomas Edison with his  "idea factory".
       | 
       | Masayoshi Son used to set aside some time during his week where
       | he would "summon" invention, quite literally, until having a
       | "hit" that actually worked and became his first business
       | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sa2_VBu0d7k&t=470s
        
       | nicholast wrote:
       | Just like in order to become a composer of music you need to
       | start by performing other people's music, I think it helps in
       | writing to start by responding to other people's ideas,
       | dissecting and evaluating, which helps you build the competence
       | to generate ideas of your own.
        
       | Tycho wrote:
       | Maybe it's to do with luck. As in, smart people will encounter
       | problems and work on them and solve them, and the smartest ones
       | will solve them faster and solve more problems, but the search
       | space of problems is vast and only in retrospect do we know which
       | ones were of crucial importance. Therefore the Einstein is more
       | likely to be not-the-smartest, and the smartest is unlikely to be
       | the Einstein (though _more_ likely than any other individual).
       | 
       | A way to test this would be to check how many of the most
       | important breakthroughs were things that were considered vital in
       | advance and had everyone trying to solve them. Like will the next
       | Einstein be the person who solves fusion, or something else
       | entirely?
       | 
       | Another dimension is practical experimentation. Were the Wright
       | brothers geniuses? I think it's more that the hands-on approach
       | yields much faster innovation than the dry theorising.
        
       | 123pie123 wrote:
       | what is Intelligence?
       | 
       | from wikipedia... "Intelligence has been defined in many ways:
       | the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-
       | awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning,
       | creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. "
       | 
       | I'm sure Einstein had most of these abilities in abundance
       | 
       | I know a lot of people who would consider themselves as smart and
       | they lack a _lot_ the above skills
        
         | webmaven wrote:
         | There is reasonable evidence that Einstein was _not_
         | particularly gifted in the areas of self-awareness or emotional
         | knowledge.
        
           | 123pie123 wrote:
           | I didn't know that
           | 
           | I think he had abstraction, logic, understanding, learning,
           | reasoning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving
           | pinned down,
           | 
           | I doubt the ability of planning would have mattered too much
           | 
           | the key areas that I would personally say are important are
           | logic, abstraction, critical thinking, problem solving and
           | creativity the rest are important and can seriously help but
           | are nice to haves
        
       | nabla9 wrote:
       | The consensus among top physicists during the 'heroic era' was
       | that Von Neumann was the smartest among them, higher IQ than
       | Einstein's, but Einstein had something else.
       | 
       | Eugene P. Wigner:
       | 
       | > I have known a great many intelligent people in my life. I knew
       | Planck, von Laue and Heisenberg. Paul Dirac was my brother in
       | law; Leo Szilard and Edward Teller have been among my closest
       | friends; and Albert Einstein was a good friend, too. But none of
       | them had a mind as quick and acute as Jansci [John] von Neumann.
       | I have often remarked this in the presence of those men and no
       | one ever disputed me. [...] But Einstein's understanding was
       | deeper even than von Neumann's. His mind was both more
       | penetrating and more original than von Neumann's. And that is a
       | very remarkable statement. Einstein took an extraordinary
       | pleasure in invention. Two of his greatest inventions are the
       | Special and General Theories of Relativity; and for all of
       | Jansci's brilliance, he never produced anything as original.
        
         | NumberCruncher wrote:
         | Small remark: I think you have a typo there. Jancsi = Johnny in
         | Hungarian.
        
       | User23 wrote:
       | I'm not sure, but I think it was Nabokov where I first saw the
       | distinction between genius and intelligence most clearly
       | articulated. The defining characteristic of genius is right there
       | in the Latin root[1], it's fundamentally original. One could have
       | Von Neumann tier intellectual horsepower and waste it all solving
       | sudoku puzzles or something. Or one could have a much more modest
       | intellect, and yet make utterly original and lasting
       | contributions to human knowledge.
       | 
       | [1] "generative power"
        
       | chegra wrote:
       | I think there are hard problems and easy problems, and smarts
       | reflects ones ability to solve hard problems. So, the question
       | should be how does one solve hard problems?
       | 
       | The solutions to any problem can trivially be found by searching
       | through the possible solutions and checking which solution works.
       | The problem with this approach is that it is intractable space.
       | Thus, the main ways that we traverse the search space of
       | solutions is limiting the search space and by pattern matching.
       | [Think in terms of chess where the search space is large to find
       | the best possible move...The way they get around it is by simply
       | reducing the search space and pattern matching.]
       | 
       | Consequently, a smart person would be one who has developed
       | intuition about a problem enough to limit the search space of the
       | available solutions and has a vast collection of patterns to draw
       | from that will aid in the problem solving process.
       | 
       | He did touch on one point with all extraordinary genius, they
       | were all obsess. I think this fosters having enough intuition
       | about a problem and having a toolbox of patterns necessary to
       | solve hard problems. Is there any genius without a vast toolbox
       | of techniques to solve problems? Is there any genius without a
       | supreme understanding of his problem area?
       | 
       | Having intuition and huge toolbox for solving problems we know
       | are necessary conditions for solving hard problems, but are they
       | sufficient conditions?
        
         | VirusNewbie wrote:
         | Good comment. I think that maybe what you're getting at is the
         | intuition on particular problems is not necessarily correlated
         | to high IQ beyond a minimum threshold.
         | 
         | From everything I've read, almost every contemporary of Von
         | Neumann says he was the 'smartest' person they ever met. It
         | seems his brain just worked at a completely different clock
         | speed than normal people, even normal geniuses.
         | 
         | However, while is contributions are immense and widespread, I
         | don't think they come close to the utterly astounding work of
         | Godel.
         | 
         | While Godel was insanely smart, he also just looked at the
         | world in a very unusual way that let him see certain meta
         | axioms that have profound implications for pretty much every
         | scientist and philosopher. I don't know if it was circumstance
         | that led him to a special tool box, or obsession, or a certain
         | spark of creativity everyone else lacked, but there's something
         | worth exploring there.
        
       | carapace wrote:
       | You get new ideas from that place in Schenectady.
       | 
       | Seriously though, the best and simplest way to get new ideas is
       | with hypnosis. Go into trance and give yourself a post-hypnotic
       | suggestion to come up with new ideas.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | bloudermilk wrote:
       | How does pg _still_ not have SSL on his website?
        
       | Barrin92 wrote:
       | >why do so many smart people fail to discover anything new?
       | 
       | Given his background as a venture capitalist not a surprising
       | question but much of the implicit premise of the piece is that
       | novelty is somehow superior to maintaining things that exist,
       | which isn't that obvious.
       | 
       | doing 'new' things is fine but the world to a large degree runs
       | on maintaining and very marginally improving what we have or just
       | fixing things in very small ways that would probably not pass his
       | excitement test.
       | 
       | Before someone like Einstein can come along and dig up some
       | paradigm changing idea it often takes decades of work to refine
       | something to the point where some individual can come along and
       | discover what's wrong with it. Even within an individual life
       | like Einstein's that is the kind of work he did most of the time.
       | novelty is the exception, a world of novelty after novelty
       | without long periods of ordinary work during which people refine
       | is hard to imagine.
       | 
       | So just like 80% of Einstein's life was probably doing normal
       | maths, 80% of people are probably going to do normal things,
       | there's nothing wrong with it. It's like the popular analogy of a
       | handful of astronauts standing on the backs of hundreds of
       | people. Every single one of them does a necessary job, and a lot
       | of smart people will do work that in the world of Paul Graham is
       | somehow considered unglamorous.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | david927 wrote:
       | I always thought of IQ tests as the artistic equivalent of "how
       | well can you draw a line?" You need a good foundation for
       | artistic expression but many, many people have that and still
       | don't create art worth remembering.
       | 
       | Intelligence (the capacity to process) combined with knowledge
       | can give you that strong intellectual foundation -- but that's
       | all it is.
       | 
       | Alan Kay was wrong; a change of perspective is not worth 80 IQ
       | points. The opposite is true. A decent IQ gives you the chance to
       | have a change of perspective.
        
         | criddell wrote:
         | Are there any standard measures of creativity?
        
           | david927 wrote:
           | No. It's qualitative not quantitative. You measure
           | quantities; you can only measure aspects of qualities (and
           | that's not advised as it's incredibly dangerous).
           | 
           | But as Paul says here, creativity is probably not the best
           | word. I would describe it as "understanding".
        
       | jleyank wrote:
       | I only skimmed the discussion and original post, but "training"
       | didn't jump out at me from either. One can distinguish "ideas":
       | neat new apps for iOS that will make money, or, say, string
       | theory or quantum chromodynamics.
       | 
       | The first requires people to pay attention to how people are
       | using their phones and, probably, how business operates. But
       | then, Angry Birds was probably a hack-inspired project so maybe
       | luck's a component as well. The others require a whole lot of
       | background in math, physics, a sense of what is beautiful in
       | these disciplines and some idea of how the current models work.
       | Way more effort, and not really subject to a hack attack.
       | 
       | Both are facilitated by intelligence, opportunity, etc. But I
       | wonder whether people are interested in or appreciate the amount
       | of spade work involved for some areas. If you want to work hard
       | AND make some bucks, work on material science (catalyst design,
       | high-temp superconductors) or try to understand the human immune
       | system and how it could be modulated.
       | 
       | Lots of coding in there, and the winners are heroes who will be
       | feted worldwide. Oh, I'll throw in another one... A critical
       | skill in Pharma is, to be blunt, patent breaking. If one can
       | determine that two molecules are sufficiently different to be
       | outside a patent but sufficiently similar (biochemically and
       | physicochemically) to be active at the same target in the same
       | strength or better... I should point out that modern drugs can
       | make several Billion a quarter once on the market.
        
       | hidden-spyder wrote:
       | Why is Firefox's Reader View not available for posts on PG's
       | _seemingly minimal_ site?
       | 
       | Also, with my minimal knowledge of programming, I have no idea
       | what's going on with that website's HTML markup. There's also a
       | document type not mentioned error so that might be what's causing
       | this.
       | 
       | I wonder why @pg doesn't change this? I presume it'll only stand
       | to benefit him with a higher SEO ranking.
        
         | zethus wrote:
         | I can't imagine pg being too concerned with SEO. I don't think
         | he's necessarily marketing his essays for discoverability nor
         | do his essays bring in direct income aside from enhancing YC's
         | already established credibility.
        
         | lexicality wrote:
         | > Also, with my minimal knowledge of programming, I have no
         | idea what's going on with that website's HTML markup.
         | 
         | It's what we in the business call "old"
         | 
         | That's just how we made websites before CSS was a thing. It
         | still works, it's just horribly user unfriendly. Presumably
         | Paul either doesn't care or likes the retro look.
        
       | avapark wrote:
       | https://prestigeavalonpark.simdif.com/
        
       | carabiner wrote:
       | Using footnotes to add random tangents, rather than
       | clarifications or directly related context, seems noisy. Why do
       | writers in tech do this? I've never seen footnotes used like
       | this.
        
       | dvdhnt wrote:
       | In my opinion, what made Einstein great was his grand perspective
       | and ability to think deeply. He was brilliant and his brain could
       | obviously connect dots that most people cannot. But what is that
       | if not intelligence?
       | 
       | As an aside, if you believe Einstein to be brilliant or
       | interesting, definitely check out his essay "Why Socialism?" [1]
       | 
       | 1. https://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism
        
       | kens wrote:
       | Hamming (of Hamming codes) has a famous Bell Labs talk "You and
       | Your Research", describing how to have a large impact. It covers
       | a lot of the same ground, but in more detail:
       | 
       | https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/YouAndYourResearch.html
       | 
       | A few points from it:
       | 
       | You've got to work on important problems.
       | 
       | How about having lots of `brains?' It sounds good. But great work
       | is something else than mere brains.
       | 
       | The people who do great work with less ability but who are
       | committed to it, get more done that those who have great skill
       | and dabble in it.
       | 
       | The prepared mind sooner or later finds something important and
       | does it. So yes, it is luck. The particular thing you do is luck,
       | but that you do something is not.
       | 
       | One of the characteristics you see, and many people have it
       | including great scientists, is that usually when they were young
       | they had independent thoughts and had the courage to pursue them.
        
         | justin66 wrote:
         | One of the relatively younger Bell Labs guys who experienced
         | Hamming (in my memory it was either Ken Thompson or Kernighan)
         | described in a public talk the way Hamming would approach young
         | scientists and engineers in the cafeteria and harangue them if
         | he deemed their current area of research non-world shaking, and
         | therefore unworthy of their attention. It was a hilarious story
         | because Hamming was described after a brief pause as a
         | "curmudgeon" but one got the distinct impression Hamming's
         | younger associates had other, more colorful words to describe
         | him.
        
         | fossuser wrote:
         | His book The Art of Doing Science and Engineering goes into
         | some of this (and is just generally great):
         | https://press.stripe.com/the-art-of-doing-science-and-engine...
        
           | not-elite wrote:
           | Hamming is great in general. Some years ago, I picked up a
           | copy of "Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers" for
           | like $2 at a used book store. I had no idea who Hamming was,
           | but it was cheap so I bought it.
           | 
           | After the first chapter I thought, "this guy is pretty sharp
           | let's see what else he's written." That is when I found "You
           | and Your Research".
        
             | rramadass wrote:
             | All of Hamming's books are Great. Most are available from
             | _Dover Publications_ for cheap. In particular; checkout his
             | 
             | * _Methods of Mathematics Applied to Calculus, Probability,
             | and Statistics._
             | 
             | * _The Art of Probability_.
        
         | bambax wrote:
         | Of course. PG's kind of obsessed by this and even republished
         | the talk on his own website, for some reason:
         | 
         | http://www.paulgraham.com/hamming.html
        
           | dang wrote:
           | Lots of past threads, most recently
           | 
           |  _You and Your Research (1986)_ -
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28322153 - Aug 2021 (35
           | comments)
           | 
           | with links to the rest here:
           | https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28323486
        
         | zem wrote:
         | i think feynman's stance on "important problems" was a lot
         | better: http://genius.cat-v.org/richard-
         | feynman/writtings/letters/pr...
        
       | aidenn0 wrote:
       | I think pg is right that less responsibility leads to new ideas.
       | 
       | Since having kids, my ability to pursue my interests is severely
       | curtailed. My kids are just now at the point where most of them
       | are sufficiently independent that I'd have less responsibility,
       | and now my in-laws need care, with my parents probably not far
       | behind.
       | 
       | It seems likely that I won't have significant free time and
       | mental energy until my parents are dead, which is a bit of a
       | depressing thought...
        
         | MisterMower wrote:
         | Unpopular opinion: with women taking a larger role in
         | professional life, men are having to pick up the slack when it
         | comes to child rearing. That leaves less time for men to
         | invent, discover, create, etc. But women aren't inventing,
         | discovering or creating in proportion to their increased
         | professional participation. Our society is worse off because of
         | it.
         | 
         | Look at the people who made major scientific discoveries, or
         | built new industries, or penned the most well known symphonies.
         | They were almost entirely young men who were unmarried, or
         | married in a time when women were expected to take care of the
         | child rearing.
         | 
         | I was reading "How the Laser Happened" and the guy who invented
         | it had four kids, but still had plenty of time to sit on park
         | benches during evening walks by himself and ponder the physics
         | of light. He went on many trips to visit other universities for
         | research and worked tons of hours at Bell Labs. That was a
         | normal way for men to work back then, even expected and viewed
         | honorably.
         | 
         | We are going to have to accept less great discoveries and new
         | inventions if society starts expecting men to bear half the
         | effort of child rearing. You can't come up with the laser or
         | the Theory if Relativity if you've got crying kids you're on
         | the hook to watch while their mother is at work.
         | 
         | The alternative is to not even have kids, or to raise them
         | poorly. And that's not fair to them. Unfortunately, that seems
         | to be what most people are settling on. Which does not bode
         | well for the future of humanity, either.
         | 
         | Any way you slice it, it's a bleak future.
        
           | dgb23 wrote:
           | This reminds me of the women who invented, made and fought
           | for great things _despite_ the stigma and prejudice
           | surrounding them.
           | 
           | A few famous examples in our field:
           | 
           | Ada Lovelace: the first program
           | 
           | Grace Hopper: the first compiler
           | 
           | Margaret Hamilton: software engineering, fault tolerance
           | 
           | We really should at least try to stop pushing women out of
           | our field, so much potential might be lost by this
           | nonsensical adversity that seems to be so prevalent.
        
           | dx034 wrote:
           | It's only bleak if you assume that men don't prefer taking
           | care of children over spending time in science. Many men will
           | prefer family life and are happy that it's now socially
           | accepted to put their kids first.
           | 
           | And at the same time it frees up a lot of time for women to
           | enter the field and make discoveries.
        
           | aidenn0 wrote:
           | Even when mothers aren't pursuing a professional life, things
           | are different because expectations of dads (and husbands for
           | that matter) have gone up [1].
           | 
           | I think this is a good thing as far as families go (at least
           | when the expectations remain realistic), as the bar for dad's
           | parenting is still lower than mom's.
           | 
           | There's still more pressure on women to "do it all and look
           | good while doing so" but men definitely are struggling with
           | taking on responsibilities that their fathers could ignore.
           | 
           | 1: it's actually a bit more nuanced than just higher
           | expectations. You get more points just for not leaving than
           | you used to, but once you are there, the expected role is a
           | bit more involved. I read an article talking about how
           | children's experiences with father's have diverged; either
           | they aren't there at all, or they are far more involved then
           | previous generations.
        
           | urthor wrote:
           | The same can be said for all sorts of minorities.
           | 
           | The lack of participation in science is totally driven by
           | psychological insecurities around high achievement.
        
           | tricolon wrote:
           | > But women aren't inventing, discovering or creating in
           | proportion to their increased professional participation.
           | 
           | Can you back up your claim?
        
             | MisterMower wrote:
             | There are no doubt notable outliers, but go look at all the
             | major composers of the last 300 years. How many women can
             | you name? Same thing with Nobel Prizes. The vast majority
             | are men. How many women built new industries or invented
             | revolutionary machines or devices? It was almost entirely
             | men.
             | 
             | Perhaps that will change in 100 years. I'm open to the
             | argument that limited opportunity prevented women from
             | accomplishing those things in the past. But historically
             | that hasn't been the case.
        
           | nostalgiac wrote:
           | > But women aren't inventing, discovering or creating in
           | proportion to their increased professional participation.
           | 
           | Do you have evidence to suport this? (Geniunely curious)
           | 
           | Why do you think that is the case? Just the fact that they
           | are more likely to be part-time or not able to be fully
           | committed into their field while also being a mother does not
           | warrant them enough time/energy/x to achieve those
           | breakthroughs?
        
       | d--b wrote:
       | The whole article reads bizarre to me. It's like pg believes
       | there is some kind of generic smartness metric that characterizes
       | people, and so you're either smart, very smart or not smart at
       | all.
       | 
       | But people can be smart at things and terrible at others. And
       | it's not that smart people are terrible at things because they
       | aren't curious about them, it's just that some tasks require
       | different mindsets. Like I feel generally fairly smart in
       | engineering, but I just can't seem to learn chess at all.
       | 
       | Generating new ideas is an entirely different skill. You can't
       | balance having ideas and being smart. You should try and have
       | both, and no, one is not more important than the other.
       | 
       | I mean the whole article feels like the stupid questions we'd ask
       | ourselves when we were kids: would you rather have a 9-meter arm,
       | or a boneless leg?
        
         | Osiris wrote:
         | I haven't read it but "smart" isn't some universal trait. One
         | can be "smart" in one area and really dumb in another. I don't
         | understand how someone can be a good chef. You can be great at
         | that, intuitively using the chemistry of it while failing even
         | the most basic chemistry class.
         | 
         | I guess I should read the article.
        
         | fullshark wrote:
         | Reads to me like a VC frustrated by the lack of investment
         | opportunities he's been presented lately.
        
         | pedrosorio wrote:
         | > Like I feel generally fairly smart in engineering, but I just
         | can't seem to learn chess at all.
         | 
         | This seems like binary thinking. Can't learn chess over what
         | period of time, with what resources and for what definition of
         | "learning chess"?
        
         | UncleOxidant wrote:
         | I did not see the word "imagination" mentioned in that article.
         | It seems like a glaring omission given the topic. "How can
         | imagination be cultivated?" would be an important question in
         | that context. It could include things like letting kids (and
         | adults) have more unstructured time, etc. We've largely
         | banished boredom from the world now that we're constantly
         | connected to the internet via our smartphones, but boredom
         | could also be important for imagination. In my experience a lot
         | of my best ideas came not with hard focus ("working hard") on a
         | problem but while I was on a walk in nature not particularly
         | focused on anything.
        
           | DoreenMichele wrote:
           | Pithy Einstein quotes likely fail to capture the full picture
           | of what Einstein did and should not be used as a basis for
           | casually dismissing attempts to have meatier discussions.
        
         | reikonomusha wrote:
         | I don't think he's lost much in the article by not descending
         | into the rabbit-hole of developing a nuanced view of what
         | "smart" means. I think it's a word used frequently enough in
         | common language that the reader can do justice in interpreting
         | it correctly and in good faith. Same goes for other, equally
         | generic terms like, "she really has it all together" or "he's a
         | pretty sharp guy". These aren't vacuous, meaningless
         | statements, despite the lack of precision in their meaning.
        
           | d--b wrote:
           | Fair enough, I probably didn't express myself well.
           | 
           | It's just that the article re-plays the old "intelligence vs
           | creativity" debate, and is full of naive statements about it.
           | And you kind of want to answer: "you know, I think it's a
           | little more complicated"
        
         | darawk wrote:
         | > The whole article reads bizarre to me. It's like pg believes
         | there is some kind of generic smartness metric that
         | characterizes people, and so you're either smart, very smart or
         | not smart at all.
         | 
         | General intelligence is absolutely a real thing:
         | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics)
         | 
         | Yes it's true that some people are good at some things and bad
         | at others. That does not mean there isn't a general underlying
         | "cognitive ability" factor.
        
           | jkaplan wrote:
           | > That does not mean there isn't a general underlying
           | "cognitive ability" factor.
           | 
           | Careful. "g" is a statistical regularity, not proof of a
           | generalized "underlying cognitive ability."
           | 
           | From the same Wikipedia article:
           | 
           | >It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among
           | different cognitive tasks
           | 
           | >Yet, there is no consensus as to what causes the positive
           | correlations between tests
           | 
           | This whole subject is a scientific, statistical, and ethical
           | can of worms (as pg alludes to in the essay), and this isn't
           | the place to get into it... I just want to flag that it's a
           | bit more complicated/controversial than it might sound at
           | first.
        
             | darawk wrote:
             | > Careful. "g" is a statistical regularity, not proof of a
             | generalized "underlying cognitive ability."
             | 
             | I mean, the statistical regularity in question is the mean
             | of all other cognitive abilities correlating. I'm not sure
             | how else you'd define "underlying cognitive ability" than
             | "the correlated first principal component of other,
             | specific cognitive abilities".
        
             | tshaddox wrote:
             | I also haven't seen any explanations for why positive
             | correlation between any particular set of tests leads to
             | the conclusion that this is truly a _general_ cognitive
             | ability. If you test people on the ability to play the
             | piano, organ, and harpsichord, and find positive
             | correlation between competency in all of them, you wouldn't
             | conclude that this demonstrates _general_ cognitive
             | ability. You'd just conclude that those musical instruments
             | are similar. Likewise, choosing a bunch of tests from, say,
             | all the common areas of study in Western schools, doesn't
             | automatically say anything about the entire range of
             | cognitive abilities.
        
               | PeterisP wrote:
               | The argument for general cognitive ability is because the
               | correlation is observed among all the various measures
               | related to cognitive ability that we have. If you test
               | people on the ability to play the piano, organ, and
               | harpsichord, and assert that this is a reflection of
               | general cognitive ability, then this is prediction is
               | testable by later correlating this ability with other
               | measures, and gets falsified by observing the metrics
               | with which it does not correlate. So far, the concept of
               | "G" survives because it actually does succeed in various
               | tests of alternative metrics of cognitive ability - e.g.
               | "emotional intelligence" metrics, biological metrics such
               | as reaction speed, and various 'outcomes' e.g. job
               | performance and future income controlled for
               | socioeconomic background.
               | 
               | In essence, the answer to "why positive correlation
               | between any particular set of tests leads to the
               | conclusion that this is truly a general cognitive
               | ability" is that many respectable people have tried to
               | find measures of aspects of cognitive ability that are
               | separate and uncorrelated, however, as far as I know, all
               | such attempts have failed so far and their experiments on
               | alternative metrics did correlate with everything else
               | and just became more data supporting the concept.
        
         | PicassoCTs wrote:
         | New ideas - are created by recombination and filtering. Your
         | subconscious generates new recombination, the wider the scope
         | and stranger the combinations - the higher the chances of a
         | miss, but also of discovering a "pass" to a new field. Now
         | these re-combinations are filtered, again first subconsciously.
         | 
         | If you murdered your childish, playful self in your late youth
         | or give too much about societys evaluation of what society can
         | not even evaluate your idea might never creep into your aware
         | consciousness.
         | 
         | Now for the ugly part. Some of us are, by curse or luck,
         | predisposed to have a more flexible brain when it comes to
         | recombinating ideas, persons, circumstances.
         | 
         | My basic assumption always was, that it is a useful side-effect
         | of watchfulness aka the guardian role aka looking for danger in
         | noise.
         | 
         | This of course can go horribly wrong. A creatives world is just
         | one frail filter function working away from, writing game of
         | thrones too living in game of thrones in your living room. I
         | really would love to see the statistics here, to test this.
         | 
         | Any center of creativity should be surrounded by camps of
         | relatives were the filter functions went haywire.
         | 
         | Now for the final touch. There is no recipe. No "cook" this
         | algorithm, dance this dance through your brain and you will
         | turn more creative. If asked for it- the brain will fantasize
         | and invent those recipes. Which will be nice to read, but
         | worthless when attempting to reproduce. The closest one would
         | get is to reproduce the education that shaped shapeable brains
         | into extraordinary creative people.
         | 
         | And if all this works out, you are still just somebody with a
         | (good) idea. Ideas are plenty in the sea and having good ideas
         | does not equal the ability to execute on it.
         | 
         | I would love to have a 9 meter arm made from boneless legs.
         | Thanks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm
        
         | godot wrote:
         | Hmm, it seems like the article has addressed most of your
         | points directly.
         | 
         | > It's like pg believes there is some kind of generic smartness
         | metric that characterizes people, and so you're either smart,
         | very smart or not smart at all.
         | 
         | > But people can be smart at things and terrible at others. And
         | it's not that smart people are terrible at things because they
         | aren't curious about them, it's just that some tasks require
         | different mindsets. Like I feel generally fairly smart in
         | engineering, but I just can't seem to learn chess at all.
         | 
         | He addressed this specific point in the "if
         | intelligence/smartness is all that matters" scenario:
         | 
         | "If intelligence is what matters, and also mostly inborn, the
         | natural consequence is a sort of Brave New World fatalism. The
         | best you can do is figure out what sort of work you have an
         | "aptitude" for, so that whatever intelligence you were born
         | with will at least be put to the best use, and then work as
         | hard as you can at it."
         | 
         | He is acknowledging that different people have good
         | intelligence in different things (like engineering vs chess in
         | your example). But he is saying this really shouldn't be the
         | focus at all, because intelligence isn't truly what matters.
         | 
         | > Generating new ideas is an entirely different skill.
         | 
         | It is and he spent most of the article saying that skill can be
         | cultivated (and isn't necessarily about intelligence).
         | 
         | > You should try and have both, and no, one is not more
         | important than the other.
         | 
         | He also stated this as well at the introduction and this was
         | pretty much the point of the essay.
         | 
         | > I mean the whole article feels like the stupid questions we'd
         | ask ourselves when we were kids: would you rather have a
         | 9-meter arm, or a boneless leg?
         | 
         | Not sure I get it or how the essay feels like that question. He
         | isn't saying you can only have one (intelligence) or the other
         | (skill to generate new ideas). He said it's ideal to have both.
        
       | mcguire wrote:
       | Are new ideas inherently good?
        
       | spyckie2 wrote:
       | Some ways new ideas form:
       | 
       | 1. Noticing hundreds, thousands, of details and how they fit
       | together into a larger whole.
       | 
       | - Example: When someone is so deep into an industry they
       | understand every role, action, problem, and solution, and the
       | shortcomings, and use that information to spot out the most
       | important problems and tie them together into a new business
       | idea.
       | 
       | 2. Having an intuition of how something should be, and digging
       | out that intuition through the act of creation.
       | 
       | - Example: Artwork that is trying fully express the most ideal
       | form of beauty, nature, violence, grandness, etc.
       | 
       | 3. Noticing "bugs" / paradoxes in real life - things that don't
       | make sense - and having the curiosity to debug it.
       | 
       | - Example: Einstein realizing a paradox - "If I pursue a beam of
       | light with the velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I
       | should observe such a beam of light as an electromagnetic field
       | at rest though spatially oscillating."
        
       | lincpa wrote:
       | I agree, I am an amateur, and the theory I created is based on
       | common sense and elementary school mathematics. This seems to
       | have nothing to do with IQ.
       | 
       | My theory based on the simple, classic, vivid, and widely used in
       | social production practice, elementary school mathematics "water
       | input/output of the pool" as a mathematical prototype, Therefore,
       | it is scientific. Its name is "The Grand Unified Programming
       | Theory: The Pure Function Pipeline Data Flow with Principle-based
       | Warehouse/Workshop Model".
       | 
       | The "von Neumann architecture" used by computers now has no
       | mathematical model support. So it cannot prove its scientificity.
       | 
       | My theory rebuilt the theoretical foundation of the IT industry,
       | The IT industry is fundamentally associated with mathematics.
       | Solved the most fundamental and core major problems in the IT
       | industry.
       | 
       | Therefore, my "warehouse/workshop model" will surely replace the
       | "von Neumann architecture" and become the first architecture in
       | the computer field, and it is the first architecture to achieve a
       | unified software and hardware.
       | 
       | Software and hardware are factories that manufacture data, so
       | they have the same "warehouse/workshop model" and management
       | methods as the manufacturing industry.
       | 
       | In the IT field, only it and binary system fully comply with
       | these 5 aesthetics: Simplicity, Unity, order, symmetry and
       | definiteness.
       | 
       | It has a wide range of applications, from SOC to supercomputer,
       | from software to hardware, from stand-alone to network, from
       | application layer to system layer, from single thread to
       | distributed, from general programming to explainable AI, from
       | manufacturing industry to IT industry, from energy to finance,
       | from the missile's "Fire-and-Forget" technology to Boeing
       | aircraft pulse production line technology, from myth to
       | Transformers.
       | 
       | The Grand Unified Programming Theory: The Pure Function Pipeline
       | Data Flow with Principle-based Warehouse/Workshop Model
       | 
       | https://github.com/linpengcheng/PurefunctionPipelineDataflow
        
       | jstgord wrote:
       | I'm not going to read this, yet - PGs ideas always seem to be so
       | interesting they drown out my own - rather Ill pose a question :
       | 
       | What if being 'smart' is a measure of the useful 'technology' we
       | have running as the OS in our minds ?
       | 
       | What if all of our smarts are merely the result of opportunity /
       | time / resources / environment / education .. exposure to good
       | ideas and patterns of thinking - asking questions, following
       | trains of thought, going back to first principles, exposure to
       | diverse language and culture, opportunity to read good books,
       | wealth and time to devote to puzzles when young, habit of
       | critical thinking, fluency in math, exposure to ideas such as
       | Evolution, access to computers/internet/information, time devoted
       | to hobbies / making things etc.
       | 
       | I think one of the things that works in Silicon Valley is the
       | recycling of 'talented' developers from one startup to another -
       | so you have a hive-mind pool of continually honed elite creative
       | technical skill-sets competing and cooperating to build new
       | things from modern building blocks .. and when the 'thing'
       | doesn't work, people can move on to the next thing until they hit
       | a local gravity well of a startup going nova. When that happens,
       | they get wealthy from equity .. then recycle that wealth via
       | investment in other startups, and their time into mentoring.
       | 
       | Its been painful to watch this not happen in Australia over the
       | past couple decades - a few wins, but no real ecosystem develop,
       | despite there being a fair bit of nascent talent in game
       | development, crypto, ML, math, biotech etc. The mining/resource
       | boom has dominated our trade and little of that wealth has been
       | plowed back into technology / science investment. We should be
       | 'mining' our solar energy wealth and exporting that up into Asia
       | via cable. We should have a hive of ML and green-tech and when
       | one doesn't make it, the people move on to other ones.
       | 
       | Another way of saying this is "smart doesn't come from nowhere"
       | .. you need a pyramid ecosystem of soil, worms, molds, bacteria
       | where smart shoots can arise naturally. Its hard to be book-
       | smart, startup-smart or math-smart if you're homeless and all
       | your bandwidth is spent on shelter... or if the best job a smart
       | person can have in your locale is selling houses and you need to
       | do that to pay off your student debt.
       | 
       | Conversely, if things are too comfortable there is no need to get
       | smart - but the wealth inequality curve is such that we needn't
       | worry about the vanishingly small talent pool of ultra wealthy
       | teen proto-engineer entrepreneurs who will work on hard things to
       | hone their smarts : a more plausible benefit is they dabble with
       | cash bets in tech startups, science research or philanthropy.
       | 
       | I guess Im arguing that we concentrate on the ecosystem, rather
       | than the individual - the smart long bet is to fund math
       | education, science outreach, K2 reading programs : looking
       | around, is there any doubt we need to aggressively promote ideas
       | such as Evolution or the Carbon Cycle ? I love zombie movies way
       | too much, but am appalled that no one ever asks how they keep
       | walking around forever without eating - its as if conservation of
       | energy is not part of the general public's meme-set.
       | 
       | We all lose when young people are prevented from becoming smart
       | by their environment - poverty, religion, anti-science, anti-
       | education culture, political or economic instability.
       | 
       | What are the best ways to urgently improve this ? Maybe
       | immigration of skilled/educated/motivated/talented people from
       | poor countries to rich countries is one of the most effective
       | measures that works on a short timescale [ where immigrants work
       | in startups, tech companies or university research labs ]
       | 
       | In Australia, our politicians love to be seen with spade in hand
       | at the opening of a newly built school - well designed new
       | buildings are nice, but they don't seem to have a plan to
       | actually educate people to a higher level in science and math,
       | despite the buzzwords and virtue signalling. One of our best
       | mini-exports is the AMC ( Australian Maths Competition ), its
       | well regarded in Malaysia and Singapore, but many schools here
       | don't even participate as its seen as too hard, or perhaps too
       | elite or not relevant. Schools have tech sessions where they
       | might fly a drone or use a 3D printer .. but they dont seem to
       | dig into the internals of how these things work. We seem to have
       | a kind of cargo-cult mindset, where we are losing the ability to
       | fix or improve anything. We outsource our refuse processing to
       | Asia, but now they are refusing this, so our "green solution" is
       | to burn rubbish, rather than invest in better recycling
       | technology. Even after the worlds largest fires and smoke over
       | our cities, we have not really woken up to the challenge of
       | climate change. Covid has shown up how badly we fumble at
       | organizing ourselves into action based on science. The Empire is
       | crumbling here on Anacreon - we need a Hari Seldon plan.
       | 
       | I dont think voting matters, I dont think democracy is really
       | functioning and the Universities themselves seem to be large
       | beurocracies guarding their massive wealth, churning out
       | marketing and management degrees for profit. Rather, we the
       | technologists must exert whatever power we have - either by
       | education, marketing/dialog, building truly useful things, or
       | using our new-wealth to buy off idiot politicians and fund the
       | technology projects that will improve things.
       | 
       | Not to be alarmist .. but it really is 11:59 and our planet is
       | dying. We need to get smart as a group and as a species.
        
       | Applejinx wrote:
       | Reminds me of reading 'Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain'.
       | The way that book tries to get you to un-hook the judging and
       | structuring parts of your mind so your hand can form shapes with
       | NO WORDS to describe them.
       | 
       | As soon as you say 'I'm drawing an arm' your brain tries to
       | define 'arm' and what it would mean to appropriately outline the
       | parts of one on your paper... and the image you'd ideally produce
       | might bear no resemblance to the 'arm' definition your brain
       | gives you. It's an elaborate process of shutting down certain
       | kinds of 'smart' that are overly naive and reductive, to get to
       | images that are available but undescribable by analytical words.
       | The perfect lines of an elbow are not 'triangle' or 'circle' or
       | even anatomical parts: they're the image one's eye understands
       | immediately, but getting it on paper is a whole other story.
       | 
       | I find when I'm live-coding audio DSP and getting close to
       | dialing in a tonal detail that I'm trying hard to capture, or
       | even rapidly debugging and evolving the code of the program to do
       | it, when I'm most effective I lose the words to explain what I'm
       | doing. It becomes 'and now I this, to do this, and then we ah...
       | you'll see, it should... there. That.'
       | 
       | I'll play the sound, and my model will exactly resemble the thing
       | I'm trying to make it sound like, but I'm miles away from being
       | able to articulate what I did. Or, more likely, I could tell you
       | 'I subtracted the thing and it needed to be 1.52 rather than 1.5,
       | and that and the other idea got it to where it sounds like that.
       | Because the filter's lower, and it's interacting with the input
       | sample in thus and so a way'. The tangible STUFF I'm doing is
       | rarely that complicated.
       | 
       | But being on the point of knowing to DO that stuff and exactly
       | that stuff to get there... is what Graham is talking about. I
       | don't know if it can be learned but it can damn well be trained.
       | People as disparate as ad guy David Ogilvy, and writer John
       | Gardner, have understood that.
       | 
       | And you can be a literal writer and still have important parts of
       | your process locked away in that no-words zone. At those times,
       | you are the writer. Your literal writing ability and vocabulary,
       | are the stenographer. It's waiting on you having something to
       | say. That 'something to say' may not be coming from a 'words
       | place'.
        
       | giantg2 wrote:
       | Being smart and having new ideas isn't that great either. You
       | still need people to believe in the idea and/or resources to
       | pursue it.
       | 
       | I have various ideas and I'm not even that smart. They wont go
       | anywhere because I dont have the time or money to pursue them.
       | Plus, it's hard to come up with something truly new. Even if the
       | item doesn't exist, it's probably patented (ran into that
       | recently).
       | 
       | "So what are the other ingredients in having new ideas?"
       | 
       | The willingness to think about how and why things work or are
       | broken, coupled with sufficient cross-domain knowledge to
       | synthesize new ideas.
        
       | nazgulnarsil wrote:
       | Was a pretty big deal to stumble across the idea that the
       | machinery that generates insights could be trained back on itself
       | to improve at gaining insights. You may have heard of it under
       | the moniker of insight practice. :p
        
       | handrous wrote:
       | Being even a little clever--and that's the best I can claim--is
       | living life on easy mode. It's so great. Once I realized that the
       | other people in the room weren't not-saying the obvious thing
       | because they'd already dismissed it for some reason I couldn't
       | see, but because it _wasn 't obvious_ to them, it was like I
       | unlocked a superpower. God, it's so wonderful. I half-ass my way
       | through everything and get well-rewarded for it. Praise, money,
       | recommendations. There is _no_ chance I could do that without
       | this (again, quite mild, I cannot emphasize enough that I 'm _not
       | even all that smart_ ) gift, the credit for which mostly goes to
       | sheer chance and lucky circumstances.
       | 
       | > I grew up thinking that being smart was the thing most to be
       | desired. Perhaps you did too. But I bet it's not what you really
       | want. Imagine you had a choice between being really smart but
       | discovering nothing new, and being less smart but discovering
       | lots of new ideas. Surely you'd take the latter.
       | 
       | Shit no, because the whole rest of the time I'm not coming up
       | with those handful of new ideas, I'm less-smart. Reading is
       | harder. Math is harder. Learning anything new is harder.
       | Following complex conversations is harder. Picking out subtext,
       | allusions, et c., in all media, is harder. Keeping up with, let
       | alone constructively challenging, my smarter-than-me kids is
       | harder. I'd hesitate to take that deal _even if_ the ideas
       | themselves made me rich enough I wouldn 't need to work again. I
       | might take it, but I'd have to give it a good think. It'd
       | radically change the entire way I relate to the world.
        
         | erulabs wrote:
         | I feel similarly having grown up near a computer when I was
         | young. I can't imagine had I grown up busy farming and raising
         | siblings and then children in my 20s I would have been able to
         | accomplish anything at all. Or the fact that I got a rare fever
         | from a tick as a child only a few years after an antidote was
         | invented. The _vast_ majority of the pi-chart other than
         | intelligence is _luck_.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | diskzero wrote:
           | Don't underestimate ones ability to adapt and change their
           | circumstances. I am a sample size of one, but I grew up busy
           | farming and raising siblings. It is true that I was exposed
           | to computers in the 80s, but didn't own one. In my mid-
           | twenties I was able to re-orient my life, fail and succeed at
           | startups, work at Be, Eazel, Apple, Amazon and more.
           | 
           | I have spent the last couple of years teaching adults whose
           | backgrounds are filled with shocking adversity to think like
           | programmers, build new careers and improve their lives. I am
           | constantly amazed.
           | 
           | Modern medicine is miraculous. There is no doubt a vast
           | amount of human potential has been saved from oblivion.
        
           | winternett wrote:
           | The kids I grew up with in High School that attended the
           | "Gifted And Talented" courses didn't really end up topping
           | the gene pool after I met them at our 20 year reunion. The
           | girl from our year book voted "most likely to succeed", did
           | not meet her goals of being president, and probably may never
           | do so... She actually had some rough life experiences like me
           | too since then... I no longer have childhood goals of
           | exceptionalism as a desire, nor the right social and
           | political positioning for the role, not the right contacts or
           | money. I just want to be happy and live on a tropical beach
           | with a good wife and good kids without money problems to be
           | honest.
           | 
           | Exceptionalism in this world is indeed luck, especially when
           | you consider that there are almost 7 billion other people on
           | this planet besides us, and limited world resources to share
           | amongst us all...
           | 
           | To think that any one individual reached a point of higher
           | talent or intelligence than everyone else is a total
           | consumerism-driven lie. Movies and TV create celebrities
           | because it drives profit and merchandise, not because they
           | really feel the actors they back are unique and worthy. We
           | find out often the people branded as "exceptional" suffer
           | greatly for it very often because they gain popularity and
           | consequently can't live up to the standards portrayed of
           | them.
           | 
           | The biggest lie we can tell ourselves is that we're
           | exceptional beyond everyone or anyone else, physically,
           | spiritually, mentally, or in any other way. Somehow there's
           | an ever present ideal pushed by Gyms, Churches,
           | Psychologists, News Media, TV, and Movies that exceptionalism
           | can exist, but it's simply not sustainable for any
           | individual, and there's a pile of discarded celebrities down
           | the hill by the river in Hollywood to prove it...
           | 
           | Once we're humble in life, and we realize that opportunity,
           | paying attention, learning things, proper positioning, luck,
           | and circumstance are what grant us the most potential for
           | success -- It's the actions that we take to seize
           | opportunities, THOSE ACTIONS WE TAKE are what set us apart
           | from others who may be hesitant, not ready for, and/or
           | unaware of and to the present opportunity.
           | 
           | When we reach points of success, it's important to remind
           | ourselves of others and their situations and to not look down
           | upon them, and to help others to succeed as much as possible
           | in order to not feel isolated in ego and self praise.
           | 
           | I may sound like the Dali Lama here, but fighting against our
           | own internal ego in a world like this one is a constant
           | battle, so I work hard every day to keep everything in this
           | kind of context in my own life, and I'm not perfect just like
           | everyone else. Whenever I'm driving my car out in public
           | though, everyone's a "frickin' idiot", that will never
           | change... :P
        
           | solveit wrote:
           | I mean, intelligence is also luck. And (as much as people
           | hate this), so is conscientiousness. At some point we have to
           | acknowledge that dividing things into luck and not-luck is
           | incoherent, and that we should use more useful axes.
        
             | fossuser wrote:
             | We're competing with each other via billions of years of
             | selection - there are major advantages if you're smart (and
             | if you're pretty). You can also add the quality PG is
             | talking about here which requires some amount of smartness
             | as a prereq (curiosity?). I'm not sure how much it can
             | really be cultivated above baseline, but it'd be
             | interesting to know more. I'd guess there are some
             | strategies, but a lot may still be tied to your inborn
             | stats.
             | 
             | I'd argue we should strive for a society where the
             | suffering you're exposed to if you're unlucky enough to be
             | in the bottom quartile is bounded, while still allowing for
             | the top to be unbounded in pushing humanity forward.
             | Accepting there's natural variance here is part of that.
             | 
             | We're not all the same, things aren't fair. We shouldn't
             | ignore that or pretend otherwise, but we also shouldn't
             | think that means those dealt a bad genetic hand need to be
             | totally screwed in our society (imo) and it doesn't mean
             | you need to handicap the outliers on the other side in some
             | Bergeron like pursuit of 'fairness' [0].
             | 
             | [0]: http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/harrison.html
             | 
             | Also related on the prettiness bit, this short story is
             | good: https://waldyrious.neocities.org/ted_chiang/liking-
             | what-you-...
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | In our current context, selectively there are
               | disadvantages if you are smart.
        
               | atq2119 wrote:
               | > I'd argue we should strive for a society where the
               | suffering you're exposed to if you're unlucky enough to
               | be in the bottom quartile is bounded, while still
               | allowing for the top to be unbounded in pushing humanity
               | forward.
               | 
               | FWIW, being unbounded in pushing humanity forward is
               | different from being unbounded in pushing your individual
               | wealth up, so those aren't really two sides of the same
               | topic.
               | 
               | Or perhaps you really meant something different from what
               | you wrote, because what you really meant doesn't sound so
               | nice.
               | 
               | I'll second the recommendation of the Ted Chiang short
               | story, it's well worth a read.
        
               | fossuser wrote:
               | They're often related (look at Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos,
               | Bill Gates, etc.) - I think it's good that the upper
               | quartile creates new wealth (usually through reinvesting
               | and building stuff). I think it's reasonable to try to
               | structure things so that wealth doesn't give too much
               | outsized political influence (easier said than done).
               | 
               | Allowing the incentives of unbounded wealth creation at
               | the top is desirable imo.
        
               | apineda wrote:
               | If the upperbound is unlimited doesn't the lower bound
               | essentially converge to zero? Imagine the upper strata
               | (literally and figuratively) in flying cars and flying
               | restaurants. The simple farm house would now seem like a
               | desolate situation. Or would it?
        
               | fossuser wrote:
               | On the spectrum of possible intelligence human variance
               | is small so in practice this isn't really an issue.
               | 
               | Though what you're touching on is why misaligned AGI is
               | an e-risk.
        
             | cm2012 wrote:
             | I think it should be split into two graphs, practical and
             | moral.
             | 
             | Practically, we all have to pretend we have free will. Hard
             | work, diligence and deferment of the present for the future
             | should be encouraged.
             | 
             | Morally, we shouldn't judge people who struggle with the
             | above. "There but for the grace of god go I", etc etc.
             | Society should try to be kind to all, resources permitting.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | > "There but for the grace of god go I"
               | 
               | I _love_ this sentiment, and it 's one of a few I try to
               | keep at the ready. I think it's underrated, as simple
               | lanes to guide one's thinking go. I'm all-around much
               | better, including more content, FWIW, when successfully
               | holding that lane in-place.
               | 
               | I mean, yeah, it's basically just one of the key
               | heuristics of practicing Stoicism, plus a hundred other
               | practical ethical frameworks and religions, but I think
               | the particular framing & phrasing is especially apt.
        
               | diskzero wrote:
               | Kindness does indeed seem to be lacking. I constantly
               | remind myself that all work is noble and aspire to extend
               | empathy, compassion and sympathy to others.
        
               | achenet wrote:
               | Thank you for doing that.
               | 
               | I try to do the same. :)
        
           | mikewave wrote:
           | > I can't imagine had I grown up busy farming and raising
           | siblings and then children in my 20s I would have been able
           | to accomplish anything at all.
           | 
           | This really depends how you frame 'accomplishment', which is
           | very much up to you. I think that successfully raising
           | children who can successfully raise children is in and of
           | itself an accomplishment; forming a family and keeping it
           | intact through your inevitable troubles, working the land and
           | producing enough excess food to earn everything else you
           | need... our culture would be better if we actually viewed
           | such people as 'accomplished' instead of pretending that
           | being a C-suite officer of some SaaS b2b griftware is
           | inherently of more value to anyone, anywhere.
        
         | tibbar wrote:
         | > Shit no, because the whole rest of the time I'm not coming up
         | with those handful of new ideas, I'm less-smart.
         | 
         | For better or worse, I am such a person: good at generating
         | ideas and product vision, merely competent at technical
         | execution. Put another way, my verbal iq and empathy (if that
         | can be measured) are much stronger than my analytical iq, as
         | confirmed by essentially every standardized test I've ever
         | taken. As a result, I function and process information
         | differently than a lot of my engineer peers. Some things are
         | obviously harder for me, which can be painful and embarrassing,
         | but as a rule I'm involved in lots of interesting discussions
         | and design sessions and tend to be a de facto product manager.
         | It's just different, a trade off in mental styles.
        
           | tcgv wrote:
           | I'm more of an analytical person myself, and my non-technical
           | co-founder at our startup is much like you described
           | yourself. I built the tech in the early days (today I mostly
           | manage the tech team). He was the sales person and used his
           | impressive communication skills to win our first key
           | accounts. One thing that he though me long ago is that there
           | are several types of intelligence. It's not linear. People
           | usually assume the analytical type of intelligence is the
           | true type of intelligence. I find that to be inaccurate.
        
         | admissionsguy wrote:
         | > Being even a little clever--and that's the best I can claim--
         | is living life on easy mode.
         | 
         | Doesn't even compare to being tall and good looking.
        
         | 5faulker wrote:
         | I'm not sure how smart you are, but there's a lot of wisdom in
         | what you said. Smart is multi-dimensional for me anyway.
        
           | handrous wrote:
           | > Smart is multi-dimensional for me anyway.
           | 
           | Strongly agreed about "smart" not being just one thing.
           | Somewhere there's someone who's normal at the things I'm good
           | at, and excellent at the things I'm so-so or bad at (there
           | are _several_ of those), and they 're probably glad they get
           | to "play" life on easy mode, too. Somewhere there's someone
           | who's as good as both of us at _all_ those things, and they
           | probably own an island and have a private jet and don 't
           | think it was particularly challenging to get to that position
           | in life. Maybe--if there's, in fact, exactly one thing
           | they're bad at--they even wonder why other people don't do
           | it.
        
         | cm2012 wrote:
         | My sister and I were just talking about this. We'd been coming
         | to realize independently how much faster we think than average
         | people. We didn't realize it growing up, since we went to
         | gifted schools our whole lives (public schools we tested into,
         | not private) and everybody was bright there. Living life
         | outside of the gifted bubble has given us perspective on how
         | lucky we were to born this way.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | psysharp wrote:
           | Why do you think thinking fast is more important than
           | thinking slowly?
        
             | outworlder wrote:
             | > Why do you think thinking fast is more important than
             | thinking slowly?
             | 
             | I would say _that_ should be the definition of intelligence
             | (as in, how 'smart' one is). If it takes someone a day to
             | understand something, and it takes someone else 5 minutes
             | to do the same, it's not just a matter of time spent. It
             | completely shapes _how_ one thinks and how deep you can go
             | in any given subject. There's only so much brainpower we
             | can expend before getting tired and 'restarting' tasks is
             | not easy.
             | 
             | Let's say if you are listening to a discussion with a topic
             | you aren't very familiar with, but your peers are extremely
             | familiar with. You'll see that the way the conversation
             | flows is very different. They will rapid fire, exchange
             | incomplete sentences (because the other person has inferred
             | the rest) and overall have a much more rich and complex
             | conversation. You'll be thinking about the next chess move,
             | they will be thinking 10 steps ahead.
             | 
             | Then you'll say: "that's a bad example, this is about
             | knowledge, not intelligence, they are doing it faster
             | because they know more about the subject". Yes. I'll argue
             | that a meaningful 'intelligence' delta doesn't really exist
             | among healthy humans. It's all about how many patterns you
             | have been exposed to. When we try to measure intelligence,
             | we end up measuring knowledge, every single time.
             | 
             | Take the Mensa tests. Someone who went to good schools and
             | did mentally challenging things will have most likely
             | encountered similar questions before. Not exactly the same
             | questions, but adapting something you have seen before to a
             | new situation is much easier than doing this for the first
             | time.
        
             | waynesonfire wrote:
             | why is the mensa test timed?
        
               | psysharp wrote:
               | Good question, maybe because time is tangible and
               | measurable? I don't know
        
             | cm2012 wrote:
             | It makes life easier. E.G.
             | 
             | - Someone is explaining a concept.
             | 
             | - We get it in a few seconds, can come up connections, next
             | steps, implications, etc.
             | 
             | - Other people need to have it explained longer, or miss
             | the main point, or don't see how it connects to other
             | pertinent things.
             | 
             | You can see how that would make life easier, and make you
             | more effective at a variety of real time tasks.
        
               | psysharp wrote:
               | If you had the choice understand the concept 10 times
               | slower but in the end would come up with twice the amount
               | of connections, would you consider it as something
               | valuable?
               | 
               | Yes I see how it would make life easier, but is that
               | really a meaningful goal?
               | 
               | And how do we know that the reasons behind that it makes
               | life easier isn't just a bias society has towards its own
               | traits? - E.g life is easier for right handed people
               | aswell.
        
               | whimsicalism wrote:
               | I think the extent to which this actually occurs is
               | overstated in discussions of intelligence because it
               | makes people feel better, but maybe I'm just an asshole.
        
               | cm2012 wrote:
               | We agree in part, I don't think its morally better to
               | think faster. Just that it makes life easier/makes it
               | easier to achieve life outcomes you want.
        
               | Jensson wrote:
               | > If you had the choice understand the concept 10 times
               | slower but in the end would come up with twice the amount
               | of connections, would you consider it as something
               | valuable?
               | 
               | But then they aren't just thinking slower, they are doing
               | more processing. It isn't just "slow vs fast', it is
               | "more processing vs less processing". Similarly if two
               | people eat hamburgers as fast, but one of them eat twice
               | as many hamburgers and therefore takes twice the time, it
               | doesn't make him a "slow eater" it just means he eats a
               | lot per meal.
        
               | psysharp wrote:
               | Absolutely.
               | 
               | Then the question becomes: when is something fully
               | processed - and to which degree is a person inclined to
               | explore the depths of a concept?
               | 
               | What is the limit that decides when depth is no longer
               | valuable?
        
               | Jensson wrote:
               | But that is a different question.
        
               | agustif wrote:
               | Yup, but this always made school so fucking boring for
               | me. Get it the 5 first minutes the teacher explains,
               | spend 55 other minutes wandering in your mind about other
               | stuff while the teacher proceeds to drill it into your
               | peers memory repeating it ad-nauseaum until they sing it
               | like fucking gospel.
               | 
               | That's the education I experienced at least, maybe
               | someone else had better luck, but once you've to slowdown
               | to the slowest of 30, and you're the fastest, things get
               | pretty slow.
        
               | handrous wrote:
               | This messed me up so bad when I finally hit material I
               | needed to work at _even a little_. Years and years and
               | years of getting things instantly, with no effort
               | whatsoever. Lecturing about the same thing again for the
               | fifth day in a row, but I had it the first day? Cool, I
               | 'll draw cartoons and still answer any questions you ask
               | me. Hand me a test? No problem. A-grade work in 5
               | minutes, read my book for the remainder of the hour. My
               | stupid kid brain (this was... age 13 or so? Maybe 14?)
               | was _sure_ something horrible had happened to me over the
               | Summer and I was now an idiot, when that stopped being
               | how things worked. I wouldn 't be surprised if I could
               | have been diagnosed with actual depression, from then
               | through my early 20s, mostly due to that and the follow-
               | on effects.
               | 
               | I've since learned this is a super-common experience for
               | gifted kids and one of the things really good gifted
               | programs focus early on mitigating. I gather kids smarter
               | than I was may still experience something similar, but
               | not until they burn out _hard_ and very suddenly, around
               | Sophomore or Junior year of a challenging degree program.
        
           | hindsightbias wrote:
           | Perhaps we should question the assumption that some people
           | are conciously thinking at all.
           | 
           | Being bored out of my mind in grade school and unable to read
           | anything else during that time just led to a lot of day
           | dreaming and not "productive" or directed thinking. What do
           | people bored out their minds at work/life think about?
        
             | bloodyplonker22 wrote:
             | They think about the short term, an end result rather than
             | how to get there. That's one constant that will persist
             | through time with "less than smart" people.
        
             | handrous wrote:
             | > What do people bored out their minds at work/life think
             | about?
             | 
             | Host: What's the most complex thing you do in your kitchen?
             | 
             | David Mitchel: _thinks for a fraction of a second_ Worry
             | about death.
        
         | cosentiyes wrote:
         | > > Surely you'd take the latter.
         | 
         | > Shit no, because the whole rest of the time I'm not coming up
         | with those handful of new ideas, I'm less-smart.
         | 
         | For lack of a better metric, how many IQ points would you be
         | willing to trade per new idea? It feels likely that
         | environmental factors and luck have a much higher impact on
         | happiness and other outcomes for individuals within whatever
         | defines the "high intelligence" or "slightly gifted range". I'd
         | probably make the "less smart" trade for 1-2 novel/high quality
         | ideas since you're basically guaranteeing one or two high
         | rolls. I doubt a 1-2% bump in intelligence would outweigh the
         | benefits.
         | 
         | I'm making lots of assumptions here around being able to
         | successfully act on new ideas and that intelligence has
         | marginal gains once you're locked into above-average-but-not-
         | top quantiles.
        
           | handrous wrote:
           | > For lack of a better metric, how many IQ points would you
           | be willing to trade per new idea? It feels likely that
           | environmental factors and luck have a much higher impact on
           | happiness and other outcomes for individuals within whatever
           | defines the "high intelligence" or "slightly gifted range".
           | I'd probably make the "less smart" trade for 1-2 novel/high
           | quality ideas since you're basically guaranteeing one or two
           | high rolls. I doubt a 1-2% bump in intelligence would
           | outweigh the benefits.
           | 
           | For one that'd make me at least somewhat rich? Maybe one or
           | two. But I have a feeling I'd end up regretting even that,
           | worrying "would I have gotten this idea I'm not getting, if I
           | hadn't made that trade?", or if a loss of interest in
           | something is because I'm now slightly dumber, or whatever,
           | every day, for the entire rest of my life. Aging-related
           | brain changes are already terrifying, without helping them
           | along.
        
         | WFHRenaissance wrote:
         | > sheer chance and lucky circumstances.
         | 
         | LOL, dualism moment. There is no "you" outside of your genetics
         | and the socialization you experienced. There is definitely some
         | luck involved, but also you're the product of a lot more work
         | and planning than you give yourself credit for.
        
           | wlg wrote:
           | Dualism is a theory in philosophy of mind, not in personal
           | identity. It doesn't have any opinion about who "you" are, so
           | it doesn't have any opinion on the counterfactual "But for
           | luck, I could have been less smart."
           | 
           | It sounds like what you really mean is something like a
           | psychological continuity (identity is having psychological
           | continuity) or animalist (identity is being the same human
           | animal) view, which are both consistent with some mental
           | characteristics (like intelligence) being accidental to who
           | we are.
        
           | cm2012 wrote:
           | The propensity to work hard and be good at planning is just
           | as heritable as IQ. The extent to which you can defer current
           | pleasure for future gain is basically established by the time
           | you're 6 years old, so reaping the benefits of it as an adult
           | is luck.
           | 
           | In another way, yes hard work and good planning is vital to
           | success. But you shouldn't pat yourself on the back too hard
           | for it, and you shouldn't think of yourself morally better
           | than anyone else for it.
           | 
           | (This isn't sour grapes from me. I'm successful and worked
           | incredibly hard for years without much money.)
        
           | mywittyname wrote:
           | > you're the product of a lot more work and planning than you
           | give yourself credit for.
           | 
           | Some people are lucky enough to have parents/family that
           | handle this planning for us at young ages, knowing we will
           | benefit in the future.
        
             | ogre_magi wrote:
             | Do you think you were "lucky" not to be a mosquito?
             | 
             | Do you think you were "lucky" not to be a 100kg mass of
             | disconnected plasma inside the sun?
             | 
             | This doesn't make any sense. There are different processes
             | in our universe that produce different things, from plasma
             | to rocks to mosquitos to unsuccessful people to successful
             | people.
             | 
             | These processes are different, and their outputs are not
             | fungible. There's no luck. There's no sense in which "you"
             | could have been anything except what you are.
        
               | exolymph wrote:
               | That's the luck, happening to be who you are. Other
               | people happen to be who they are, and that's their luck.
               | 
               | Luck = fate
        
               | ahevia wrote:
               | I mean. When folks use the term luck they often just use
               | to express gratitude. Whether that's to the void or to
               | their god.
               | 
               | It's weird to point out the usage here. Sure someone can
               | say "I'm grateful the insane probabilities of every small
               | detail that led to today collapsed on me living a good
               | life", but it's easier to just say "I'm so lucky".
               | 
               | > There's no sense in which "you" could have been
               | anything except what you are.
               | 
               | Perhaps yea, this feels tangential to the argument there
               | is no free will and the universe is 100% deterministic.
               | Maybe I'm reading too much into your comment, but for my
               | lived experience. It certainly doesn't feel that I was
               | 100% destined to end up here. Im sure others feel the
               | same way that their circumstances were never
               | predetermined.
        
               | Jensson wrote:
               | That isn't how people usually view luck. If someone says
               | "My success was all luck!", people wouldn't assume that
               | this guy was lucky to be born smart and hard working and
               | therefore worked his ass off to achieve his results with
               | no particularly lucky event happening past his birth. No,
               | they'd assume something like, the guy next to him at a
               | buss stop happened to be this rich businessman and just
               | happened to need something right now, and then that lead
               | to more similar events and now he is the CEO of a big
               | multi national corporation.
        
               | cm2012 wrote:
               | Its not how people usually perceive luck, but its a more
               | accurate way of perceiving luck IMO.
        
           | ogre_magi wrote:
           | Reading this comment was really important to me.
           | 
           | I encounter this "luck" argument that implies dualism, of a
           | self separate from biology and life experience that could
           | have somehow existed in a different body, all the time.
           | 
           | And until I read this comment I felt like I was the only
           | person who found that idea specious.
        
         | SquishyPanda23 wrote:
         | > Being even a little clever--and that's the best I can claim--
         | is living life on easy mode
         | 
         | That is probably true about being a little clever, but being
         | really smart is not easy in the general case. Really smart
         | people often share few ideas and interests with others and
         | spend much of their lives lonely and misunderstood.
        
           | cm2012 wrote:
           | Nonetheless, IQ correlates to life outcomes like income
           | really well. Averages are by no means destiny, but on average
           | IQ makes life easier.
        
             | dagw wrote:
             | There are several studies that show that IQ correlates with
             | income, at least at the extremes. However the studies I've
             | seen found no correlations between IQ and overall happiness
             | or contentment with how their life turned out.
        
               | PeterisP wrote:
               | "Happiness/contentment" is effectively a "balancing
               | thermostat" of our motivation, a functional aspect that
               | is used by our bodies to regulate our behavior and thus,
               | if it functions properly (as opposed to certain diseases
               | e.g. anhedonia in clinical depression) its long term
               | average will be pretty much the same no matter how well
               | you do, it's almost orthogonal to any metric of actual
               | wellbeing. For example, studies show both winning
               | excessive amounts of money in lotteries and sustaining
               | major life-changing injuries (e.g. losing limbs or
               | causing other disabilities) do not correlate with
               | happiness in the long-term. Happiness effectively
               | reflects (a) recent short-term changes to wellbeing; (b)
               | momentary expectations or worries about future wellbeing;
               | and (c) innate baseline happiness. It's not a reflection
               | of how well someone is living; in essence, people living
               | long-term in a literal gulag may easily have on average
               | the same overall happiness/contentment as living in a
               | nice first world upper-middle-class environment.
        
               | cm2012 wrote:
               | It's amazing how so many things in the human body work
               | from a thermostat principle
        
             | SquishyPanda23 wrote:
             | Yes, that's true. If you project down to a linear
             | relationship, more IQ is associated with more income.
             | 
             | Most of the data you see on that stop around an IQ of 125,
             | which is about the average IQ of a PhD in the US.
             | 
             | But there's also a lot of research on people with very high
             | iq and the links with depression, anxiety, loneliness etc.
             | 
             | If you want the easiest life possible, I don't think you
             | want to maximize IQ. I think you want to go high enough
             | that you're eligible for the high paying jobs, but not so
             | smart that you feel like the other people in those jobs are
             | idiots.
        
         | outworlder wrote:
         | > Being even a little clever--and that's the best I can claim--
         | is living life on easy mode. It's so great. Once I realized
         | that the other people in the room weren't not-saying the
         | obvious thing because they'd already dismissed it for some
         | reason I couldn't see, but because it wasn't obvious to them,
         | it was like I unlocked a superpower.
         | 
         | The thing is - I don't agree with Paul Graham at all. Sure,
         | there might be a genetic component to being 'smart', but I
         | doubt it means that people are just born with a better "CPU".
         | Maybe they are 0.1% better overall.
         | 
         | Rather, I don't think we can properly control
         | variables(ethically). If your parents are 'smart', they will do
         | 'smart' things. They will give you the attention you need. They
         | will give you a balanced diet. They will buy you books. They
         | will teach you difficult concepts. You'll see them studying or
         | otherwise getting invested in their careers and, as kids, we
         | mimic what you see. Over time, you develop 'smart' habits, and
         | you exercise your brain.
         | 
         | You'll also accumulate all sorts of 'patterns', that let you
         | quickly see those things that aren't 'obvious' to everyone
         | else. They are obvious to you, probably because you have seen
         | something similar before, even in a different context. The more
         | 'patterns' you have, the quicker you can spot them, and you can
         | tie things together faster if you are not focusing on learning
         | entirely new things at the same time.
         | 
         | Even if you had nothing of the sort growing up, by just trying
         | to engage your brain while doing most of your tasks, you are
         | far ahead of most people. What people tend to do is, whenever
         | they find something that worked, even if only once, they will
         | stick with that solution, for every situation. They don't
         | normally ask themselves if the resolution is still appropriate
         | for the situation in hand. Keep this as a background process,
         | and you do have a superpower.
        
           | flavius29663 wrote:
           | intelligence being a highly genetic trait was known for a
           | long while. Recently they even discovered the genes
           | responsible for a large part of it
           | https://www.nature.com/articles/nrg.2017.104
        
           | Retric wrote:
           | Your proposing a testable hypotheses which has been disproven
           | through studies of the adopted and especially twins.
           | Intelligence and genetics are strongly linked, most obviously
           | via negatives like Down syndrome but that's far from the only
           | influence.
           | 
           | One of many examples: https://resources.corwin.com/sites/defa
           | ult/files/handout_18....
        
           | throw1234651234 wrote:
           | Read up on working memory. A lot of people can't hold enough
           | items in their head long enough to write a function. And
           | that's if you don't believe in IQ, which is already very
           | heavily correlated with success.
        
             | throw1234651234 wrote:
             | P.S. I am in the somewhat unique situation of being "smart
             | enough", but far from the smartest person in the room, so I
             | can struggle and am close enough to the "incompetent" line
             | to see it clearly, and it's a scary place. On the other
             | hand, I can do enough to understand how truly fast "hyper-
             | intelligent" people think at work to understand the
             | difference, and it's a stark difference.
        
         | manquer wrote:
         | I would say I have the opposite experience on being only a bit
         | clever.
         | 
         | Being not smart at all usually also means you are ignorant to
         | what you don't know, that life has its merits, Repetitive jobs
         | don't bore you, and happiness comes from simpler joys in life.
         | I wouldn't mind living that way at all.
         | 
         | Being very smart means none of the stuff you mention is hard.
         | Math comes naturally, Crazy smart people need to put no effort
         | to understand complex topics, while their happiness is
         | typically in esoteric goals or breakthrough research, most
         | people don't understand anything of what they do, so either
         | society is sympathetic to challenges or oblivious to what they
         | do. Financially/Socially once they have a safe academic job,
         | the difference of success/failure is not visible to most
         | regular people, even if they win a field's medal or Noble prize
         | most people hardly understand it.
         | 
         | Being a bit clever is the worst of the lot, you understand
         | enough to know how much you don't really know. Constantly you
         | are making decisions basis what you know is poor understanding.
         | Math, subtext, knowledge is all hard, but doesn't look so hard
         | you will completely give up or blissfully don't know it exists.
         | 
         | Social peer groups keep missing that intelligence can be pretty
         | scaled, we can perceive that someone is smarter than us but not
         | by how much. Everyone one assumes there is just one level above
         | them, equivalent to crazy smart. We are therefore accorded with
         | the praise, money and recommendations and also
         | _responsibilities_ of being perceived crazy smart.
         | 
         | I would happily trade to being exactly perceived as I am or
         | less and forgo all the money and praise if I didn't also be
         | saddled with expectations of coming up with solutions all the
         | time.
        
           | Aperocky wrote:
           | > Repetitive jobs don't bore you, and happiness comes from
           | simpler joys in life. I wouldn't mind living that way at all.
           | 
           | As much as I sometime would want to be the cat that I owned,
           | I enjoy much more about actually understanding the world
           | around me (physically).
           | 
           | Still bound to flesh and dopamine for happiness, but it's
           | about the best deal we have on Earth right now.
        
           | hans1729 wrote:
           | >Being not smart at all usually also means you are ignorant
           | to what you don't know, that life has its merits, Repetitive
           | jobs don't bore you, and happiness comes from simpler joys in
           | life. I wouldn't mind living that way at all.
           | 
           | You're mixing up all kinds of unrelated things here. As does
           | PG. Whats smartness? Going by Joscha Bach, it's the ability
           | to reach your goals, as opposed to intelligence, your ability
           | to make models. Wether repetitive work bores you isn't a
           | matter of intelligence or smartness, however it does
           | correlate significantly with cognitive functions (Jung).
           | 
           | The then following paragraph seems projective to me,
           | generalizations are just all over the place; thats just not
           | how it works, neither from a neuro- nor from a psychological
           | perspective. It doesn't matter wether you're intellectual
           | middle or high brow, you will always be an idiot because
           | you'll always be residing in a brain, being bound to its
           | constraints of focus and attention. the notion of absolute
           | intelligence that you imply when relating to "being a bit
           | clever is the worst of the lot" seems off to me.
           | 
           | >I would happily trade to being exactly perceived as I am or
           | less and forgo all the money and praise if I didn't also be
           | saddled with expectations of coming up with solutions all the
           | time.
           | 
           | You're contradicting yourself: first you say that the general
           | population doesn't get what being smart implies, and then you
           | say that the general population expects you to deliver on
           | what being smart implies
           | 
           | Sorry if this came off hostile, it wasn't meant so in any
           | way. I just can't relate to these absolute notions and would
           | strongly suggest you to read into psychology and neuroscience
        
             | mach1ne wrote:
             | You lost me at the last sentence. (Jk, actually at Joscha
             | Bach). The thing is, there is no consensus on what
             | intelligence or smartness or any concept adjacent is. The
             | layman notion is indeed wrong. But reading psychology and
             | neuroscience will only put you deeper into this misery, as
             | the theories proposed have shaky foundations and contradict
             | each other.
             | 
             | I guess that the brain being a complex system there might
             | not be one or multiple attributes of intelligence; just
             | different behaviours.
        
               | breck wrote:
               | > I guess that the brain being a complex system there
               | might not be one or multiple attributes of intelligence;
               | just different behaviours
               | 
               | I just ordered "Society of Mind" by Minsky. I spent some
               | time this year working on multi agent simulations, then
               | started wondering about the individual as really an
               | apartment building of agents, and then started looking
               | for the prior art, and found that book. This will
               | probably be a dead end like so many before but that's the
               | current thread I'm on in my understanding of the complex
               | system that is the brain.
        
             | manquer wrote:
             | I don't think anything you said is hostile. Perhaps I
             | should have redrafted it better given that nature of of
             | topic, I should have expected to be misunderstood a bit.
             | 
             | ---
             | 
             | Firstly _Caveat Lector_ : Yes generalization is a natural
             | hazard of this topic and I am guilty as everyone else on
             | this thread, we(and PG) are drawing conclusions basis
             | anecdotal personal experiences and generalizing that
             | obviously may not hold. Perhaps I should have called out
             | explicitly, I assumed that is already implicitly clear in
             | this topic. Everything I say[1] in this kind of topic is
             | almost always a opinion or a best a theory.
             | 
             | ----
             | 
             | The scale to me[2]: Not being smart[3] means everyone
             | assumes you are their level or below them. A "little bit
             | smart" means when some(many) people assume you know better
             | than them. Crazy smart is people I cannot understand and
             | are way smarter than I am.
             | 
             | I am not saying general population, I am saying it is
             | difficult to comprehend how much smarter[2] _anyone_ else
             | for any person independent of their own personal levels
             | that is by kind of basic limitation of not being as smart
             | as them, if you could understand the gap you would probably
             | as smart as well. It doesn 't matter if the first person is
             | super smart already and other person is even smarter. This
             | has an effect that people inherently under or
             | overestimate[4] what the other person is capable of, that
             | is what am alluding to.
             | 
             | I don't have a knowledge on neuroscience to comment on
             | that, however I absolutely do not have any interest in
             | reading anymore psychology or debate with amateurs /
             | professionals on it, my experience[5] interacting with the
             | field : it is filled with pseudo-science (Yes including big
             | names like Jung), every conventional term has _always_ has
             | different professional meaning which layman are expected to
             | know fluently to discuss anything related, evidence
             | /studies for many widely held theories is usually small
             | sampled studies and typically math is at best basic linear
             | regression models conflating correlation and causation .
             | 
             | Psychology and Economics are two fields I consider a lot of
             | waste of time trying to study for non professionals [6],
             | Metaphysics or philosophy at least is fully abstract( like
             | Math?), this mixing of reality with pretty weak science[7]
             | makes a pretty bad combination. I understand that may makes
             | me ignorant in some eyes. Sadly a lot of economic and
             | workplace policy is determined by influential schools of
             | thought in both fields, as everybody is affected by policy
             | everyone has(should have) a opinion .
             | 
             | ----
             | 
             | P.S. I didn't intend come across as aggressive/harsh or
             | snide, but trying to be specific can come across has not
             | being polite and snide, I am not that a gifted a writer(and
             | English is not my first language) to write the same intent
             | and make it sound better, apologies if it did not come out
             | well.
             | 
             | ----
             | 
             | [1] For that matter anyone else says including
             | professionals, I can only claim for myself though.
             | 
             | [2] This may not apply to others, I am not a professional
             | to be able to generalize it, I am just sharing my anecdotal
             | version.
             | 
             | [3] Smart here and all other terms I am using is common
             | sense definitions, kind of similar to "I will know it when
             | I see it" obscenity definition by Potter in the Roth test.
             | I don't have any expertise or interest in framing in formal
             | narrow terms [4] In my experience
             | 
             | [5] I can only talk about my personal experience, all of
             | these are generalizations, am sure will have dozens of
             | exceptions or completely opposite view points backed with
             | solid evidence. It is statement of opinion not fact.
             | 
             | [6] You( and the world) may a different opinion on this, I
             | am not stating it as what everyone should also see it as,
             | just how I see it, and I am fine not holding a consensus
             | view
             | 
             | [7] In my view
        
           | zarzavat wrote:
           | There's only a very small number of exceptional people who
           | are so smart that they just understand everything without
           | effort. Terry Tao comes to mind. Everybody else has to pick
           | and choose what they understand, most "very smart" people are
           | still only very smart within a certain domain.
           | 
           | This is more of a reflection of the richness of our world
           | rather than the limitations of the human mind.
           | 
           | In Ancient Greece, it was possible for polymaths to exist,
           | people who could contribute to the many disciplines that
           | existed then. Then, Poincare has the title of "the last
           | universalist" because of his contributions to many areas of
           | mathematics. Now, no such generalist can exist, everything
           | requires specialisation. But that is a good thing. It means
           | that human knowledge is incredibly rich.
        
             | manquer wrote:
             | Depends on how you see it .
             | 
             | Yes you are right in sense that, in the ancient the number
             | of educated people -> scholars -> professionals who could
             | dedicate the life to research was small. It was far easier
             | (easier than today not easy itself) to be able to dabble in
             | many topics. [1] [2]
             | 
             | As you say much of what can be researched by a general
             | philosopher who dabbles in many fields is already done,
             | today to go further in any one field you will need to
             | dedicate your life to it in mathematics or physics or other
             | _older fields_ of research.
             | 
             | That does not mean there are less generalists today. There
             | are plenty of generalists in younger/newer fields like it
             | was in math or physics back in those days .
             | 
             | Generalist scientists like Dr Lovelock was possible in the
             | 60s. Generalist computer scientists was common till not
             | that long ago. Generalist programmers were(are) there when
             | I started in the industry, today to hire proper "full
             | stack" developer is getting harder!
             | 
             | Point is generalists or specialization is always there,
             | just the fields where it can happen keep changing.
             | 
             | ---
             | 
             | [1] We have to remember many of them were also institutions
             | which they were only the head of, rather than only
             | individual contributors, so attribution could be more to
             | their school than them necessarily individually.
             | 
             | [2] A lot of the early work by ancient scholars was more
             | documentation and formalization of somewhat known items
             | than discovery or invention in the modern sense
        
           | mrkstu wrote:
           | So much _this..._
           | 
           | I'm one of eleven kids- I was the 'smart one' and what an
           | absolute drag that title was and is. The title still sticks
           | despite having a brother with multiple award winning plays,
           | another brother being a successful serial entrepreneur, and
           | sisters with published books.
           | 
           | I've watched them succeed while I didn't finish college due
           | to ADHD driving me to distraction. Luckily I have the
           | computer skills requisite to be a successful network
           | architect- but I'm quite aware I could have been a surgeon, a
           | constitutional lawyer, a good to great political commentator
           | or a quant if I had that next bit of mental concentration and
           | memory.
           | 
           | I'm very aware of that gap and it grinds in the gears pretty
           | continually now that I'm older and firmly entrenched in a
           | career- what a bit of ADHD meds at the right time in my life
           | would have meant to allow that potential to be unlocked. To
           | see those I was on the debate team with or in the same book
           | clubs or Latin class being able to step up to the next level
           | and build fairly continually rather than fighting against
           | their mental shortcomings.
           | 
           | But really, in the end, I still have that bit more access to
           | curiosity and the deeper things that come with that
           | curiosity- I was commenting to my daughters in the car the
           | other day that the acceleration they felt in the car pushing
           | them back in their seats was functionally equivalent to
           | gravity. That they are constantly accelerating towards the
           | earth, which is what keeps them connected to the ground. That
           | kind of thinking, though in many ways generic and obvious, is
           | probably not a thing any of my siblings would say and an
           | important part of how I think and approach the world- and not
           | something I would trade to step down into for a bit more
           | oblivious contentment.
        
             | skinkestek wrote:
             | I have as many (or more) siblings as you, and adhd. I got
             | meds somewhere not too far before my thirtieth birthday.
             | That is now well above 10 years ago and yes, it has meant a
             | lot.
             | 
             | And yes, being singled out for being smart, I know that
             | too.
             | 
             | This is the first time I'm this specific about my
             | background here but I thought you would like to know at
             | least one other person here knows a little bit of what it
             | feels like.
             | 
             | Good luck going forward!
        
             | handrous wrote:
             | > I've watched them succeed while I didn't finish college
             | due to ADHD driving me to distraction. Luckily I have the
             | computer skills requisite to be a successful network
             | architect- but I'm quite aware I could have been a surgeon,
             | a constitutional lawyer, a good to great political
             | commentator or a quant if I had that next bit of mental
             | concentration and memory.
             | 
             | Welcome to the party, pal :-)
             | 
             | I still think it's a hell of a lot better than being _not
             | smart_ and saddled with those problems, as guilty as I
             | sometimes feel for not  "living up to my potential". I'd
             | probably be homeless or barely making ends meet while
             | bouncing between minimum wage jobs, instead of living
             | really well with shockingly little effort. My deficiencies
             | are very frustrating and trigger lots of negative
             | rumination when I think about what might have been if I'd
             | had _just_ the right person take notice early on and
             | intervene in _just_ the right ways--until I remind myself
             | how much worse it could be, which is a whole damn lot
             | worse.
             | 
             | > I'm one of eleven kids- I was the 'smart one' and what an
             | absolute drag that title was and is. The title still sticks
             | despite having a brother with multiple award winning plays,
             | another brother being a successful serial entrepreneur, and
             | sisters with published books.
             | 
             | Ah, a member of Salinger's Glass family, I see. ;-)
        
           | dclowd9901 wrote:
           | Sheesh this feels familiar. I always feel just a step under
           | the folks I talk to who are smart, always missing something.
        
         | dmueller39 wrote:
         | Not being too smart can be a forcing function on the quality of
         | ideas. Very frequently the idea that wins in the minds of
         | others is the one that is easy to think about.
         | 
         | I am frequently caught in the trap where I am enjoying the
         | puzzlebox complexity of a problem, and building an equally
         | complicated solution. I then attempt to explain my complicated
         | solution to someone else, and I fail on delivery.
         | 
         | I also have a coworker whos mantra is "if its hard to think
         | about, I don't do it". We actually worked on similarly aligned
         | solutions to the same problem. His version met with
         | significantly more success than mine did, and I credit the fact
         | that he ensured that it was all easy to think about (and thus
         | talk about). I don't begrudge him at all though, he's one of my
         | favs!
         | 
         | IMO if you are unwilling or unable to think about overly
         | complicated ideas, it might force you to eliminate them and
         | develop new ones that are easier to talk about and think about.
         | 
         | Thanks for sharing BTW.
        
           | alanlammiman wrote:
           | Agree. Whether a business (or solution to a problem) is
           | interesting, ingenious and innovative is a completely
           | different matter from its being a good business. iirc warren
           | buffet once said, "if it takes a calculator to figure out if
           | it's a good business, it's not". In a similar vein (but with
           | a different moral to it) my boss used to say that (in a
           | corporate context) all back-of-the-envelope analysis was by
           | definition correct - because it would only ever be checked
           | via back-of-the-envelope calculations.
        
         | clairity wrote:
         | > "Reading is harder. Math is harder. Learning anything new is
         | harder. Following complex conversations is harder. Picking out
         | subtext, allusions, et c., in all media, is harder."
         | 
         | smarts can't be summed up into a single all-encompassing
         | quality that you have or you don't. you can be socially savvy
         | and not be good at math, or great at basketball and be socially
         | awkward. this is a 'not smart' observation that undermines your
         | whole humble-brag.
        
           | tfehring wrote:
           | Sure, the skills the parent comment mentioned are all
           | separate skills, but they're probably pretty strongly (and
           | positively) correlated with each other and with traditional
           | measures of intelligence like performance on IQ tests. It's
           | accurate to say that intelligence isn't the only thing that
           | matters, and probably accurate to say that society generally
           | overstates its importance, but claiming that intelligence
           | doesn't exist is a severe and inaccurate overcorrection.
        
           | achenet wrote:
           | "The g factor (also known as general intelligence, general
           | mental ability or general intelligence factor) is a construct
           | developed in psychometric investigations of cognitive
           | abilities and human intelligence. It is a variable that
           | summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive
           | tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual's performance
           | on one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to that
           | person's performance on other kinds of cognitive tasks. "
           | 
           | from:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_%28psychometrics%29
        
           | asdfman123 wrote:
           | I truly excel at the first three things -- I get high test
           | scores and can get good at a wide range of things without
           | even trying -- but I struggle to follow conversations due to
           | ADHD + shyness and it drives me crazy.
        
         | reikonomusha wrote:
         | I read your comment as "yes I prefer life to be easier and
         | complacent over difficult and interesting." Is this too coarse
         | of an interpretation? I seem to agree with pg: I'd _much_
         | rather have good ideas and trouble "executing" because there
         | are always smart people who can help me understand better, or
         | execute better, or whatever; than being super smart and at the
         | end of the day nothing to do with it.
         | 
         | Reminds me of genius programmers, who can easily coast through
         | interviews or jobs, but who've otherwise got nothing of their
         | own to write or show of it. That's not _bad_ , it just means
         | their smarts are in service to someone else's ideas--which is
         | OK!
        
           | gowld wrote:
           | "there are always smart people who can help me understand
           | better, or execute better,"
           | 
           | Not if everyone becomes an Idea Person like pg proposes!
           | 
           | There's more to "do" than just "discover new things". What's
           | the point of discovering new things if we don't use them for
           | anything?
        
             | reikonomusha wrote:
             | "Having ideas" isn't "being an idea person"--the latter I
             | hear colloquially to mean "spitballs superficial proposals
             | that other people sort through". I also don't think what
             | you suggest is what pg suggests. Einstein had ideas, but he
             | didn't just blather about them at a high level until some
             | smart person did the "real" work.
             | 
             | I also didn't mean to suggest I'd rather "just have ideas",
             | I meant "I'd rather have ideas and a difficult time
             | executing on them" as opposed to "being smart with no ideas
             | at all."
        
           | handrous wrote:
           | I see it as a trade-off between "glory" and having an
           | otherwise very nice life, as framed--trading "being smart"
           | for "having some really good ideas", which is a rather odd
           | trade, but I'm addressing the text in its own terms. Between
           | "have some very good ideas" and "be even a _little_ smart the
           | entire rest of the time ", if I can only choose one, yes, I'm
           | strongly inclined to choose the latter.
           | 
           | "Being smart" benefits me and shapes my very _identity_ by
           | affecting my perceptions and experience of everything, every
           | waking second; having some very good ideas might make me
           | money and make me known as  "the guy who came up with X, Y
           | and Z". Having both would be great, obviously! But if PG's
           | presenting some weird "pick one" choice between the two, then
           | claiming it's _obvious_ which one a person would pick, yeah,
           | I 'm leaning toward, "no, your assertion and assumptions on
           | which you're couching this entire line of argument are far
           | too broad, it's 'be smart' by a mile and I doubt I'm alone in
           | that choice".
           | 
           | It's Achilles' choice, as I see it (though, again, it's a
           | _weird_ pair of things to ask people to choose between) and
           | as much as I like reading about him, and as impressive as it
           | is that we still know his name and what he did (taking the
           | stories as true, and the character as real, for the sake of
           | lending what he opted for the most possible appeal), thanks
           | but no thanks.
        
             | qqtt wrote:
             | I find it interesting how people want to characterize your
             | choice between "living easy" versus "living interesting".
             | Or "living simple" versus "living complacent". There seems
             | to be this tendency to inject some negative connotations
             | into the approach of "living simple" such as "it's not
             | interesting", "it's not difficult", "you aren't challenging
             | yourself", "you are being lazy", "you are being
             | complacent". There seems to be something innate in people
             | that needs to attack this alternative approach to life.
             | 
             | It seems to be going over peoples heads that being
             | personally smarter has the potential to enrich your own
             | life in ways that being rich/being the "idea guy" don't. If
             | you "aren't smart", it doesn't matter how much immense
             | wealth you have, your personal relationships will be
             | affected in some pretty fundamental ways.
             | 
             | I think there is a philosophy at the heart of Y Combinator
             | and their philosophy that "ideas and execution are
             | everything" - you need to start from a creative place and
             | can fill in smart people as tools to enable your vision
             | later. A corollary to this attitude is that they look for
             | passionate younger people and foster an approach which is
             | work very hard during your younger years building on your
             | idea.
             | 
             | I find it relevant to share the Parable of the Fisherman
             | from the 4 day workweek:
             | 
             | An American investment banker was taking a much-needed
             | vacation in a small coastal Mexican village when a small
             | boat with just one fisherman docked. The boat had several
             | large, fresh fish in it.
             | 
             | The investment banker was impressed by the quality of the
             | fish and asked the Mexican how long it took to catch them.
             | The Mexican replied, "Only a little while." The banker then
             | asked why he didn't stay out longer and catch more fish?
             | The Mexican fisherman replied he had enough to support his
             | family's immediate needs.
             | 
             | The American then asked, "But what do you do with the rest
             | of your time?"
             | 
             | The Mexican fisherman replied, "I sleep late, fish a
             | little, play with my children, take siesta with my wife,
             | stroll into the village each evening where I sip wine and
             | play guitar with my amigos: I have a full and busy life,
             | senor."
             | 
             | The investment banker scoffed, "I am an Ivy League MBA, and
             | I could help you. You could spend more time fishing and
             | with the proceeds buy a bigger boat, and with the proceeds
             | from the bigger boat, you could buy several boats until
             | eventually, you would have a whole fleet of fishing boats.
             | Instead of selling your catch to the middleman you could
             | sell directly to the processor, eventually opening your own
             | cannery. You could control the product, processing and
             | distribution." Then he added, "Of course, you would need to
             | leave this small coastal fishing village and move to Mexico
             | City where you would run your growing enterprise."
             | 
             | The Mexican fisherman asked, "But senor, how long will this
             | all take?"
             | 
             | To which the American replied, "15-20 years."
             | 
             | "But what then?" asked the Mexican.
             | 
             | The American laughed and said, "That's the best part. When
             | the time is right you would announce an IPO and sell your
             | company stock to the public and become very rich. You could
             | make millions."
             | 
             | "Millions, senor? Then what?"
             | 
             | To which the investment banker replied, "Then you would
             | retire. You could move to a small coastal fishing village
             | where you would sleep late, fish a little, play with your
             | kids, take siesta with your wife, stroll to the village in
             | the evenings where you could sip wine and play your guitar
             | with your amigos."
        
               | reikonomusha wrote:
               | I think you're reading into the thoughts of others
               | elsewhere too much. I don't think living a "simple life"
               | or whatever is objected by anyone. I don't think "having
               | ideas" is also some big stakes quality that totally
               | upends someone's lifestyle. A lot of the most creative,
               | interesting, and idea-ful people in history lived simple,
               | modest lives. Many writers, painters, musicians,
               | mathematicians, scientists, philosophers, etc. were well
               | known for "schedules" that consisted of waking up late,
               | having a nice meal, going for a walk, doing some creative
               | stuff for a few hours, having a nice dinner, etc etc. A
               | "simple" lifestyle is completely compatible with
               | originality, productivity, creativity, and personal
               | growth. Denying that would be a crime against yourself.
               | 
               | Yes, I think in this forum, sometimes there are
               | hyperbolic takes on working hard, grinding, etc., but I
               | think that's an orthogonal concern about work, startups,
               | and the like.
               | 
               | These negative connotations that you mention come from
               | obvious places. "I'm smart, life is easy, and I'd like to
               | keep it that way." How is this not complacency? It's the
               | epitome of self-satisfaction and a desire to remain
               | static. What on earth grows, evolves, or improves without
               | difficulty, self-imposed or otherwise? This angle works
               | whether it be biological, social, intellectual, artistic,
               | or technical. The very _nature_ of improvement
               | _necessarily involves_ failure, and I contend a desire
               | for comfort--especially that which is stood up from some
               | natural intelligence--is equally a desire to not fail.
               | 
               | Having ideas is one manifestation of an avenue for
               | failure. Most ideas are bad and don't work. Again,
               | "ideas" here transcend business proposals, as we might
               | assume here on HN. For instance, I'm an amateur classical
               | musician, and sometimes when I'm playing a piece, I will
               | try different things not marked in the score. Maybe
               | they'll be good, maybe not. But I'd rather _have ideas to
               | try_ as a means to improve my musicianship (and perhaps
               | even my own musical intelligence!) over simply _being
               | smart_ by reciting a score as written with a bone-dry,
               | scholarly performance. Of course, this means my life is
               | now made a hair more difficult, because the effort I put
               | into performing something may be for nought if my idea
               | turns out to be botched. But that 's par for the course
               | when you're doing something new that nobody else has done
               | before. Are scholarly performances a bad thing? Not
               | intrinsically, but I'd explicitly attach negative
               | connotation to your musicianship if that's all you can
               | do.
               | 
               | If I'm honest, I really want to go a step further and
               | link creativity, ideas, etc. to some philosophical notion
               | of _being human_ , but it's certainly an argument beyond
               | my caliber to make.
        
               | qqtt wrote:
               | > "I'm smart, life is easy, and I'd like to keep it that
               | way." How is this not complacency?
               | 
               | It's all about your perspective. "I have many ideas, I'm
               | working hard to achieve them, and I'd like to keep it
               | that way."
               | 
               | This could also be construed as static, self-satisfied,
               | and "complacent" in it's own way. Complacency is
               | ultimately a negative and derogatory word - using it to
               | characterize an approach you don't agree with seems
               | disingenuous.
               | 
               | You can lead a simple life and still be taking risks, and
               | be comfortable with failure. There seems to be some hard
               | intrinsic assumptions going on in this conversation that
               | "having ideas and executing on them" is the only avenue
               | in life worth pursuing, because failure, risk,
               | fulfillment can't be defined along any other angles.
               | 
               | As you say: a "simple" lifestyle is completely compatible
               | with originality, productivity, creativity, and personal
               | growth. Denying that would be a crime against yourself.
               | 
               | You can lead a simple lifestyle, and still experiment
               | with your passions. Creating new musical scores, taking
               | risks, and putting yourself out in the world to fail -
               | none of this is fundamentally incompatible with having a
               | simple lifestyle.
               | 
               | I feel like we are both orbiting the same point but
               | viewing things from two different perspectives. It may be
               | as simple as us not fully agreeing on what a "simple
               | lifestyle" actually entails. In the context of the
               | original post, it's a dichotomy between "having ideas"
               | and "being smart". As the grandparent alluded too,
               | "having ideas" becomes a function on how you can impose
               | yourself upon the world to influence it, "being smart" is
               | a function of how you personally experience the world. I
               | think that is really the heart of it, and for some, your
               | personal experience is paramount to your short time on
               | this planet you get to experience being alive - and
               | compromising that just to have more ideas just seems
               | antithetical to the entire enjoyment of life.
        
               | reikonomusha wrote:
               | > It's all about your perspective. "I have many ideas,
               | I'm working hard to achieve them, and I'd like to keep it
               | that way."
               | 
               | > This could also be construed as static, self-satisfied,
               | and "complacent" in it's own way. Complacency is
               | ultimately a negative and derogatory word - using it to
               | characterize an approach you don't agree with seems
               | disingenuous.
               | 
               | This is a baffling. "Something that is always changing
               | could be seen as not changing because it's never not
               | changing." I'm having a hard time seeing that as a good-
               | faith rebuttal.
               | 
               | The rest, I'm mostly on-board with.
        
               | qqtt wrote:
               | > This is a baffling. "Something that is always changing
               | could be seen as not changing because it's never not
               | changing." I'm having a hard time seeing that as a good-
               | faith rebuttal.
               | 
               | I think we are talking in abstract platitudes to such an
               | extent that the forest might get missing for the trees.
               | 
               | In practical terms, a workaholic can fit the mold of "I
               | have many ideas, I'm working hard to achieve them, and
               | I'd like to keep it that way.". A workaholic can also
               | have all the characteristics of a complacent individual -
               | brimming with self-satisfaction, satisfied with their
               | routine, self-smug attitude, no desire to change their
               | ways.
               | 
               | Ironically, a workaholic could justify such an attitude
               | to themselves by calling other people complacent.
               | 
               | And just for reference, the dictionary definition of the
               | word complacent:
               | 
               | complacent: marked by self-satisfaction especially when
               | accompanied by unawareness of actual dangers or
               | deficiencies
        
             | panzagl wrote:
             | It's like asking would you rather be a one-hit wonder punk
             | band, or a world-class violinist.
        
           | danrocks wrote:
           | > I read your comment as "yes I prefer life to be easier and
           | complacent over difficult and interesting."
           | 
           | A bit unrelated but this reminded me of Slavoj Zizek's "Why
           | be happy when you could be interesting?".
           | 
           | https://bigthink.com/articles/why-be-happy-when-you-could-
           | be...
        
       | WalterBright wrote:
       | A lot of new ideas come from unexpected combinations of ideas
       | from multiple seemingly unrelated areas. James Burke writes a
       | history of the world based on this in his book "Connections". I
       | wrote in my paper "Origins of the D Programming Language" how D
       | is influenced by my experiences in airplane gearboxes.
       | 
       | Who would have thought that a gearbox had anything to do with
       | programming language design?
        
         | thedragonline wrote:
         | Interesting. Do you have a concrete example that would
         | illuminate the connection?
        
           | WalterBright wrote:
           | Origins of the D Programming Language
           | https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3386323
        
       | m0zg wrote:
       | It's a double whammy on "smart" people, actually. They are
       | usually conditioned by their "academic success" that they are
       | only allowed to have "smart" ideas. So "smart" people tend to
       | play it real, real safe - they don't want to destroy the illusion
       | they are "smart" either in themselves or (worst of all) their
       | peers. A necessary prerequisite to wander off the beaten path is
       | to have lots of "dumb" ideas as well, some of which will turn out
       | not so dumb after all.
       | 
       | Personally I was quickly disabused of the notion that I'm "smart"
       | after I spent 3 years working in a research lab alongside some
       | _real_ genius quality folks. I was also able to discern their
       | weakness that I allude to above. People who are genuinely smart
       | yet not afraid to try dumb things are unstoppable, and I'd say
       | that the latter is more important than the former, as long as
       | you're willing to put in the extra work and are learning
       | something from your mistakes. Yet it's also not "socially
       | acceptable", so we get what we get - best minds of our generation
       | playing it safe instead of going where no one has gone before,
       | and worse - shitting on the people who do from the height of
       | their ivory tower.
        
       | aneeqdhk wrote:
       | Taken to the extreme though, this could lead to neomania. New for
       | the sake of new.
       | 
       | What should we term the quality of knowing not to fix something
       | if it ain't broke?
       | 
       | I think that line of thinking would be the intellectual opposite
       | of PG's (albeit still coherent in it's conjectures or lack
       | thereof)
        
       | neom wrote:
       | I think there are two buckets that form a venn. Smart on one
       | side, Intelligent on the other. One can loosely be thought of as
       | horsepower, the other abstract/creative/alternative thinking. The
       | Venn of them is genius.
        
       | johnwheeler wrote:
       | I like to use a car analogy.
       | 
       | I think those with high IQs who don't accomplish much are like
       | 2000-HP drag racers. Those things rip, but they don't necessarily
       | get you anywhere useful.
       | 
       | It's much better to be a Jeep.
        
       | xbpx wrote:
       | Lot's of people have ideas, great ideas even. Ideas are not
       | particularly rare nor hard. Luck, expertise, privilege (for those
       | not born into it) and timing are more difficult. More
       | importantly, to help ensure maximum impact, one needs to want to
       | push an idea into the world, and push hard. Generally there are
       | better and more fun things to do in life (most would agree with
       | me as pg noted himself).
       | 
       | Academics have great ideas and it takes thousands of them
       | building on each other to drive a technological revolution. There
       | would have been another Einstein (or collection of
       | Einsteinlettes), it may have taken a decade but the soil was
       | fertile. Einstein helped develop the ideas behind Quantum Physics
       | but had no further world changing ideas left to contribute once
       | it materialized.
       | 
       | So what type of ideas are we talking about? Capitalist
       | entrepreneurial ideas for building startups with? That seems like
       | a depressingly narrow understanding of ideas and what they mean
       | for humanity.
        
       | purple_ferret wrote:
       | >Some would attribute the difference between intelligence and
       | having new ideas to "creativity," but this doesn't seem a very
       | useful term. As well as being pretty vague, it's shifted half a
       | frame sideways from what we care about: it's neither separable
       | from intelligence, nor responsible for all the difference between
       | intelligence and having new ideas.
       | 
       | I find this dismissiveness of creativity to be somewhat strange.
       | It's by definition, what he should be looking for. I can't help
       | but think he's got a paradigm in mind for finding 'new ideas' and
       | feels like creativity is too outside the box for it.
        
         | reikonomusha wrote:
         | This might be a bit of a hot take, but I feel creativity is
         | more about being "untethered" and about synthesis of different
         | ideas, techniques, etc. in novel ways. Unfortunately, one can
         | be as creative as can be and still never come up with something
         | "good". (Who is to decide what's good? It's almost surely in
         | large part a social or cultural thing, much like "genius" is.)
         | I mentioned musicians elsewhere so I will again: A lot of
         | creative musicians are great at noodling around, making neat
         | new melodies, but aren't coming up with any coherent or
         | consistent ideas that "lead" to anywhere. Creativity just seems
         | like a "raw ingredient" for ideas in this view.
        
       | iainctduncan wrote:
       | The most interesting point to me in this was the observation that
       | it could be things _associated with youth_ , which made me think
       | immediately of John Cleese's brilliant talks on creativity. He
       | (Cleese) makes the point that good ideas need time, in two ways:
       | time without pressure to produce, and time set aside to focus.
       | Both of these are so, so much harder for late or mid stage career
       | adults to make. I truly believe this is the most important
       | ingredient in getting interesting things done in the second half
       | of life.
        
       | ksec wrote:
       | Modern Smart are so focused on their niche most people failed to
       | see the big ( or even medium ) picture. Because they are more
       | specialised than ever their world view are extremely distorted by
       | their lens. Peter Thiel touched on this as most of the successful
       | founders and entrepreneur tends to be something similar to
       | polymath.
       | 
       | Another thing is Wisdom. Which the older I get the more I think
       | have little to no relationship to being "Smart". I also think
       | there are certain relationship with Wisdom and polymath.
       | 
       | This topic also echo an article earlier [1], where it is more
       | important to be curious than being smart. ( I am glad this
       | narrative has finally caught on. )
       | 
       | [1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=28753560
        
       | samuelfekete wrote:
       | People are often prevented from going down a path to success
       | because of the assumption that something is impossible, when if
       | they would actually check they might find a solution that makes
       | it possible.
       | 
       | This is true in science, as in Einstein going down the path of
       | considering time dilation, while others might have not even
       | considered it worth another thought. But it's also true in
       | general life. People who have a can-do attitude often end up
       | achieving more simply because they've tried.
       | 
       | Perhaps a way of learning how to do this is to sometimes stop and
       | think which paths to success have been discarded as impossible,
       | and then consider investigating if that assumption is true.
        
       | avinassh wrote:
       | > There are general techniques for having new ideas -- for
       | example, for working on your own projects ...
       | 
       | The project link is broken: http://paulgraham.com/projects.html
       | 
       | anyone knows the actual link? Is it this one? -
       | http://paulgraham.com/own.html
        
       | jerrygoyal wrote:
       | I believe smartness is rather contextual. For instance a person
       | might be smart at a specific job like troubleshooting hardware
       | but he'd not be so-smart in some other areas of life. Was
       | Einstein smart in most areas of life? I highly doubt that. This
       | (contextual) smartness is build-up with time. People who have
       | screen-facing jobs tend to get smarter about gadgets/software.
       | People whose jobs are dealing with other human beings gets
       | smarter at soft skills like persuasion. It all boils down to
       | giving enough time.
        
       | paulpauper wrote:
       | Some of the most successful people in the world are almost always
       | wrong, know little. They just find what works and then do that.
        
       | Madmallard wrote:
       | "Intelligence wins in conversation, and thus becomes the basis of
       | the dominance hierarchy."
       | 
       | Okay Jordan Peterson. This is myopic.
        
       | nayuki wrote:
       | > Imagine you had a choice between being really smart but
       | discovering nothing new, and being less smart but discovering
       | lots of new ideas.
       | 
       | I don't consider myself smart. I certainly don't claim to
       | discover new ideas. But through my work of explaining and
       | polishing existing ideas, it seems I found a niche and an
       | audience.
        
       | alex_young wrote:
       | Einstein was one of history's most successful, perhaps the most
       | successful, abstract thinkers.
       | 
       | Some of his reasoning was based on simple observation of light
       | and making logical deductions about how it must work. It's pretty
       | amazing when you can make simple observations and reason about
       | the workings of the universe.
       | 
       | Abstraction is in and of itself an art which is both a learned
       | skill and highly dependent upon intellect.
       | 
       | Now, this is the stinker. Imagine that Einstein had been born in
       | a non-English-speaking part of the world. Would this separation
       | from the scientific community have prevented him from telling us
       | all about relativity? I imagine it would have, and it's likely
       | that a good number of abstract thinkers of his caliber have lived
       | and died without us learning from them.
        
         | BurningFrog wrote:
         | Einstein was born in the German speaking part of Germany.
        
           | alex_young wrote:
           | And quickly emigrated to Switzerland and then the US.
           | 
           | What if he was born in, say, Indonesia, or sub-saharan
           | Africa?
        
             | BurningFrog wrote:
             | We can't know, of course, but I expect he would have
             | applied his talents in some more practical field and had
             | considerable success there.
             | 
             | I also think there were 100 just as talented people born in
             | Germany at the time, who mostly ended up doing well working
             | in other fields.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | aroundtown wrote:
       | Like other PG posts, I feel like he misses the elephant in the
       | room, opportunity. You can be intelligent or highly creative, but
       | unless you have the opportunity to use your abilities in some
       | fashion, neither will do you much good.
       | 
       | Like so many others like him, they probably miss opportunity
       | being such a big deal because it was so abundant for them. This
       | is not to say they didn't also have to be intelligent and work
       | hard to get where they are, but they also had to have things
       | align for them in their life, that were outside their control, to
       | get where they are.
        
         | randcraw wrote:
         | I think emphasizing opportunity is putting the cart before the
         | horse. I believe opportunity follows from initiative,
         | imagination, and boldly asking and exploring great questions.
         | 
         | Game-changers like Einstein differ from other geniuses like
         | Oppenheimer by asking imaginative questions and then
         | independently exploring even when they lead to weird disruptive
         | implications like warped space and time. Einstein never waited
         | to be invited to the party. He created his own.
        
           | aroundtown wrote:
           | Without opportunity there is no cart, nor horse, nor road to
           | travel on.
           | 
           | Einstein was fortunate to be born into a family that was
           | educated and well off enough to afford him to study. (Same
           | with Oppenheimer and I'd reason most celebrated intellects)
           | Had Einstein been born in the son of former slaves in the US
           | South, he never would have been allowed to study math or
           | physics, he likely wouldn't have been able to escape his
           | situation as a farmer, and some other scientist would have
           | had to figure out relativity. All of that is opportunity.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | maest wrote:
       | I can't remember where, but I've heard the mathematical research
       | process being described as (paraphrasing):
       | 
       | "Once in a while we get a giant that makes huge strides in many
       | fields. What is left for the rest of us is to walk in their wake
       | and clean up and tighten up the theory based on the ideas that
       | they provided".
       | 
       | Graham's point about how being intelligent and having new ideas
       | are two different things is interesting, but I'm not convinced
       | that one is better than the other. I'm not sure a world full of
       | giants is better - you need people who spend time tightening and
       | working on the existing theory as well.
        
         | samhw wrote:
         | I mean, better and worse doesn't really exist. They just _are_.
         | Being smart has certain consequences, and being inventive has
         | others. And what 's better for the world (for some definition
         | of 'good') may not be what's better for the individual - just
         | ask people who volunteer to pick up litter. Certainly it seems
         | like being inventive is much more _profitable_ for the
         | individual than being smart, but of course that 's not all that
         | matters.
        
         | Jensson wrote:
         | The world has no lack of people tightening and working on
         | existing theory, basically every knowledge worker taking a
         | salary performs that role. So moving a few more of those to try
         | to do new things wouldn't budge that huge micro optimization
         | machine much at all.
        
         | mmmmpancakes wrote:
         | Moreover, ideas are worthless if you aren't smart and diligent
         | enough to see them through. Emphasizing ideas, to me, feels
         | like the wrong thing because this encourages, for most people,
         | a lazy attitude where recognition is expected for having an
         | idea (whereas recognition is only due for making something out
         | of your idea). In the end, ideas are cheap. Every giant had
         | both the idea (which may have been through luck and timing plus
         | deep knowledge earned through hard work and persistence) plus
         | those other abilities to make something out of it, without
         | which they would not be giants.
        
       | rguzman wrote:
       | one of the things that helps generate new ideas that can be
       | cultivated is the ability to be playful. once a given problem or
       | subject is sufficiently loaded onto a brain, if that person can
       | relax and have child-like naivete about poking and prodding,
       | novel insight is usually not far.
       | 
       | cultivating this ability is fairly well understood in a lot of
       | domains, i think. two examples that are top-of-mind are improv
       | and jazz.
        
       | d_tr wrote:
       | As Alan Kay likes to say, "a change in perspective is worth 80 IQ
       | points".
        
         | criddell wrote:
         | Does he say in which direction?
        
           | d_tr wrote:
           | Could be up, could be down :)
        
           | randcraw wrote:
           | My guess: repeatedly zooming out and in again -- to look at
           | the many parts of the whole to see how they all interconnect
           | and interact to then wonder why and why not.
        
         | david927 wrote:
         | But this is wrong. The point of this essay is saying the
         | opposite is true: A decent IQ gives you the chance to have a
         | change of perspective.
         | 
         | IQ is the artistic equivalent of "how well can you draw a
         | line?" You need a good foundation for artistic expression but
         | many, many people have that and still don't create art worth
         | remembering.
         | 
         | Intelligence (the capacity to process) combined with knowledge
         | can give you that strong intellectual foundation -- but that's
         | all it is. The rest is finding that change of perspective.
        
           | d_tr wrote:
           | I do not think there is any disagreement here. Your reply,
           | the essay, as well as the quote I posted are all about this
           | distance between being naturally intelligent and making
           | something out of it.
        
             | david927 wrote:
             | There is a disagreement, though, because it's about which
             | aspect takes precedence -- which has the most value.
             | 
             | Imagine a test called Artistic Quotient which gives you a
             | numeric value for how correctly you draw lines, circles,
             | etc. An average artist might have an AQ of 100 and a very
             | good artist an AQ of 120.
             | 
             | Now, imagine looking at a Van Gogh and saying, that the
             | artistic expression he achieved is worth 80 AQ points,
             | putting him on the level of someone who can free hand a
             | perfect circle! It would sound ridiculous, right? Who cares
             | if you can free hand a perfect circle? What does that give
             | you? What's the value of that?
             | 
             | Instead you would tell an aspiring artist, get to an AQ 120
             | or so as your foundation and then it's all about making
             | something out of it.
        
       | lifeisstillgood wrote:
       | "The worlds smartest man means no more to me than the worlds
       | smartest ant". Dr Manhattan
       | 
       | I am not the smartest person in the room nor the least. But I
       | know my smartness / IQ lies on a spectrum - just like my
       | tolerance for cold or for oxygen etc.
       | 
       | It's pretty easy to find places where my tolerance for cold is
       | utterly exhausted, and there are situations where the same is for
       | my IQ. And it's fairly easy to find animals or other organisms
       | who can easily handle temperatures I cannot.
       | 
       | I suspect in the big universe there are plenty of creatures whose
       | intelligence and smartness extends out past the spectrum on which
       | I, pg or Einstein sit.
       | 
       | I would like to know the answers they have to these questions -
       | and I wonder if I would ever understand them.
       | 
       | One day we might meet such a species. Will we be happy as the
       | pet?
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | biswaroop wrote:
       | It's worth repeating Mark Kac's famous quote:
       | 
       | > _In science, as well as in other fields of human endeavor,
       | there are two kinds of geniuses: the "ordinary" and the
       | "magicians." An ordinary genius is a fellow that you and I would
       | be just as good as, if we were only many times better. There is
       | no mystery as to how his mind works. Once we understand what he
       | has done, we feel certain that we, too, could have done it. It is
       | different with the magicians. They are, to use mathematical
       | jargon, in the orthogonal complement of where we are and the
       | working of their minds is for all intents and purposes
       | incomprehensible. Even after we understand what they have done,
       | the process by which they have done it is completely dark. They
       | seldom, if ever, have students because they cannot be emulated
       | and it must be terribly frustrating for a brilliant young mind to
       | cope with the mysterious ways in which the magician's mind works.
       | Richard Feynman is a magician of the highest caliber. Hans Bethe,
       | whom [Freeman] Dyson considers to be his teacher, is an "ordinary
       | genius"._
       | 
       | Einstein was unquestionably a magician. He had an incredible
       | ability to come up with simple ideas, and follow the chain of
       | logic wherever it leads, without prejudice against its outlandish
       | conclusions. Those ideas appear as seeds of 'genius' to those
       | studying his work. I'm not sure if it's 'smart', but it's
       | definitely insightful. I've met clever people, but sometimes,
       | they're not insightful. I've also met many insightful people who
       | aren't clever in many ways. To quote Kac again:
       | 
       | > _I am reminded of something Balthazaar van der Pol, a great
       | Dutch scientist and engineer who was also a fine musician,
       | remarked to me about the music of Bach. "It is great," he said,
       | "because it is inevitable and yet surprising." I have often
       | thought about this lovely epigram in connection with
       | mathematics... The inevitability is, in many cases, provided by
       | logic alone, but the element of surprise must come from an
       | insight outside the rigid confines of logic._
        
         | johncearls wrote:
         | I like this idea. Makes me think of nondeterministic v
         | deterministic Turing Machines. It is easy to confirm that the
         | magician is correct, but hard to see how they were able to get
         | there.
        
       | inetsee wrote:
       | Years and years ago I read Einstein's biography (the one by
       | Isaacson). One anecdote that remains bright in my memory after
       | all these years is about Einstein and sailing. Einstein liked
       | sailing, and because of where he was living he mostly did lake
       | sailing. One thing about lake sailing is that you can often end
       | up becalmed. What Einstein did was to take a notebook with him
       | when he went sailing; a notebook with notes about what he was
       | working on at the time. Whenever the wind died down he would take
       | out his notebook and start working on his current research. When
       | the wind picked up he would put his notebook away and resume
       | sailing.
       | 
       | There is no doubt that Einstein was brilliant. I believe he was
       | as successful as he was because he was also exceptionally self
       | disciplined.
        
         | purple_ferret wrote:
         | I read that too, and I got the impression being forced to work
         | alone at the patent office was crucial for his 1905 Annus
         | mirabilis papers. Lots of other great ideas (e.g. Mendel,
         | Darwin) have come about from intellectual isolation.
         | 
         | I wonder how Graham would respond to that given he's so
         | intertwined in Silicon Valley.
        
           | criddell wrote:
           | Lots of great ideas have come out of university settings as
           | well. I don't know if you can say anything in general about
           | intellectual isolation.
        
           | redshirtrob wrote:
           | And Bill James did a lot of his Sabermetric writing while
           | working night shifts as a security guard.[0]
           | 
           | He's not Einstein, but he was way ahead of his time in a
           | particular area and it's fair to say he's been hugely
           | influential in the baseball community for nearly 40 years.
           | 
           | [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_James
        
         | phonon wrote:
         | > I believe he was as successful as he was because he was also
         | exceptionally self disciplined.
         | 
         | Well, that's one way to put it. These were the rules he wrote
         | out for his wife. [0]                 You will make sure:
         | - that my clothes and laundry are kept in good order;       -
         | that I will receive my three meals regularly in my room;
         | - that my bedroom and study are kept neat, and especially that
         | my desk is left for my use only.            You will renounce
         | all personal relations with me insofar as they are not
         | completely necessary for social reasons. Specifically, You will
         | forego:           - my sitting at home with you;      - my
         | going out or travelling with you.                   You will
         | obey the following points in your relations with me:
         | - you will not expect any intimacy from me, nor will you
         | reproach me in any way;      - you will stop talking to me if I
         | request it;      - you will leave my bedroom or study
         | immediately without protest if I request it.            You
         | will undertake not to belittle me in front of our children,
         | either through words or behaviour.
         | 
         | [0] https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2133922/Was-
         | Einst...
        
           | beeboop wrote:
           | Charitably, the context of the time, this sounds like a man
           | with a broken marriage who wants to continue providing for
           | his wife who likely didn't work and their children.
           | 
           | I think asking to be left alone _in his private spaces_ , to
           | not have drama, to do really basic chores like cooking and
           | cleaning (in the context of the era) if you're not working or
           | bringing in income seems really reasonable.
           | 
           | He's a bigger man than me - I'd never live with an
           | essentially ex wife.
        
             | phonon wrote:
             | I couldn't imagine writing something like that to someone
             | who I shared a life with for over a decade, and the mother
             | of my children. But maybe thing were different back then...
        
               | killtimeatwork wrote:
               | Plenty of divorces are much much nastier than that.
        
               | [deleted]
        
         | DoreenMichele wrote:
         | I wouldn't call that _disciplined._ I would call that
         | _pragmatic._
         | 
         | He didn't like being bored. Working on his research while
         | becalmed likely kept him from tearing his hair out while being
         | productive.
         | 
         | Win/win.
        
       | jokoon wrote:
       | The Silicon Valley gave birth to "business philosophy". It is as
       | ridiculous as it sounds.
        
       | cinjon wrote:
       | This short essay is roughly a synospsis of the theme behind
       | Asimov's short story The Profession.
        
         | avip wrote:
         | Which everybody should (must?) read. Seriously, should be a
         | mandatory read in school curriculum, instead of "catcher in the
         | rye" or some Scottish ballade [+].
         | 
         | [+] not that there's something wrong with any of them
        
       | zurvania wrote:
       | The title for PG's post should've been Creativity is more
       | important than being smart.
        
       | ChicagoDave wrote:
       | There's another step in this thinking of smart vs new ideas. You
       | need smart + new ideas + execution/productivity.
       | 
       | Einstein didn't just have new ideas. He also excelled at
       | communicating those ideas.
        
         | ChicagoDave wrote:
         | My own personal example (let's assume I'm smart and have new
         | ideas!)
         | 
         | Because I was a part of an online community from the onset of
         | the Internet age (1997) and also a consultant in Fortune 500
         | businesses, I was always coming up with ideas.
         | 
         | One particular idea I came up with in 2009 was essentially what
         | Slack became five years later.
         | 
         | I drew up the UI, pitched it to a bunch of people, INCLUDING
         | MICROSOFT, and yet I was unable to convince anyone that it was
         | a good idea. (Microsoft was so focused on SharePoint, that they
         | never saw the potential).
         | 
         | I did not know how to build my idea or execute the concept to
         | prove it to others.
         | 
         | So that third piece, execution, is just as critical.
        
       | omalleyt wrote:
       | Humans care about innate qualities such as intelligence because
       | they are looking for mates, and want the best genes for their
       | children.
       | 
       | In this case, consider whether you would prefer to have children
       | with a partner with a 150 IQ but who never develops a system to
       | generate new ideas, or a partner with a 120 IQ who stumbles into
       | a system / environment that allows them to generate new ideas.
       | 
       | Who would you prefer? Hard mode: justify your choice without
       | invalidating the premises by saying something like, "Well, if the
       | first person was _really_ smarter, they would have developed such
       | a system. "
       | 
       | I speculate that most would prefer to have children with the
       | first person, and then endeavor to teach their kids the second
       | person's system.
        
         | gowld wrote:
         | Huh? For reproductive concerns, I'd rather marry someone who is
         | an excellent parent, than someone who will make genius babies
         | but ruin their development.
         | 
         | And I'm not interested in find a mate who will adopt someone
         | else's genius 23-chromosomes
        
       | varjag wrote:
       | While I've been underwhelmed by many PG's essays this one is
       | remarkable. It takes on a subject that's beaten to death in
       | debates and finds some fresh perspective.
        
       | ouid wrote:
       | Intelligence is not a total order.
        
       | stupidcar wrote:
       | If you asked people what was special about Einstein, most would
       | say that he had important new ideas. Even the ones who tried to
       | give you a more sophisticated-sounding answer would probably
       | think this first. Till a few years ago I would have given the
       | same answer myself. But that wasn't what was special about
       | Einstein. What was special about him was that he was really
       | smart. Having important new ideas was a necessary precondition
       | for properly utilizing that intelligence, but the two are not
       | identical.
       | 
       | It may seem a hair-splitting distinction to point out that
       | inspiration and its consequences are not identical, but it isn't.
       | There's a big gap between them. Anyone who's spent time around
       | crackpot scientific theorists knows how big. There are a lot of
       | genuinely original people who don't achieve very much.
       | 
       | And so on...
        
         | maximus-decimus wrote:
         | Do people really think that having unorthodox ideas and being
         | smart are the same thing?
        
       | jedberg wrote:
       | This was fairly obvious to me as early as elementary school. Some
       | kids would just get new concepts and then easily apply their new
       | knowledge, and some worked really really hard and also got good
       | grades. The hard workers were not as "smart" but made up for it
       | with hard work, because in my mind, smart was always "the ability
       | to learn something new and apply it quickly".
       | 
       | The difference got more obvious with each level of school, and
       | when I got to college, the difference was stark. There were
       | definitely the "just smart" people and the "work really hard
       | people".
       | 
       | In my work life, it's nice to work with a mix of both. People who
       | can take in new knowledge and generate new ideas, as well as
       | people who just get it and work really hard. It's especially
       | great when idea generators can communicate well and the hard
       | workers can make it happen.
        
         | drawkbox wrote:
         | There are other aspects as well. Much of them have to do with
         | managing the load up times of the mental model of the topic at
         | hand, with focus, but also setting up/starting correctly.
         | 
         | Quickness
         | 
         | Some people pick up things very quickly, others take a while to
         | pick them up. Neither is necessarily "smarter" because they
         | might have different thresholds to what they consider "getting
         | it". The depth that they pick some new thing and feel they "get
         | it" might be different. Additionally, how well they grasp it
         | might be different levels in terms of when they feel they fully
         | grok it. Smart or skilled on something is holistic
         | understanding, the speed isn't always as important but is
         | definitely helpful. Like learning something with prototypes
         | rather than a big sprawling project, the former will be faster.
         | 
         | Longevity or Ability to Stick With It
         | 
         | Another aspect is people that pick up skills and how much they
         | want to use them. If you quickly get skills, that may also mean
         | you get bored with the skills/knowledge quicker. The people
         | that work harder at it or have a deeper threshold or attainment
         | level of how they "get it", may work with that more because it
         | took more effort to grasp or the more they iterate on it the
         | more depth/detail/interest is found.
         | 
         | Some people will be able to stick with something they get
         | longer, others may want to move to the next thing. There are
         | all sorts of variables with this: time, goal alignment, need,
         | survival, effort, results, groups you are in like if it was for
         | something personal or at work etc.
         | 
         | Self Starter
         | 
         | A key aspect to smartness is being a "self starter", one that
         | looks into things driven by interest or potential need. The
         | ability to just start playing and prototyping is a great skill
         | to have.
         | 
         | Ability to Finish
         | 
         | On top of that, setting things up to easily ship is another way
         | people can be professional. When you start a prototype but get
         | the line to production setup early, the work you do will take
         | less adjustments and make it easier to ship when needed. Right
         | after a prototype I like to setup tools/games/apps all the way
         | to the end on device, different platforms, different styles,
         | basically two of everything so that issues you run into are
         | already smoothed. This makes it easy to ship.
         | 
         | Simple to Approach
         | 
         | I like concepts that are simple to start, and potentially
         | advanced long term to keep interest.
         | 
         | Since I make games and tools I like the "easy to approach,
         | difficult to master" aspect of things and try to create that in
         | my productions. I like the game/tool to be a "friend" so you
         | like using it and it isn't tasking. That is another aspect, how
         | much effort is required.
         | 
         | "If you can't explain something in simple terms, you don't
         | understand it." -- Feynman
         | 
         | Iteration, Practice and Deeper Dives
         | 
         | Most highly skilled people are smart, of varying levels of
         | speed, but the ultimate way to build skills is the repetition
         | and iteration of consist creation/production and shipping. A
         | deeper dive. The more detail and depth the better you can do it
         | "simple". I usually judge people, at least in games, as what
         | they have shipped. Sometimes I am amazed at how those people
         | that produce come to the result, some get there fast and others
         | are constantly re-learning, both have their benefits.
         | 
         | A Beginners Mind
         | 
         | A "beginners mind" or Shoshin [1] helps to refine that and keep
         | things simple/approachable, which I think is the main goal of
         | creation/production. I also believe the job of engineering is
         | taking complex systems and making them simple, but still
         | allowing the advanced users access to highly customize or use
         | deeper features. This technique also makes it easy to come back
         | to work on something years later that doesn't take a long time
         | to load up the mental model.
         | 
         | [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshin
        
       | allo37 wrote:
       | > Imagine you had a choice between being really smart but
       | discovering nothing new, and being less smart but discovering
       | lots of new ideas. Surely you'd take the latter.
       | 
       | Not sure if that Semmelweis guy would agree (had the idea that
       | washing your hands between handling corpses and delivering babies
       | is a good idea, everyone else at the time disagreed and he died
       | in an asylum). Didn't Tesla also die penniless and alone?
       | 
       | Maybe you'll be well remembered by history, but what a life! I
       | wonder how many people had lots of new genius ideas but took the
       | "safe" option...
        
       | jt2190 wrote:
       | > * obsessive interest > * independent-mindedness > * work on
       | your own projects > * work hard
       | 
       | So an anti-list might be:
       | 
       | * allowing your interest to wander * believing everything you're
       | told * work on other's people's stuff * work half-heartedly
        
       | aardvarks wrote:
       | Just having the good new ideas isn't really enough, though. You
       | have to be really persistent about figuring out all the details
       | and making them work. This is related to, but definitely not the
       | same as, being fascinated/obsessed by the topic.
       | 
       | Of course Einstein had great ideas. But he also spent many years
       | working out the consequences of, eg, his first ideas about the
       | fixed speed of light in vacuum and its consequences in physics,
       | initially during downtime at his patent office job. Nearly all of
       | the impact of the theory is in that working-out.
        
         | kenjackson wrote:
         | Plus one on this.
         | 
         | Work ethic is super important. The ability to grind on your
         | ideas. And I think having some extrovert nature really helps in
         | getting your ideas out there.
         | 
         | I was Paul's definition of smart, w/o good ideas. I loved to
         | learn things. But I didn't really have the work ethic to build
         | new things. I feel like I've done fine in life, but had you
         | asked my middle school and high school teachers -- and even
         | university... I've probably underperformed.
         | 
         | In contrast my son is bright, but not the academic star I was.
         | But he has crazy work ethic in ideas he cares about. I've
         | really nurtured his work ethic and played down the "smart"
         | academic angle. If wants to finish a personal project and not
         | study for that French quiz -- I'm fine with that. He gets an
         | A-/B+ for the year, rather than an A. So what. The passion he
         | pours into his ideas though is great and I think will serve him
         | better over the course of his life.
        
           | urthor wrote:
           | How do you encourage that work ethic though? Just compliment
           | it, or is there another trick to it.
        
             | kenjackson wrote:
             | I do compliment it. But probably more than that I emphasize
             | that things worth doing are often hard and hard things
             | often take time. So I taught him that setting short term
             | goals along the way to long-term goals will help him stay
             | on track. So he's becoming really good at showing me
             | various intermediate states to his work, and I'm really
             | excited when I see it. Whether its a game that he's writing
             | or a business that he's creating.
             | 
             | As a younger kid he loved Legos. I think that contributed.
             | He'd just do progressively larger and larger sets. As a kid
             | I never could do a large Lego set. I had them, but they all
             | remained unfinished.
        
       | P00RL3N0 wrote:
       | The argument, at least to me, appears to lean heavily on a false
       | dichotomy: You can either be smart, have good ideas, or some
       | blend of the two. Yet he begins with a counter-example in the
       | case of Einstein.
        
         | dragonwriter wrote:
         | > The argument, at least to me, appears to lean heavily on a
         | false dichotomy: You can either be smart, have good ideas, or
         | some blend of the two.
         | 
         | That's not a dichotomy but a continuum, because of the third
         | option.
        
       | gitfan86 wrote:
       | There are two types of people who have received 4.0 GPAs and very
       | high SAT scores.
       | 
       | 1. Geniuses. They can look at a calculus text book for 30 minutes
       | and understand calculus and get an A on a calculus test.
       | 
       | 2. Reasonably smart people who think that getting a 4.0 is very
       | important, for whatever reason. So important that it becomes
       | their identity. They spend every minute trying to get that 4.0.
       | 
       | I was probably in middle school or high school when I realized
       | that I'm not nearly as smart as #1, but just as smart as #2. It
       | just isn't that hard to realize that the effort to outcome ratio
       | isn't good on being a #2 type person. And more importantly, long
       | term if you go down that path you will be working some shitty job
       | making less 400k a year at 80/hours a week. Because your identity
       | is being someone who is #1, even if #1 means billing the most
       | hours doing tax accounting in the basement of some old building
       | on a Friday night.
        
         | potatoman22 wrote:
         | There's those two types... And everyone in between
        
       | wiremine wrote:
       | Imagination and diversity of experience are some other factors.
       | I.e., the ability to imagine new combinations of disparate ideas,
       | gained through a variety of unique experiences.
       | 
       | You could argue Einstein's imagination, coupled with his
       | scientific intelligence, is what made him brilliant.
       | 
       | But like others have said, the essay reads like there is a linear
       | and narrow definition of "smart." But having followed pg on
       | twitter, he seems to tend towards an Ayn Rand style worldview, so
       | I guess I'm not surprised.
        
       | amznbyebyebye wrote:
       | You need to have a vision, and the vision needs to be the right
       | vision. How do you know it's the right vision? I think most just
       | get lucky on this. Maybe the successful serial entrepreneurs have
       | figured it out (Musk, Jobs)
       | 
       | Getting the vision right isn't enough, you have to know how to
       | get to the vision. This usually requires a combination of smarts,
       | grit, passion, and luck.
        
       | asciimov wrote:
       | New idea's are a dime a dozen. In fact a bigger problem for those
       | that have new ideas is that someone else had that new idea first
       | and did something about it.
        
       | acmegeek wrote:
       | Success in the way PG seems to be talking about is indeed about
       | more than intelligence, it is also about experience, perspective,
       | perception, ignorance, interest, imagination, and a bit of luck.
       | 
       | I've thought a lot about this, and I would break them down as
       | follows:
       | 
       | 1. Intelligence is more of a raw ability to process and
       | synthesize information, and everyone genetically predisposed to
       | have a starting measure. As one experiences life, one's
       | intelligence can be developed, expanded, and refined.
       | 
       | 2. Experiences shape us whether we like it or not, but those who
       | tend to me more successful than others, experiences tend to be
       | opportunities to grow, recalibrate, review, shed, and otherwise
       | change who they are in a way that would ensure a more effective
       | outcome in a similar future experience.
       | 
       | 3. Perspective and perception are tightly knit in that as we
       | mature through life experiences, the size, detail, and depth of
       | the world and reality continues to grow. Perspective in this
       | sense is having an intentional awareness of how much there really
       | is to know, and also, how much there is still left to discover.
       | Perception is more of being able to intentionally focus on and
       | recognize the breadth, depth, and detail of our perspective.
       | 
       | 4. Ignorance is simply the missing pieces to what you know or
       | understand, the limits to your knowledge of the world and how it
       | works. Awareness of one's own ignorance affords the opportunity
       | to actively manage it, to either take steps to fill in gaps, or
       | just be content in not knowing.
       | 
       | 5. Interest is more about what items or aspects within our
       | perspective and perception do we have a persistent affinity for?
       | These affinities can be cultivated, and effort sown into some
       | will reap greater rewards than others.
       | 
       | 6. Imagination is likely the most powerful, since this is the
       | ability to create a perspective that is not necessarily reflected
       | or even inspired by something you have perceived. Imagination is
       | surely informed by all of the preceding, but this is where the
       | true magic happens, where success can increase exponentially. The
       | preceding provide the bounds, drive, attraction, references, and
       | understanding that can spark and fuel new ideas and connections.
       | It is within imagination that all the ideas that advance humanity
       | are born and nurtured since anything new is necessarily first
       | imagined in a mind.
       | 
       | 7. And last is luck, which in a sense, especially in the context
       | of success, is really just a culmination of all of the preceding.
       | The luckiest successful people are those:
       | 
       | - who have a baseline intelligence that they have actively
       | developed,
       | 
       | - who have taken advantage of and sought out experiences that
       | yielded opportunity to grow,
       | 
       | - who have intentionally broadened and deepened their
       | perspectives while improving their ability to focus and perceive
       | effectively to notice and seize opportunities,
       | 
       | - who manage their ignorance such that it doesn't become an
       | impediment or lasting liability,
       | 
       | - who latch onto worthwhile or beneficial interests,
       | 
       | - and lastly, who actively charge and exercise their imagination,
       | always wondering how they could add to or improve their
       | realities.
       | 
       | So PG is right, it is a lot more than just being smart,
       | intelligence is just one ingredient in the recipe for success.
       | 
       | World-changing new ideas are a result of being actively aware of
       | and engaged with reality while having and following through on
       | the drive to push the boundaries of what is known, understood, or
       | possible.
        
       | cperciva wrote:
       | To me, this is fundamentally the difference between science and
       | engineering: Science involves discovering things which are new,
       | while engineering takes those discoveries and makes them
       | practically useful.
       | 
       | In terms of my own work, tarsnap is absolutely a work of
       | engineering -- I very deliberately _avoided_ doing anything new,
       | instead using established and well-tested concepts. The exception
       | to this is scrypt, which I designed -- and proved the security of
       | -- because there was no existing password based key derivation
       | function which met my standards for security. On that one
       | occasion I crossed the line from engineering into science.
       | 
       | Science is great, but there's nothing to be ashamed about in
       | doing engineering work. The world needs good engineers who can
       | take basic scientific discoveries and make useful products out of
       | them!
        
         | rossdavidh wrote:
         | There is a lot of science which is "stamp collecting" or
         | "puzzle solving", i.e. all the fiddly bits of fleshing out the
         | new theory and its ramifications. There is also, in
         | engineering, the occasional need to develop something really
         | innovative and new.
         | 
         | The thing is, no one outside of science notices all the non-
         | discovery stuff, because it doesn't make it into the textbooks
         | or histories of science. But, it's most of what goes on in
         | science. Also, in engineering, much of the most innovative
         | stuff requires too much prior knowledge to even understand what
         | it is, so not many people find out about it.
        
         | whiddershins wrote:
         | To me, this is still very creative, just at a different layer
         | of abstraction.
        
           | hinkley wrote:
           | Even commodity manufacturing is its own art because you have
           | to make millions of something per day instead of tens of
           | thousands. You have to take material in one side of the
           | factory and spit it out the other as fast as you can. You've
           | crossed the limits of being able to warehouse half completed
           | bits because machine #17 has gone on the fritz again and
           | nobody can finish product.
           | 
           | So I need more reliable equipment and then I still need to
           | make them at a lower price than the luxury model I'm copying.
           | 
           | I don't think anyone who has entirely avoided skilled manual
           | labor in their lives quite comprehends how big a difference
           | there is being able to do something well, and being able to
           | do it at scale. It's almost not the same problem domain.
        
             | ahartmetz wrote:
             | That descrption of mass manufacturing reminds me of
             | building reliable computing systems from unreliable parts
             | (server farm(s)), something I have never done, only read
             | about. It is apparently very different from regular
             | software development in similar ways.
        
         | purple_ferret wrote:
         | It gets deeper in science.
         | 
         | There is the debate about pursuing everettian quantum mechanics
         | vs traditional quantum mechanics
        
         | gregwebs wrote:
         | If I think of PG's accomplishments they could be characterized
         | as "discovering things which are new" to him, but also
         | characterized as taking ideas that were cutting edge, uncommon,
         | or out of favor and bringing them to fruition (sounds more like
         | engineering).
         | 
         | I don't think of the YC structure as discovering anything
         | inherently new but taking an approach that was not being done
         | in the VC industry and trying to scientifically iterate on it.
         | 
         | Bayesian spam filtering seemed a discovery to him, but it
         | wasn't for science: someone else had already published a paper
         | even. However, the results of previous attempts weren't good
         | enough until PG focused on the problem and used a large enough
         | corpus of data.
        
           | iamcurious wrote:
           | I would enjoy reading more (with links!) about the spam
           | filtering story.
        
             | cperciva wrote:
             | This is probably where you want to start:
             | http://www.paulgraham.com/spam.html
        
             | jecel wrote:
             | http://www.paulgraham.com/antispam.html
             | 
             | This is a page of links.
        
         | agumonkey wrote:
         | Are you still pursuing new discoveries ?
        
         | erichocean wrote:
         | [deleted]
        
           | alecst wrote:
           | What about general relativity.
        
           | cperciva wrote:
           | If an engineer designs a bridge and says "well, it seems to
           | stay up, but I don't know why... go ask a scientist?" they'll
           | lose their license pretty damn fast.
        
             | mlboss wrote:
             | I guess the first bridge builders never asked a scientist.
             | Science of bridge building came much later then bridges.
        
             | webmaven wrote:
             | I think the point is that bridge building originated as a
             | craft that was informed by a lot of examples that happened
             | to survive (ie. survivorship bias) leading to rules of
             | thumb and patterns that gradually yielded to scientific
             | explanations (often driven by trying to understand _failed_
             | bridges designed according to rules applied  / patterns
             | extended outside of the context where they were valid).
        
           | goatlover wrote:
           | Didn't Maxwell come before Tesla and Edison? The insights of
           | Relativity and QM came before lasers, electron microscopes,
           | quantum computing, etc.
        
           | TeMPOraL wrote:
           | > _You have cause and effect exactly backwards._
           | 
           | Not really. You just, correctly, described the relationship
           | between science and engineering as a feedback loop. But that
           | also means _there is no first and last_.
           | 
           | A step in engineering reveals a problem that scientists can
           | focus on. A scientific discovery makes new engineering
           | possible. Progress of engineering enables building tools that
           | make new kinds of observations possible, enabling scientific
           | research that was previously not possible. Rinse, repeat.
           | There's no separating one from another - they run in
           | lockstep.
        
       | nassimsoftware wrote:
       | It seems to me that someone's ability to generate new ideas is at
       | least in part driven by one's ability to make links between
       | things that are not linked or very distantly so. It is at that
       | intersection that novel ideas emerges.
       | 
       | To make it more concrete here's an example of my own.
       | 
       | I was playing the game Zelda Breath of The Wild and was in awe of
       | the beautiful landscapes you could visit. However, I had already
       | finished the game and did not want to have to fire up my Wii U
       | every time just to see them.
       | 
       | This is when a novel idea emerged. What if I made a Google Map's
       | Street Viewer for Zelda Breath of The Wild.
       | 
       | You can see here that I subsconsiously made a link between two
       | very distant things a video game and Google Map's street view.
       | 
       | You can try it out for yourself here :
       | https://nassimsoftware.github.io/zeldabotwstreetview (Do not use
       | it if you're using cellular data because the panoramas are quite
       | heavy)
       | 
       | The idea was well recieved and gathered the attention of many
       | gaming journals just google zelda street view to see for
       | yourself. Before making this project I also searched if someone
       | had done the same but no one did. I therefore thought that I had
       | something pretty novel so worth doing.
       | 
       | While my idea isn't groundbreaking in terms of science it
       | demonstrate well the characteristics of a novel idea. (The
       | intersection of different domains that seems to most distant.)
       | 
       | It seems that to be able to do those links you must have breadth
       | of knowledge instead of depth however it's still a mystery how
       | some people are able to do this more frequently then others.
       | 
       | Also here's a free idea : Make the same thing I did with Zelda
       | but for other open world games.
        
         | hinkley wrote:
         | That's really cool.
         | 
         | I suspect there are a lot of us here in particular who have
         | 'unpopular opinions' in this domain that are more difficult to
         | just try out, because others have invested in the idea of
         | different domains being special and thus not conducive to
         | fusion as in your example, or borrowing ideas whole cloth.
         | 
         | I have, for instance, some opinions on how skills from personal
         | finance cross a whole host of problem domains. Some are
         | obvious, but performance analysis is not typically one of them
         | and people look at me like I have horns on my head when I bring
         | it up. They have few complaints about the outcomes of me
         | applying those theories, as long as they don't have to hear
         | about them. So I mostly just don't ask permission, and save
         | theory crafting for talk over beers when people start pulling
         | out their crackpot ideas to keep the conversation flowing.
         | 
         | It's really no wonder at all to me why so many of milestones in
         | The Enlightenment started over coffee. Caffeine is not as good
         | a social lubricant but it'll do in a pinch and has fewer
         | negative side effects on cognition and - importantly - memory.
         | Last night's epiphany is mostly inaccessible to the drunk.
        
           | ItsMonkk wrote:
           | I'd love to hear them if you've got them.
           | 
           | The one I worked out was "Agile is just budgeting, but for
           | time instead of money".
        
       | Modernnomad84 wrote:
       | Buried toward the end of the essay is a suggestion to become a
       | better writer. Wondering if anyone has learned to become a better
       | writer, and if so, what was your approach?
        
         | motohagiography wrote:
         | Editing.
        
         | ligerzer0 wrote:
         | Writing.
         | 
         | There is no shortcut.
         | 
         | Just like working out improves your range of movement and
         | manipulating your own body and weights in space, writing does
         | the same with ideas and expression.
        
         | dgs_sgd wrote:
         | Simply writing more will get you 99% of the way there.
        
           | achenet wrote:
           | And the final 1% comes from re-reading yourself.
        
       | rramadass wrote:
       | This pg essay reminds me of the Chinese saying _Cast a Brick to
       | Attract Jade_. :-)
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | xyzelement wrote:
       | Another way to frame this topic: intelligence doesn't always lead
       | to impact, and impact is what matters.
       | 
       | Example: I met a ton of trivia "nerds" through a friend a few
       | years ago. They had all met at an Ivy League college, they were
       | clearly "smart" in that they knew a lot of information and could
       | follow a logical argument _but_ somehow none of them were able to
       | use their smarts for anything practical. They had jobs you didn
       | 't need to be that smart for, and their personal lives were sort
       | of messy. I didn't really know what to make it them at the time,
       | now I think they had the "smarts" but they didn't have the
       | "drive" so their brains sort of did them no good.
       | 
       | Another example: Plenty of people are constantly frustrated that
       | they are misunderstood. "I am so smart but I can't get anything
       | done around here because everyone's an idiot." Some people go
       | through their whole life believing this. Luckily I had a job that
       | disabused me of this and taught me to communicate my ideas
       | clearly and persuasively to others. But without that, without the
       | ability to persuade people of your ideas, you might as well not
       | have them.
        
         | bob1029 wrote:
         | Sometimes the best way to persuade someone regarding an idea is
         | to actually implement the idea without their knowledge and then
         | present it to them for review.
         | 
         | We are talking about software, right? Only cost and liability
         | around this is usually your time. I've only been scolded for
         | writing a program a few times in my career.
        
         | mmargerum wrote:
         | "I am so smart but I can't get anything done around here
         | because everyone's an idiot."
         | 
         | It's a thing. It's demoralizing to work with people who often
         | make more than you do and are terrible at the craft and don't
         | even look to improve. That along with obsessing about making me
         | train "backups" in case I leave. I'm on my 4th backup now. They
         | all left after I trained them.
        
         | tonyedgecombe wrote:
         | >They had jobs you didn't need to be that smart for, and their
         | personal lives were sort of messy.
         | 
         | One of the smartest people I know works in the building trade.
         | He likes to save his mental energy for pursuits outside of
         | work.
        
           | mmargerum wrote:
           | is his name will?
        
         | hresvelgr wrote:
         | > Another way to frame this topic: intelligence doesn't always
         | lead to impact, and impact is what matters.
         | 
         | Impact is a great way of putting it. There are plenty of really
         | smart and creative people who will never produce anything
         | impactful in their life. Impact in my opinion is really all
         | about time-sensitivity and sprinkling of genius. The impact may
         | not even resonate fully with the public in the person's
         | lifetime either. Nikola Tesla being a prime example of this. A
         | lot of very incredible people tend to be VERY open to new
         | ideas. John Dee comes to mind in particular. When he could find
         | no more wisdom in science, he looked to the occult. Nikola
         | Tesla I believe also was quite interested in the occult as
         | well. While I wouldn't consider the occult "out there" by any
         | stretch nowadays, it's a good example unorthodox ideas can come
         | from.
         | 
         | > Plenty of people are constantly frustrated that they are
         | misunderstood. "I am so smart but I can't get anything done
         | around here because everyone's an idiot."
         | 
         | I've found that kind of thinking tends to be the reason why
         | some of those people are misunderstood. When your frame for
         | interacting with people is setup like that, it's not
         | unreasonable to assume one would put up conversational barriers
         | to confirm their own bias of "everyone's an idiot."
        
           | xyzelement wrote:
           | > it's not unreasonable to assume one would put up
           | conversational barriers
           | 
           | Yes exactly and likewise people aren't likely to be clamoring
           | to hear your genius ideas when you're treating them like
           | idiots.
        
             | pksebben wrote:
             | ... which leaves one to wonder how smart someone really is,
             | for missing something so obvious.
        
               | Jensson wrote:
               | They understand that, they just don't want to pick up the
               | Sisyphean task of trying to convince idiots. So instead
               | they give up. Giving up doesn't mean that people stop
               | complaining though, they know how to solve the problem
               | but they don't want to do the work, it is called venting
               | and most humans do it.
        
               | pksebben wrote:
               | In that case I would question the smarts of someone who
               | spends too much time focused on things they do not intend
               | to change.
               | 
               | There comes a point where "raw" intelligence (if a real
               | thing) _must_ be tempered with the wisdom necessary to
               | marry rubber and road, as it were. If you don 't apply
               | your staggeringly large intellect (/s?) to the problem of
               | _interfacing with other people_ , yet you persist putting
               | yourself in situations where you must deal with that
               | problem, what benefit has that intellect conferred?
        
               | Jensson wrote:
               | You know, you sound like you are one of those people you
               | describe yourself? Is that how you came to this
               | realization?
               | 
               | Ask yourself, what is the goal with your current comment?
               | And how does being snide achieve that goal? If the goal
               | is to make fun of people and feel good about yourself,
               | then you are doing a good job! And then you should
               | understand how those people you describe feel, because
               | they feel exactly as you feel now, wasting time making
               | fun of things you have no intention or care to change or
               | spread.
               | 
               | But if you want people to listen then you really need to
               | get better at tempering what you say.
        
               | xyzelement wrote:
               | >They understand that, they just don't want to pick up
               | the Sisyphean task of trying to convince idiots
               | 
               | I think that's a pretty bad attitude and it doesn't get
               | anyone anywhere.
               | 
               | If I write Java code into my Python interpreter, I am not
               | gonna say "dumb fucking Python can't understand what I
               | mean" - I am gonna recognize that I am speaking the wrong
               | language for the job.
               | 
               | Same if I am speaking to someone who "isn't as brilliant
               | as I am" (or likely, has another set of priorities,
               | context, focus, etc.) - I need to start with that
               | reality, and then think about - how do I make this person
               | care, how do I share with them what they need to
               | understand, etc. There's a _definite_ skill to this that
               | is acquired with conscious practice and experience.
               | 
               | If you start off assuming that others aren't smart
               | because they didn't connect to what you are so sure you
               | explained so clearly, rather than questioning what is it
               | about your explanation that didn't click with them,
               | you're fucked.
        
         | michaelbrave wrote:
         | I know a ton of smart people who get nothing done, not due to
         | being surrounded by idiots but rather due to depression and
         | anxiety(which anecdotally seems to hit harder when the person
         | is smart for some reason).
        
           | mmargerum wrote:
           | Smart people are also very lazy. I've always been an
           | underachiever and am just as happy writing emacs lisp to do
           | cool things as I am to reengineering some mess at work. Still
           | get paid the same amount. I do good work but I don't
           | overextend myself. This is how i've avoided burning out after
           | 30 years.
        
         | doublepg23 wrote:
         | > communicate my ideas clearly and persuasively to others
         | 
         | How do you get the ability to do this? I've been attending a
         | book club with a small number of friends and even in these
         | casual settings I wish I could communicate my ideas better.
        
           | cybernautique wrote:
           | (TL;DR: learn to notice aesthetic; learn to acquire
           | perspective; get out of your head.)
           | 
           | What's worked for me:
           | 
           | 0. General advice
           | 
           | - No negative self-talk!
           | 
           | Find more constructive ways to communicate your ideas _even
           | to yourself_. "I wish I could communicate my ideas better" ->
           | "Here's an idea I felt I did not communicate well, this time,
           | in this context. Why do I feel this way? How could I have
           | presented myself better? (Where can I gain competence?)"
           | 
           | - Write and rubber ducky!
           | 
           | Writing and rubber ducking are methods for practicing the
           | linguistic aspects of communication. While verbalizing to the
           | duck, play with the timbre, cadence, tone, etc., of your
           | voice. Record yourself and listen to it. Have problems
           | finding material to verbalize? Pick a poem. Memorize it.
           | Recite it. This is, in my opinion, the calisthenics of social
           | practice.
           | 
           | - The person with the most developed opinion of you- is you!
           | 
           | "He who despises himself will still respect his skills as a
           | despiser." ~ Nietzsche, "Beyond Good And Evil" (paraphrased,
           | can't be arsed to cite it just now)
           | 
           | The Spotlight Effect:
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotlight_effect
           | 
           | _You_ might notice every failure of your communique, but then
           | again: you have an ideal for your communique. A goal, a
           | reason, a vision of how it ought to manifest. To everyone
           | else, however, it's an utterance like any other. The ultimate
           | measure of your effectiveness isn't how closely you manifest
           | your idea, but how much of an impact (and of what kind) it
           | has on the audience.
           | 
           | === 1. Practice, practice, practice. ===
           | 
           | It's a skill, like any other; and like any other, you succeed
           | to the level and quality of your training. If you want to
           | "get better at talking to people," then go talk to people; if
           | you want to "get better at talking to people, in a book club,
           | with a small number of friends" then do that!
           | 
           | How to do the first (i.e., practice speaking to people)?
           | Communication is both observational and "applicative," in
           | that you apply yourself in the actual doing. This suggests a
           | good path in itself: practice your observations and also
           | practice the doing.
           | 
           | How to observe strangers? (in a socially-conscious way?) The
           | easiest way is to be conscientious of your interactions. I
           | got started by making mental notes, pushing myself to take
           | note of the most simple and basic details. "Oh, her nails are
           | purple;" "It's midday and he's wearing shorts;" "He has a
           | GameStop tag on his keyring." The simpler you can break down
           | a situation, the more data you have for a fuller analysis.
           | 
           | Of course, simply having data does not an analysis make. Even
           | with a habit of conscientiousness, I found myself struggling
           | to derive actionable insights. Why? Likely because I was
           | leaning too heavily on poor tools to make my analyses. This
           | was during a phase in my life where I was very concerned with
           | reducing as much as I could to logical and rational
           | principles, including my interactions with others. "Assuming
           | that people's statements reflect their internal state, that
           | their internal state is logically consistent, and further
           | assuming that some particular data X is included in their
           | analysis, I can reasonably conclude that (by their statement)
           | they must internally position themselves thusly with regards
           | to X." This is a good general example of my internal dialogue
           | during this period; it was helpful in some ways, fatal in
           | many others. I now believe that there is no decision funnel
           | you can induce, explicitly or otherwise, which makes this
           | line of thinking safe.
           | 
           | I've since abandoned this project of rationalizing, because a
           | key assumption I made was that every healthy, moral, person
           | must have a logically consistent internal state. Indeed, I
           | considered logical consistency to be a prerequisite for any
           | kind of morality. I now believe this foolish; whereas I
           | previously considered Man to be the rational animal, I'm now
           | of the opinion that Man is much closer to the aesthetic
           | animal.
           | 
           | This was a key insight for me. It has directly led to the
           | most socially productive period of my life (which I'm
           | thankfully still enjoying).
           | 
           | What does 'the aesthetic animal' entail? That people are, at
           | base, motivated by their sensibilities. I take the most basic
           | statement of logic to be equation: "this is that;" more
           | specifically- "this is this." I believe the most basic
           | statement of aesthetic is: "this pleases some sensibility I
           | have."
           | 
           | People reveal their sensibilities- their aesthetic- with
           | their genuine smiles, their sincere fashions, their honest
           | jokes. Take note of these; my analytical habit these days is
           | to capture as much of someone's aesthetic as I can. Again, it
           | starts with conscious conscientiousness and observation.
           | 
           | === 2. Perspective, perspective, perspective ===
           | 
           | You are distinct from every other person. I like to keep
           | myself in perspective with counting the number of
           | "distinction points" by which I differ from another. My love
           | for the Beatles is one such point; that I know Sgt. Peppers'
           | Lonely Hearts Club Band by heart, but none of their other
           | albums, is another. That I program, when and how I started,
           | what I'm doing now (with which languages)- all of these, too,
           | and even the breakfast I had.
           | 
           | Don't try to store all this state at all times; just develop
           | a habit and method of counting, and apply it where
           | appropriate. Of course, the method, the habit, the
           | application, understanding in which contexts it's
           | appropriate: all of these are skills, too!
           | 
           | This is how I attempt to understand the differences between
           | my perspective and others. From there, I spend a lot of my
           | downtime acquiring alternate perspectives. I find Nietzsche
           | ("Beyond Good And Evil") helpful to this end. (NOTE: I
           | explicitly disavow and condemn Nietzsche's misogyny.)
           | "Tuesdays With Morrie" is indispensable, in my opinion;
           | specifically, Morrie's advice to embrace emotions. All of
           | them.
           | 
           | Allow yourself to be embroiled in your feelings, until it
           | finds its natural conclusion. Then practice conjuring your
           | emotions, and be conscientious with your emotions. Observe
           | their onsets and evolutions- _not_ to rationalize them, but
           | to explore your own sensibilities and aesthetic.
           | 
           | Once you've made a habit of these observations and
           | conjurations, seek out stimuli that alter your perspective,
           | and then practice your perspective. Imagine how your relation
           | to that stimuli might change if you were elsewise distinct.
           | Conjure the emotions that you feel inherent to that you-but-
           | else, and explore them as your own.
           | 
           | I treat it like a game; to these ends, the methods of acting
           | are instructive.
           | 
           | This helps me explore a wider, but still woefully limited,
           | aesthetic space. That, in turn, helps my conscientiousness of
           | aesthetic (of both mine and others). Further, with my method
           | of distinction, it gives me a much richer insight into how I
           | perceive the aesthetics of others.
           | 
           | === 3. Accept your mistakes, acknowledge your success ===
           | 
           | The possibility of failure is a precondition of any endeavor.
           | Unfortunately, social failures can be particularly impactful
           | to certain dispositions. Social failure can mean
           | embarrassment, self-doubt, stigmatization, and (perhaps worst
           | of all) emotional fallout in others.
           | 
           | An anecdote: I decided, for a period, to exercise my sense of
           | humor. I visited a male cousin of mine, shortly after he had
           | taken a new wife. His lot in life had been unhappy til then,
           | filled with struggles and poverty. My visit was on the heels
           | of his release from a half-year prison sentence. Imagine my
           | happy surprise when I approached his address, to find a
           | rather generous estate! Great land, a beautiful home, healthy
           | children... I said to them- he and his wife- "What great
           | success! But, I have to ask: who died and left you this
           | land?"
           | 
           | She meekly replied, "My ex-husband."
           | 
           | It took me a while to feel comfortable making jokes. I was
           | absolutely mortified for months thereafter. The mortification
           | is appropriate! But it's not reasonable, nor healthy, to
           | avoid an entire category of expression over a mistake- even
           | such a horrid mistake as that. Perhaps _especially_ even for
           | such a mistake. Accept it, take the L, and be more
           | conservative in those expressions for a time thereafter: but
           | don't define yourself by your missteps.
           | 
           | Likewise, acknowledge tho successes you have. Ultimately,
           | only you can define what success looks like, and your
           | successes must be operationalized to the context- but cherish
           | these memories. Meditate upon them. Try to embrace the graces
           | that led to it, on your end and the audiences'; yet, at the
           | same time, refute the desire to embody these graces. Do not
           | define yourself by your successes, either.
           | 
           | Ultimately: get out of your head and learn to love the
           | strangeness of your fellow humans :) we are all a unique
           | vintage, some more delicious than others (and a few that
           | spoiled on the vine) yet all worthy of at least one honest
           | snifter.
           | 
           | === Recommended Materials ===
           | 
           | Nietzsche (specifically, "Beyond Good and Evil" [again, I
           | categorically disavow his misogyny.]) "Tuesdays With Morrie,"
           | Mitch Albom
           | 
           | === The Extremely Unorthodox ===
           | 
           | I recommend psychedelics.
           | 
           | Talk to your doctor, your therapist, your spiritual mentor,
           | the neighbors' dog- whomever can help ease your mind. If you
           | have any doubts, don't do it! And, of course, responsibly
           | indulge where legal and when you are safe.
           | 
           | I also recommend "escorts," of any gender.
           | 
           | Not for the sex, but because escorts are by-and-large social
           | professionals. Perhaps the _most_ social professional. They
           | are experts of aesthetic, masters of perspective. Pay their
           | fees, reassure them that they need not disrobe, and just go
           | off. Ask all those little questions that you usually dare not
           | vocalize. They've experienced stranger. It helps you exercise
           | failure modes in a significantly safer space. "Adult
           | entertainers" and bartenders are also choice for this.
        
           | aspenmayer wrote:
           | I have found that asking others about their concerns helps me
           | understand my own, and also helps build a rapport with the
           | other, which itself helps your own confidence in your
           | communication skills, and helps inculcate domain knowledge.
           | The more you know where others stand on an issue, and why,
           | helps you to draw parallels and distinctions with your own
           | beliefs and positions on an issue. The rapport and
           | conversational dynamics you explore help you tailor your
           | message so that your words and feelings are heard and felt,
           | even if not shared.
           | 
           | It's okay to say you have a point you don't know how to
           | express. Talking around a topic is called beating around the
           | bush colloquially, and in that common usage it's seen as
           | wasting the listener's time if unwanted or unwarranted, but
           | it serves an important function in itself. It's how you flush
           | the ideas/birds out without upsetting/endangering yourself or
           | others.
           | 
           | Believe in yourself, and in your ideas. You both are valid.
           | Your earnestness in your desire to express yourself better is
           | the social proof!
           | 
           | https://knowyourphrase.com/beating-around-the-bush
           | 
           | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_proof
        
             | xyzelement wrote:
             | > It's okay to say you have a point you don't know how to
             | express. Talking around a topic is called beating around
             | the bush colloquially, and in that common usage it's seen
             | as wasting the listener's time if unwanted or unwarranted,
             | but it serves an important function in itself
             | 
             | Agreed. When I do that, I call it out explicitly. I often
             | say something like this in a meeting: "I haven't thought
             | about how to articulate this too much, but I agree it's
             | worth discussing. Mind if I 'talk at you' for a min and see
             | where it gets us?"
             | 
             | I wouldn't ever call it "beating around the bush" because
             | it creates the impression you're wasting time and that's
             | not what you should want, but saying upfront "hey I am
             | gonna consciously ramble a bit and we'll circle up on the
             | synthesis" often buys you some runway to do that.
        
               | aspenmayer wrote:
               | > I wouldn't ever call it "beating around the bush"
               | because it creates the impression you're wasting time and
               | that's not what you should want, but saying upfront "hey
               | I am gonna consciously ramble a bit and we'll circle up
               | on the synthesis" often buys you some runway to do that.
               | 
               | The link I posted about the etymology of the phrase is
               | interesting for this very reason, as it's a bit of a
               | misnomer. Beating around the bush is safer than beating
               | the bush itself, as you have to get that much closer to
               | the unknown that may be lurking inside said bushes.
        
               | xyzelement wrote:
               | Yes but "who cares"? To 100% of the people you will be
               | talking to, Beating Around the Bush has a negative
               | connotation.
        
               | aspenmayer wrote:
               | The act of conversationally beating around the bush need
               | not have a negative connotation, however.
        
           | pksebben wrote:
           | listen, listen, listen. The biggest step I took towards being
           | able to interface my ideas with others was to first listen to
           | their ideas, problems, needs, whatever it is they wanted to
           | talk about. You have to make what's important to them
           | important to you before you can do it the other way around -
           | and it's for a bunch of reasons. in attempting to empathize
           | with them you'll have ideas about what they could be doing
           | better to communicate to you (and not make the same mistakes
           | when you're the one talking). You'll build trust in yourself
           | by genuinely caring about their business, and you'll learn
           | what's important to them, which is really the thing you're
           | eventually going to try to plug your ideas into.
           | 
           | The magic sauce that makes this work, though, is being
           | genuine. Do the emotional work to really give a damn about
           | the other people around you; which is a lot harder than I
           | think people give credit for, but monumentally more
           | beneficial.
        
           | xyzelement wrote:
           | > How do you get the ability to do this? I've been attending
           | a book club with a small number of friends and even in these
           | casual settings I wish I could communicate my ideas better.
           | 
           | It's hard. And it depends on the people. With the most
           | logical people, it's easiest for me, I just slow myself down
           | and break down my argument into small pieces. Like in the
           | book club, you may be tempted to say "I think the author's
           | secret message is X" and people go "huh?" But if I go -
           | "there's a line that says A.. do y'all remember this line?" -
           | they say "yes" - "well, this line jumped out at me as weird,
           | because of B. Do y'all agree that it's an unusual way to say
           | it?" - "yup" - "so I was thinking, why is this weird to me,
           | and I realized the only way B would be true is if C were
           | true. Does that make sense to you guys" - "yup" - "ok, so if
           | the author is saying C is true, I wonder if he is saying it
           | to teach us X. Does that seem crazy?" "nope that makes sense"
           | 
           | Basically, you walk people from A to B to C and then the leap
           | to X is clean and people can follow the whole chain. If you
           | just say "it's X" they go "huh?"
           | 
           | The reason this is hard is because you yourself may not know
           | why you decided X, and others may not reach that conclusion
           | for a ton of different reasons. So forcing yourself to
           | articulate your own logic to yourself is step 1, walking
           | others through it is step 2.
           | 
           | A related thing is - in my experience, you can NEVER over-
           | communicate. Like, it's tempting for me to skip A,B,C because
           | I read them, I assume others read them and must have
           | interpreted the same thing, so it feels condescending to
           | start there, but in reality it's never a problem - people
           | either say "yup, it's great to know we're seeing the same
           | thing" or very often "actually, we missed that."
           | 
           | I hope this helps. That's just one type of scenario. All this
           | gets harder when emotions or egos are involved, so dealing
           | with that is hard.
           | 
           | Actually one more tip - the art of TLDR - people often make
           | their point in a rambling way, surfacing a bunch of stuff
           | that is confusing. More is not always better, but to be able
           | to synthesize it all into a digestible narrative is really
           | important if you want people to get it.
        
         | mewpmewp2 wrote:
         | There's also different types of "smarts". I think ability to
         | memorise or generally know a lot is very different from
         | noticing patterns or understanding of how things work and
         | relate to each other.
         | 
         | Especially nowadays, there's Google, you don't need to memorise
         | a lot as you can just check everything.
         | 
         | I think even Einstein said that "don't memorise what you can
         | quickly check up" or had a similar sentiment.
         | 
         | Very often trivia kings and queens don't know how to apply that
         | knowledge practically and a lot of knowledge has benefits just
         | to appear intelligent to other people.
         | 
         | Also not to mention street smarts, emotional intelligence,
         | leadership int and many other aspects.
         | 
         | What made Einstein special to me is his ability to imagine how
         | things work together and then he and or his mind kept endlessly
         | obsessing over it to reach further and further conclusions.
         | Essentially trying to create a model of the world and or trying
         | to simulate in mind whatever is happening and which can lead to
         | greater insights of what is causing what.
         | 
         | I think true understanding is being able to imagine and predict
         | how something works as opposed to memorising a lot of
         | information about the thing.
        
         | TheRealDunkirk wrote:
         | > Another way to frame this topic: intelligence doesn't always
         | lead to impact, and impact is what matters.
         | 
         | Which leads to the example of my career, and the illustration
         | of the two "tech worlds" that now exist. As a "programming
         | engineer," I've written a lot of software tools for other
         | engineers that have expanded the boundaries of what was
         | possible to achieve in usual timeframes. I've (mostly) worked
         | as a programmer in engineering departments, and once the word
         | of these kinds of projects get out, they often get shut down or
         | taken over by IT proper. This has happened either because MY
         | management was psychopathic, or OTHER management was MORE
         | psychopathic.
         | 
         | As a single full-stack developer, I've proven multiple times
         | that I can launch a company-wide-impacting project at 100x the
         | man-speed of a bog standard, outsourced, waterfall-managed IT
         | project. I suspect embarrassment at this fact is why my
         | projects have had such terrible luck politically. And this is
         | my point: the human side -- the politics -- will always trump
         | talent. If you don't "grease the wheels," you're going to have
         | a bad time.
         | 
         | > Luckily I had a job that disabused me of this and taught me
         | to communicate my ideas clearly and persuasively to others.
         | 
         | I have found it even worse than this. Despite clarity, people
         | often hate feeling like you understand things at a level they
         | will never. Sometimes, it's the clarity itself that puts people
         | on their heels. Case in point: My boss and I just asked a group
         | to add an API to get ONE PIECE of data from another, long-
         | established, already-API-driven web site. After SEVERAL
         | meetings about this, they finally came back with an
         | implementation date TWO YEARS after we started asking. Another
         | group on the other side of the world asked ME to implement an
         | API in MY application, to get entire TABLES of information. I
         | did it in 2 days. I cannot stress hard enough that management
         | and other people hate, hate, HATE seeing this sort of
         | discrepancy in ability. But what am I supposed to do? Delay my
         | delivery by months just to make people feel better? Heck, maybe
         | I should.
         | 
         | We nerds like to think that the tech world should be a
         | meritocracy. On the internet of the 90's, it was. PG continues
         | to live in a world where he can elevate insight above politics
         | with money. Many, here, work in companies with proper technical
         | tracks, which rewards insight handsomely. I don't (and won't
         | move). And if you don't, you have to do yourself a favor and
         | deal with that reality, and learn how to play the political
         | game. It's the political game that will determine your impact,
         | and "gate" your technical ability. It sucks to write that out,
         | but it's a truism of the world.
        
       | JayStavis wrote:
       | PG making a case for the "idea guy"! It's interesting to see how
       | often that trope is shot down in SV culture.
       | 
       | I appreciate that he is qualifying or preconditioning the value
       | of the idea guy as having intelligence along with other "mundane
       | ingredients" like grit, sleep, stress, network, and passion. I
       | very much agree with the approach and only wish for a framework
       | to score these ingredients in the context of an entrepreneur's
       | problem domain. I guess that's what VC's are supposed to do.
        
         | [deleted]
        
       | Alex3917 wrote:
       | This piece seems to conflate being smart with being intelligent.
       | 
       | Basically being smart means being well educated, whereas being
       | intelligent means you have fast processing speed. Or maybe you
       | have slightly different definitions, whatever, but either way
       | it's confusing to see them being used as synonyms.
        
       | sysadm1n wrote:
       | I think being smart needs solid foundations in order to flourish.
       | Paul mentions getting adequate sleep and avoiding certain
       | stresses, which is a whole science to me.
       | 
       | There is the old archetype of the 'unstable genius' or 'mad
       | scientist' that although they are clever; fail to one day _make
       | it_ and become the person known for $company or $product or
       | $patent.
       | 
       | There are many ingredients needed for the smart person to thrive.
       | Personally I find essays about topics that concern me to be
       | useful, as-well as cross-synaptic thinking otherwise known as
       | 'creativity' or 'joining the dots'.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | api wrote:
       | There are a few things he didn't mention that I suspect are
       | important: a variety of life experiences, exposure to more than
       | one modality of thinking, and an opportunity to engage in
       | autonomous unstructured play as a child. It's good at any age but
       | is likely pivotal in childhood.
        
       | reggieband wrote:
       | I have been revisiting an idea I've had many times in my life
       | that is tangential to Paul's "Smart" vs. "New idea"
       | differentiation. That is the difference between
       | "Knowledge/Intelligence" on one axis and
       | "Experience/Understanding" on another. I feel our modern society,
       | as obsessed as it is with science and logic, highly prioritizes
       | the former and unduly devalues the latter. I've started to wonder
       | what "Artificial Understanding" looks like and if there is some
       | systematic way to describe it. I also loosely define "Wisdom" as
       | a kind of dialectic synthesis that bridges intelligence and
       | understanding (and thereby knowledge and experience). I believe
       | Wisdom is the place where new ideas are bred.
       | 
       | However, his essay struck a chord in me because it suggests a
       | double edged sword. I'm ever-so-slightly above average
       | intelligence. In almost every group I have ever been part of I
       | sort near the top but rarely at the top. But I definitely have
       | always demonstrated different thinking and often times new ideas.
       | And I can report that not all new ideas are good ideas. This
       | leads to quite a bit of insecurity/self-doubt. Sometimes I am
       | literally a prophet that sees the future that no one else
       | expected. Often I am completely off base. I have no repeatable
       | means of discriminating between those cases.
       | 
       | What I have learned, in those times I have acted as a
       | leader/manager, is that I don't always go with the most
       | logical/intellectual idea presented to me. I try to always take
       | into account experience/understanding. That is doubly true when I
       | evaluate my own new ideas. I should ask myself: Am I leaning too
       | heavily on knowledge/intelligence in an area where I lack
       | understanding/experience?
       | 
       | Therefore I think Paul's stated trade-off of intelligence for new
       | ideas is not strictly correct. I wonder if he would accept my
       | knowledge/intelligence vs. experience/understanding description.
       | If so, perhaps what he means to say is that for the generation of
       | new ideas he might be willing to accept trading some innate
       | capacity for intelligence for some innate capacity for
       | understanding. In that way, perhaps one could increase the
       | likelihood of synthesis between the two. Stated another way, it
       | would be a sacrifice of intelligence to gain understanding with a
       | goal to promote wisdom.
        
       | whytaka wrote:
       | Recently I've been a bit disillusioned as all the cleverness of
       | my youth had gone wasted. Albeit the ideas were low hanging
       | fruits but had I had the skills to implement them I think I would
       | have been better off. Now that I do have the skills, they'd long
       | been executed by others.
       | 
       | Now the world has gotten a lot more sophisticated and I don't
       | know what to sophisticate myself on. They all seem a bit boring
       | or stupid on one hand, or another monumental climb where I'll
       | have to start over from the beginning.
        
         | alasano wrote:
         | All monumental climbs start with a single step. It's easy to
         | get lost thinking about what could have been or what will be
         | and forget about what can be, right now at this very moment.
         | 
         | It's not enjoyable to think about wasted opportunities in your
         | past, so don't let your future self suffer the same fate.
         | 
         | Do at least part of one of the ideas you find boring or stupid
         | to get back into the mindset of being someone who is able to
         | create. Armed with that, you'll spend less time thinking about
         | whether you can do it and more time about what you want to do.
         | 
         | Obviously for people who are depressed or suffer from ADHD you
         | often can't "just do it" but in general I think it's worth
         | trying to shift the way we think about the things we can
         | accomplish.
        
         | handrous wrote:
         | A lot of the biggest Web-related tech money-makers and success
         | stories are things it wouldn't have occurred to me to try,
         | because I'd have assumed they were illegal or otherwise so
         | awful that people'd tar and feather me if I proposed them.
         | Sometimes, they were/are illegal, in fact, but it somehow
         | worked out OK for the founders anyway (business might
         | eventually fall apart, but who cares, they made millions, if
         | not billions)
         | 
         | Spying on what people do on web pages, down to their mouse
         | movements, sometimes. Tracking all that _across sites_. Then
         | using that to target ads at them.
         | 
         | AirBnB and Uber... just, all of what they do.
         | 
         | Crypto exchanges. It's crazy to me that these managed to go
         | long enough to gain a toehold before facing any sort of banking
         | or securities regulations.
         | 
         | Addictive mechanics on social media and in pay-to-play games.
         | 
         | Mint and other go-betweens with banks that just store and re-
         | use credentials, including answers to "security questions".
         | Seems like a really dangerous idea, probably involves
         | encouraging a bunch of people to violate terms of service on a
         | massive scale, and if you're presenting connections to banks
         | that you _know_ have those terms, seems like you 'd be hella
         | liable for that. And my god, if there's a breach that involves
         | your systems and you've been hoovering up people's banking
         | credentials? I'd fully expect to be facing extremely scary and
         | probably-going-to-go-poorly-for-my-company lawsuits from a
         | dozen enormous banks. How do these companies get _insured_ in
         | any way whatsoever? I don 't get it. Inexplicably (to me),
         | instead of crashing and burning and being laughed out of the
         | room at any and all fundraising meetings, these made a few
         | people very, very rich instead.
         | 
         | And so on.
         | 
         | Plenty of things not in those categories, of course. Stripe was
         | a great idea, just a hard problem--I'd have had no clue how to
         | seek terms from CC companies to get such a thing off the
         | ground, to pick what's just step #1 of even _starting_ to try
         | at that.
         | 
         | Some are great ideas that I might have come up with, but I
         | haven't a clue about how to even begin to fundraise (I'm not
         | past barely-an-acquaintance territory with _any_ rich people,
         | for even small values of  "rich", so that doesn't help), and
         | they're the kind of thing that pretty much requires a pile of
         | cash to even make an attempt--actually, Stripe again seems like
         | a good example. I couldn't feasibly have done even an MVP of
         | that solo, or even with a very small team "in a garage"; the
         | fundraising is another necessary hurdle to even credibly
         | trying.
         | 
         | Some stuff's smart people doing smart things that are
         | eventually very lucrative. Those I (theoretically) could have
         | done, I guess. Redis, for instance. Still, the _really_ big
         | money seems to be in convincing people to finance things that
         | feel like they ought to be illegal (and might actually be), and
         | how that all works continues to elude me. How do you spot a law
         | you can break long enough to get traction against the
         | "dinosaurs" who are bound to follow the law, versus one that
         | will land you on the losing end of a ruinous lawsuit and make
         | your name mud, or in prison? _Do_ people actually know how to
         | spot those, or are the successful ones just lucky? Is that in
         | fact _almost all laws_ once you have some rich people backing
         | you? I haven 't a clue.
         | 
         | (Nb this is not intended as sour-grapes complaining, but rather
         | an exploration of the ways in which "having an idea" is a
         | really, really long way from even making a meaningful attempt
         | at implementation for a variety of prominent tech products,
         | including such hurdles as not understanding when doing illegal
         | or horribly unethical stuff is actually a very good idea, if
         | you're just trying to launch a product and get rich--these are
         | _deficiencies_ in my understanding of the world, clearly)
        
       | ido wrote:
       | One thing that bothers me in this essay is that it relies a lot
       | on intelligence being somewhat clear/measurable and agreed upon
       | metric. But there isn't really a comprehensive definition of
       | intelligence, let alone a comprehensive way to measure it (IQ for
       | example to a large extent measures how good someone is at taking
       | tests).
       | 
       | Coming up with new ideas can itself be a measure of intelligence!
       | 
       | That is not to say the spirit of the article is wrong - I've met
       | plenty of people who came across as very smart and didn't really
       | achieve as much in life (so far) as other people who didn't
       | appear to be as smart or smarter. I think other large factors
       | must include ambition, risk-aversion (or lack thereof),
       | confidence and opportunity.
        
       | reikonomusha wrote:
       | I feel pg's point is similar to musicians. As an example, Glenn
       | Gould was a classical pianist and renowned Bach interpreter. He
       | had awesome technical ability at the piano, and a fantastic
       | memory. But _lots_ of incredible pianists have these abilities.
       | Go to any university or observe any competition and you'll
       | plainly see awesome talent. These qualities are analogous to
       | "being smart".
       | 
       | However, what set Gould apart from his colleagues was his
       | innovative and iconoclastic interpretations of well-known works
       | with "standard" prescriptions. He had fundamentally different,
       | but wholly consistent, ideas about musical interpretation,
       | recording technology, presentation of music to audiences, and so
       | on. He's remembered as a pianist not because his fingers were
       | quick and sensitive, but instead because he pushed boundaries in
       | completely original ways.
       | 
       | Leonard Bernstein--a noted conductor and pianist--quips about
       | this when he conducted the Brahms Concerto in D minor, with Gould
       | at the piano [1]. I recommend listening but I'll copy his words
       | (from [2]) for posterity.
       | 
       | > Don't be frightened. Mr. Gould is here. He will appear in a
       | moment. I'm not, um, as you know, in the habit of speaking on any
       | concert except the Thursday night previews, but a curious
       | situation has arisen, which merits, I think, a word or two. You
       | are about to hear a rather, shall we say, unorthodox performance
       | of the Brahms D Minor Concerto, a performance distinctly
       | different from any I've ever heard, or even dreamt of for that
       | matter, in its remarkably broad tempi and its frequent departures
       | from Brahms' dynamic indications. I cannot say I am in total
       | agreement with Mr. Gould's conception and this raises the
       | interesting question: "What am I doing conducting it?" I'm
       | conducting it because Mr. Gould is so valid and serious an artist
       | that I must take seriously anything he conceives in good faith
       | and his conception is interesting enough so that I feel you
       | should hear it, too.
       | 
       | > But the age old question still remains: "In a concerto, who is
       | the boss; the soloist or the conductor?" The answer is, of
       | course, sometimes one, sometimes the other, depending on the
       | people involved. But almost always, the two manage to get
       | together by persuasion or charm or even threats to achieve a
       | unified performance. I have only once before in my life had to
       | submit to a soloist's wholly new and incompatible concept and
       | that was the last time I accompanied Mr. Gould. (The audience
       | roared with laughter at this.) But, but this time the
       | discrepancies between our views are so great that I feel I must
       | make this small disclaimer. Then why, to repeat the question, am
       | I conducting it? Why do I not make a minor scandal -- get a
       | substitute soloist, or let an assistant conduct? Because I am
       | fascinated, glad to have the chance for a new look at this much-
       | played work; Because, what's more, there are moments in Mr.
       | Gould's performance that emerge with astonishing freshness and
       | conviction. Thirdly, because we can all learn something from this
       | extraordinary artist, who is a thinking performer, and finally
       | because there is in music what Dimitri Mitropoulos used to call
       | "the sportive element", that factor of curiosity, adventure,
       | experiment, and I can assure you that it has been an adventure
       | this week collaborating with Mr. Gould on this Brahms concerto
       | and it's in this spirit of adventure that we now present it to
       | you.
       | 
       | Because some took this as an attack on Gould, Bernstein followed
       | up with the remark:
       | 
       | > Any discovery of Glenn's was welcomed by me because I worshiped
       | the way he played: I admired his intellectual approach, his
       | "guts" approach, his complete dedication to whatever he was
       | doing.
       | 
       | Anyway, it's an interesting parallel in the arts world. Jacob
       | Collier is a musician of today that has similar qualities of
       | "being smart with good ideas".
       | 
       | [1] https://youtu.be/SvWPM783TOE
       | 
       | [2]
       | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic_concer...
        
         | aidenn0 wrote:
         | I should also note that Bernstein was widely known to be a
         | complete asshole.
         | 
         | I think this is partial confirmation of pg's observation that
         | independence of thought is important for creativity: if you are
         | both arrogant and independent, you have all the ingredients to
         | be an asshole.
         | 
         | If arrogance is orthogonal to creativity, as I suspect, but
         | independence of thought is not, then we would see a
         | disproportionate number of assholes among those with new ideas.
        
         | maxekman wrote:
         | > "What am I doing conducting it?" I'm conducting it because
         | Mr. Gould is so valid and serious an artist that I must take
         | seriously anything he conceives in good faith and his
         | conception is interesting enough so that I feel you should hear
         | it, too.
         | 
         | That is a VERY respectful point of view. I admire that so much.
        
           | ganzuul wrote:
           | More than respect; this is wisdom.
        
         | WalterBright wrote:
         | It reminds me of Herb Alpert's re-imagining of Beatles songs.
         | Alpert's albums were very popular in the 1960s, but are pretty
         | much forgotten today.
         | 
         | I've bought all of his albums. The man is a genius in his
         | trumpet arrangements.
        
           | nwatson wrote:
           | You'll hear Herb Alpert's "Rise" live on today sampled (not
           | trumpet, guitar) in Notorious B.I.G.'s "Hypnotize," with
           | enduring appeal. I went to dig up the connection and it's a
           | lot more interesting than I first suspected. "Rise" was
           | actually composed by Herb's nephew, and the article goes into
           | why the Alperts rejected many sampling requests before
           | accepting Notorious.
           | 
           | https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-
           | hop/7709057/n...
        
           | grasshopperpurp wrote:
           | Lady Fingers is one of the most beautiful things I've heard.
        
             | WalterBright wrote:
             | Of course, having the most famous album cover ever helps!
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6U1JB7z-I8
             | 
             | A personal favorite of mine is The Trolley Song:
             | 
             | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_pCM8jzvtw
             | 
             | which is the same song as the one Judy Garland made famous,
             | but Alpert's version is heavenly.
             | 
             | Before the intertoobs and CDs, I searched everywhere for
             | that album (Herb Alpert's Ninth) for years, and finally
             | found a brand new mint one in the cutout bin with the slot
             | sliced in it. For $1. I couldn't believe my prize!
             | 
             | P.S. The yootoob version has poor sound quality. To hear
             | how good Herb is with the trumpet, ya gotta get the CD.
        
               | aspenmayer wrote:
               | > Before the intertoobs and CDs, I searched everywhere
               | for that album (Herb Alpert's Ninth) for years, and
               | finally found a brand new mint one in the cutout bin with
               | the slot sliced in it. For $1. I couldn't believe my
               | prize!
               | 
               | This cut-out practice is new to me, but a related one in
               | the publishing/bookselling industry rang true. I learn a
               | lot just by reading and reflecting on your comments.
               | Thanks for posting this personal story.
               | 
               | I think we've lost a lot with the transition to digital,
               | these kinds of bargain bins included, which is part of
               | the reason I too love all kinds of secondhand stores and
               | swap meets, etc.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped_book
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaindered_book
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-
               | out_(recording_industry)
        
               | WalterBright wrote:
               | I regularly troll pawn shops and thrift stores, you never
               | know what you'll find there. For example, they usually
               | have a bin full of vinyl. The staff pulls out any that
               | are valuable, but what is valuable on the market has no
               | relation to what I consider valuable. Jackie Gleason, for
               | example, made many records that aren't available on CD.
               | His stuff is great if you enjoy easy listening, old
               | style.
               | 
               | A couple months back, the pawn shop had acquired what
               | looked like an old DJ's 12 inch single collection from
               | the 70s and 80s. $.50 per disk. I grabbed them all.
        
               | aspenmayer wrote:
               | I've found that archive.org also has a large number of
               | out of print vinyl.
               | 
               | What the market finds valuable is partially a signaling
               | problem, as it is only loosely connected to any
               | individual's taste, and more connected to quick sales for
               | record companies. The market as a whole can't discover
               | prices for products that individuals aren't aware of and
               | seeking out in the small window of first-sale. It's not
               | too different from the traditional VC investment
               | strategy, now that I consider it.
               | 
               | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(economics)
        
         | gsinclair wrote:
         | I've seen that video before but thank you for reproducing
         | Bernstein's words here. They bring great joy even in print.
        
         | tallies wrote:
         | Jacob Collier is an interesting example because the general
         | response I've seen to his music from music fans is that it is
         | too "smart". It's impressive and novel to music academics (and
         | apparently the Grammys) but hardly interesting to fans of the
         | genres he favors (soul, pop, R&B). Common complaints being lack
         | of emotion, lack of taste, poor songwriting, over production.
         | But any negative review will also acknowledge that he's
         | immensely talented and has massive potential.
        
           | TheOtherHobbes wrote:
           | PG dismisses creativity, but IMO that's a mistake in an
           | otherwise interesting essay. Creativity _is_ the difference
           | between someone who is merely smart and someone who
           | originates ideas.
           | 
           | Collier is merely smart. He's very, very smart indeed. But in
           | the domain of music, expressive originality is far more
           | important.
           | 
           | And it can be created by people who aren't technically music-
           | smart at all. It's _a different skill_ to the kind of
           | grammatical /technical smartness that someone like Collier
           | has.
           | 
           | That's not a distraction at all. It's exactly the point -
           | creativity is orthogonal to smartness, and it's poorly
           | understood and even more poorly supported.
           | 
           | One of the interesting thing that happened in English pop
           | (until it stopped being possible a decade or two ago) was
           | that successful pop artists were more likely to have been
           | through art school than music school.
           | 
           | The exemplar is Eno - who studied with Roy Ascott, who is
           | probably one of the most unknown influential pioneers of
           | computer art.
           | 
           | Eno has _taste_ and a willingness to experiment across
           | multiple domains. The rest almost falls into place.
           | 
           | IMO the combination of openness to experimentation and
           | instinctual feel for rightness/wrongness to guide that
           | experimentation is the foundation of useful creativity.
           | 
           | Art school - more than anywhere else - gives people
           | permission to experiment. Taste can be partially taught, but
           | you need an instinctive feel for it, and that's probably
           | innate.
           | 
           | Someone like Collier doesn't score highly on either
           | experimentation or taste. He scores very highly on musical
           | competence and technical skill. But both are a kind of
           | conformity - which is the opposite of real originality.
           | 
           | I assume where PG is going with this is the suggestion that
           | some people can originate incredibly successful business
           | ideas, and most people can't.
           | 
           | Which might be nice if it were true. But in a startup sense
           | the opposite is more likely. You need a baseline of
           | conformity to be in business at all. Truly creative types
           | don't find the business world open enough to be interesting.
           | 
           | Success in business relies on having ideas that are original
           | enough to be different, but not so original they're
           | incomprehensibly challenging and difficult.
           | 
           | Market fit mostly happens near the middle of the bell curve -
           | for whatever metric you're measuring - and that's not where
           | the most creative people like to live.
        
             | earth_walker wrote:
             | Ok, I hadn't really explored Collier's music until I read
             | so many people panning his work on this thread.
             | 
             | One youtube rabbit hole later, and I have to strongly
             | disagree. These threads are littered with Phrases like
             | 'Doesn't score highly on either experimentation or taste',
             | 'lack of emotion'. 'Seems overly clever but not nice
             | sounding'.
             | 
             | Sorry, I'm not sure whether this is people hating on
             | someone outside of your camp or what, but I think they're
             | missing the point.
             | 
             | The way Collier brings ideas from Jazz, Classical, Synth
             | culture, EDM, R&B into a modern a cappella multimedia
             | collage _is_ experimental, creative and I find quite
             | emotional.
             | 
             | Granted it's not the emotion in traditional, analogue music
             | forms coming from the voicing of the instrument - it's from
             | the arrangement, the sampling, even the ebb and flow of
             | precision.
             | 
             | And where most of the modern Glee-style a cappella are
             | sanitized, overly produced and pretty pap (I'm not a fan of
             | the genre, but my kids are), he's really pushing the
             | boundaries of that genre. In ways that, from the handful of
             | examples I've listened to, sound quite successful.
             | 
             | In particular I really enjoyed his arrangements of Stevie
             | Wonder.
             | 
             | The music gate-keepers have always levelled these same
             | criticisms electronic compositions, especially if the the
             | composers are young and popular.
        
             | awild wrote:
             | This is mostly a personal stance validated by the talking
             | of some other artists and musicians, and only a weak
             | rebuttal/addendum to your point: But I've long understood
             | creativity as literally just creating. A lot. And
             | publishing only what you deem worthy.
             | 
             | I'm friends with a clique of techno producers and they
             | grind their music 24/7, they have an endless supply of
             | ideas that they've produced,they're also heavily immersed
             | in the music etc. They will publish some tracks twice a
             | year, to the outside it obviously seems like they've had a
             | moment of genius, but it's probably just 5% of their actual
             | production. Another example is the documentary on marina
             | abramovich, where she has a consultant telling her what art
             | to actually publish. The artist Jonathan Meese has outlined
             | a similar stance on a Tracks documentary where he just
             | rambles for 5min to the effect of "create create create".
             | 
             | Obviously doing something a lot develops skill, but
             | choosing what to publish is probably more a question of
             | taste.
             | 
             | Jazz soloing is probably a good counterexample, but a lot
             | of jazz solos aren't that remarkable and these people are
             | at the top of their game so their worst is likely most
             | peoples best?
        
             | dudouble wrote:
             | >> IMO the combination of openness to experimentation and
             | instinctual feel for rightness/wrongness to guide that
             | experimentation is the foundation of useful creativity.
             | 
             | This statement strongly resonated with me, thank you for
             | this.
        
           | baby wrote:
           | I was thinking of Jacob Collier when reading GP's comment. It
           | seems very clever, but I don't find it "nice-sounding".
        
           | mabub24 wrote:
           | That was my immediate impression of his music. It feels
           | strangely cold and extremely "produced", especially when he
           | has made stabs at jazz, a genre that is in many cases "music
           | for musicians". For a genre that prizes free flowing
           | interpretation and individual creativity alongside
           | instrumental virtuosity, his jazz music comes out utterly
           | sterile compared to other modern jazz musicians. The same
           | goes for his soul music. Everything he does feels like an
           | exercise in a genre rather than playing _in_ it.
           | 
           | Compare his stuff to the work of Kamasi Washington, Mary
           | Halvorson's groups, or Shabaka Hutchings, or Christian Scott
           | aTunde Adjuah, and you hear an enormous difference in the
           | sheer craft of songwriting, emotional dynamics, and
           | storytelling through their instruments.
           | 
           | He's clearly a virtuoso at a kind of playing the instrument,
           | and he's extremely good at explaining music theory and
           | concepts, which is a rather archaic and unique language all
           | its own, but I don't think he's quite there yet for
           | songwriting.
        
             | Slow_Hand wrote:
             | I don't disagree with you, but I'd like to make one small
             | addendum that may go to explain why people might consider
             | his music to feel overproduced. I believe that reason is
             | his use of non-equal-temperament tuning.
             | 
             | For those unaccustomed to hearing pure intervals it can
             | sound like a high-gloss "sheen" that gives an unreal
             | quality to the music. In a way it becomes "too perfect" and
             | unnatural to those who are used to hearing the equal
             | temperament that most western music is recorded in. I hear
             | it a lot in some acapella vocal groups and I often find the
             | sound off-putting and it somehow feels a little corny to
             | me.
        
               | tallies wrote:
               | That may be an aspect of it, but...
               | 
               | https://twitter.com/trndytrndy/status/1395944850911080459
        
               | golergka wrote:
               | I think that his use of Logic in particular is very
               | relevant in this discussion, because not only it has
               | excellent support for different temperaments, it also has
               | Hermut tuning, which dynamically alters temperament of
               | all the instruments played based on actual chords to
               | reach perfect intervals regardless of the key you're in.
        
               | roryokane wrote:
               | Logic Pro documentation link for Hermode Tuning:
               | https://support.apple.com/guide/logicpro/hermode-tuning-
               | lgcp...
        
               | Slow_Hand wrote:
               | Touche.
               | 
               | Still, his virtuosity allows him to do things that very
               | few people are capable of conceiving, attempting, and
               | doing. We're lucky to have him in the mix.
        
             | Ericson2314 wrote:
             | > archaic and unique language
             | 
             | archaic or arcane?
        
               | mabub24 wrote:
               | Some of the words in music theory are just straight
               | latin, or directly descendant from latin and old. A lot
               | of people struggle with music theory until you
               | "translate" it to using modern language (though you do
               | lose some specificity in some cases). Like "ritardando",
               | which is just "slow down", or accelerando, which is, you
               | guessed it, "speed up".
               | 
               | You can also use arcane.
        
               | namarie wrote:
               | I think most of it is Italian instead of Latin, including
               | your two examples.
        
               | yakubin wrote:
               | Italian, not Latin. Italian is the language of music.
               | Italy used to be the capital of European music. That's
               | where it comes from. I also wouldn't classify it as mere
               | "theory". It's basic notation that appears in notes.
               | Calling it "theory" is like calling control flow
               | constructs in Pascal (the language) "theory".
        
               | noobly wrote:
               | It's called music theory though? I agree it's a bad name,
               | but that's what it's called..
        
             | hresvelgr wrote:
             | > That was my immediate impression of his music. It feels
             | strangely cold and extremely "produced",
             | 
             | Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins is an example of
             | someone who has both the talent and the taste for making
             | great music in my opinion. There's a really old video of
             | him shredding like a madman [1] completely off the dome
             | which shows he has very good command of his guitar. He's
             | not in the same sphere as Jacob Collier mind you but here
             | me out. If you compare that video with the music he wrote
             | in the pumpkins, it is very restrained. He knew when to
             | exercise the full range of his skills and when to dial it
             | back. Having learned a lot of pumpkins songs on guitar, it
             | is clear to me that he favoured what sounded better and was
             | more impactful over what appeared skillful.
             | 
             | There's another video of him in 2012 [2] where he talks
             | about influential music coming from the internet and people
             | in their desktop studios, not from guys with guitars trying
             | to make it big. Beyond his talent he had a very keen eye
             | for how music was evolving. Having talent is one thing,
             | being able to contextualise your work, and others work
             | accurately in the arena of the world is a quality that very
             | few people possess and in my opinion is required for
             | producing truly influential and impactful work.
             | 
             | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hYPo2py77A
             | 
             | [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4C7NCpfUC90
        
               | jacquesm wrote:
               | Another person in the same vein: Tim Finn. Able to dial
               | it back at will and to let it shine when needed.
        
               | FreakLegion wrote:
               | > he talks about influential music coming from the
               | internet and people in their desktop studios, not from
               | guys with guitars trying to make it big
               | 
               | That's a great clip. You might enjoy some of what people
               | have been doing with their desktop studios _and_ guitars
               | in the last few years. Two that immediately come to mind
               | are Tim Henson [1] (already pretty well-known in the
               | guitar world as part of Polyphia) and Manuel Gardner-
               | Fernandes [2].
               | 
               | 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkHD4OVjS4E
               | 
               | 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLCtH0KAY8Q
        
               | awild wrote:
               | I cannot leave a comment of bedroom producers go without
               | a mention of judd madden.
               | 
               | Probably quite out there (doom/drone/stoner) for most
               | people but his music has always struck me as incredibly
               | from the heart and not some noodling to impress others.
               | 
               | https://juddmadden.bandcamp.com/album/float
               | 
               | https://juddmadden.bandcamp.com/album/artesian
        
           | screye wrote:
           | Yeah, I would compare Jacob Collier to Snarky Puppey or
           | Tigran Hamasayan.
           | 
           | All of them are virtuosic and are branching away from
           | classical ideas of jazz, and Collier might even be the
           | smartest of the group, but he can't write a song to save a
           | life.
           | 
           | Snarky Puppey and Tigram have on the other hand, found a
           | fresh niche for themselves that is similarly creative, but
           | has the humility of adding the necessary sugar and milk to
           | make their supremely creative and bitter music drink
           | palatable to a listening audience.
        
         | q-base wrote:
         | Thanks a lot for this! I really appreciate it. Comments like
         | this is why I really like HN.
        
         | mlang23 wrote:
         | Nice posting, thanks for that. I still cant really understand
         | the hype around Gould and its goldberg interpretations. Yes,
         | they are good. But no, they are far from the best I know. If
         | you ever get the time and a recording, listen to Ragna Schirmer
         | playing Goldberg. Her interpretation blows Gould's out of the
         | water, IMO :-)
        
           | reikonomusha wrote:
           | Gould is a sort of package deal. I like his Goldbergs but to
           | see his "authentic self" I'd look at something a little
           | kookier of his like his Alla Turca [1]. It will not be what
           | you expect.
           | 
           | [1] https://youtu.be/eTZ33EVK3Ug
        
         | coldtea wrote:
         | > _He's remembered as a pianist not because his fingers were
         | quick and sensitive, but instead because he pushed boundaries
         | in completely original ways._
         | 
         | Or because a lot of this (even classical music) is pop culture,
         | so he was quirky enough to establish a brand name, whereas
         | others equally competent or even better didn't come with an
         | assosicated story to sell them...
        
           | reikonomusha wrote:
           | I think the quirkiness perhaps helped propel him to greater
           | fame, and made his name "stick" more easily, but it's
           | certainly not _the_ reason he is famous or remembered. There
           | are countless quirky no-names. He was of note more so because
           | of his technical capacity and strong convictions for his
           | unorthodox approach, which he voluminously described in
           | writing, interviews, etc.
        
             | aspenmayer wrote:
             | Do you have any personal favorite interviews? I frequently
             | find that folks discussing their craft at a high level
             | often illuminates opportunities for cross-disciplinary
             | knowledge transfer.
        
               | reikonomusha wrote:
               | Yes! I love his discussion about Bach and appropriate use
               | of instruments here [1]. He also gets into why he chooses
               | some tempos, what's arbitrary and what's not, where to
               | seek consistency in interpretative choices, and so on. I
               | adore this interview!
               | 
               | I also love his slightly hyperbolic hot take on why
               | Mozart isn't that good [2]. It's hilarious, to me at
               | least, hearing him roast Mozart then proceed to play his
               | music beautifully.
               | 
               | [1] https://youtu.be/38VMAfSmL8Q
               | 
               | [2] https://youtu.be/1pR74rorRxs
        
         | addictedcs wrote:
         | This reminded me of Sergiu Celibidache, a revered and
         | criticized conductor who had a different opinion about tempo on
         | major classical works.
         | 
         | He viewed his performances more as "experiences" and certainly
         | pushed the boundaries of the conventional style of playing
         | classical music. I really like his renditions of Bruckner, and
         | the ending for Symphony N4 probably best describes why [1]. He
         | does not rush, letting the music sync in, undoubtedly different
         | from the "right" version.
         | 
         | Not being afraid of criticism is an essential quality of people
         | who discover new things. Smart people often get dragged into
         | the "correct", "proper" way of thinking, doing science, playing
         | music, drawing, or doing other creative work. This is the best
         | way to learn, but unfortunately, you need to go on an unbeaten
         | path that is often criticized and even ostracized to discover
         | new things. The life of Van Gogh and many others is quite an
         | example of that.
         | 
         | [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YVdTI21rZQ
        
         | fuzzfactor wrote:
         | The lady who cleans Willie Nelson's tour bus finds scraps of
         | paper with lyrics which have more potential than most of what
         | is actually published in Nashville by other artists over the
         | same period of time.
         | 
         | And this is what he's throwing away.
         | 
         | It can be amazing what one individual can do sometimes.
         | 
         | >the trouble with intelligence, they say, is that it's mostly
         | inborn. The evidence for this seems fairly convincing,
         | especially considering that most of us don't want it to be
         | true, and the evidence thus has to face a pretty stiff
         | headwind.
         | 
         | I think this is very well put.
         | 
         | Could be even more trouble with bright illumination if it turns
         | out to be inborn to different degrees too.
         | 
         | Then if you need both in excess the odds get pretty slim for a
         | dual strike between such outliers.
        
       | ToJans wrote:
       | I know quite a few conventional entrepreneurs that I wouldn't
       | consider smart in a general context, but are extremely well
       | versed in what they do.
       | 
       | Experience will help you to develop an instinct, and once you
       | understand why everything is the way it is, you need to focus on
       | finding an edge/making a difference/having an impact.
       | 
       | This takes time, experimentation, and most of all the willingness
       | and ability to fail, while you gain deeper and new insights.
       | 
       | Willingness comes from personal grit and belief, but ability
       | usually comes from your network, venture capital, a rich family,
       | or having a successful business in the first place...
       | 
       | Following Taleb's ideas, I'd say that, to find your edge, it
       | would make more sense to try something new 52 weeks in a row,
       | instead of spending 52 weeks on a single idea.
       | 
       | Assume you have the grit and ability to experiment, then you
       | still need a heuristic to determine which ideas are worth
       | pursuing, and that's where luck comes in. Markets do not behave
       | rationally, so reasoning can only bring you so far.
       | 
       | "How to be successful" formulas could be compared to the "how to
       | draw an owl" meme [0]: you need grit, the ability to experiment,
       | and hope that this combination will eventually put you in the
       | perfect context at a time where everything aligns, and where you
       | take the decision to pursue the correct opportunity...
       | 
       | [0]
       | https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/eccj2/how_to_draw_an...
        
       | ThePhysicist wrote:
       | Brian Josephson received his nobel prize for a discovery he made
       | at age 22 while being a PhD student. The accompanying paper is
       | just two pages long [1]. Without diminishing his achievement I'd
       | wager that thousands of bright PhD students could've come up with
       | the same solution given the right circumstances.
       | 
       | I no longer work in academia but what I observed when spending
       | time in top-tier research groups is that it's at least as
       | important where you work as how smart you are. You can be the
       | most gifted researcher but if you work in a backwater university
       | in a third-world country your chances of being noticed or doing
       | well-recognized work are very dim. On the other hand, if you're a
       | smart person working in a top-tier environment your chance of
       | doing noteworthy work are much higher.
       | 
       | Now of course smart people will usually find ways to get into
       | better environments, but from my experience there's still a lot
       | of elitism involved. For example, where I did my PhD in France
       | almost all fellow PhD students in my group had parents that were
       | high-ranking scientists, some of them leading research
       | institutes. I always thought that it would be extremely unlikely
       | to observe such a concentration if the selection process was
       | really unbiased. Not saying my colleagues weren't gifted, but of
       | course they had a lot of advantages as compared to gifted
       | students from poor families as their parents knew exactly what to
       | do to get them into the elite programs (in France you have to
       | prepare for this for many years, starting with picking the right
       | school for your children). So being in the right place and having
       | the right pedigree is still a huge factor for getting a good shot
       | at being really successful.
       | 
       | [1]: http://hacol13.physik.uni-
       | freiburg.de/fp/Versuche/FP1/FP1-11...
        
         | ryandrake wrote:
         | Same problem in industry. It often matters more that you have
         | $prestigious_school or $prestigious_company on your resume than
         | how smart or hard working you are. Not to mention having the
         | "right" people in your network or the right parents. I wish we
         | wouldn't attach so much signal to these vanity attributes.
        
           | achenet wrote:
           | There's probably a way to make money exploiting this.
           | 
           | For example, develop a hiring process to hire smart people
           | with non prestigious backgrounds.
           | 
           | Similarly, I read once that ugly people pay higher interest
           | rates on loans despite being more likely to repay them.
           | 
           | That's a golden opportunity if I ever saw one, legal
           | regulations permitting.
        
             | LurkingPenguin wrote:
             | > Similarly, I read once that ugly people pay higher
             | interest rates on loans despite being more likely to repay
             | them.
             | 
             | Tinder loansharking.
             | 
             | "Hey there. It looks like Saturday night will be another
             | lonely one since nobody is attracted to your ugly mug. But
             | here's good news: you've been pre-approved for a $20,000
             | loan at a special introductory rate of 40% APR!"
        
         | biswaroop wrote:
         | This may be off-topic, but it's incredible how Brian Josephson
         | went off the rails with his paranormal quantum theories.
         | 
         | A fascinating read: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_disease
         | 
         | The list is full of people who are obviously 'smart' in some
         | way, but somehow also incredibly full of bad ideas. It's
         | possible that being insightful also requires you to have bad
         | ideas as well - as if they're fountains of ideas, good and bad.
         | 
         | Crucially though, these Nobel Laureates possess a lack of
         | critical thinking to filter out the bad ideas (that are often
         | outside their field of expertise). They're definitely not
         | unique among scientists.
        
           | [deleted]
        
           | jacquesm wrote:
           | I think this happens for the same reason they win their Nobel
           | in the first place: to just go wherever their curiosity takes
           | them, without having a pre-conceived notion about whether
           | that is good or bad. If you open fifty thousand ugly oysters
           | you're sure to find some gems, maybe even a priceless one.
           | But you're also going to find a lot of junk. So you are
           | likely on to something there, and the lack of a filter is
           | definitely an issue.
           | 
           | You see this in other fields as well: at some point having an
           | opinion is about name recognition. If you are some unknown
           | person and you have a bullshit opinion about something the
           | world will ignore you. But if you're a Nobel prize winner,
           | and actor or media personality, a well known athlete, a
           | business person or a venture capitalist with a lot of money
           | then people will pay attention to what you say and will treat
           | it with both more weight than they would otherwise _and_ they
           | will burn you down far worse than would ever happen compared
           | to an unknown person.
           | 
           | The Dutch have a proverb about this (we have proverbs for
           | everything, so this should be no surprise), that roughly
           | translates as 'tall trees catch a lot of wind'.
        
             | rramadass wrote:
             | >I think this happens for the same reason they win their
             | Nobel in the first place
             | 
             | You are absolutely right. As they say _There is a Thin Line
             | Between Genius and Insanity_. The very intensity of their
             | out-of-the-box thinking which got them the Nobel prize in
             | the first place is also what makes them prone to go off in
             | many other directions without regard to Social Standing,
             | Ethics and Morality.
             | 
             | IMO, this is not a fault but _Genius applied to the wrong
             | beliefs /ends_ which does not invalidate any of their other
             | achievements. I will take the Genius with all their faults
             | over the Common Average any-day.
             | 
             | PS: Relevant two-part article -
             | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-hidden-habits-
             | ge...
        
           | svachalek wrote:
           | Interesting, I had not heard of that. For an older example,
           | Isaac Newton spent most of his life researching alchemy.
        
           | optimalsolver wrote:
           | > Examples Of Otherwise Good Scientists Who Were Consumed By
           | Their Pet Theories Despite Weak/Contradictory Evidence?
           | 
           | https://www.reddit.com/r/slatestarcodex/comments/aoh607/exam.
           | ..
        
         | opportune wrote:
         | This is partially why I decided not to go the PhD-> try to
         | become a professor route. It really is an incestuous community
         | these days. I also noticed that a very large portion of the
         | people at the "top" of the pipeline into academia have
         | connections to academia in the US (eg a parent professor) who
         | can help them get or navigate getting a lot of these early
         | "prestige" markers. If you don't have that, even if you're just
         | as smart, you'll have a hard time breaking in.
         | 
         | For example a lot of those kids will start doing "research" in
         | HS, obviously in 99% of cases very closely directed by their
         | mentor, who may be a parent. This gets them those fancy "17
         | year creates clean drinking water for $0.002/L" news coverage
         | and possibly helps them win a nationally recognized science
         | fair. Then they can also get tutored for Olympiads - unless you
         | have a Von Neumann level intelligence you basically need a lot
         | of special studying to be able to get far in those. Then they
         | get into accelerated programs with local universities with the
         | help of their parents, obviously get into whatever college they
         | want, get the best research opportunities starting freshman
         | year, and it continues to snowball from there.
         | 
         | Not saying this system doesn't make great scientists, or that
         | the people who benefit from it aren't smart or qualified. Just,
         | ultimately there are only so many professorships to go around,
         | so good luck becoming a professor in STEM at an acclaimed R1
         | university without this kind of pipelining, even if you're just
         | as smart.
        
         | aerosmile wrote:
         | > where I did my PhD in France almost all fellow PhD students
         | in my group had parents that were high-ranking scientists
         | 
         | You'll see this across all professional areas in the world.
         | Medical students overindex on parents being doctors, law
         | students on parents being lawyers. Heck, even young 10-year-old
         | motorcycle racers at your local mini moto track almost all have
         | a Dad back in the pit who is wrenching on their bikes and who
         | comes from a moto background. It's literally everywhere you
         | look.
         | 
         | The reality is that most of us can be successful in several
         | different professional paths, and that we'll often choose the
         | path that we're most familiar with from our upbringing.
         | 
         | On that note, whenever I meet someone who successfully broke
         | their "family mold," I appreciate their success that much more.
        
       | tshaddox wrote:
       | I think the dismissal of "creativity" in the footnote is
       | misguided. I think creativity is easier to define than
       | "intelligence" and better explains the intuitive difference
       | between e.g. humans and animals and between humans and current AI
       | systems. "Intelligence" often gets mixed up with arguably
       | irrelevant things like computational speed, memory (recall), or
       | the ability to solve problems in some narrow niche. But
       | creativity gets to the _generalness_ of what humans can do _that
       | other animals and current AI systems apparently can not_ , which
       | is to create new knowledge by conjecturing (and criticizing) new
       | ideas with no apparent bounds on the subject matter or reach of
       | those ideas.
        
       | tappio wrote:
       | Was Einstein really that smart? What if Einstein is just a meme,
       | and there were dozens of other people who made similar findings
       | but we're not published? What is with this obsession on trying to
       | explain in hindsight why someone was successful?
        
         | yuuu wrote:
         | Einstein was known to be a complete idiot. That's why whenever
         | anyone screws up at work, they say, "Great job, Einstein!" It's
         | because Einstein was so stupid.
        
           | tappio wrote:
           | Have you read his work? There are many things which are memes
           | without real background, such as people believing in the past
           | that earth was flat. No. They didn't. Medieval people didn't
           | believe earth was flat. This is something invented by 1800s
           | historians. Einstein is the same kind if meme. Everyone keeps
           | repeating how smart he was, but not many people have first
           | hand information and know other researchers of his time. I
           | don't know if he was smart or not. I've read some of his
           | texts on politics which were not very good, but I guess he
           | was better at physics. Or maybe those texts I've read even
           | weren't Einsteins, but written by someone who just wanted to
           | use his name to push an agenda. Who knows? Why does it
           | matter? I'm wondering why people are so obsessed with this
           | kind of things, because I've never been and it is hard for me
           | to understand. Maybe you can provide some insight?
        
             | Jensson wrote:
             | > I've read some of his texts on politics which were not
             | very good, but I guess he was better at physics.
             | 
             | You know, Einstein was famous for his works in physics and
             | was hailed as a world genius by his contemporaries? His
             | insights into other topics might not have been ground
             | breaking, but it is hard to argue about it with for
             | physics.
             | 
             | Edit: The thing is, judging his intelligence based on his
             | writings about politics is like judging the intelligence of
             | famous politicians by how well they write about physics.
             | People who aren't experts at a field will always look like
             | idiots when they write about it and are still learning
             | about it.
        
               | tappio wrote:
               | I didn't judge Einstein, and my question was not about
               | Einstein. I'm not in the position to judge his works in
               | physics. I really know nothing about him, all I know is
               | what they teach in school and what you occasionally read
               | online. Like most of us.
               | 
               | It is interesting that one might get defensive when they
               | think that someone questions Einsteins intelligence. Why
               | is this meme so important? It's almost as if he was some
               | sort of a God.
        
             | yuuu wrote:
             | People are obsessed with Einstein because he made three
             | fundamental breakthroughs in physics in a year, then beat
             | everyone else to general relativity. They were real
             | contributions, and they were pretty creative. He wasn't a
             | computing machine like Von Neumann, but Einstein was a
             | clever guy. Don't know why you're judging based on
             | political contributions.
        
               | tappio wrote:
               | To me your response reads like the perfect high school
               | text book answer. But I'll take your response as if it
               | came from someone who really knows his work, and assume
               | that what you said is true. Let's not question this meme
               | any further.
               | 
               | I didn't really mean to judge Einstein. When a story
               | sounds "too good to be true" it most often tends to lean
               | towards fiction. My 'judgement' was towards people who
               | blindly believe everything about memes.
               | 
               | In reality, there really was no point and it does not
               | really matter if this particular story is true or not. I
               | just like to question things that people assume obvious.
        
               | yuuu wrote:
               | Hey man, sorry about that. It was a high school answer to
               | a question from someone who sounds like a high schooler.
        
       | wombatmobile wrote:
       | Like all of PG's essays, this one is an exploration of his own
       | thought processes more than a generalization about other people
       | in general.
       | 
       | What it tells us is why PG created Y Combinator. He did it to
       | gain access to other people's ideas.
       | 
       | PG is a smart guy.
       | 
       | He's also a rich guy, getting richer every day, because he uses
       | his smarts to multiply his reach by mixing with other people's
       | ideas.
        
       | davidw wrote:
       | The ability to see things in a novel or different light is often
       | an element of humor. Taking something a bit out of context, or
       | switching things around.
        
       | vjust wrote:
       | There are people who are challenged , in their writing ability,
       | but come up with new ideas. I can't name one off the top of my
       | head, but I think the capitalistic world of startup companies
       | could yield many examples of inventions.
       | 
       | To me tying the writing skill to that ability seems questionable.
        
       | laserlight wrote:
       | Einstein had already explained what was special about him: "I
       | have no special talent. I am only passionately curious."
        
       | IceDane wrote:
       | Oh wow, yet another pseudo-intellectual, navel-gazing snooze fest
       | in 8pt and 90% white space. I have been biting my nails waiting
       | since the last one.
        
       | preordained wrote:
       | One thing I feel like is an elephant in the room is that these
       | great new ideas sure aren't being cultivated or drawn out by the
       | VC machine. It seems like in a lot of ways _that_ thing is poison
       | to genuine inspiration. It 's about the last thing some people
       | probably want to hear, but a lot of great ideas just seem to be a
       | genuine product of love and curiosity that seems unable to grow
       | in the shadow of something that wants to wring money out of it.
       | It's only if and after it survives to show some promise, far away
       | from eyes sporting money symbols, that it can be shaken down for
       | money.
        
       | motohagiography wrote:
       | Would add to the qualities of mind for new ideas: you need
       | physical domain competence in something, because it will be the
       | source of heuristics and isomorphisms that provide an intuitive
       | fast map of a territory.
       | 
       | I identify as a hyper-stupid intelligent person, where I can go
       | breadth first into a lot of domains and get out of my depth
       | really quickly, while impressing the ignorant and irritating the
       | competent. The opportunities are amazing, you get to appreciate
       | the most incredible things, but this kind of virtuotic ignorance
       | (curiosity, charitably) needs to be tempered by practice and
       | education in at least one thing, as you are really only ever as
       | good as the thing you are best at. Important thoughts.
        
       | bluecheese33 wrote:
       | I don't know if practicing writing has made me better at
       | producing new ideas. And I'm not sure if the quality of my
       | writing has improved, though it's certainly easier for me to
       | write now.
       | 
       | But for sure, I don't think I ever really understood and
       | internalized ideas from complex non-fiction books until I started
       | writing about them. Even writing privately helped, but I think
       | the most effective way is to write publicly - there's an
       | obligation to write and argue clearly.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | rationalfaith wrote:
       | The fact that this is popular here just reinforces how many
       | autists are on this website.
       | 
       | Nothing new and upvoted out of ignorance.
        
       | bob1029 wrote:
       | Lots of fun points in here. I would add that willing to be wrong
       | 100% of the time and being open to constantly fucking things up
       | will get you very far all on its own. As long as your intentions
       | are good and you can limit the blast radius, these efforts are
       | usually rewarded in time. Ablity to disregard shame and the scorn
       | of others is the superpower in this context.
        
         | spfzero wrote:
         | In a similar vein, being good at fixing things after you've
         | broken them. Gives you a little more confidence in trying new
         | things without all of the work involved in first making sure
         | they'll work.
        
       | mywittyname wrote:
       | > Why do so many smart people fail to discover anything new?
       | 
       | We live in a world were so much has been discovered already by
       | the smart people before us. There isn't anymore low hanging fruit
       | today, discovering novel things likely involves spending your
       | early adulthood learning all the things our smart ancestors
       | discovered as a primer to being able to understand what's left to
       | discover.
       | 
       | Most of us will need to be happy with merely understanding what
       | has already been discovered. And realize that, for every Newton
       | or Euler of the word, there were billions of people that history
       | forgot.
        
         | egfx wrote:
         | >There isn't anymore low hanging fruit today, discovering novel
         | things likely involves spending your early adulthood learning
         | all the things our smart ancestors discovered as a primer to
         | being able to understand what's left to discover.
         | 
         | Just the opposite. Discovery happens when your confined and
         | forced to discover (be creative) to survive and evolve. If your
         | learning from everyone before your not discovering anything,
         | your just repeating history.
        
           | mywittyname wrote:
           | What I'm getting at is, if you want to expand humanities
           | understanding of physics, you first need to spend six or so
           | years learning everything that humanity already knows about
           | physics. After that, you can spend a few years doing research
           | or designing experiments -- usually alongside someone whose
           | dedicated their life to the field -- which will then,
           | hopefully, culminate in your tiny little contribution to the
           | knowledge of humanity.
           | 
           | But, even just 150 years ago, you could have made multiple
           | ground-breaking contributions to the world of science, or
           | even developed entire fields of study.
        
             | pathsjs wrote:
             | Good luck learning everything that humanity knows about
             | physics in six years! :-) Luckily, you don't really need to
             | do that before starting research
        
       | mola wrote:
       | This is not about what being smart is.
       | 
       | It's about a very twisted perception of what is important.
       | 
       | PG seems to equate success with innovation. As if living life
       | raising a family and having meaningful relationships is just a
       | frivolous pass time of the lazy.
       | 
       | I can't with these randian heros....
        
       | SquishyPanda23 wrote:
       | I find this to be an odd essay.
       | 
       | It's trivially easy to come up with new ideas. Just take any
       | existing idea and perturb in a random direction. With high
       | probability it will be new.
       | 
       | Drugs and some mental disorders make it very easy to do this. The
       | problem is, new ideas aren't very valuable. What is valuable is
       | intelligently generating new ideas that take into account what
       | came before. And for that you need intelligence and education.
       | 
       | There is a kind of folk psychology in tech that emphasizes
       | tinkering and working on projects. But almost all projects are
       | bad. The reason tinkering produces results at a population level
       | is because you have N agents randomly searching the terrain.
       | 
       | That is fine if you're interested only in population effects,
       | like VCs typically are. Then you can just watch for the random
       | ideas that catch on and bet on them.
       | 
       | But if you're going to decide whether you'd rather be smart or be
       | a random-walking tinkerer, the choice is obvious. It's vastly
       | better to be smart because most tinkerers fail and never have
       | anything to show for it.
        
       | talkingtab wrote:
       | There are, I believe, two kinds of thinking/intelligence. One is
       | analysis and that is the case of many smart people who achieve
       | nothing - other than taking things apart and being critical.
       | 
       | There is a second kind which we don't even seem to have a word
       | for - lets call it gestalysis as opposed to analyis. Putting
       | things together to form new things. The essence of this is to try
       | understand something by building it. You can prove something by
       | logic, but trying to build something and have it work also
       | "proves" something.
       | 
       | For example can you build an ant colony? We may understand ant
       | colonies by taking them apart and examining the parts, but an
       | important part of an ant colony is the interactions and
       | behaviors. Can we understand an ant colony by taking it apart
       | (and certainly that helps) or can we understand it better if we
       | can create a simulation?
       | 
       | And finally, there is a kind of gestalysis that goes further -
       | creating behaviors and interactions that go beyond simulation of
       | things we know. This is, I believe the provenance of startups and
       | entrepreneurs.
       | 
       | It seems to me that Einstein's brilliance not due to analysis but
       | gestalysis. My 2 cents.
       | 
       | My 2 cents.
        
         | playing_colours wrote:
         | Synthesis may be the name you were looking for?
        
       | raldi wrote:
       | Einstein's fame kinda ruined the word "genius" -- people tend to
       | think the word is just a synonym for smart. But to me (and I
       | think the gen- root at the beginning supports this), the key
       | thing about a genius is that they revolutionize a field and
       | inspire others to think in wildly new ways.
       | 
       | Problem was, Einstein was both of these things, and is so
       | associated with the word that a lot of people's brains just go
       | from "genius" -> Einstein -> "super smart".
        
         | asdfman123 wrote:
         | I think the key thing that superior intelligence gives you in
         | science is the ability to survey a large field of knowledge,
         | quickly identify the essence of each idea, zero in on what's
         | worth pursuing and what's worth throwing out.
         | 
         | Research is like a crowd of people painstakingly searching
         | through a cow pasture to find little gems buried in the dirt.
         | If your vision is clearer and you can move 10x faster, you can
         | run circles around other people. You can look over hundreds of
         | leads, intuitively sense what works and what doesn't, and
         | narrow in on promising ones.
        
       | brador wrote:
       | Skills, opportunity, motivation. He had all 3. Together we just
       | call them luck.
        
       | Fckd wrote:
       | What if a smart person thought of a crypto currency and then
       | foresaw its devastating impact on the planet, what do you think
       | that person would do?
       | 
       | I belive smart people want to work on ideas that are net positive
       | and as you know many ideas (even successfull ones) are net
       | negative.
       | 
       | * Airbnb - locals are outbidded by tourists
       | 
       | * uber/lyft - better solution is public transportation
       | 
       | * Amazon - big marketplace but no idea whats fake and have to
       | pray to god that no one dies while trying to deliver our orer
       | 
       | * Roundup - kills grass and also friendly insects on top of that
       | gives you cancer
       | 
       | * Teflon - no need to burn calarioes on washing dishes but
       | pollutes ground water with forever chemicals
       | 
       | * meat industry - you get tasty meal but animals and earth suffer
       | 
       | * Zillion sataliets in orbit - remote locations (no one lives or
       | not need) gets access to internet but astronomy suffers
       | 
       | the list goes on
        
         | darkerside wrote:
         | Smart people also realize the world isn't perfect, and it
         | wasn't before we were here either. In a world where long term
         | outcomes have infinite factors taking actions with short term
         | benefits is rational because there is no control or impact over
         | the long term effects.
         | 
         | That is obviously not totally true, but I think
         | probabilistically speaking, it's _somewhat_ true.
        
           | TchoBeer wrote:
           | So the defining feature of intelligence is that the truly
           | smart take actions with short term benefits at the cost of
           | long term detriments?
        
         | PeterisP wrote:
         | > "I belive smart people want to work on ideas that are net
         | positive"
         | 
         | Do you have any basis for that belief or is that just wishful
         | thinking? Or is that the way how you choose to define "smart",
         | so it becomes true by definition?
         | 
         | I would say that a persons goals, purposes and values is an
         | important aspect that's pretty much orthogonal to their
         | intellectual ability to figure out how to best achieve their
         | long-term goals and further their values, whatever they happen
         | to be. Perhaps there's some correlation there, but IMHO it's
         | not necessary nor very strong, all kinds of counterexamples
         | come to mind; there certainly are people who are very
         | intelligent and effective while literally being sociopaths.
        
       | varelse wrote:
       | So waiting for people to try intentionally infecting themselves
       | with toxoplasmosis to boost their creativity. It seems like a
       | rule 34 near inevitability to me. YMMV.
        
       | [deleted]
        
       | Andy_G11 wrote:
       | Smart people with ideas know that that uploading fledgling,
       | unrealised ideas into the world can mean feeding their baby into
       | a meat grinder of criticism, scepticism, plagiarism and probably
       | some other -isms.
       | 
       | E.g., Andrew Wile had some pretty good insights as to how to go
       | about tackling the solution of Fermat's theorem (read Fermat's
       | Last Theorem by Simon Singh - good book), but did he go 'Hey,
       | listen everybody - what if we did X?' Like hell he did.
       | 
       | Instead he secluded himself and worked on it till he could
       | present a robust proof fait accompli.
       | 
       | This is by no means an unusual story - think of all the bright
       | folks who are tinkering with projects all over the world, even
       | devoting themselves to it full time - trying to realise something
       | that they can call their own.
       | 
       | So, the 'gap between intelligence and ideas' may be partly due to
       | the desire of intelligent people to contain their ideas until
       | they can own the downstream benefits arising from them.
        
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